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Fan Y, He J, Shi L, Zhang M, Chen Y, Xu L, Han N, Jiang Y. Identification of potential key lipid metabolism-related genes involved in tubular injury in diabetic kidney disease by bioinformatics analysis. Acta Diabetol 2024:10.1007/s00592-024-02278-1. [PMID: 38691241 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Accumulating evidences indicate that abnormalities in tubular lipid metabolism play a crucial role in the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). We aim to identify novel lipid metabolism-related genes associated with tubular injury in DKD by utilizing bioinformatics approaches. METHODS Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between control and DKD tubular tissue samples were screened from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and then were intersected with lipid metabolism-related genes. Hub genes were further determined by combined weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. We performed enrichment analysis, immune analysis, clustering analysis, and constructed networks between hub genes and miRNAs, transcription factors and small molecule drugs. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of hub genes. We validated the relationships between hub genes and DKD with external datasets and our own clinical samples. RESULTS There were 5 of 37 lipid metabolism-related DEGs identified as hub genes. Enrichment analysis demonstrated that lipid metabolism-related DEGs were enriched in pathways such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling and pyruvate metabolism. Hub genes had potential regulatory relationships with a variety of miRNAs, transcription factors and small molecule drugs, and had high diagnostic efficacy. Immune infiltration analysis revealed that 13 immune cells were altered in DKD, and hub genes exhibited significant correlations with a variety of immune cells. Through clustering analysis, DKD patients could be classified into 3 immune subtypes and 2 lipid metabolism subtypes, respectively. The tubular expression of hub genes in DKD was further verified by other external datasets, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining showed that except ACACB, the other 4 hub genes (LPL, AHR, ME1 and ALOX5) exhibited the same results as the bioinformatics analysis. CONCLUSION Our study identified several key lipid metabolism-related genes (LPL, AHR, ME1 and ALOX5) that might be involved in tubular injury in DKD, which provide new insights and perspectives for exploring the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshuo Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Juan He
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Lixin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Lifen Xu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Na Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yuecheng Jiang
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China
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Thome T, Vugman NA, Stone LE, Wimberly K, Scali ST, Ryan TE. A tryptophan-derived uremic metabolite/Ahr/Pdk4 axis governs skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetics in chronic kidney disease. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e178372. [PMID: 38652558 PMCID: PMC11141944 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.178372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes accumulation of uremic metabolites that negatively affect skeletal muscle. Tryptophan-derived uremic metabolites are agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), which has been shown to be activated in CKD. This study investigated the role of the AHR in skeletal muscle pathology of CKD. Compared with controls with normal kidney function, AHR-dependent gene expression (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) was significantly upregulated in skeletal muscle of patients with CKD, and the magnitude of AHR activation was inversely correlated with mitochondrial respiration. In mice with CKD, muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) was markedly impaired and strongly correlated with the serum level of tryptophan-derived uremic metabolites and AHR activation. Muscle-specific deletion of the AHR substantially improved mitochondrial OXPHOS in male mice with the greatest uremic toxicity (CKD + probenecid) and abolished the relationship between uremic metabolites and OXPHOS. The uremic metabolite/AHR/mitochondrial axis in skeletal muscle was verified using muscle-specific AHR knockdown in C57BL/6J mice harboring a high-affinity AHR allele, as well as ectopic viral expression of constitutively active mutant AHR in mice with normal renal function. Notably, OXPHOS changes in AHRmKO mice were present only when mitochondria were fueled by carbohydrates. Further analyses revealed that AHR activation in mice led to significantly increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (Pdk4) expression and phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. These findings establish a uremic metabolite/AHR/Pdk4 axis in skeletal muscle that governs mitochondrial deficits in carbohydrate oxidation during CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trace Thome
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and
| | | | | | - Keon Wimberly
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and
| | - Salvatore T. Scali
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Terence E. Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and
- Center for Exercise Science and
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Ulrich C, Fiedler R, Herberger E, Canim Z, Markau S, Girndt M. Hypervolemia in Dialysis Patients Impairs STAT3 Signaling and Upregulates miR-142-3p: Effects on IL-10 and IL-6. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3719. [PMID: 38612530 PMCID: PMC11011804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluid overload in hemodialysis patients (HD) has been proven to be associated with inflammation. Elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) appear to be inadequately counterbalanced by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). We initiated a cross-sectional study enrolling 40 HD patients who were categorized by a bioimpedance measurement in normovolemic (N; 23) and hypervolemic (H; 17) groups to test whether IL-10- and IL-6-related signal transduction pathways (signal transducer of transcript 3: STAT3) and/or a post-transcriptional regulating mechanism (miR-142) are impaired by hypervolemia. IL-10/IL-6 transcript and protein production by PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) were determined. Phospho-flow cytometry was used to detect the phosphorylated forms of STAT3 (pY705 and pS727). miR-142-3p/5p levels were detected by qPCR. Hypervolemic patients were older, more frequently had diabetes, and showed higher CRP levels. IL-10 transcripts were elevated in H patients but not IL-10 protein levels. In spite of the elevated mRNA expression of the suppressor of cytokine expression 3 (SOCS3), IL-6 mRNA and protein expression were increased in immune cells of H patients. The percentage of cells staining positive for STAT3 (pY705) were comparable in both groups; in STAT3 (pS727), however, the signal needed for full transactivation was decreased in H patients. miR-142-3p, a proven target of IL-10 and IL-6, was significantly elevated in H patients. Insufficient phosphorylation of STAT3 may impair inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine signaling. How far degradative mechanisms induced by elevated miR-142-3p levels contribute to an inefficient anti-inflammatory IL-10 signaling remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Ulrich
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (R.F.); (S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Roman Fiedler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (R.F.); (S.M.); (M.G.)
- KfH Nierenzentrum, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Eva Herberger
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (R.F.); (S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Zeynep Canim
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (R.F.); (S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Silke Markau
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (R.F.); (S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Matthias Girndt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (R.F.); (S.M.); (M.G.)
- KfH Nierenzentrum, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Xie H, Yang N, Yu C, Lu L. Uremic toxins mediate kidney diseases: the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:38. [PMID: 38491448 PMCID: PMC10943832 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was originally identified as an environmental sensor that responds to pollutants. Subsequent research has revealed that AhR recognizes multiple exogenous and endogenous molecules, including uremic toxins retained in the body due to the decline in renal function. Therefore, AhR is also considered to be a uremic toxin receptor. As a ligand-activated transcriptional factor, the activation of AhR is involved in cell differentiation and senescence, lipid metabolism and fibrogenesis. The accumulation of uremic toxins in the body is hazardous to all tissues and organs. The identification of the endogenous uremic toxin receptor opens the door to investigating the precise role and molecular mechanism of tissue and organ damage induced by uremic toxins. This review focuses on summarizing recent findings on the role of AhR activation induced by uremic toxins in chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy and acute kidney injury. Furthermore, potential clinical approaches to mitigate the effects of uremic toxins are explored herein, such as enhancing uremic toxin clearance through dialysis, reducing uremic toxin production through dietary interventions or microbial manipulation, and manipulating metabolic pathways induced by uremic toxins through controlling AhR signaling. This information may also shed light on the mechanism of uremic toxin-induced injury to other organs, and provide insights into clinical approaches to manipulate the accumulated uremic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ninghao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Limin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Sánchez-Ospina D, Mas-Fontao S, Gracia-Iguacel C, Avello A, González de Rivera M, Mujika-Marticorena M, Gonzalez-Parra E. Displacing the Burden: A Review of Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Clearance Strategies in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1428. [PMID: 38592263 PMCID: PMC10934686 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Uremic toxins (UTs), particularly protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), accumulate in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, causing significant health complications like uremic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and immune dysfunction. The binding of PBUTs to plasma proteins such as albumin presents a formidable challenge for clearance, as conventional dialysis is often insufficient. With advancements in the classification and understanding of UTs, spearheaded by the European Uremic Toxins (EUTox) working group, over 120 molecules have been identified, prompting the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Innovations such as online hemodiafiltration aim to enhance the removal process, while novel adsorptive therapies offer a means to address the high affinity of PBUTs to plasma proteins. Furthermore, the exploration of molecular displacers, designed to increase the free fraction of PBUTs, represents a cutting-edge approach to facilitate their dialytic clearance. Despite these advancements, the clinical application of displacers requires more research to confirm their efficacy and safety. The pursuit of such innovative treatments is crucial for improving the management of uremic toxicity and the overall prognosis of CKD patients, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Sánchez-Ospina
- Servicio Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, 09006 Burgos, Spain; (D.S.-O.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Sebastián Mas-Fontao
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedicine, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gracia-Iguacel
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Univerdad Autonoma de madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-I.); (A.A.); (M.G.d.R.)
| | - Alejandro Avello
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Univerdad Autonoma de madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-I.); (A.A.); (M.G.d.R.)
| | - Marina González de Rivera
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Univerdad Autonoma de madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-I.); (A.A.); (M.G.d.R.)
| | | | - Emilio Gonzalez-Parra
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Univerdad Autonoma de madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-I.); (A.A.); (M.G.d.R.)
