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Reid SM, Byrne AMP, Lean FZX, Ross CS, Pascu A, Hepple R, Dominguez M, Frost S, Coward VJ, Núñez A, James J, Stephan L, Aegerter JN, Brown IH, Banyard AC. A multi-species, multi-pathogen avian viral disease outbreak event: Investigating potential for virus transmission at the wild bird - poultry interface. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2348521. [PMID: 38686548 PMCID: PMC11168234 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2348521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A free-range organic broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) premises in Staffordshire was infected by high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N8 during the 2020-2021 epizootic in the United Kingdom (UK). Following initial confirmation of the infection in poultry, multiple wild bird species were seen scavenging on chicken carcasses. Detected dead wild birds were subsequently demonstrated to have been infected and succumbed to HPAIV H5N8. Initially, scavenging species, magpie (Pica pica) and raven (Corvus corax) were found dead on the premises but over the following days, buzzards (Buteo buteo) were also found dead within the local area with positive detection of HPAIV in submitted carcasses. The subacute nature of microscopic lesions within a buzzard was consistent with the timeframe of infection. Finally, a considerable number of free-living pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were also found dead in the surrounding area, with carcasses having higher viral antigen loads compared to infected chickens. Limited virus dissemination was observed in the carcasses of the magpie, raven, and buzzard. Further, an avirulent avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) was detected within poultry samples as well as in the viscera of a magpie infected with HPAIV. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal colocalization of avian paramyxovirus antigens with lesions, supporting an avirulent APMV-1 infection. Overall, this case highlights scenarios in which bi-directional transmission of avian viral diseases between commercial and wild bird species may occur. It also underlines the importance of bio separation and reduced access when infection pressure from HPAIV is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Reid
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Alexander M. P. Byrne
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Fabian Z. X. Lean
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Craig S. Ross
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Andrei Pascu
- APHA England Field Delivery, APHA Stafford, Stafford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Vivien J. Coward
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Joe James
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Levon Stephan
- Veterinary Exotic Notifiable Disease Unit (VENDU), London, UK
| | | | - Ian H. Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
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2
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Banyard AC, Bennison A, Byrne AMP, Reid SM, Lynton-Jenkins JG, Mollett B, De Silva D, Peers-Dent J, Finlayson K, Hall R, Blockley F, Blyth M, Falchieri M, Fowler Z, Fitzcharles EM, Brown IH, James J. Detection and spread of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 in the Antarctic Region. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7433. [PMID: 39227574 PMCID: PMC11372179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Until recent events, the Antarctic was the only major geographical region in which high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) had never previously been detected. Here we report on the detection of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions of South Georgia and the Falkland Islands, respectively. We initially detected H5N1 HPAIV in samples collected from brown skuas at Bird Island, South Georgia on 8th October 2023. Since this detection, mortalities were observed in several avian and mammalian species at multiple sites across South Georgia. Subsequent testing confirmed H5N1 HPAIV across several sampling locations in multiple avian species and two seal species. Simultaneously, we also confirmed H5N1 HPAIV in southern fulmar and black-browed albatross in the Falkland Islands. Genetic assessment of the virus indicates spread from South America, likely through movement of migratory birds. Critically, genetic assessment of sequences from mammalian species demonstrates no increased risk to human populations above that observed in other instances of mammalian infections globally. Here we describe the detection, species impact and genetic composition of the virus and propose both introductory routes and potential long-term impact on avian and mammalian species across the Antarctic region. We also speculate on the threat to specific populations following recent reports in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Ashley Bennison
- British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Joshua G Lynton-Jenkins
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Benjamin Mollett
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dilhani De Silva
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jacob Peers-Dent
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Kim Finlayson
- KEMH Pathology and Food, Water & Environmental Laboratory, St Mary's Walk, Stanley, FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| | - Rosamund Hall
- British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Freya Blockley
