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Lindsay CM, Bernard KK, Hammond AM, Beckford S, Abel WD, Brown PD, Young LE. Potency trends of cannabis in Jamaica during the period of 2014 to 2020. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:174-186. [PMID: 37309060 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reports suggest that cannabis potency has dramatically increased over the last decade in the USA and Europe. Cannabinoids are the terpeno-phenolic compounds found in the cannabis plant and are responsible for its pharmacological activity. The two most prominent cannabinoids are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabis potency is measured not only by the Δ9 THC levels but also by the ratio of Δ9 THC to other non-psychoactive cannabinoids, namely, CBD. Cannabis use was decriminalized in Jamaica in 2015, which opened the gates for the creation of a regulated medical cannabis industry in the country. To date, there is no information available on the potency of cannabis in Jamaica. In this study, the cannabinoid content of Jamaican-grown cannabis was examined over the period 2014-2020. Two hundred ninety-nine herbal cannabis samples were received from 12 parishes across the island, and the levels of the major cannabinoids were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the median total THC levels of cannabis samples tested between 2014 (1.1%) and 2020 (10.2%). The highest median THC was detected in the central parish of Manchester (21.1%). During the period, THC/CBD ratios increased from 2.1 (2014) to 194.1 (2020), and there was a corresponding increase in the percent freshness of samples (CBN/THC ratios <0.013). The data show that a significant increase in the potency of locally grown cannabis has occurred in Jamaica during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole M Lindsay
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Khalia K Bernard
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Amanda M Hammond
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Sheldon Beckford
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Wendel D Abel
- Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Paul D Brown
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Lauriann E Young
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Kingston, Jamaica
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Vázquez‐Valadez VH, Oliva‐Arellano MV, Martínez‐Soriano PA, Hernández‐Serda MA, Velázquez‐Sánchez AM, Concepción Rodríguez‐Maciel J, Angeles E. In Silico
Predictability of Toxicity Parameters Using the OECD QSAR Toolbox of Some Components of
Cannabis sativa. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Hugo Vázquez‐Valadez
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Teórica FESC – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Av. 1 de Mayo S/N Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México ZIP 54750
- QSAR Analytics SA de CV. Tempano 10, Colonia Atlanta, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México ZIP 54740
| | - María Virginia Oliva‐Arellano
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Teórica FESC – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Av. 1 de Mayo S/N Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México ZIP 54750
| | - Pablo Arturo Martínez‐Soriano
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Teórica FESC – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Av. 1 de Mayo S/N Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México ZIP 54750
| | - Manuel Alejandro Hernández‐Serda
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Teórica FESC – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Av. 1 de Mayo S/N Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México ZIP 54750
| | - Ana María Velázquez‐Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Teórica FESC – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Av. 1 de Mayo S/N Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México ZIP 54750
| | - José Concepción Rodríguez‐Maciel
- Laboratorio de Fitosanidad – Entomología y Acarología Colegio de Posgraduados Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Texcoco Estado de México México ZIP 56230
| | - Enrique Angeles
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Teórica FESC – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Av. 1 de Mayo S/N Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México ZIP 54750
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3
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Araujo dos Santos N, Romão W. Cannabis - a state of the art about the millenary plant: Part I. Forensic Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Metabolic Engineering of Nicotiana benthamiana to Produce Cannabinoid Precursors and Their Analogues. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121181. [PMID: 36557219 PMCID: PMC9786632 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the perspective towards the use of cannabis has slowly shifted from being an illicit drug to a medicinal plant. The pathway and enzymes involved in the production of cannabinoids are known; however, studies evaluating the production of cannabinoids in heterologous plants and cell cultures are still limited. In this study, we assessed the potential use of N. benthamiana (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants as a heterologous host for producing natural and novel cannabinoids. Transgenic N. benthamiana plants expressing genes encoding cannabis acyl-activating enzyme and olivetol synthase were generated, which were then used for transiently expressing other downstream pathway genes. Production of olivetolic acid and divarinic acid, the universal precursors for major and minor cannabinoids, respectively, was observed in transgenic N. benthamiana plants. To produce novel cannabinoid precursors with different side chains, various fatty acids were infiltrated into the transgenic N. benthamiana plants and the production of novel derivatives was observed. Although we were not able to derive the core intermediate, cannabigerolic acid, from our transgenic plants, possibly due to the low production levels of the precursors, our transgenics plants still serve as a high-potential platform for further development and exploring the N. benthamiana chemical space for generating novel cannabinoids.