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Shin S, Kim MH, Lee DY, Chun H, Ha E, Lee HC, Moon SH, Lee S, Ryoo JH. Decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate increase the risk of pancreatic cancer: A nationwide retrospective cohort study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 39:392-398. [PMID: 37941163 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Decreased kidney function is a putative risk factor for various cancers. However, few studies have investigated the association between a decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and incident pancreatic cancer. We aimed to investigate the risk of incident pancreatic cancer according to eGFR categories. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we included 359 721 adults who underwent health checkups in 2009 or 2010 by using the Korean National Health Insurance Database. The study population was categorized into four groups by eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2 ) using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation: group 1 (eGFR < 45), group 2 (eGFR ≥ 45 to < 60), group 3 (eGFR ≥ 60 to < 90), and group 4 (eGFR ≥ 90). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the incidence of pancreatic cancer until 2019 by comparing the eGFR groups. RESULTS During the 3 493 589.05 person-years of follow-up, 1702 pancreatic cancer cases were identified. Compared with group 4 (eGFR ≥ 90), HRs and 95% CIs for the incidence of pancreatic cancer were 1.39 (1.24-1.56) for group 3 (eGFR ≥ 60 to < 90), 1.79 (1.47-2.16) for group 2 (eGFR ≥ 45 to < 60), and 2.05 (1.62-2.60) for group 1 (eGFR < 45) in the multivariate adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS Decreased eGFR was significantly associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in Korean population. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between a decreased eGFR and the risk of pancreatic cancer in other ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonsu Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hostpital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Informatization Department, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Healthcare Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejin Chun
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunhee Ha
- Department of Occupational and Environment Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Choon Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hostpital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Moon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hostpital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Ryoo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Guo P, Zhang R, Zhou J, Li P, Liu Y, Shi S. Intracellular tacrolimus concentration correlates with impaired renal function through regulation of the IS-AHR-ABC transporter in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111233. [PMID: 37979449 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Tacrolimus (TAC) concentration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is regarded as a better predictor of its immunosuppressive effect than the TAC concentration in whole blood. However, whether the exposure of TAC in PBMCs or WB was altered in post-transplant recipients with renal impairment remains unclear. METHODS We investigated the relationship of trough TAC concentration in WB and PBMCs with renal functions in post-transplant recipients. The pharmacokinetic profiles of TAC in PBMCs and WB in the two chronic kidney disease (CKD) rat models were examined using UPLC-MS/MS. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to analyze the expression of proteins and mRNAs related to TAC metabolism and transport, respectively. In addition, the effects of uremic toxins on human PBMCs were investigated using whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA sequencing [RNA-seq]). RESULTS We observed a decrease in the trough TAC concentration in PBMCs in the recipients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 90 mL/min, compared with those of recipients with eGFR > 90 mL/min, but there was no difference in blood based on TAC concentrations (C0Blood). In a 150-patient post-transplant cohort, no significant relationship was observed between PBMCs and WB concentrations of TAC, and the eGFR value was correlated with TAC C0PBMCs but not with TAC C0Blood. In two CKD rat models, the TAC pharmacokinetic profile in the PBMCs was significantly lower than that in the control group; however, the blood TAC pharmacokinetic profiles in the two groups were similar. Transcriptome results showed that co-incubation of human PBMCs with uremic toxins upregulated the expression of AHR, ABCB1, and ABCC2. Compared to control rats, plasma IS increased by 1.93- and 2.26-fold and the expression of AHR, P-gp, and MRP2 in PBMCs was higher in AD and 5/6 nephrectomy (NX) rats, without modifying the expression of other proteins related to TAC exposure. CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetics of TAC in PBMCs changed with a decline in renal function. Uremic toxins accumulate during renal insufficiency, which activates AHR, upregulates the expression of P-gp and MRP2, and affects their intracellular concentrations. Our findings suggest that monitoring TAC concentrations in PBMCs is more important than monitoring WB concentrations in post-transplant recipients with renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jinping Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Peixia Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yani Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Shaojun Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Bataille S, McKay N, Koppe L, Beau A, Benoit B, Bartoli M, Da Silva N, Poitevin S, Aniort J, Chermiti R, Burtey S, Dou L. Indoxyl sulfate inhibits muscle cell differentiation via Myf6/MRF4 and MYH2 downregulation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 39:103-113. [PMID: 37349959 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a significant decrease in muscle strength and mass, possibly related to muscle cell damage by uremic toxins. Here, we studied in vitro and in vivo the effect of indoxyl sulfate (IS), an indolic uremic toxin, on myoblast proliferation, differentiation and expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRF)-myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD1), myogenin (Myog), Myogenic Factor 5 (Myf5) and myogenic regulatory factor 4 (Myf6/MRF4)-and expression of myosin heavy chain, Myh2. METHODS C2C12 myoblasts were cultured in vitro and differentiated in myotubes for 7 days in the presence of IS at a uremic concentration of 200 µM. Myocytes morphology and differentiation was analyzed after hematoxylin-eosin staining. MRF genes' expression was studied using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in myocytes and 5/6th nephrectomized mice muscle. Myf6/MRF4 protein expression was studied using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; MYH2 protein expression was studied using western blotting. The role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR)-the cell receptor of IS-was studied by adding an AHR inhibitor into the cell culture milieu. RESULTS In the presence of IS, the myotubes obtained were narrower and had fewer nuclei than control myotubes. The presence of IS during differentiation did not modify the gene expression of the MRFs Myf5, MyoD1 and Myog, but induced a decrease in expression of Myf6/MRF4 and MYH2 at the mRNA and the protein level. AHR inhibition by CH223191 did not reverse the decrease in Myf6/MRF4 mRNA expression induced by IS, which rules out the implication of the ARH genomic pathway. In 5/6th nephrectomized mice, the Myf6/MRF4 gene was down-regulated in striated muscles. CONCLUSION In conclusion, IS inhibits Myf6/MRF4 and MYH2 expression during differentiation of muscle cells, which could lead to a defect in myotube structure. Through these new mechanisms, IS could participate in muscle atrophy observed in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Bataille
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
- Department of Nephrology, Phocean Nephrology Institute, Clinique Bouchard, ELSAN, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie McKay
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Koppe
- Department of Nephrology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
- University Lyon, CarMeN lab, INSERM U1060, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Alice Beau
- University Lyon, CarMeN lab, INSERM U1060, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Bérengère Benoit
- University Lyon, CarMeN lab, INSERM U1060, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Marc Bartoli
- Aix Marseille University, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Julien Aniort
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Department, Gabriel Montpied University Hospital, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Rania Chermiti
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Burtey
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, AP-HM Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Dou
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
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André C, Bodeau S, Kamel S, Bennis Y, Caillard P. The AKI-to-CKD Transition: The Role of Uremic Toxins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16152. [PMID: 38003343 PMCID: PMC10671582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
After acute kidney injury (AKI), renal function continues to deteriorate in some patients. In a pro-inflammatory and profibrotic environment, the proximal tubules are subject to maladaptive repair. In the AKI-to-CKD transition, impaired recovery from AKI reduces tubular and glomerular filtration and leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Reduced kidney secretion capacity is characterized by the plasma accumulation of biologically active molecules, referred to as uremic toxins (UTs). These toxins have a role in the development of neurological, cardiovascular, bone, and renal complications of CKD. However, UTs might also cause CKD as well as be the consequence. Recent studies have shown that these molecules accumulate early in AKI and contribute to the establishment of this pro-inflammatory and profibrotic environment in the kidney. The objective of the present work was to review the mechanisms of UT toxicity that potentially contribute to the AKI-to-CKD transition in each renal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille André
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.B.); (Y.B.)
- GRAP Laboratory, INSERM UMR 1247, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Sandra Bodeau
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.B.); (Y.B.)
- MP3CV Laboratory, UR UPJV 7517, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.K.); (P.C.)
| | - Saïd Kamel
- MP3CV Laboratory, UR UPJV 7517, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.K.); (P.C.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Youssef Bennis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.B.); (Y.B.)
- MP3CV Laboratory, UR UPJV 7517, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.K.); (P.C.)
| | - Pauline Caillard
- MP3CV Laboratory, UR UPJV 7517, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France; (S.K.); (P.C.)
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France
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Hui Y, Zhao J, Yu Z, Wang Y, Qin Y, Zhang Y, Xing Y, Han M, Wang A, Guo S, Yuan J, Zhao Y, Ning X, Sun S. The Role of Tryptophan Metabolism in the Occurrence and Progression of Acute and Chronic Kidney Diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300218. [PMID: 37691068 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common kidney diseases in clinics with high morbidity and mortality, but their pathogenesis is intricate. Tryptophan (Trp) is a fundamental amino acid for humans, and its metabolism produces various bioactive substances involved in the pathophysiology of AKI and CKD. Metabolomic studies manifest that Trp metabolites like kynurenine (KYN), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and indoxyl sulfate (IS) increase in AKI or CKD and act as biomarkers that facilitate the early identification of diseases. Meanwhile, KYN and IS act as ligands to exacerbate kidney damage by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signal transduction. The reduction of renal function can cause the accumulation of Trp metabolites which in turn accelerate the progression of AKI or CKD. Besides, gut dysbiosis induces the expansion of Enterobacteriaceae family to produce excessive IS, which cannot be excreted due to the deterioration of renal function. The application of Trp metabolism as a target in AKI and CKD will also be elaborated. Thus, this study aims to elucidate Trp metabolism in the development of AKI and CKD, and explores the relative treatment strategies by targeting Trp from the perspective of metabolomics to provide a reference for their diagnosis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqing Hui
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Zixian Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- Department of Postgraduate Student, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yunlong Qin
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- Department of Nephrology, 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistical Support Force (Bethune International Peace Hospital), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050082, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- Department of Postgraduate Student, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yan Xing
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- Department of Postgraduate Student, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Anjing Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- Department of Postgraduate Student, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Shuxian Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Jinguo Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yueru Zhao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ning
- Department of Geriatric, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Shiren Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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Wang YN, Miao H, Yu XY, Guo Y, Su W, Liu F, Cao G, Zhao YY. Oxidative stress and inflammation are mediated via aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 207:89-106. [PMID: 37451370 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) patients are diagnosed by the presence of phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) before they progress to renal failure. However, the subepithelium-like immunocomplex deposit-mediated downstream molecular pathways are poorly understood. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), NF-ƙB and Nrf2 pathways play central roles in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic kidney disease. However, their mutual effects on MN require further examination. Thus, we investigated the effect of AHR signalling on the NF-ƙB and Nrf2 pathways in IMN patients, cationic bovine serum albumin (CBSA)-injected rats and zymosan activation serum (ZAS)-treated podocytes. IMN patients show significantly decreased serum total protein and albumin levels, increased urine protein levels and intrarenal IgG4 and PLA2R protein expression in glomeruli compared with controls. IMN patients exhibited increased mRNA expression of intrarenal AHR and its target genes, including CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 and COX-2. This increase was accompanied by significantly upregulated protein expression of CD3, NF-ƙB p65 and COX-2 and significantly downregulated Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. Similarly, CBSA-induced rats showed severe proteinuria and activated intrarenal AHR signalling. This was accompanied by significantly upregulated protein expression of intrarenal p-IκBα, NF-κB p65 and its gene products, including COX-2, MCP-1, iNOS, 12-LOX, p47phox and p67phox, and significantly downregulated protein expression of Nrf2 and its gene products, including HO-1, catalase, GCLC, GCLM, MnSOD and NQO1. These results were further verified in ZAS-induced podocytes. Treatment with the AHR antagonist CH223191 and AHRsiRNA significantly preserved podocyte-specific protein expression and improved the NF-ƙB and Nrf2 pathways in ZAS-induced podocytes. In contrast, similar results were obtained in ZAS-induced podocytes treated with the NF-ƙB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 and NF-κBp65 siRNA. However, neither method had a significant effect on AHR signalling. Collectively, these results indicate that the NF-ƙB pathway is a downstream target of AHR signalling. Our findings suggest that blocking AHR signalling inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby improving proteinuria and renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ni Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Hua Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 2 Xihuamen, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710003, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Public Health and Sciences, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Nephrology, Baoji Central Hospital, No. 8 Jiangtan Road, Baoji, Shaanxi, 721008, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17 South of Panjiayuan, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China.
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China.