- British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Marcia Blyth
- British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Marco Falchieri
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Zoe Fowler
- Department of Agriculture, Bypass Road, Stanley, FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| | | | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
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3
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Mahmood S, Skinner P, Warren CJ, Mayers J, James J, Núñez A, Lean FZX, Brookes SM, Brown IH, Banyard AC, Ross CS. In vivo challenge studies on vaccinated chickens indicate a virus genotype mismatched vaccine still offers significant protection against NDV. Vaccine 2024; 42:653-661. [PMID: 38143198 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Although commercial vaccines against Newcastle Disease have been available for decades, outbreaks still occur in the face of vaccination Further vaccination may accelerate viral evolution resulting in a further reduction in vaccine efficacy. A key question is whether genotype-matched vaccines can confer better protection against contemporary type 1 Avian Paramyxoviruses. To assess this, an in vivo vaccine-challenge study was undertaken to assess protection afforded by 'genotype-matched' and commercial vaccine formulations. Groups of chickens were vaccinated twice (prime-boost) with an inactivated preparation of either La Sota Clone 30, AV632-chicken-Cyprus-13 (genotype VII.2), or mock vaccine, and later challenged with virulent AV632-chicken-Cyprus-13. Post vaccinal serological responses differed, although both vaccination/challenge groups showed similar levels of clinical protection compared to the unvaccinated group, where 100 % mortality was observed. Shedding was significantly reduced in the vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated group. Virus dissemination in the tissues of vaccinated birds was comparable, but onset of infection was delayed. Two mutations were observed in the HN gene of the heterologous vaccine group; H199N and I192M, the latter thought to be associated with increased fusogenic potential. These data demonstrate that existing vaccine formulations confer similar levels of clinical protection to contemporary strains and that the antigenic heterogeneity of circulating strains does not impact upon shedding profiles in immunised birds. In conclusion, the ability of virulent APMV-1 to cause disease in vaccinated flocks is unlikely to be the result of antigenic mismatch alone, and other factors likely contribute to vaccination failure and breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mahmood
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Skinner
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline J Warren
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Mayers
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Z X Lean
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S Ross
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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Fortin A, Laconi A, Monne I, Zohari S, Andersson K, Grund C, Cecchinato M, Crimaudo M, Valastro V, D'Amico V, Bortolami A, Gastaldelli M, Varotto M, Terregino C, Panzarin V. A novel array of real-time RT-PCR assays for the rapid pathotyping of type I avian paramyxovirus (APMV-1). J Virol Methods 2023; 322:114813. [PMID: 37722509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) caused by virulent avian paramyxovirus type I (APMV-1) is a WOAH and EU listed disease affecting poultry worldwide. ND exhibits different clinical manifestations that may either be neurological, respiratory and/or gastrointestinal, accompanied by high mortality. In contrast, mild or subclinical forms are generally caused by lentogenic APMV-1 and are not subject to notification. The rapid discrimination of virulent and avirulent viruses is paramount to limit the spread of virulent APMV-1. The appropriateness of molecular methods for APMV-1 pathotyping is often hampered by the high genetic variability of these viruses that affects sensitivity and inclusivity. This work presents a new array of real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) assays that enable the identification of virulent and avirulent viruses in dual mode, i.e., through pathotype-specific probes and subsequent Sanger sequencing of the amplification product. Validation was performed according to the WOAH recommendations. Performance indicators on sensitivity, specificity, repeatability and reproducibility yielded favourable results. Reproducibility highlighted the need for assays optimization whenever major changes are made to the procedure. Overall, the new RT-qPCRs showed its ability to detect and pathotype all tested APMV-1 genotypes and its suitability for routine use in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fortin
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua (Unipd), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Laconi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua (Unipd), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Andersson
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua (Unipd), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marika Crimaudo
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Viviana Valastro
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Valeria D'Amico
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Michele Gastaldelli
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Varotto
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
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5