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Welling MT, Deseo MA, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Biosynthetic origins of unusual cannabimimetic phytocannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L: A review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 201:113282. [PMID: 35718133 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) produce an array of more than 160 isoprenylated resorcinyl polyketides, commonly referred to as phytocannabinoids. These compounds represent molecules of therapeutic importance due to their modulation of the human endocannabinoid system (ECS). While understanding of the biosynthesis of the major phytocannabinoids Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) has grown rapidly in recent years, the biosynthetic origin and genetic regulation of many potentially therapeutically relevant minor phytocannabinoids remain unknown, which limits the development of chemotypically elite varieties of C. sativa. This review provides an up-to-date inventory of unusual phytocannabinoids which exhibit cannabimimetic-like activities and proposes putative metabolic origins. Metabolic branch points exploitable for combinatorial biosynthesis and engineering of phytocannabinoids with augmented therapeutic activities are also described, as is the role of phytocannabinoid remodelling to accelerate the therapeutic portfolio expansion in C. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Welling
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, AgriBio Building, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Myrna A Deseo
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, AgriBio Building, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, AgriBio Building, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, AgriBio Building, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
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6
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Lee YE, Nakashima Y, Kodama T, Chen X, Morita H. Dual Engineering of Olivetolic Acid Cyclase and Tetraketide Synthase to Generate Longer Alkyl-Chain Olivetolic Acid Analogs. Org Lett 2021; 24:410-414. [PMID: 34939812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) can be enhanced by modifications of the pentyl moiety at C-3. The engineering of Cannabis sativa olivetolic acid cyclase and tetraketide synthase with F24I and L190G substitutions, respectively, in the biosynthesis of Δ9-THC serves as a platform for the generation of resorcylic acids up to 6-undecylresorcylic acid. These results provide insights into the development of THC analogs with chemically distinct acyl moieties at C-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-E Lee
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyoma 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yu Nakashima
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyoma 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kodama
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyoma 930-0194, Japan
| | - Xinrui Chen
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyoma 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyoma 930-0194, Japan
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Bloemendal VRLJ, van Hest JCM, Rutjes FPJT. Synthetic pathways to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): an overview. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:3203-3215. [PMID: 32259175 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00464b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of molecules produced by the plant species Cannabis sativa have since their discovery captured the interest of scientists and society, and have spurred the development of a multidisciplinary scientific field with contributions from biologists, medical specialists and chemists. Decades after the first isolation of some of the most bioactive tetrahydrocannabinols, current research is mostly dedicated to exploiting the chemical versatility of this relevant compound class with regard to its therapeutic potential. This review will primarily focus on synthetic pathways utilised for the synthesis of tetrahydrocannabinols and derivatives thereof, including chiral pool-based and asymmetric chemo- and biocatalytic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R L J Bloemendal
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands. and Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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8
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An extreme-phenotype genome-wide association study identifies candidate cannabinoid pathway genes in Cannabis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18643. [PMID: 33122674 PMCID: PMC7596533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis produces a class of isoprenylated resorcinyl polyketides known as cannabinoids, a subset of which are medically important and exclusive to this plant. The cannabinoid alkyl group is a critical structural feature that governs therapeutic activity. Genetic enhancement of the alkyl side-chain could lead to the development of novel chemical phenotypes (chemotypes) for pharmaceutical end-use. However, the genetic determinants underlying in planta variation of cannabinoid alkyl side-chain length remain uncharacterised. Using a diversity panel derived from the Ecofibre Cannabis germplasm collection, an extreme-phenotype genome-wide association study (XP-GWAS) was used to enrich for alkyl cannabinoid polymorphic regions. Resequencing of chemotypically extreme pools revealed a known cannabinoid synthesis pathway locus as well as a series of chemotype-associated genomic regions. One of these regions contained a candidate gene encoding a β-keto acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (BKR) putatively associated with polyketide fatty acid starter unit synthesis and alkyl side-chain length. Association analysis revealed twenty-two polymorphic variants spanning the length of this gene, including two nonsynonymous substitutions. The success of this first reported application of XP-GWAS for an obligate outcrossing and highly heterozygote plant genus suggests that this approach may have generic application for other plant species.