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12
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Ma SX, Li XJ, Duan TT, Pei M, Zou L, Yu XY, Zhao YY. Moshen granule ameliorates membranous nephropathy by regulating NF-ƙB/Nrf2 pathways via aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20019. [PMID: 37809643 PMCID: PMC10559749 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable achievements were realized in illuminating underlying pathological mechanisms of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). Although IMN patients are well diagnosed before they reach renal failure, no currently available drug intervention is effective in halting IMN progression. In this study, we assess Moshen granule (MSG) effect on IMN patients and cationic bovine serum albumin (CBSA)-induced rats. Increasing studies has indicated that activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was related to oxidative stress and inflammation. We further determine MSG effect on AHR, nuclear factor ƙB (NF-ƙB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the CBSA-induced rats. MSG markedly reduces proteinuria and improves kidney function in both IMN patients and rats induced by CBSA. MSG markedly inhibits increased mRNA expressions of intrarenal AHR and its four downstream target genes including CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 and COX-2 compared with untreated CBSA-induced rats. This is accompanied by markedly downregulated protein expressions of p-IƙBα and NF-ƙB p65 and its downstream gene products including MCP-1, COX-2, 12-LOX, iNOS, p47phox and p67phox, while markedly preserves protein expressions of Nrf2 and its downstream gene products including catalase, HO-1, GCLM, GCLC, MnSOD and NQO1 in the kidney tissues. These data suggests MSG blunts podocyte damage through inhibiting activation of NF-ƙB/Nrf2 pathway via AHR signaling. This finding may provide a promising therapy for treatment of IMN through oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xing Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, Shaanxi 721008, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Li
- Department of Nephrology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510315, China
| | - Ting-Ting Duan
- Guangdong Nephrotic Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Institute of Consun Co. for Chinese Medicine in Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Consun Pharmaceutical Group, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300073, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
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13
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Ahmed S, de Vries JC, Lu J, Stuart MHV, Mihăilă SM, Vernooij RWM, Masereeuw R, Gerritsen KGF. Animal Models for Studying Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Removal-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13197. [PMID: 37686004 PMCID: PMC10487432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its associated morbidity and mortality. The conventional dialysis techniques are unable to efficiently remove PBUTs due to their plasma protein binding. Therefore, novel approaches are being developed, but these require validation in animals before clinical trials can begin. We conducted a systematic review to document PBUT concentrations in various models and species. The search strategy returned 1163 results for which abstracts were screened, resulting in 65 full-text papers for data extraction (rats (n = 41), mice (n = 17), dogs (n = 3), cats (n = 4), goats (n = 1), and pigs (n = 1)). We performed descriptive and comparative analyses on indoxyl sulfate (IS) concentrations in rats and mice. The data on large animals and on other PBUTs were too heterogeneous for pooled analysis. Most rodent studies reported mean uremic concentrations of plasma IS close to or within the range of those during kidney failure in humans, with the highest in tubular injury models in rats. Compared to nephron loss models in rats, a greater rise in plasma IS compared to creatinine was found in tubular injury models, suggesting tubular secretion was more affected than glomerular filtration. In summary, tubular injury rat models may be most relevant for the in vivo validation of novel PBUT-lowering strategies for kidney failure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabbir Ahmed
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (J.L.); (S.M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Joost C. de Vries
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.d.V.); (M.H.V.S.); (R.W.M.V.)
| | - Jingyi Lu
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (J.L.); (S.M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Milan H. Verrijn Stuart
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.d.V.); (M.H.V.S.); (R.W.M.V.)
| | - Silvia M. Mihăilă
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (J.L.); (S.M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Robin W. M. Vernooij
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.d.V.); (M.H.V.S.); (R.W.M.V.)
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (J.L.); (S.M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Karin G. F. Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.d.V.); (M.H.V.S.); (R.W.M.V.)
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14
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Palzkill VR, Tan J, Yang Q, Morcos J, Laitano O, Ryan TE. Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Endothelial Cells Impairs Ischemic Angiogenesis in Chronic Kidney Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.24.550410. [PMID: 37546909 PMCID: PMC10401998 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.24.550410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Rationale Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a strong risk factor for peripheral artery disease (PAD) that is associated with worsened clinical outcomes. CKD leads to accumulation of tryptophan metabolites that associate with adverse limb events in PAD and are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) which may regulate ischemic angiogenesis. Objectives To test if endothelial cell-specific deletion of the AHR (AHRecKO) alters ischemic angiogenesis and limb function in mice with CKD subjected to femoral artery ligation. Findings Male AHRecKO mice with CKD displayed better limb perfusion recovery and enhanced ischemic angiogenesis compared to wildtype mice with CKD. However, the improved limb perfusion did not result in better muscle performance. In contrast to male mice, deletion of the AHR in female mice with CKD had no impact on perfusion recovery or angiogenesis. Using primary endothelial cells from male and female mice, treatment with indoxyl sulfate uncovered sex-dependent differences in AHR activating potential and RNA sequencing revealed wide ranging sex-differences in angiogenic signaling pathways. Conclusion Endothelium-specific deletion of the AHR improved ischemic angiogenesis in male, but not female, mice with CKD. There are sex-dependent differences in Ahr activating potential within endothelial cells that are independent of sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R. Palzkill
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jianna Tan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Qingping Yang
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Juliana Morcos
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Exercise Science, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- The Myology Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Terence E. Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Exercise Science, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- The Myology Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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15
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Balestrieri N, Palzkill V, Pass C, Tan J, Salyers ZR, Moparthy C, Murillo A, Kim K, Thome T, Yang Q, O’Malley KA, Berceli SA, Yue F, Scali ST, Ferreira LF, Ryan TE. Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Muscle Exacerbates Ischemic Pathology in Chronic Kidney Disease. Circ Res 2023; 133:158-176. [PMID: 37325935 PMCID: PMC10330629 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.322875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) accelerates the development of atherosclerosis, decreases muscle function, and increases the risk of amputation or death in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, the mechanisms underlying this pathobiology are ill-defined. Recent work has indicated that tryptophan-derived uremic solutes, which are ligands for AHR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor), are associated with limb amputation in PAD. Herein, we examined the role of AHR activation in the myopathy of PAD and CKD. METHODS AHR-related gene expression was evaluated in skeletal muscle obtained from mice and human PAD patients with and without CKD. AHRmKO (skeletal muscle-specific AHR knockout) mice with and without CKD were subjected to femoral artery ligation, and a battery of assessments were performed to evaluate vascular, muscle, and mitochondrial health. Single-nuclei RNA sequencing was performed to explore intercellular communication. Expression of the constitutively active AHR was used to isolate the role of AHR in mice without CKD. RESULTS PAD patients and mice with CKD displayed significantly higher mRNA expression of classical AHR-dependent genes (Cyp1a1, Cyp1b1, and Aldh3a1) when compared with either muscle from the PAD condition with normal renal function (P<0.05 for all 3 genes) or nonischemic controls. AHRmKO significantly improved limb perfusion recovery and arteriogenesis, preserved vasculogenic paracrine signaling from myofibers, increased muscle mass and strength, as well as enhanced mitochondrial function in an experimental model of PAD/CKD. Moreover, viral-mediated skeletal muscle-specific expression of a constitutively active AHR in mice with normal kidney function exacerbated the ischemic myopathy evidenced by smaller muscle masses, reduced contractile function, histopathology, altered vasculogenic signaling, and lower mitochondrial respiratory function. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish AHR activation in muscle as a pivotal regulator of the ischemic limb pathology in CKD. Further, the totality of the results provides support for testing of clinical interventions that diminish AHR signaling in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Balestrieri
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Victoria Palzkill
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caroline Pass
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jianna Tan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zachary R. Salyers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chatick Moparthy
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ania Murillo
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kyoungrae Kim
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Trace Thome
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Qingping Yang
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kerri A. O’Malley
- Department of Surgery, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Scott A. Berceli
- Department of Surgery, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Animal Sciences, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Myology Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Leonardo F. Ferreira
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Exercise Science, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Myology Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Terence E. Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Exercise Science, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Myology Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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16
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Ai S, Li Y, Tao J, Zheng H, Tian L, Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu WJ. Bibliometric visualization analysis of gut-kidney axis from 2003 to 2022. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1176894. [PMID: 37362429 PMCID: PMC10287975 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1176894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The gut-kidney axis refers to the interaction between the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and its disorders have become increasingly important in the development of kidney diseases. The aim of this study is to identify current research hotspots in the field of the gut-kidney axis from 2003 to 2022 and provide guidance for future research in this field. Methods: We collected relevant literature on the gut-kidney axis from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database and conducted bibliometric and visualization analyses using biblioshiny in R-Studio and VOSviewer (version 1.6.16). Results: A total of 3,900 documents were retrieved from the WoSCC database. The publications have shown rapid expansion since 2011, with the greatest research hotspot emerging due to the concept of the "intestinal-renal syndrome," first proposed by Meijers. The most relevant journals were in the field of diet and metabolism, such as Nutrients. The United States and China were the most influential countries, and the most active institute was the University of California San Diego. Author analysis revealed that Denise Mafra, Nosratola D. Vaziri, Fouque, and Denis made great contributions in different aspects of the field. Clustering analysis of the keywords found that important research priorities were "immunity," "inflammation," "metabolism," and "urinary toxin," reflecting the basis of research in the field. Current research frontiers in the field include "hyperuricemia," "gut microbiota," "diabetes," "trimethylamine n-oxide," "iga nephropathy," "acute kidney injury," "chronic kidney disease," "inflammation," all of which necessitate further investigation. Conclusion: This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis and offers an up-to-date outlook on the research related to the gut-kidney axis, with a specific emphasis on the present state of intercommunication between gut microbiota and kidney diseases in this field. This perspective may assist researchers in selecting appropriate journals and partners, and help to gain a deeper understanding of the field's hotspots and frontiers, thereby promoting future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Ai
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yake Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - JiaYin Tao
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoxian Wang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jing Liu
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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17
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Mo Y, Hu D, Yu W, Ji C, Li Y, Liu X, Lu Z. Astragaloside IV attenuates indoxyl sulfate-induced injury of renal tubular epithelial cells by inhibiting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116244. [PMID: 36764562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge has long been used to treat chronic kidney disease (CKD) in China. However, the mechanism of action requires further study. Indoxyl sulfate accumulation is the key cause of CKD progression. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays an essential role in the renal tubular injury induced by indoxyl sulfate (IS). AIM We explored the effects of Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a minor component of the flowering perennial Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge, on AhR activity during IS-induced injury of renal tubular epithelial cells. METHODS C57BL/6 mice fed a 0.2% adenine diet (adenine + IS) and intraperitoneally injected with IS were used to study the protective effects of AS-IV, and specifically the effect on the AhR. In addition, apoptosis (annexin/PI), oxidative stress and the AhR pathway were investigated in IS-stimulated HK-2 cells treated with AS-IV. The binding of AS-IV to the AhR was assessed in a molecular docking analysis. AhR knockdown using AhR siRNA allowed determination of the effects of AS-IV in IS-stimulated HK-2 cells. RESULTS AS-IV inhibited tubulointerstitial injury in adenine + IS mice. While AS-IV did not reduce serum IS levels, it did inhibit AhR expression in the kidney. In IS-stimulated HK-2 cells, AS-IV also dramatically reduced apoptosis, decreased oxidative stress responses and inhibited the expression of the AhR pathway. The molecular docking analysis showed surface binding of AS-IV to the AhR. Following AhR knockdown in HK-2 cells, IS-induced apoptosis was reduced and could not be further reduced by AS-IV. CONCLUSION By targeting the AhR, AS-IV may alleviate IS-induced renal tubular injury, thus offering a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of chronic renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Nephrology Department, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanlin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Nephrology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xusheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Nephrology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhaoyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Nephrology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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18
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Balestrieri N, Palzkill V, Pass C, Tan J, Salyers ZR, Moparthy C, Murillo A, Kim K, Thome T, Yang Q, O'Malley KA, Berceli SA, Yue F, Scali ST, Ferreira LF, Ryan TE. Chronic activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in muscle exacerbates ischemic pathology in chronic kidney disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.16.541060. [PMID: 37292677 PMCID: PMC10245783 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.16.541060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) accelerates the development of atherosclerosis, decreases muscle function, and increases the risk of amputation or death in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, the cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying this pathobiology are ill-defined. Recent work has indicated that tryptophan-derived uremic toxins, many of which are ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), are associated with adverse limb outcomes in PAD. We hypothesized that chronic AHR activation, driven by the accumulation of tryptophan-derived uremic metabolites, may mediate the myopathic condition in the presence of CKD and PAD. Both PAD patients with CKD and mice with CKD subjected to femoral artery ligation (FAL) displayed significantly higher mRNA expression of classical AHR-dependent genes ( Cyp1a1 , Cyp1b1 , and Aldh3a1 ) when compared to either muscle from the PAD condition with normal renal function ( P <0.05 for all three genes) or non-ischemic controls. Skeletal-muscle-specific AHR deletion in mice (AHR mKO ) significantly improved limb muscle perfusion recovery and arteriogenesis, preserved vasculogenic paracrine signaling from myofibers, increased muscle mass and contractile function, as well as enhanced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory capacity in an experimental model of PAD/CKD. Moreover, viral-mediated skeletal muscle-specific expression of a constitutively active AHR in mice with normal kidney function exacerbated the ischemic myopathy evidenced by smaller muscle masses, reduced contractile function, histopathology, altered vasculogenic signaling, and lower mitochondrial respiratory function. These findings establish chronic AHR activation in muscle as a pivotal regulator of the ischemic limb pathology in PAD. Further, the totality of the results provide support for testing of clinical interventions that diminish AHR signaling in these conditions.