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Slomka MJ, Reid SM, Byrne AMP, Coward VJ, Seekings J, Cooper JL, Peers-Dent J, Agyeman-Dua E, de Silva D, Hansen RDE, Banyard AC, Brown IH. Efficient and Informative Laboratory Testing for Rapid Confirmation of H5N1 (Clade 2.3.4.4) High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Outbreaks in the United Kingdom. Viruses 2023; 15:1344. [PMID: 37376643 PMCID: PMC10304448 DOI: 10.3390/v15061344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the early stages of the UK 2021-2022 H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) epizootic in commercial poultry, 12 infected premises (IPs) were confirmed by four real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RRT)-PCRs, which identified the viral subtype and pathotype. An assessment was undertaken to evaluate whether a large sample throughput would challenge laboratory capacity during an exceptionally large epizootic; hence, assay performance across our test portfolio was investigated. Statistical analysis of RRT-PCR swab testing supported it to be focused on a three-test approach, featuring the matrix (M)-gene, H5 HPAIV-specific (H5-HP) and N1 RRT-PCRs, which was successfully assessed at 29 subsequent commercial IPs. The absence of nucleotide mismatches in the primer/probe binding regions for the M-gene and limited mismatches for the H5-HP RRT-PCR underlined their high sensitivity. Although less sensitive, the N1 RRT-PCR remained effective at flock level. The analyses also guided successful surveillance testing of apparently healthy commercial ducks from at-risk premises, with pools of five oropharyngeal swabs tested by the H5-HP RRT-PCR to exclude evidence of infection. Serological testing at anseriform H5N1 HPAIV outbreaks, together with quantitative comparisons of oropharyngeal and cloacal shedding, provided epidemiological information concerning the chronology of initial H5N1 HPAIV incursion and onward spread within an IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek J. Slomka
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
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6
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Improvement of a Real-Time Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Sensitive Detection of the F Gene of Avian Orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV-1). Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030223. [PMID: 36977262 PMCID: PMC10056874 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV-1) is the causative agent of Newcastle disease in poultry. This highly infectious disease causes large economic losses annually and worldwide. AOAV-1 does not only infect poultry, but it has a very broad host range and has been detected in over 230 bird species to date. A distinct group of viral strains within AOAV-1 are pigeon-adapted strains, also named pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1). AOAV-1 is transmitted through the feces of infected birds and secretions from the nasal and oral cavities and eyes. It is worth mentioning that wild birds can transmit the virus to captive birds, especially feral pigeons to poultry. Therefore, early and sensitive detection of this virus—including the monitoring of pigeons—is of utmost importance. A variety of molecular methods for the detection of AOAV-1 already exist, but the detection of the F gene cleavage site of currently circulating PPMV-1 strains has not proven to be particularly sensitive or suitable. As presented here, by modifying the primers and probe of an already established real-time reverse-transcription PCR, the sensitivity could be increased, allowing for a more reliable detection of the AOAV-1 F gene cleavage site. Furthermore, it becomes clear how important it is to constantly monitor and, if necessary, adapt existing diagnostic procedures.
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7
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Ross CS, Skinner P, Sutton D, Mayers J, Nunez A, Brookes SM, Banyard AC, Brown IH. Game Birds Can Act as Intermediaries of Virulent Genotype VII Avian Orthoavulavirus-1 between Wild Birds and Domestic Poultry. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020536. [PMID: 36851750 PMCID: PMC9968179 DOI: 10.3390/v15020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle Disease (ND), caused by virulent forms of Avian orthoavulavirus serotype-1 (AOAV-1) is an economically important avian disease worldwide. The past two incursions of ND into the United Kingdom occurred in game bird populations during 2005 and 2006. The nature of the game bird semi-feral rearing system, which can bring these birds into close contact with both wild birds and commercial or backyard poultry, has been hypothesized to act as a bridge between these two environments. As such, the risk that AOAV-1-infected game birds may pose to the UK poultry industry was investigated. Pheasants, partridges and chickens were experimentally infected with the virulent strain APMV-1/Chicken/Bulgaria/112/13, a genotype VII.2 virus associated with ND outbreaks in Eastern Europe. The study demonstrated that both chickens and pheasants are susceptible to infection with APMV-1/Chicken/Bulgaria/112/13, which results in high mortality and onward transmission. Partridges by contrast are susceptible to infection, but mortality was reduced, as was onward transmission. However, the data indicated that both pheasants and partridges may serve as intermediate hosts of AOAV-1 and may bridge the wild bird-domestic poultry interface enabling transmission into an economically damaging environment where morbidity and mortality may be high.