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Gülck T, Møller BL. Phytocannabinoids: Origins and Biosynthesis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:985-1004. [PMID: 32646718 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids are bioactive natural products found in some flowering plants, liverworts, and fungi that can be beneficial for the treatment of human ailments such as pain, anxiety, and cachexia. Targeted biosynthesis of cannabinoids with desirable properties requires identification of the underlying genes and their expression in a suitable heterologous host. We provide an overview of the structural classification of phytocannabinoids based on their decorated resorcinol core and the bioactivities of naturally occurring cannabinoids, and we review current knowledge of phytocannabinoid biosynthesis in Cannabis, Rhododendron, and Radula species. We also highlight the potential in planta roles of phytocannabinoids and the opportunity for synthetic biology approaches based on combinatorial biochemistry and protein engineering to produce cannabinoid derivatives with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thies Gülck
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Klahn P. Cannabinoids-Promising Antimicrobial Drugs orIntoxicants with Benefits? Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E297. [PMID: 32498408 PMCID: PMC7345649 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel antimicrobial drugs are urgently needed to counteract the increasing occurrence ofbacterial resistance. Extracts of Cannabis sativa have been used for the treatment of several diseasessince ancient times. However, its phytocannabinoid constituents are predominantly associated withpsychotropic effects and medical applications far beyond the treatment of infections. It has beendemonstrated that several cannabinoids show potent antimicrobial activity against primarily Grampositivebacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As first in vivoefficacy has been demonstrated recently, it is time to discuss whether cannabinoids are promisingantimicrobial drug candidates or overhyped intoxicants with benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30,D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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11
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Brizzi A, Aiello F, Boccella S, Cascio MG, De Petrocellis L, Frosini M, Gado F, Ligresti A, Luongo L, Marini P, Mugnaini C, Pessina F, Corelli F, Maione S, Manera C, Pertwee RG, Di Marzo V. Synthetic bioactive olivetol-related amides: The influence of the phenolic group in cannabinoid receptor activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115513. [PMID: 32340793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Focusing on the importance of the free phenolic hydroxyl moiety, a family of 23 alkylresorcinol-based compounds were developed and evaluated for their cannabinoid receptor binding properties. The non-symmetrical hexylresorcinol derivative 29 turned out to be a CB2-selective competitive antagonist/inverse agonist endowed with good potency. Both the olivetol- and 5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)resorcinol-based derivatives 23 and 24 exhibited a significant antinociceptive activity. Interestingly, compound 24 proved to be able to activate both cannabinoid and TRPV1 receptors. Even if cannabinoid receptor subtype selectivity remained a goal only partially achieved, results confirm the validity of the alkylresorcinol nucleus as skeleton for the identification of potent cannabinoid receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Brizzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Divisione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cascio
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Maria Frosini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Gado
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Divisione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Marini
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Claudia Mugnaini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Pessina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Corelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Divisione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Clementina Manera
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roger G Pertwee
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