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Hamza E, Vallejo-Mudarra M, Ouled-Haddou H, García-Caballero C, Guerrero-Hue M, Santier L, Rayego-Mateos S, Larabi IA, Alvarez JC, Garçon L, Massy ZA, Choukroun G, Moreno JA, Metzinger L, Meuth VML. Indoxyl sulfate impairs erythropoiesis at BFU-E stage in chronic kidney disease. Cell Signal 2023; 104:110583. [PMID: 36596353 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health condition characterized by a progressive deterioration of kidney function. It is associated with high serum levels of uremic toxins (UT), such as Indoxyl Sulfate (IS), which may participate in the genesis of several uremic complications. Anemia is one of the major complications in CKD patients that contribute to cardiovascular disease, increase morbi-mortality, and is associated with a deterioration of kidney failure in these patients. Our study aimed to characterize the impact of IS on CKD-related erythropoiesis. Using cellular and pre-clinical models, we studied cellular and molecular effects of IS on the growth and differentiation of erythroid cells. First, we examined the effect of clinically relevant concentrations of IS (up to 250 μM) in the UT7/EPO cell line. IS at 250 μM increased apoptosis of UT7/EPO cells at 48 h compared to the control condition. We confirmed this apoptotic effect of IS in erythropoiesis in human primary CD34+ cells during the later stages of erythropoiesis. Then, in IS-treated human primary CD34+ cells and in a (5/6 Nx) mice model, a blockage at the burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) stage of erythropoiesis was also observed. Finally, IS deregulates a number of erythropoietic related genes such as GATA-1, Erythropoietin-Receptor (EPO-R), and β-globin. Our findings suggest that IS could affect cell viability and differentiation of erythroid progenitors by altering erythropoiesis and contributing to the development of anemia in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Hamza
- HEMATIM UR 4666, C.U.R.S, University of Picardie Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Mercedes Vallejo-Mudarra
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), UGC Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Hakim Ouled-Haddou
- HEMATIM UR 4666, C.U.R.S, University of Picardie Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Cristina García-Caballero
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), UGC Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Melania Guerrero-Hue
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), UGC Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laure Santier
- HEMATIM UR 4666, C.U.R.S, University of Picardie Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Islam Amine Larabi
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaires AP-HP, Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, FHU Sepsis, 92380 Garches, France; MasSpecLab, Plateforme de spectrométrie de masse, Inserm U-1173, Université Paris Saclay (Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines), 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaires AP-HP, Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, FHU Sepsis, 92380 Garches, France; MasSpecLab, Plateforme de spectrométrie de masse, Inserm U-1173, Université Paris Saclay (Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines), 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Loïc Garçon
- HEMATIM UR 4666, C.U.R.S, University of Picardie Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80025, Amiens, France; Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), University Paris-Saclay, University Versailles-Saint Quentin, Inserm UMRS 1018, Clinical Epidemiology Team, Villejuif, France; Department of Nephrology, CHU Ambroise Paré, APHP, 92104 Boulogne Billancourt, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Gabriel Choukroun
- Department of Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Amiens University Medical Center, F-80000 Amiens, France; MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, Jules Verne University of Picardie, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Juan Antonio Moreno
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), UGC Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Laurent Metzinger
- HEMATIM UR 4666, C.U.R.S, University of Picardie Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80025, Amiens, France.
| | - Valérie Metzinger-Le Meuth
- HEMATIM UR 4666, C.U.R.S, University of Picardie Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80025, Amiens, France; INSERM UMRS 1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), UFR SMBH, University Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93000 Bobigny, France
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20
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Movassagh H, Prunicki M, Kaushik A, Zhou X, Dunham D, Smith EM, He Z, Aleman Muench GR, Shi M, Weimer AK, Cao S, Andorf S, Feizi A, Snyder MP, Soroosh P, Mellins ED, Nadeau KC. Proinflammatory polarization of monocytes by particulate air pollutants is mediated by induction of trained immunity in pediatric asthma. Allergy 2023. [PMID: 36929161 DOI: 10.1111/all.15692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of exposure to air pollutants, such as fine particulate matter (PM), on the immune system and its consequences on pediatric asthma, are not well understood. We investigated whether ambient levels of fine PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 microns (PM2.5 ) are associated with alterations in circulating monocytes in children with or without asthma. METHODS Monocyte phenotyping was performed by cytometry time-of-flight (CyTOF). Cytokines were measured using cytometric bead array and Luminex assay. ChIP-Seq was utilized to address histone modifications in monocytes. RESULTS Increased exposure to ambient PM2.5 was linked to specific monocyte subtypes, particularly in children with asthma. Mechanistically, we hypothesized that innate trained immunity is evoked by a primary exposure to fine PM and accounts for an enhanced inflammatory response after secondary stimulation in vitro. We determined that the trained immunity was induced in circulating monocytes by fine particulate pollutants, and it was characterized by the upregulation of proinflammatory mediators, such as TNF, IL-6, and IL-8, upon stimulation with house dust mite or lipopolysaccharide. This phenotype was epigenetically controlled by enhanced H3K27ac marks in circulating monocytes. CONCLUSION The specific alterations of monocytes after ambient pollution exposure suggest a possible prognostic immune signature for pediatric asthma, and pollution-induced trained immunity may provide a potential therapeutic target for asthmatic children living in areas with increased air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Movassagh
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Mary Prunicki
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Abhinav Kaushik
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Diane Dunham
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Eric M Smith
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ziyuan He
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | - Minyi Shi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Annika K Weimer
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shu Cao
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Sandra Andorf
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pejman Soroosh
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Wen L, Ren Q, Guo F, Du X, Yang H, Fu P, Ma L. Tubular aryl hydratocarbon receptor upregulates EZH2 to promote cellular senescence in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:18. [PMID: 36635272 PMCID: PMC9837170 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the serious clinical syndromes with high morbidity and mortality. Despite substantial progress in understanding the mechanism of AKI, no effective drug is available for treatment or prevention. In this study, we identified that a ligand-activated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was abnormally increased in the kidneys of cisplatin-induced AKI mice or tubular epithelial TCMK-1 cells. The AhR inhibition by BAY2416964 and tubular conditional deletion both alleviated cisplatin-induced kidney dysfunction and tubular injury. Notably, inhibition of AhR could improve cellular senescence of injured kidneys, which was indicated by senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity, biomarker p53, p21, p16 expression, and secretory-associated secretory phenotype IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα level. Mechanistically, the abnormal AhR expression was positively correlated with the increase of a methyltransferase EZH2, and AhR inhibition suppressed the EZH2 expression in cisplatin-injured kidneys. Furthermore, the result of ChIP assay displayed that EZH2 might indirectly interact with AhR promoter region by affecting H3K27me3. The direct recruitment between H3K27me3 and AhR promoter is higher in the kidneys of control than that of cisplatin-treated mice, suggesting EZH2 reversely influenced AhR expression through weakening H3K27me3 transcriptional inhibition on AhR promoter. The present study implicated that AhR and EZH2 have mutual regulation, which further accelerated tubular senescence in cisplatin-induced AKI. Notably, the crucial role of AhR is potential to become a promising target for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wen
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fan Guo
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hongliu Yang
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Liang Ma
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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22
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Chen C, Sun S, Zhao J, Wu Q, He W, Sun W. Yishen-Qingli-Huoxue formula attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting indoxyl sulfate via AhR/snai1 signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154546. [PMID: 36410103 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is challenging to reverse and its treatment options are limited. Yishen-Qingli-Huoxue Formula (YQHF) is an effective treatment Chinese formula for CKD, as verified by clinical randomized controlled trial. However, the correlative YQHF therapeutic mechanisms are still unknown. PURPOSE The current study aimed to investigate the potential anti-renal fibrosis effects of YQHF as well as the underlying mechanism. METHODS After affirming the curative effects of YQHF on adenine-induced CKD rats, Masson staining, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA were used to assess the effects of YQHF on renal fibrosis. Subsequently, metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses were conducted to clarify the potential mechanisms. Furthermore, high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), molecular docking analysis and in vitro experiments were used to verify final mechanism of anti-fibrosis. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that YQHF could improve renal morphology, decrease blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), and increase body weight gain of model rats. Masson staining, immunohistochemistry of collagen I, fibronectin (FN), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin and E-cadherin showed that YQHF delayed CKD progression by alleviating renal fibrosis, and the expression of fibrotic factors smoc2 and cdh11 were obviously suppressed by YQHF. Metabolomic and transcriptomic measures discovered that indoxyl sulfate might be a crucial factor inducing renal fibrosis, and the antagonistic effect of YQHF on renal fibrosis may be exerted via AhR/snai1 signaling. Subsequently, western blot and immunohistochemical experiments revealed YQHF indeed inhibited AhR/snai1 signaling in adenine-induced renal fibrosis of CKD rat, which confirmed previous results. In addition, molecular docking and in vitro experiments further supported this conclusion, in which astilbin, the main compound identified YQHF, was certified to exert a significant effect on AhR. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that YQHF can effectively treat CKD by antagonizing renal fibrosis, the potential mechanisms were relating with the regulation on AhR/snai1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; No.1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifan Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qijing Wu
- The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming He
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Association between AhR in B cells and systemic lupus erythematosus with renal damage. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Holle J, Bartolomaeus H, Löber U, Behrens F, Bartolomaeus TU, Anandakumar H, Wimmer MI, Vu DL, Kuhring M, Brüning U, Maifeld A, Geisberger S, Kempa S, Schumacher F, Kleuser B, Bufler P, Querfeld U, Kitschke S, Engler D, Kuhrt LD, Drechsel O, Eckardt KU, Forslund SK, Thürmer A, McParland V, Kirwan JA, Wilck N, Müller D. Inflammation in Children with CKD Linked to Gut Dysbiosis and Metabolite Imbalance. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:2259-2275. [PMID: 35985814 PMCID: PMC9731629 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CKD is characterized by a sustained proinflammatory response of the immune system, promoting hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood but may be linked to gut dysbiosis. Dysbiosis has been described in adults with CKD; however, comorbidities limit CKD-specific conclusions. METHODS We analyzed the fecal microbiome, metabolites, and immune phenotypes in 48 children (with normal kidney function, CKD stage G3-G4, G5 treated by hemodialysis [HD], or kidney transplantation) with a mean±SD age of 10.6±3.8 years. RESULTS Serum TNF-α and sCD14 were stage-dependently elevated, indicating inflammation, gut barrier dysfunction, and endotoxemia. We observed compositional and functional alterations of the microbiome, including diminished production of short-chain fatty acids. Plasma metabolite analysis revealed a stage-dependent increase of tryptophan metabolites of bacterial origin. Serum from patients on HD activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and stimulated TNF-α production in monocytes, corresponding to a proinflammatory shift from classic to nonclassic and intermediate monocytes. Unsupervised analysis of T cells revealed a loss of mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and regulatory T cell subtypes in patients on HD. CONCLUSIONS Gut barrier dysfunction and microbial metabolite imbalance apparently mediate the proinflammatory immune phenotype, thereby driving the susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. The data highlight the importance of the microbiota-immune axis in CKD, irrespective of confounding comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Holle