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8
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Letsholo SL, James J, Meyer SM, Byrne AMP, Reid SM, Settypalli TBK, Datta S, Oarabile L, Kemolatlhe O, Pebe KT, Mafonko BR, Kgotlele TJ, Kumile K, Modise B, Thanda C, Nyange JFC, Marobela-Raborokgwe C, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Brown IH, Dundon WG, Banyard AC. Emergence of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Wild Birds and Poultry in Botswana. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122601. [PMID: 36560605 PMCID: PMC9788244 DOI: 10.3390/v14122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous outbreaks of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) were reported during 2020-2021. In Africa, H5Nx has been detected in Benin, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Senegal, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa in both wild birds and poultry. Botswana reported its first outbreak of HPAI to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) in 2021. An H5N1 virus was detected in a fish eagle, doves, and chickens. Full genome sequence analysis revealed that the virus belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b and showed high identity within haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase proteins (NA) for viruses identified across a geographically broad range of locations. The detection of H5N1 in Botswana has important implications for disease management, wild bird conservation, tourism, public health, economic empowerment of vulnerable communities and food security in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Letsholo
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
- Correspondence: (S.L.L.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Stephanie M. Meyer
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Scott M. Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Tirumala B. K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Sneha Datta
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Letlhogile Oarabile
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Obakeng Kemolatlhe
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kgakgamatso T. Pebe
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Bruce R. Mafonko
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tebogo J. Kgotlele
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kago Kumile
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Boitumelo Modise
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Carter Thanda
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - John F. C. Nyange
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- Correspondence: (S.L.L.); (A.C.B.)
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9
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Ross CS, Mahmood S, Skinner P, Mayers J, Reid SM, Hansen RDE, Banyard AC. JMM Profile: Avian paramyxovirus type-1 and Newcastle disease: a highly infectious vaccine-preventable viral disease of poultry with low zoonotic potential. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36001472 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease of poultry caused by virulent avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) (previously termed avian avulavirus-1 and avian orthoavulavirus-1). APMV-1 is endemic in poultry in many developing countries, whilst outbreaks still occur in developed countries, affecting both commercial and backyard flocks. ND outbreaks can have substantial economic consequences due to high mortality rates and the imposition of trade restrictions. APMV-1 nucleic acid can be detected from swabs or tissues of suspected cases by PCR. Evidence of infection or vaccination may be demonstrated by the presence of specific antibodies against HN in serum samples. No anti-viral treatments exist, but vaccines are available, although there are currently concerns over their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Ross
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Sahar Mahmood
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Paul Skinner
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jo Mayers
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rowena D E Hansen
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Avian Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, West Sussex, UK
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10
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Reid SM, Brookes SM, Coward VJ, Mynn JK, Cooper JL, Agyeman-Dua E, Skinner P, Ross C, Hansen RDE, Brown IH, Mayers J, Sutton DA. Molecular detection of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1. Vet Rec 2022; 191:80-81. [PMID: 35866972 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB
| | - Jo Mayers
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre, Staplake Mount, Starcross, Exeter, Devon, EX6 8PE
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11
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Prajna NV, Lalitha P, Chen C, Zhong L, Lietman TM, Doan T, Seitzman GD. Acute Keratoconjunctivitis Resulting From Coinfection With Avian Newcastle Virus and Human Adenovirus. Cornea 2022; 41:630-631. [PMID: 34483275 PMCID: PMC8894503 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to report a case of human keratoconjunctivitis caused by both Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and human adenovirus. METHODS A 32-year-old-man presented with an acute unilateral keratoconjunctivitis that resolved with corneal scarring. On presentation, his conjunctival swab was collected for metagenomic sequencing. RESULTS The highest number of pathogen sequencing reads in the conjunctival sample mapped to the NDV. The second highest number of reads mapped to human adenovirus. Confirmation testing with directed reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction also identified NDV in the specimen. CONCLUSIONS Newcastle conjunctivitis has not been reported for more than 40 years. Mixed infections, including zoonotic pathogens, may be more common than realized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cindi Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lina Zhong
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Thuy Doan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Gerami D Seitzman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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12
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Abstract
The 2016–17 European outbreak of H5N8 HPAIV (Clade 2.3.4.4b) affected a wider range of avian species than the previous H5N8 outbreak (2014–15), including an incursion of H5N8 HPAIV into gamebirds in England. Natural infection of captive-reared pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) led to variable disease presentation; clinical signs included ruffled feathers, reluctance to move, bright green faeces, and/or sudden mortality. Several birds exhibited neurological signs (nystagmus, torticollis, ataxia). Birds exhibiting even mild clinical signs maintained substantial levels of virus replication and shedding, with preferential shedding via the oropharyngeal route. Gross pathology was consistent with HPAIV, in gallinaceous species but diphtheroid plaques in oropharyngeal mucosa associated with necrotising stomatitis were novel but consistent findings. However, minimal or modest microscopic pathological lesions were detected despite the systemic dissemination of the virus. Serology results indicated differences in the timeframe of exposure for each case (n = 3). This supported epidemiological conclusions confirming that the movement of birds between sites and other standard husbandry practices with limited hygiene involved in pheasant rearing (including several fomite pathways) contributed to virus spread between premises.