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Zhou H, Peng X, Hou T, Zhao N, Qiu M, Zhang X, Liang X. Identification of novel phytocannabinoids from Ganoderma by label-free dynamic mass redistribution assay. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 246:112218. [PMID: 31494202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Located throughout the body, cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) are therapeutic targets for obesity/metabolic diseases, neurological/mental disorders, and immune modulation. Phytocannabinoids are greatly important for the development of new medicines with high efficacy and/or minor side effects. Plants and fungi are used in traditional medicine for beneficial effects to mental and immune system. The current research studied five fungi from the genus Ganoderma and five plants: Ganoderma hainanense J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & X.Q. Zhang; Ganoderma capense (Lloyd) Teng, Zhong Guo De Zhen Jun; Ganoderma cochlear (Blume & T. Nees) Bres., Hedwigia; Ganoderma resinaceum Boud.; Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.; Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae); Cynanchum otophyllum C. K. Schneid. (Asclepiadaceae); Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae); Prinsepia utilis Royle (Rosaceae); Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae). They show immunoregulation, promotion of longevity and maintenance of vitality, stimulant effects on the central nervous system, hormone balance and other beneficial effects. However, it remains unclear whether cannabinoid receptors are involved in these effects. AIM OF THE STUDY This work aimed to identify components working on CB1 and CB2 from the above plants and fungi, as novel phytocannabinoids, and to investigate mechanisms of how these compounds affected the cells. By analyzing the structure-activity relationship, we could identify the core structure for future development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-two natural compounds were screened on stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, CHO-CB1 and CHO-CB2, with application of a label-free dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) technology that measured cellular responses to compounds. CP55,940 and WIN55,212-2 were agonist probe molecules, and SR141716A and SR144528 were antagonist probes. Pertussis toxin, cholera toxin, LY294002 and U73122 were signaling pathway inhibitors. The DMR data were acquired by Epic Imager software (Corning, NY), processed by Imager Beta 3.7 (Corning), and analyzed by GraphPad Prism 6 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). RESULTS Transfected CHO-CB1 and CHO-CB2 cell lines were established and characterized. Seven compounds induced responses/activities in the cells. Among the seven compounds, four were purified from two Ganoderma species with potencies between 20 and 35 μM. Three antagonists: Kfb68 antagonized both receptors with a better desensitizing effect on CB2 to WIN55,212-2 over CP55,940. Kga1 and Kfb28 were antagonists selective to CB1 and CB2, respectively. Kfb77 was a special agonist and it stimulated CB1 in a mechanism different from that of CP55,940. Another three active compounds, derived from the Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae), were also identified but their effects were mediated through mechanisms much related to the signaling transduction pathways, especially through the stimulatory Gs protein. CONCLUSIONS We identified four natural cannabinoids that exhibited structural and functional diversities. Our work confirms the presence of active ingredients in the Ganoderma species to CB1 and CB2, and this finding establishes connections between the fungi and the cannabinoid receptors, which will serve as a starting point to connect their beneficial effects to the endocannabinoid system. This research will also enrich the inventory of cannabinoids and phytocannabinoids from fungi. Yet due to some limitations, further structure-activity relationship studies and mechanism investigation are warranted in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhou
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xingrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Tao Hou
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Nan Zhao
- Pharmacology Department, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Minghua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Cascini F, Farcomeni A, Migliorini D, Baldassarri L, Boschi I, Martello S, Amaducci S, Lucini L, Bernardi J. Highly Predictive Genetic Markers Distinguish Drug-Type from Fiber-Type Cannabis sativa L. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110496. [PMID: 31718081 PMCID: PMC6918397 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic markers can be used in seeds and in plants to distinguish drug-type from fiber-type Cannabis Sativa L. varieties even at early stages, including pre-germination when cannabinoids are not accumulated yet. With this aim, this paper reports sequencing results for tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS) and cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS) genes from 21 C. sativa L. varieties. Taking into account that THCAS- and CBDAS-derived enzymes compete for the same substrate, the novelty of this work relies in the identification of markers based on both THCAS and CBDAS rather than THCAS alone. Notably, in our panel, we achieved an adequate degree of discrimination (AUC 100%) between drug-type and fiber-type cannabis samples. Our sequencing approach allowed identifying multiple genetic markers (single-nucleotide polymorphisms-SNPs-and a deletion/insertion) that effectively discriminate between the two subgroups of cannabis, namely fiber type vs. drug type. We identified four functional SNPs that are likely to induce decreased THCAS activity in the fiber-type cannabis plants. We also report the finding on a deletion in the CBDAS gene sequence that produces a truncated protein, possibly resulting in loss of function of the enzyme in the drug-type varieties. Chemical analyses for the actual concentration of cannabinoids confirmed the identification of drug-type rather than fiber-type genotypes. Genetic markers permit an early identification process for forensic applications while simplifying the procedures related to detection of therapeutic or industrial hemp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidelia Cascini
- Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy (L.B.); (I.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Alessio Farcomeni
- Department of Economics and Finance, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00177 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Migliorini
- Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering Antonio Ruberti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura Baldassarri
- Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy (L.B.); (I.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Ilaria Boschi
- Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy (L.B.); (I.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Simona Martello
- Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy (L.B.); (I.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefano Amaducci
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Jamila Bernardi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-359-9156; Fax: +52-359-9358
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Complex Patterns of Cannabinoid Alkyl Side-Chain Inheritance in Cannabis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11421. [PMID: 31388099 PMCID: PMC6684623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid alkyl side-chain represents an important pharmacophore, where genetic targeting of alkyl homologs has the potential to provide enhanced forms of Cannabis for biopharmaceutical manufacture. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) synthase genes govern dicyclic (CBDA) and tricyclic (THCA) cannabinoid composition. However, the inheritance of alkyl side-chain length has not been resolved, and few studies have investigated the contributions and interactions between cannabinoid synthesis pathway loci. To examine the inheritance of chemical phenotype (chemotype), THCAS and CBDAS genotypes were scored and alkyl cannabinoid segregation analysed in 210 F2 progeny derived from a cross between two Cannabis chemotypes divergent for alkyl and cyclic cannabinoids. Inheritance patterns of F2 progeny were non-Gaussian and deviated from Mendelian expectations. However, discrete alkyl cannabinoid segregation patterns consistent with digenic as well as epistatic modes of inheritance were observed among F2 THCAS and CBDAS genotypes. These results suggest linkage between cannabinoid pathway loci and highlight the need for further detailed characterisation of cannabinoid inheritance to facilitate metabolic engineering of chemically elite germplasm.
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Banister SD, Arnold JC, Connor M, Glass M, McGregor IS. Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2160-2175. [PMID: 30689342 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa) is the most widely used illicit drug in the world, with an estimated 192 million users globally. The main psychoactive component of cannabis is (-)- trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), a compound with a diverse range of pharmacological actions. The unique and distinctive intoxication caused by Δ9-THC primarily reflects partial agonist action at central cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors. Δ9-THC is an approved therapeutic treatment for a range of conditions, including chronic pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and multiple sclerosis, and is being investigated in indications such as anorexia nervosa, agitation in dementia, and Tourette's syndrome. It is available as a regulated pharmaceutical in products such as Marinol, Sativex, and Namisol as well as in an ever-increasing range of unregistered medicinal and recreational cannabis products. While cannabis is an ancient medicament, contemporary use is embroiled in legal, scientific, and social controversy, much of which relates to the potential hazards and benefits of Δ9-THC itself. Robust contemporary debate surrounds the therapeutic value of Δ9-THC in different diseases, its capacity to produce psychosis and cognitive impairment, and the addictive and "gateway" potential of the drug. This review will provide a profile of the chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic uses of Δ9-THC as well as the historical and societal import of this unique, distinctive, and ubiquitous psychoactive substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Banister
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Science and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jonathon C. Arnold
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Science and Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Connor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Iain S. McGregor