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bartolomaeus
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Löber
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Behrens
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theda U.P. Bartolomaeus
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harithaa Anandakumar
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz I. Wimmer
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dai Long Vu
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Core Unit Metabolomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Kuhring
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Brüning
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Core Unit Metabolomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andras Maifeld
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Geisberger
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- The Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kempa
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- The Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Bufler
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Querfeld
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kitschke
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Engler
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard D. Kuhrt
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofia K. Forslund
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Thürmer
- MF2 Genome Sequencing, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria McParland
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer A. Kirwan
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Core Unit Metabolomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicola Wilck
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Müller
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Epidemiology and risk of cardiovascular disease in populations with chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:696-707. [DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Madison J, Wilhelm K, Meehan DT, Delimont D, Samuelson G, Cosgrove D. Glomerular basement membrane deposition of collagen α1(III) in Alport glomeruli by mesangial filopodia injures podocytes via aberrant signaling through DDR1 and integrin α2β1. J Pathol 2022; 258:26-37. [PMID: 35607980 PMCID: PMC9378723 DOI: 10.1002/path.5969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Alport mice, activation of the endothelin A receptor (ETA R) in mesangial cells results in sub-endothelial invasion of glomerular capillaries by mesangial filopodia. Filopodia deposit mesangial matrix in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), including laminin 211 which activates NF-κB, resulting in induction of inflammatory cytokines. Herein we show that collagen α1(III) is also deposited in the GBM. Collagen α1(III) localized to the mesangium in wild-type mice and was found in both the mesangium and the GBM in Alport mice. We show that collagen α1(III) activates discoidin domain receptor family, member 1 (DDR1) receptors both in vitro and in vivo. To elucidate whether collagen α1(III) might cause podocyte injury, cultured murine Alport podocytes were overlaid with recombinant collagen α1(III), or not, for 24 h and RNA was analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). These same cells were subjected to siRNA knockdown for integrin α2 or DDR1 and the RNA was analyzed by RNA-seq. Results were validated in vivo using RNA-seq from RNA isolated from wild-type and Alport mouse glomeruli. Numerous genes associated with podocyte injury were up- or down-regulated in both Alport glomeruli and cultured podocytes treated with collagen α1(III), 18 of which have been associated previously with podocyte injury or glomerulonephritis. The data indicate α2β1 integrin/DDR1 co-receptor signaling as the dominant regulatory mechanism. This may explain earlier studies where deletion of either DDR1 or α2β1 integrin in Alport mice ameliorates renal pathology. © 2022 Boys Town National Research Hospital. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Liu X, Deng R, Chen Y, Huang S, Lu J, Zheng L, Xiong G, Li S. Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen Formula Improves Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease via Regulating Tryptophan Metabolism and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:922707. [PMID: 35865941 PMCID: PMC9294467 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.922707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important complementary and alternative branch of chronic kidney disease (CKD) therapy. Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula (JPYSF) is a TCM formula used for treating CKD with good efficacy. However, the underlying mechanisms of JPYSF in treating CKD remain to be elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the renoprotective effect and potential mechanism of JPYSF in treating CKD. CKD rat model was induced by feeding a diet containing 0.75% w/w adenine for 4 weeks. JPYSF was given by gavage every day, starting from the 3rd week of the adenine-containing diet and continuing for 4 weeks at the dose of 10.89 g/kg. Renal injury was evaluated by serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), histopathology, and fibrotic markers expression. Serum levels of tryptophan metabolites were detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling was tested by Western blot analysis. The results found that JPYSF treatment significantly lowered Scr and BUN levels, improved renal pathological injury, and down-regulated fibrotic markers expression in CKD rats. Furthermore, JPYSF significantly reduced the levels of 10 tryptophan metabolites in the serum of CKD rats and restored the level of tryptophan. Additionally, the kidney expression of AHR signaling was enhanced in CKD rats and was further suppressed in JPYSF treated rats. These results suggested that JPYSF protected against adenine-induced CKD via modulating tryptophan metabolism and AHR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhui Liu, ; Guoliang Xiong, ; Shunmin Li,
| | - Ruyu Deng
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yulian Chen
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiying Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiandong Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoliang Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhui Liu, ; Guoliang Xiong, ; Shunmin Li,
| | - Shunmin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhui Liu, ; Guoliang Xiong, ; Shunmin Li,
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Grishanova AY, Perepechaeva ML. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Oxidative Stress as a Double Agent and Its Biological and Therapeutic Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126719. [PMID: 35743162 PMCID: PMC9224361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has long been implicated in the induction of a battery of genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor necessary for the launch of transcriptional responses important in health and disease. In past decades, evidence has accumulated that AhR is associated with the cellular response to oxidative stress, and this property of AhR must be taken into account during investigations into a mechanism of action of xenobiotics that is able to activate AhR or that is susceptible to metabolic activation by enzymes encoded by the genes that are under the control of AhR. In this review, we examine various mechanisms by which AhR takes part in the oxidative-stress response, including antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes and cytochrome P450. We also show that AhR, as a participant in the redox balance and as a modulator of redox signals, is being increasingly studied as a target for a new class of therapeutic compounds and as an explanation for the pathogenesis of some disorders.
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Taivassalo T, Hepple RT. Integrating Mechanisms of Exacerbated Atrophy and Other Adverse Skeletal Muscle Impact in COPD. Front Physiol 2022; 13:861617. [PMID: 35721564 PMCID: PMC9203961 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.861617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal decline in skeletal muscle mass that occurs with aging is exacerbated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and contributes to poor health outcomes, including a greater risk of death. There has been controversy about the causes of this exacerbated muscle atrophy, with considerable debate about the degree to which it reflects the very sedentary nature of COPD patients vs. being precipitated by various aspects of the COPD pathophysiology and its most frequent proximate cause, long-term smoking. Consistent with the latter view, recent evidence suggests that exacerbated aging muscle loss with COPD is likely initiated by decades of smoking-induced stress on the neuromuscular junction that predisposes patients to premature failure of muscle reinnervation capacity, accompanied by various alterations in mitochondrial function. Superimposed upon this are various aspects of COPD pathophysiology, such as hypercapnia, hypoxia, and inflammation, that can also contribute to muscle atrophy. This review will summarize the available knowledge concerning the mechanisms contributing to exacerbated aging muscle affect in COPD, consider the potential role of comorbidities using the specific example of chronic kidney disease, and identify emerging molecular mechanisms of muscle impairment, including mitochondrial permeability transition as a mechanism of muscle atrophy, and chronic activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in driving COPD muscle pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Taivassalo
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Russell T. Hepple
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Russell T. Hepple,
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Hu M, Wang Q, Liu B, Ma Q, Zhang T, Huang T, Lv Z, Wang R. Chronic Kidney Disease and Cancer: Inter-Relationships and Mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:868715. [PMID: 35663394 PMCID: PMC9158340 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.868715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized as an increasingly serious public health problem globally over the decades. Accumulating evidence has shown that the incidence rate of cancer was relatively higher in CKD patients than that in general population, which, mechanistically, may be related to chronic inflammation, accumulation of carcinogenic compounds, oxidative stress, impairment of DNA repair, excessive parathyroid hormone and changes in intestinal microbiota, etc. And in patients with cancer, regardless of tumor types or anticancer treatment, it has been indicated that the morbidity and incidence rate of concomitant CKD was also increased, suggesting a complex inter-relationship between CKD and cancer and arousing increasing attention from both nephrologists and oncologists. This narrative review focused on the correlation between CKD and cancer, and underlying molecular mechanisms, which might provide an overview of novel interdisciplinary research interests and the potential challenges related to the screening and treatment of CKD and cancer. A better understanding of this field might be of help for both nephrologists and oncologists in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qianhui Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiqi Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Tingwei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Tongtong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhimei Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhimei Lv, ; Rong Wang,
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhimei Lv, ; Rong Wang,
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Research progress on the relationship between IS and kidney disease and its complications. Int Urol Nephrol 2022; 54:2881-2890. [PMID: 35488145 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Indoxyl sulphate (IS) a representative uraemic toxin in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Its accumulation may be closely related to CKD and the increasing morbidity and mortality of the disease's related complications. Timely and effective detection of the IS level and efficient clearance of IS may effectively prevent the progression of CKD and its related complications. Therefore, this article summarizes the research progress of IS related, including IS in CKD and its associated complications including chronic kidney disease, chronic kidney disease with cardiovascular disease, renal anemia, bone mineral metabolic disease and neuropsychiatric disorders, looking for IS accurate rapid detection methods, and explore the efficient treatment to reduce blood levels of indole phenol sulphate.