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13
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Rapid and sensitive detection of high pathogenicity Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses in wild birds and poultry. J Virol Methods 2022; 301:114454. [PMID: 34998830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is classified as high or low pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV/LPAIV) based on intravenous pathogenicity in chickens and/or the presence or absence of multiple basic residues at the heamagglutinin (HA) cleavage site (CS). Since 2014, Europe has experienced waves of incursions of H5Nx HPAIV. Between November 2020 and March 2021, these included HPAIV H5N8, with sporadic of H5N1 and H5N5 (all clade 2.3.4.4b), detected in more than 300 "found dead" wild birds submitted through a passive surveillance programme in the United Kingdom. Currently, H5Nx HPAIV detection relies on identification of AIV RNA and H5 subtyping using real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) assays. The pathotype is subsequently determined by Sanger sequencing of the HA CS. Here, we report the validation and application of a rapid, more cost-effective HP H5-detection rRT-PCR assay. The HP H5 rRT-PCR assay specifically, sensitively and reproducibly detected RNA from contemporary clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAIVs with comparable sensitivity to the diagnostic H5-specific rRT-PCR; LPAIV H5 RNA and non-AIV RNA were not detected. On material from "found-dead" wild birds, and for statutory disease diagnosis on poultry, the HP H5 rRT-PCR results provided 100% discrimination when compared to conventional CS sequencing, significantly reducing time-to-pathotype determination and cost, enhancing the diagnostic workflow.
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14
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Abstract
This focus article has been prepared by Scott Reid of the APHA's virology department with Sharon Brookes, Rowena Hansen, David Welchman, Richard Irvine and Ian Brown of the APHA.
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15
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Reid SM, Brookes SM, Hansen RDE, Brown IH, Irvine RM, Welchman D. Testing to exclude notifiable disease in birds in Great Britain. Vet Rec 2021; 189:207. [PMID: 34505689 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Reid
- Department of Virology, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Department of Virology, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB
| | - Rowena DE Hansen
- Department of Virology, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB
| | - Richard M Irvine
- Department of Virology, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB
| | - David Welchman
- Surveillance Intelligence Unit, APHA-Winchester, Itchen Abbas, Winchester, Hampshire, SO21 1BX
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16
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Lean FZX, Núñez A, Banyard AC, Reid SM, Brown IH, Hansen RDE. Gross pathology associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 and H5N1 in naturally infected birds in the UK (2020-2021). Vet Rec 2021; 190:e731. [PMID: 34310721 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple outbreaks with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, including H5N8 and H5N1, have occurred in the United Kingdom, as well as in other European countries, since late 2020. METHODS This report describes the pathology among poultry species (chickens, turkeys, ducks, and pheasants) and captive birds (Black Swans, a whistling duck and peregrine falcons) naturally infected with HPAIV from 22 cases of HPAIV H5N8 and two cases of HPAIV H5N1 outbreaks investigated between October 2020 and April 2021. RESULTS On gross examination, pancreatic necrosis was easily identified and most commonly observed in galliformes infected with both subtypes of HPAIV but rarely in anseriformes. In addition, splenic necrosis was also frequently observed in chickens and turkeys infected with HPAIV H5N8. Other less common lesions included cardiac petechiae, serosal haemorrhages and ascites in a variety of species. CONCLUSION Given the widespread dissemination of HPAIV infection in susceptible avian species during autumn/winter 2020-2021, these data, when evaluated along with clinical information, is a valuable first step for both veterinarians and field services to evaluate gross pathology at post-mortem to support the diagnosis of HPAIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z X Lean
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Rowena D E Hansen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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17