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Science and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Santos A, Dutra L, Menezes L, Santos M, Barison A. Forensic NMR spectroscopy: Just a beginning of a promising partnership. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Prandi C, Blangetti M, Namdar D, Koltai H. Structure-Activity Relationship of Cannabis Derived Compounds for the Treatment of Neuronal Activity-Related Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071526. [PMID: 29941830 PMCID: PMC6099582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa active compounds are extensively studied for their therapeutic effects, beyond the well-known psychotropic activity. C. Sativa is used to treat different medical indications, such as multiple sclerosis, spasticity, epilepsy, ulcerative colitis and pain. Simultaneously, basic research is discovering new constituents of cannabis-derived compounds and their receptors capable of neuroprotection and neuronal activity modulation. The function of the various phytochemicals in different therapeutic processes is not fully understood, but their significant role is starting to emerge and be appreciated. In this review, we will consider the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of cannabinoid compounds able to bind to cannabinoid receptors and act as therapeutic agents in neuronal diseases, e.g., Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Prandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Dvora Namdar
- ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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Welling MT, Liu L, Raymond CA, Ansari O, King GJ. Developmental Plasticity of the Major Alkyl Cannabinoid Chemotypes in a Diverse Cannabis Genetic Resource Collection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1510. [PMID: 30405660 PMCID: PMC6206272 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is a chemically diverse domesticated plant genus which produces a unique class of biologically active secondary metabolites referred to as cannabinoids. The affinity and selectivity of cannabinoids to targets of the human endocannabinoid system depend on alkyl side chain length, and these structural-activity relationships can be utilized for the development of novel therapeutics. Accurate early screening of germplasm has the potential to accelerate selection of chemical phenotypes (chemotypes) for pharmacological exploitation. However, limited attempts have been made to characterize the plasticity of alkyl cannabinoid composition in different plant tissues and throughout development. A chemotypic diversity panel comprised of 99 individuals from 20 Cannabis populations sourced from the Ecofibre Global Germplasm Collection (ecofibre.com.au and anandahemp.com) was used to examine alkyl cannabinoid variation across vegetative, flowering and maturation stages. A wide range of di-/tri-cyclic as well as C3-/C5-alkyl cannabinoid composition was observed between plants. Chemotype at the vegetative and flowering stages was found to be predictive of chemotype at maturation, indicating a low level of plasticity in cannabinoid composition. Chemometric cluster analysis based on composition data from all three developmental stages categorized alkyl cannabinoid chemotypes into three classes. Our results suggest that more extensive chemical and genetic characterization of the Cannabis genepool could facilitate the metabolic engineering of alkyl cannabinoid chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Welling
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
- Ecofibre Industries Operations Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lei Liu
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn A. Raymond
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Omid Ansari
- Ecofibre Industries Operations Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Ananda Hemp Ltd., Cynthiana, KY, United States
| | - Graham J. King
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Graham J. King,
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Hu Y, Bai M, Yang Y, Zhou Q. Metal-catalyzed enyne cycloisomerization in natural product total synthesis. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00702g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enyne cycloisomerization has become a powerful and attractive strategy for the construction of cyclic compounds, thus possessing great potential for applications in total synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- P.R. China
| | - Miao Bai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- P.R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- P.R. China
| | - Qianghui Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- P.R. China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies
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20