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Bataille S, Dou L, Bartoli M, Sallée M, Aniort J, Ferkak B, Chermiti R, McKay N, Da Silva N, Burtey S, Poitevin S. Mechanisms of myostatin and activin A accumulation in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 37:1249-1260. [PMID: 35333341 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myostatin and activin A induce muscle wasting by activating the ubiquitin proteasome system and inhibiting the Akt/mTOR pathway. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), myostatin and activin A plasma concentrations are increased, but it is not clear if there is an increased production or a decreased renal clearance. METHODS We measured myostatin and activin A concentrations in 232 CKD patients and studied their correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We analyzed the myostatin gene (MSTN) expression in muscle biopsies of hemodialysis (HD) patients. We then measured circulating myostatin and activin A in plasma and the Mstn and Inhba expression in muscles, kidney, liver and heart of two CKD mice models (adenine and 5/6th nephrectomy models). Finally, we analyzed whether the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) increased Mstn expression in mice and cultured muscle cells. RESULTS In patients, myostatin and activin A were inversely correlated with eGFR. MSTN expression was lower in HD patients' muscles (vastus lateralis) than in controls. In mice with CKD, myostatin and activin A blood concentrations were increased. Mstn was not up-regulated in CKD mice tissues. Inha was up-regulated in kidney and heart. Exposure to IS did not induce Mstn up-regulation in mice muscles and in cultured myoblasts and myocytes. CONCLUSION During CKD, myostatin and activin A blood concentrations are increased. Myostatin is not overproduced, suggesting only an impaired renal clearance, but activin A is over produced in kidney and heart. We propose to add myostatin and activin A to the list of uremic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Bataille
- Phocean Nephrology Institute, Clinique Bouchard, ELSAN, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Dou
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Bartoli
- Aix Marseille Univ, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Sallée
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, Centre de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, AP-HM Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Aniort
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Department, Gabriel Montpied University Hospital, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bohrane Ferkak
- Service d'Evaluation Médicale, AP-HM, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, EA 3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, Marseille, France
| | - Rania Chermiti
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie McKay
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | | | - Stéphane Burtey
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, Centre de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, AP-HM Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
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Ray N, Jeong H, Kwon D, Kim J, Moon Y. Antibiotic Exposure Aggravates Bacteroides-Linked Uremic Toxicity in the Gut-Kidney Axis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:737536. [PMID: 35401522 PMCID: PMC8988921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.737536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidence has implicated a potent link between antibiotic exposure and susceptibility to various diseases. Clinically, antibiotic treatment during platinum chemotherapy is associated with poor prognosis in patients with malignancy. In the present study, mucosal antibiotic exposure was assessed for its impact on renal distress as a sequela of platinum-based chemotherapy. Clinical transcriptome dataset-based evaluations demonstrated that levels of dysbiosis-responsive genes were elevated during renal distress, indicating pathological communications between gut and kidney. Experimentally, mucosal exposure to streptomycin aggravated platinum-induced renal tubular lesions in a mouse model. Moreover, antibiotic-induced dysbiosis increased susceptibility to gut mucosal inflammation, epithelial disruption, and bacterial exposure in response to cisplatin treatment. Further investigation of the luminal microbes indicated that antibiotic-induced dysbiosis promoted the dominance of Bacteroides species. Moreover, the functional assessment of dysbiotic microbiota predicted tryptophan metabolic pathways. In particular, dysbiosis-responsive Bacteroides acidifaciens was associated with the production of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate and renal injuries. The results of this study including bacterial community-based evaluations provide new predictive insights into the interorgan communications and interventions against dysbiosis-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Ray
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Hoyoung Jeong
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Graduate Program of Genomic Data Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Dasom Kwon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Juil Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Yuseok Moon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Graduate Program of Genomic Data Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yuseok Moon,
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Hopp K, Kleczko EK, Gitomer BY, Chonchol M, Klawitter J, Christians U, Klawitter J. Metabolic reprogramming in a slowly developing orthologous model of polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F258-F267. [PMID: 35037466 PMCID: PMC8858679 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00262.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease and affects 1 in 1,000 individuals. There is accumulating evidence suggesting that there are shared cellular mechanisms responsible for cystogenesis in human and murine PKD and that reprogramming of metabolism is a key disease feature. In this study, we used a targeted metabolomics approach in an orthologous mouse model of PKD (Pkd1RC/RC) to investigate the metabolic modifications a cystic kidney undergoes during disease progression. Using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database, we identified several biologically relevant metabolic pathways that were altered early in this disease (in 3-mo-old Pkd1RC/RC mice), the most highly represented being arginine biosynthesis and metabolism and tryptophan and phenylalanine metabolism. During the next 6 mo of disease progression, multiple uremic solutes accumulated in the kidney of cystic mice, including several established markers of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction (allantoin, asymmetric dimethylarginine, homocysteine, malondialdehyde, methionine sulfoxide, and S-adenosylhomocysteine). Levels of kynurenines and polyamines were also augmented in kidneys of Pkd1RC/RC versus wild-type mice, as were the levels of bacteria-produced indoles, whose increase within PKD kidneys suggests microbial dysbiosis. In summary, we confirmed previously published and identified novel metabolic markers and pathways of PKD progression that may prove helpful for diagnosis and monitoring of cystic kidney disease in patients. Furthermore, they provide targets for novel therapeutic approaches that deserve further study and hint toward currently understudied pathomechanisms.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This report delineates the evolution of metabolic changes occurring during autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) progression. Using an orthologous model, we performed kidney metabolomics and confirmed dysregulation of metabolic pathways previously found altered in nonorthologous or rapidly-progressive PKD models. Importantly, we identified novel alterations, including augmentation of kynurenines, polyamines, and indoles, suggesting increased inflammation and microbial dysbiosis that provide insights into PKD pathomechanisms and may prove helpful for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hopp
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Emily K Kleczko
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Berenice Y Gitomer
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jost Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Uwe Christians
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jelena Klawitter
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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The Interplay between Uremic Toxins and Albumin, Membrane Transporters and Drug Interaction. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030177. [PMID: 35324674 PMCID: PMC8949274 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Uremic toxins are a heterogeneous group of molecules that accumulate in the body due to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). These toxins are associated with kidney dysfunction and the development of comorbidities in patients with CKD, being only partially eliminated by dialysis therapies. Importantly, drugs used in clinical treatments may affect the levels of uremic toxins, their tissue disposition, and even their elimination through the interaction of both with proteins such as albumin and cell membrane transporters. In this context, protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are highlighted for their high affinity for albumin, the most abundant serum protein with multiple binding sites and an ability to interact with drugs. Membrane transporters mediate the cellular influx and efflux of various uremic toxins, which may also compete with drugs as substrates, and both may alter transporter activity or expression. Therefore, this review explores the interaction mechanisms between uremic toxins and albumin, as well as membrane transporters, considering their potential relationship with drugs used in clinical practice.
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Tryptophan Metabolites Regulate Neuropentraxin 1 Expression in Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042369. [PMID: 35216489 PMCID: PMC8874566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in animal models of CKD, the transcription factor Aryl Hydrocabon Receptor (AhR) is overactivated. In addition to the canonical AhR targets constituting the AhR signature, numerous other genes are regulated by this factor. We identified neuronal pentraxin 1 (NPTX1) as a new AhR target. Belonging to the inflammatory protein family, NPTX1 seems of prime interest regarding the inflammatory state observed in CKD. Endothelial cells were exposed to tryptophan-derived toxins, indoxyl sulfate (IS) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The adenine mouse model of CKD was used to analyze NPTX1 expression in the burden of uremia. NPTX1 expression was quantified by RT-PCR and western blot. AhR involvement was analyzed using silencing RNA. We found that IS and IAA upregulated NPTX1 expression in an AhR-dependent way. Furthermore, this effect was not restricted to uremic indolic toxins since the dioxin 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and the tryptophan photoproduct 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) do the same. In CKD mice, NPTX1 expression was increased in the aorta. Therefore, NPTX1 is a new target of AhR and further work is necessary to elucidate its exact role during CKD.
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Nguyen C, Edgley AJ, Kelly DJ, Kompa AR. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Inhibition Restores Indoxyl Sulfate-Mediated Endothelial Dysfunction in Rat Aortic Rings. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:100. [PMID: 35202128 PMCID: PMC8878015 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS), elevated in chronic kidney disease (CKD), is known to contribute towards progressive cardiovascular disease. IS activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediating oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction via activation of the CYP1A1 pathway. The present study examines AhR inhibition with the antagonist, CH223191, on IS-mediated impairment of vascular endothelial function and disruption of redox balance. The acute effects of IS on endothelium-dependent relaxation were assessed in aortic rings from Sprague Dawley rats exposed to the following conditions: (1) control; (2) IS (300 μM); (3) IS + CH223191 (1 μM); (4) IS + CH223191 (10 μM). Thereafter, tissues were assessed for changes in expression of redox markers. IS reduced the maximum level of endothelium-dependent relaxation (Rmax) by 42% (p < 0.001) compared to control, this was restored in the presence of increasing concentrations of CH223191 (p < 0.05). Rings exposed to IS increased expression of CYP1A1, nitro-tyrosine, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), superoxide, and reduced eNOS expression (p < 0.05). CH223191 (10 μM) restored expression of these markers back to control levels (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate the adverse impact of IS-mediated AhR activation on the vascular endothelium, where oxidative stress may play a critical role in inducing endothelial dysfunction in the vasculature of the heart and kidneys. AhR inhibition could provide an exciting novel therapy for CVD in the CKD setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew R. Kompa
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Australia; (C.N.); (A.J.E.); (D.J.K.)