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Jin JH, Wang JJ, Ren YC, Liu S, Li JP, Hou GY, Liu HL, Zhuang QY, Wang SC, Jiang WM, Yu XH, Yu JM, Yuan LP, Peng C, Zhang GZ, Chen JM. A set of RT-PCR assays for detection of all known avian paramyxoviruses and application in surveillance of avian paramyxoviruses in China. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10748. [PMID: 33717667 PMCID: PMC7937338 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs), also termed avian avulaviruses, are of a vast diversity and great significance in poultry. Detection of all known APMVs is challenging, and distribution of APMVs have not been well investigated. Methods A set of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for detection of all known APMVs were established using degenerate primers targeting the viral polymerase L gene. The assays were preliminarily evaluated using in-vitro transcribed double-stranded RNA controls and 24 known viruses, and then they were employed to detect 4,346 avian samples collected from 11 provinces. Results The assays could detect 20-200 copies of the double-stranded RNA controls, and detected correctly the 24 known viruses. Of the 4,346 avian samples detected using the assays, 72 samples were found positive. Of the 72 positives, 70 were confirmed through sequencing, indicating the assays were specific for APMVs. The 4,346 samples were also detected using a reported RT-PCR assay, and the results showed this RT-PCR assay was less sensitive than the assays reported here. Of the 70 confirmed positives, 40 were class I Newcastle disease virus (NDV or APMV-1) and 27 were class II NDV from poultry including chickens, ducks, geese, and pigeons, and three were APMV-2 from parrots. The surveillance identified APMV-2 in parrots for the first time, and revealed that prevalence of NDVs in live poultry markets was higher than that in poultry farms. The surveillance also suggested that class I NDVs in chickens could be as prevalent as in ducks, and class II NDVs in ducks could be more prevalent than in chickens, and class II NDVs could be more prevalent than class I NDVs in ducks. Altogether, we developed a set of specific and sensitive RT-PCR assays for detection of all known APMVs, and conducted a large-scale surveillance using the assays which shed novel insights into APMV epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hui Jin
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying-Chao Ren
- Department for Animal Health Assessment, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Guang-Yu Hou
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua-Lei Liu
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing-Ye Zhuang
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Su-Chun Wang
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen-Ming Jiang
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Yu
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian-Min Yu
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Li-Ping Yuan
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Ming Chen
- Laboratory for Avian Disease Surveillance (OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
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18
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Norouzi P, Nezamoddini M, Safarnejad MR. Antibody-oriented immobilization for newcastle disease virus detection using label free electrochemical immunosensor. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Ferreira HL, Suarez DL. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis to Select Conserved Regions for an Improved Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Test Specific for Newcastle Disease Virus. Avian Dis 2020; 63:625-633. [PMID: 31865677 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A bioinformatics approach using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis was performed to improve the current real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RRT-PCR) tests for the rapid detection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In total, 422 NDV complete genomes were analyzed using the Virus Pathogen Resource to compare the conservation of the primer and probe sequences and to select regions to develop new RRT-PCR tests. The sensitivity and specificity of the three new RRT-PCR tests targeting the nucleoprotein (NP) and polymerase (L) genes were optimized and were compared with established tests for NDV detection. The SNP analysis was also used to identify the number of mismatches between selected primers/probes and the NDV complete genome sequences. The SNP analysis, averaged over the entire primer or probe, showed the primer/probe sequences of three new tests were more conserved than the primer/probe sequences of the commonly used test targeting the matrix (M) gene. The M RRT-PCR test was compared with the new tests on a panel of 46 viruses, comprising 31 NDV isolates. Limit of detection (LOD) varied from 1.3 to 3.7 log 50% egg-infective doses using five isolates from different genotypes by all tests. The two RRT-PCR tests targeting the L and M genes detected three out of five isolates with the lowest LOD. The NP and M RRT-PCR tests had the lowest and highest rates of genetic variants, respectively, among all probes. Because currently used tests are likely to miss some isolates, the availability of validated alternative tests provides alternatives for detection of viral variants that can be rapidly deployed to diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Ferreira
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605.,University of Sao Paulo, ZMV- FZEA, Pirassununga-SP, 13635900, Brazil
| | - D L Suarez
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605,
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