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Benitez T, VanDerWoude E, Han Y, Byun J, Konje VC, Gillespie BW, Saran R, Mathew AV. OUP accepted manuscript. Clin Kidney J 2022; 15:1952-1965. [PMID: 36158159 PMCID: PMC9494510 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to the disproportionate burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Disordered catabolism of tryptophan via the kynurenine and indole pathways is linked to CVD in both CKD and dialysis patients. However, the association between specific kynurenine and indole metabolites with subclinical CVD and time to new cardiovascular (CV) events in CKD has not been studied. Methods We measured kynurenine and indole pathway metabolites using targeted mass spectrometry in a cohort of 325 patients with moderate to severe CKD and a median follow-up of 2 years. Multiple linear regression and Cox regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between these tryptophan metabolites and subclinical CVD, including calcium scores, carotid intima-media thickness and time to new cardiovascular (CV) events. Results Elevated quinolinic and anthranilic acids were independently associated with reduced time to new CVD [hazard ratio (HR) 1.28, P = .01 and HR 1.02, P = .02, respectively). Low tryptophan levels were associated with reduced time to new CV events when adjusting for demographics and CVD history (HR 0.30, P = .03). Low tryptophan levels were also associated with aortic calcification in a fully adjusted linear regression model (β = −1983, P = .006). Similarly, high levels of several kynurenine pathway metabolites predicted increased coronary, aortic and composite calcification scores. Conclusions We demonstrate the association of kynurenine pathway metabolites, and not indole derivatives, with subclinical and new CV events in an advanced CKD cohort. Our findings support a possible role for altered tryptophan immune metabolism in the pathogenesis of CKD-associated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trista Benitez
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Yun Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jaeman Byun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vetalise Cheofor Konje
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Rajiv Saran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna V Mathew
- Correspondence to: Anna V. Mathew. E-mail: ; Twitter handles: @annavmathew, @themathewlab
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Toxic Effects of Indoxyl Sulfate on Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011265. [PMID: 34681927 PMCID: PMC8538618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) and kynurenine, accumulate in the blood in the event of kidney failure and contribute to further bone damage. To maintain the homeostasis of the skeletal system, bone remodeling is a persistent process of bone formation and bone resorption that depends on a dynamic balance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates the toxic effects of uremic toxins. IS is an endogenous AhR ligand and is metabolized from tryptophan. In osteoclastogenesis, IS affects the expression of the osteoclast precursor nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) through AhR signaling. It is possible to increase osteoclast differentiation with short-term and low-dose IS exposure and to decrease differentiation with long-term and/or high-dose IS exposure. Coincidentally, during osteoblastogenesis, through the AhR signaling pathway, IS inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK, and p38 reduces the expression of the transcription factor 2 (Runx2), disturbing osteoblastogenesis. The AhR antagonist resveratrol has a protective effect on the IS/AhR pathway. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the multifaceted role of AhR in CKD, as knowledge of these transcription signals could provide a safe and effective method to prevent and treat CKD mineral bone disease.
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40
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Miao H, Wu XQ, Wang YN, Chen DQ, Chen L, Vaziri ND, Zhuang S, Guo Y, Su W, Ma SX, Zhang HQ, Shang YQ, Yu XY, Zhao YL, Mao JR, Gao M, Zhang JH, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhao YY, Cao G. 1-Hydroxypyrene mediates renal fibrosis through aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:103-124. [PMID: 34625952 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In chronic kidney disease (CKD), patients inevitably reach end-stage renal disease and require renal transplant. Evidence suggests that CKD is associated with metabolite disorders. However, the molecular pathways targeted by metabolites remain enigmatic. Here, we describe roles of 1-hydroxypyrene in mediating renal fibrosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We analysed 5406 urine and serum samples from patients with Stage 1-5 CKD using metabolomics, and 1-hydroxypyrene was identified and validated using longitudinal and drug intervention cohorts as well as 5/6 nephrectomised and adenine-induced rats. KEY RESULTS We identified correlations between the urine and serum levels of 1-hydroxypyrene and the estimated GFR in patients with CKD onset and progression. Moreover, increased 1-hydroxypyrene levels in serum and kidney tissues correlated with decreased renal function in two rat models. Up-regulated mRNA expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its target genes, including CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1, were observed in patients and rats with progressive CKD. Further we showed up-regulated mRNA expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its three target genes, plus up-regulated nuclear aryl hydrocarbon receptor protein levels in mice and HK-2 cells treated with 1-hydroxypyrene, which caused accumulation of extracellular matrix components. Treatment with aryl hydrocarbon receptor short hairpin RNA or flavonoids inhibited mRNA expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its target genes in 1-hydroxypyrene-induced HK-2 cells and mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene was demonstrated to mediate renal fibrosis through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling pathway. Targeting aryl hydrocarbon receptor may be an alternative therapeutic strategy for CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Miao
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia-Qing Wu
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Ni Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan-Qian Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Nephrology, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Shi-Xing Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Huan-Qiao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - You-Quan Shang
- Department of Nephrology, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Long Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Rong Mao
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin-Hua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Larigot L, Benoit L, Koual M, Tomkiewicz C, Barouki R, Coumoul X. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Its Diverse Ligands and Functions: An Exposome Receptor. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:383-404. [PMID: 34499523 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-115707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcriptional factor that regulates multiple functions following its activation by a variety of ligands, including xenobiotics, natural products, microbiome metabolites, and endogenous molecules. Because of this diversity, the AhR constitutes an exposome receptor. One of its main functions is to regulate several lines of defense against chemical insults and bacterial infections. Indeed, in addition to its well-established detoxication function, it has several functions at physiological barriers, and it plays a critical role in immunomodulation. The AhR is also involved in the development of several organs and their homeostatic maintenance. Its activity depends on the type of ligand and on the time frame of the receptor activation, which can be either sustained or transient, leading in some cases to opposite modes of regulations as illustrated in the regulation of different cancer pathways. The development of selective modulators and their pharmacological characterization are important areas of research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Larigot
- INSERM UMR-S1124, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, and Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Louise Benoit
- INSERM UMR-S1124, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, and Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; .,Service de Chirurgie Cancérologique Gynécologique et du Sein, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Meriem Koual
- INSERM UMR-S1124, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, and Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; .,Service de Chirurgie Cancérologique Gynécologique et du Sein, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Céline Tomkiewicz
- INSERM UMR-S1124, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, and Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Robert Barouki
- INSERM UMR-S1124, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, and Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; .,Service de Chirurgie Cancérologique Gynécologique et du Sein, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- INSERM UMR-S1124, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, and Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
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42
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Mo Y, Jie X, Wang L, Ji C, Gu Y, Lu Z, Liu X. Bupi Yishen formula attenuates kidney injury in 5/6 nephrectomized rats via the tryptophan-kynurenic acid-aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:207. [PMID: 34376166 PMCID: PMC8353787 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bupi Yishen Formula (BYF), a patent traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation, has been used in the clinical treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the mechanism of action of BYF has not been fully elucidated. METHOD To investigate the variation in the metabolic profile in response to BYF treatment in a rat model of 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx), rats in the treatment groups received low- or high-dose BYF. At the end of the study, serum and kidney samples were collected for biochemical, pathological, and western blotting analysis. Metabolic changes in serum were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The results showed that BYF treatment could reduce kidney injury, inhibit inflammation and improve renal function in a dose-dependent manner. In total, 405 and 195 metabolites were identified in negative and positive ion modes, respectively. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of differential metabolites based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database identified 35 metabolic pathways, 3 of which were related to tryptophan metabolism. High-dose BYF reduced the level of kynurenic acid (KA) by more than 50%, while increasing melatonin 25-fold and indole-3-acetic acid twofold. Expression levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), Cyp1A1, and CyP1B1 were significantly reduced in the kidney tissue of rats with high-dose BYF, compared to 5/6 Nx rats. CONCLUSION BYF has a reno-protective effect against 5/6 Nx-induced CKD, which may be mediated via inhibition of the tryptophan-KA-AhR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenan Mo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 520120, China
| | - Xina Jie
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 520120, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Nephrology Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 520120, China
| | - Chunlan Ji
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 520120, China
| | - Yueyu Gu
- Nephrology Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 520120, China
| | - Zhaoyu Lu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 520120, China. .,Nephrology Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 520120, China.
| | - Xusheng Liu
- Nephrology Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 520120, China.
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43
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Laville SM, Lambert O, Hamroun A, Metzger M, Jacquelinet C, Laville M, Frimat L, Fouque D, Combe C, Ayav C, Pecoits-Filho R, Stengel B, Massy ZA, Liabeuf S. Consequences of oral antithrombotic use in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:2242-2253. [PMID: 34080321 PMCID: PMC8604253 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the risks of bleeding, acute kidney injury (AKI), and kidney failure associated with the prescription of antithrombotic agents (oral anticoagulants and/or antiplatelet agents) in patients with moderate‐to‐advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD‐REIN is a prospective cohort of 3022 nephrology outpatients with CKD stages 2–5 at baseline. We used cause‐specific Cox proportional hazard models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for bleeding (identified through hospitalizations), AKI, and kidney failure. Prescriptions of oral antithrombotics were treated as time‐dependent variables. At baseline, 339 (11%) patients (65% men; 69 [60–76] years) were prescribed oral anticoagulants only, 1095 (36%) antiplatelets only, and 101 (3%) both type of oral antithrombotics. Over a median (interquartile range [IQR]) follow‐up period of 3.0 (IQR, 2.8–3.1) years, 152 patients experienced a bleeding event, 414 patients experienced an episode of AKI, and 270 experienced kidney failure. The adjusted HRs (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) for bleeding associated with prescriptions of antiplatelets only, oral anticoagulants only, and antiplatelet + oral anticoagulant were, respectively, 0.74 (95% CI, 0.46–1.19), 2.38 (95% CI, 1.45–3.89), and 3.96 (95% CI, 2.20–7.12). An increased risk of AKI risk was associated with the prescription of oral anticoagulants (adjusted HR, 1.90, 95% CI, 1.47–2.45) but not the prescription of antiplatelets (HR, 1.24, 95% CI, 0.98–1.56). Kidney failure was not associated with the prescription of oral antithrombotics of any type. This study confirms the high risk of AKI associated with oral anticoagulants prescription in patients with CKD and also highlights the potential aggravating effect of combining vitamin K antagonist (VKA) and antiplatelets on the risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène M Laville
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint Quentin University, INSERM UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Oriane Lambert
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint Quentin University, INSERM UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Aghiles Hamroun
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint Quentin University, INSERM UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France.,Nephrology Department, CHRU Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marie Metzger
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint Quentin University, INSERM UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Maurice Laville
- CarMeN INSERM 1060, et AURAL, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Luc Frimat
- Nephrology Department, CHRU de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,APEMAC, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Denis Fouque
- Nephrology Department, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Université de Lyon, Carmen, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Christian Combe
- Service de Néphrologie Transplantation Dialyse Aphérèse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, U1026, Univ Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Carole Ayav
- APEMAC, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Bénédicte Stengel
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint Quentin University, INSERM UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Paris-Saclay University, Versailles Saint Quentin University, INSERM UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France.,Department of Nephrology, APHP, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, France
| | - Sophie Liabeuf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France.,MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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44
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Ravid JD, Kamel MH, Chitalia VC. Uraemic solutes as therapeutic targets in CKD-associated cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:402-416. [PMID: 33758363 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the retention of a myriad of solutes termed uraemic (or uremic) toxins, which inflict damage to several organs, including the cardiovascular system. Uraemic toxins can induce hallmarks of cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as atherothrombosis, heart failure, dysrhythmias, vessel calcification and dysregulated angiogenesis. CVD is an important driver of mortality in patients with CKD; however, reliance on conventional approaches to managing CVD risk is insufficient in these patients, underscoring a need to target risk factors that are specific to CKD. Mounting evidence suggests that targeting uraemic toxins and/or pathways induced by uraemic toxins, including tryptophan metabolites and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), can lower the risk of CVD in patients with CKD. Although tangible therapies resulting from our growing knowledge of uraemic toxicity are yet to materialize, a number of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches have the potential to abrogate the effects of uraemic toxins, for example, by decreasing the production of uraemic toxins, by modifying metabolic pathways induced by uraemic toxins such as those controlled by aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling and by augmenting the clearance of uraemic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Ravid
- School of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohamed Hassan Kamel
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vipul C Chitalia
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA. .,Global Co-creation Lab, Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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45
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McEvoy CM, Clotet-Freixas S, Tokar T, Pastrello C, Reid S, Batruch I, RaoPeters AAE, Kaths JM, Urbanellis P, Farkona S, Van JAD, Urquhart BL, John R, Jurisica I, Robinson LA, Selzner M, Konvalinka A. Normothermic Ex-vivo Kidney Perfusion in a Porcine Auto-Transplantation Model Preserves the Expression of Key Mitochondrial Proteins: An Unbiased Proteomics Analysis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100101. [PMID: 34033948 PMCID: PMC8253910 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Normothermic ex-vivo kidney perfusion (NEVKP) results in significantly improved graft function in porcine auto-transplant models of donation after circulatory death injury compared with static cold storage (SCS); however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects remain unclear. We performed an unbiased proteomics analysis of 28 kidney biopsies obtained at three time points from pig kidneys subjected to 30 min of warm ischemia, followed by 8 h of NEVKP or SCS, and auto-transplantation. 70/6593 proteins quantified were differentially expressed between NEVKP and SCS groups (false discovery rate < 0.05). Proteins increased in NEVKP mediated key metabolic processes including fatty acid ß-oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Comparison of our findings with external datasets of ischemia-reperfusion and other models of kidney injury confirmed that 47 of our proteins represent a common signature of kidney injury reversed or attenuated by NEVKP. We validated key metabolic proteins (electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta and carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial) by immunoblotting. Transcription factor databases identified members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) family of transcription factors as the upstream regulators of our dataset, and we confirmed increased expression of PPARA, PPARD, and RXRA in NEVKP with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The proteome-level changes observed in NEVKP mediate critical metabolic pathways. These effects may be coordinated by PPAR-family transcription factors and may represent novel therapeutic targets in ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona M McEvoy
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sergi Clotet-Freixas
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomas Tokar
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shelby Reid
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrien A E RaoPeters
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Moritz Kaths
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Essen-Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Urbanellis
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofia Farkona
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie A D Van
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradley L Urquhart
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rohan John
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Markus Selzner
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Konvalinka
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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46
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Falconi CA, Junho CVDC, Fogaça-Ruiz F, Vernier ICS, da Cunha RS, Stinghen AEM, Carneiro-Ramos MS. Uremic Toxins: An Alarming Danger Concerning the Cardiovascular System. Front Physiol 2021; 12:686249. [PMID: 34054588 PMCID: PMC8160254 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.686249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidneys and heart share functions with the common goal of maintaining homeostasis. When kidney injury occurs, many compounds, the so-called “uremic retention solutes” or “uremic toxins,” accumulate in the circulation targeting other tissues. The accumulation of uremic toxins such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and inorganic phosphate leads to a loss of a substantial number of body functions. Although the concept of uremic toxins is dated to the 1960s, the molecular mechanisms capable of leading to renal and cardiovascular injuries are not yet known. Besides, the greatest toxic effects appear to be induced by compounds that are difficult to remove by dialysis. Considering the close relationship between renal and cardiovascular functions, an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the production, clearance and overall impact of uremic toxins is extremely relevant for the understanding of pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Thus, the present study has as main focus to present an extensive review on the impact of uremic toxins in the cardiovascular system, bringing the state of the art on the subject as well as clinical implications related to patient’s therapy affected by chronic kidney disease, which represents high mortality of patients with cardiac comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alexandre Falconi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Carolina Victoria da Cruz Junho
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fogaça-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Imara Caridad Stable Vernier
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Regiane Stafim da Cunha
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
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47
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Yabuuchi N, Hou H, Gunda N, Narita Y, Jono H, Saito H. Suppressed Hepatic Production of Indoxyl Sulfate Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Sulfotransferase 1a1-Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041764. [PMID: 33578912 PMCID: PMC7916706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous factors involved in the progression of cisplatin nephropathy remain undetermined. Here, we demonstrate the toxico-pathological roles of indoxyl sulfate (IS), a sulfate-conjugated uremic toxin, and sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1), an enzyme involved in its synthesis, in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury using Sult1a1-deficient (Sult1a1-/- KO) mice. With cisplatin administration, severe kidney dysfunction, tissue damage, and apoptosis were attenuated in Sult1a1-/- (KO) mice. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) expression was increased by treatment with cisplatin in mouse kidney tissue. Moreover, the downregulation of antioxidant stress enzymes in wild-type (WT) mice was not observed in Sult1a1-/- (KO) mice. To investigate the effect of IS on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, HK-2 cells were treated with cisplatin and IS. The ROS levels were significantly increased compared to cisplatin or IS treatment alone. IS-induced increases in ROS were reversed by downregulation of AhR, xanthine oxidase (XO), and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4). These findings suggest that SULT1A1 plays toxico-pathological roles in the progression of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury, while the IS/AhR/ROS axis brings about oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Yabuuchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (N.Y.); (H.H.); (N.G.); (Y.N.); (H.J.)
| | - Huixian Hou
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (N.Y.); (H.H.); (N.G.); (Y.N.); (H.J.)
| | - Nao Gunda
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (N.Y.); (H.H.); (N.G.); (Y.N.); (H.J.)
| | - Yuki Narita
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (N.Y.); (H.H.); (N.G.); (Y.N.); (H.J.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (N.Y.); (H.H.); (N.G.); (Y.N.); (H.J.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saito
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (N.Y.); (H.H.); (N.G.); (Y.N.); (H.J.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-96-373-5820
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48
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Tao S, Guo F, Ren Q, Liu J, Wei T, Li L, Ma L, Fu P. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor by 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole alleviated acute kidney injury by repressing inflammation and apoptosis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:1035-1047. [PMID: 33280241 PMCID: PMC7812300 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a multifactorial disease of various aetiologies. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that responds to ligands to induce or repress gene expressions, thereby regulating a diverse spectrum of biological or pathophysiologic effects. However, the effect of AhR on AKI remains unknown. A single intraperitoneal injection of 50% glycerol was performed to induce rhabdomyolysis in C57BL/6J mice. The bilateral renal pedicles were occluded for 30 minutes and then removed to stimulate renal I/R injury. 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), a photo-oxidation product of tryptophan with a high affinity for AhR, was used. The in vitro study was performed on HK-2 cells. Ferrous myoglobin and FICZ was dissolved in the medium in different cell groups. Treatment with AhR agonist FICZ significantly alleviated the elevation of serum creatinine and urea in AKI. AKI modelling-induced renal damage was attenuated by FICZ. AhR mainly expressed in proximal tubular cells and could be activated by FICZ administration. Meanwhile, AKI triggered the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in injured kidneys, while FICZ inhibited their expressions. Furthermore, FICZ effectively reversed cell apoptosis in AKI models. Mechanistically, AKI stimulated the activation of NF-κB and JNK pathways in the kidneys, while FICZ significantly suppressed these corresponding protein expressions. For the in vitro study, FICZ also inhibited inflammation and apoptosis in myoglobin or H/R-stimulated HK-2 cells. In summary, agonism of AhR by FICZ alleviated rhabdomyolysis and I/R-induced AKI. FICZ inhibited inflammation and apoptosis via suppressing NF-κB and JNK pathways in proximal tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Tao
- Division of NephrologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsKidney Research InstituteWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Fan Guo
- Division of NephrologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsKidney Research InstituteWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qian Ren
- Division of NephrologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsKidney Research InstituteWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jing Liu
- Division of NephrologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsKidney Research InstituteWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Tiantian Wei
- Division of NephrologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsKidney Research InstituteWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lingzhi Li
- Division of NephrologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsKidney Research InstituteWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Liang Ma
- Division of NephrologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsKidney Research InstituteWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ping Fu
- Division of NephrologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsKidney Research InstituteWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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49
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Mo Y, Lu Z, Wang L, Ji C, Zou C, Liu X. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Chronic Kidney Disease: Friend or Foe? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:589752. [PMID: 33415104 PMCID: PMC7784643 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.589752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that promotes cell responses to small molecules derived from the diet, microorganisms, metabolism and pollutants. The AhR signal regulates many basic cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, adhesion, migration, apoptosis and cell proliferation. Many studies have shown that AhR is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its complications. This article reviews the current knowledge about the role of AhR in CKD, showing that AhR mediates CKD complications, including cardiovascular disease, anemia, bone disorders, cognitive dysfunction and malnutrition, and that it influences drug metabolism in individuals with CKD. AhR enhances the intestinal barrier function to reduce the harmful effects of uremic toxins. Therefore, understanding the complex roles of AhR during CKD is important to be able to target this transcription factor safely and effectively for CKD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenan Mo
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyu Lu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlan Ji
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Zou
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xusheng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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50
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Miao H, Wu XQ, Zhang DD, Wang YN, Guo Y, Li P, Xiong Q, Zhao YY. Deciphering the cellular mechanisms underlying fibrosis-associated diseases and therapeutic avenues. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105316. [PMID: 33248198 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, which results in disruption of tissue architecture and loss of organ function. Fibrosis leads to high morbidity and mortality worldwide, mainly due to the lack of effective therapeutic strategies against fibrosis. It is generally accepted that fibrosis occurs during an aberrant wound healing process and shares a common pathogenesis across different organs such as the heart, liver, kidney, and lung. A better understanding of the fibrosis-related cellular and molecular mechanisms will be helpful for development of targeted drug therapies. Extensive studies revealed that numerous mediators contributed to fibrogenesis, suggesting that targeting these mediators may be an effective therapeutic strategy for antifibrosis. In this review, we describe a number of mediators involved in tissue fibrosis, including aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Yes-associated protein, cannabinoid receptors, angiopoietin-like protein 2, high mobility group box 1, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1, SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-2, and long non-coding RNAs, with the goal that drugs targeting these important mediators might exhibit a beneficial effect on antifibrosis. In addition, these mediators show profibrotic effects on multiple tissues, suggesting that targeting these mediators will exert antifibrotic effects on different organs. Furthermore, we present a variety of compounds that exhibit therapeutic effects against fibrosis. This review suggests therapeutic avenues for targeting organ fibrosis and concurrently identifies challenges and opportunities for designing new therapeutic strategies against fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Miao
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Xia-Qing Wu
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Yan-Ni Wang
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, 1700 Lomas Blvd NE, Albuquerque, 87131, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Qingping Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Regional Resource Exploitation and Medicinal Research, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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