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Bow EW, Rimoldi JM. The Structure-Function Relationships of Classical Cannabinoids: CB1/CB2 Modulation. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016; 8:17-39. [PMID: 27398024 PMCID: PMC4927043 DOI: 10.4137/pmc.s32171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoids are members of a deceptively simple class of terpenophenolic secondary metabolites isolated from Cannabis sativa highlighted by (-)-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), eliciting distinct pharmacological effects mediated largely by cannabinoid receptor (CB1 or CB2) signaling. Since the initial discovery of THC and related cannabinoids, synthetic and semisynthetic classical cannabinoid analogs have been evaluated to help define receptor binding modes and structure-CB1/CB2 functional activity relationships. This perspective will examine the classical cannabinoids, with particular emphasis on the structure-activity relationship of five regions: C3 side chain, phenolic hydroxyl, aromatic A-ring, pyran B-ring, and cyclohexenyl C-ring. Cumulative structure-activity relationship studies to date have helped define the critical structural elements required for potency and selectivity toward CB1 and CB2 and, more importantly, ushered the discovery and development of contemporary nonclassical cannabinoid modulators with enhanced physicochemical and pharmacological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Bow
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - John M. Rimoldi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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21
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Carreras J, Kirillova MS, Echavarren AM. Synthesis of (-)-Cannabimovone and Structural Reassignment of Anhydrocannabimovone through Gold(I)-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7121-5. [PMID: 27119910 PMCID: PMC5053274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of cannabimovone from Cannabis sativa and anhydrocannabimovone was achieved by means of a highly stereoselective gold(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerization. The results led to reassignment of the structure of anhydrocannabimovone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carreras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mariia S Kirillova
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química, Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel⋅li Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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22
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Carreras J, Kirillova MS, Echavarren AM. Synthesis of (−)-Cannabimovone and Structural Reassignment of Anhydrocannabimovone through Gold(I)-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carreras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Mariia S. Kirillova
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química, Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/ Marcel⋅li Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
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Marijuana, phytocannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and male fertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:1575-88. [PMID: 26277482 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Marijuana has the highest consumption rate among all of the illicit drugs used in the USA, and its popularity as both a recreational and medicinal drug is increasing especially among men of reproductive age. Male factor infertility is on the increase, and the exposure to the cannabinoid compounds released by marijuana could be a contributing cause. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is deeply involved in the complex regulation of male reproduction through the endogenous release of endocannabinoids and binding to cannabinoid receptors. Disturbing the delicate balance of the ECS due to marijuana use can negatively impact reproductive potential. Various in vivo and in vitro studies have reported on the empirical role that marijuana plays in disrupting the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, spermatogenesis, and sperm function such as motility, capacitation, and the acrosome reaction. In this review, we highlight the latest evidence regarding the effect of marijuana use on male fertility and also provide a detailed insight into the ECS and its significance in the male reproductive system.
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Cascini F, Passerotti S, Martello S. A real-time PCR assay for the relative quantification of the tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) synthase gene in herbal Cannabis samples. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 217:134-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cumella J, Hernández-Folgado L, Girón R, Sánchez E, Morales P, Hurst DP, Gómez-Cañas M, Gómez-Ruiz M, Pinto DCGA, Goya P, Reggio PH, Martin MI, Fernández-Ruiz J, Silva AMS, Jagerovic N. Chromenopyrazoles: non-psychoactive and selective CB₁ cannabinoid agonists with peripheral antinociceptive properties. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:452-63. [PMID: 22302767 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The unwanted psychoactive effects of cannabinoid receptor agonists have limited their development as medicines. These CB₁-mediated side effects are due to the fact that CB₁ receptors are largely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). As it is known that CB₁ receptors are also located peripherally, there is growing interest in targeting cannabinoid receptors located outside the brain. A library of chromenopyrazoles designed analogously to the classical cannabinoid cannabinol were synthesized, characterized, and tested for cannabinoid activity. Radioligand binding assays were used to determine their affinities at CB₁ and CB₂ receptors. Structural features required for CB₁/CB₂ affinity and selectivity were explored by molecular modeling. Some compounds in the chromenopyrazole series were observed to be selective CB₁ ligands. These modeling studies suggest that full CB₁ selectivity over CB₂ can be explained by the presence of a pyrazole ring in the structure. The functional activities of selected chromenopyrazoles were evaluated in isolated tissues. In vivo behavioral tests were then carried out on the most effective CB₁ cannabinoid agonist, 13 a. Chromenopyrazole 13 a did not induce modifications in any of the tested parameters on the mouse cannabinoid tetrad, thus discounting CNS-mediated effects. This lack of agonistic activity in the CNS suggests that this compound does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, 13 a can induce antinociception in a rat peripheral model of orofacial pain. Taking into account the negative results obtained with the hot-plate test, the antinociception induced by 13 a in the orofacial test could be mediated through peripheral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Cumella
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Nikas SP, Alapafuja SO, Papanastasiou I, Paronis CA, Shukla VG, Papahatjis DP, Bowman AL, Halikhedkar A, Han X, Makriyannis A. Novel 1',1'-chain substituted hexahydrocannabinols: 9β-hydroxy-3-(1-hexyl-cyclobut-1-yl)-hexahydrocannabinol (AM2389) a highly potent cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6996-7010. [PMID: 20925434 DOI: 10.1021/jm100641g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In pursuit of a more detailed understanding of the structural requirements for the key side chain cannabinoid pharmacophore, we have extended our SAR to cover a variety of conformationally modified side chains within the 9-keto and 9-hydroxyl tricyclic structures. Of the compounds described here, those with a seven-atom long side chain substituted with a cyclopentyl ring at C1' position have very high affinities for both CB1 and CB2 (0.97 nM < K(i) < 5.25 nM), with no preference for either of the two receptors. However, presence of the smaller cyclobutyl group at the C1' position leads to an optimal affinity and selectivity interaction with CB1. Thus, two of the C1'-cyclobutyl analogues, namely, (6aR,10aR)-3-(1-hexyl-cyclobut-1-yl)-6,6a,7,8,10,10a-hexahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-9H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-9-one and (6aR,9R,10aR)-3-(1-hexyl-cyclobut-1-yl)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6,6-dimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1,9 diol (7e-β, AM2389), exhibited remarkably high affinities (0.84 and 0.16 nM, respectively) and significant selectivities (16- and 26-fold, respectively) for CB1. Compound 7e-β was found to exhibit exceptionally high in vitro and in vivo potency with a relatively long duration of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros P Nikas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 116 Mugar Life Sciences Building, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Pearson E, Kanizaj N, Willis A, Paddon-Row M, Sherburn M. Experimental and Computational Studies into an ATPH-Promoted exo-Selective IMDA Reaction: A Short Total Synthesis of Δ9-THC. Chemistry 2010; 16:8280-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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De Backer B, Debrus B, Lebrun P, Theunis L, Dubois N, Decock L, Verstraete A, Hubert P, Charlier C. Innovative development and validation of an HPLC/DAD method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of major cannabinoids in cannabis plant material. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:4115-24. [PMID: 19932642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
GC is commonly used for the analysis of cannabis samples, e.g. in forensic chemistry. However, as this method is based on heating of the sample, acidic forms of cannabinoids are decarboxylated into their neutral counterparts. Conversely, HPLC permits the determination of the original composition of plant cannabinoids by direct analysis. Several HPLC methods have been described in the literature, but most of them failed to separate efficiently all the cannabinoids or were not validated according to general guidelines. By use of an innovative methodology for modelling chromatographic responses, a simple and accurate HPLC/DAD method was developed for the quantification of major neutral and acidic cannabinoids present in cannabis plant material: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), THC acid (THCA), cannabidiol (CBD), CBD acid (CBDA), cannabigerol (CBG), CBG acid (CBGA) and cannabinol (CBN). Delta8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta8-THC) was determined qualitatively. Following the practice of design of experiments, predictive multilinear models were developed and used in order to find optimal chromatographic analytical conditions. The method was validated following an approach using accuracy profiles based on beta-expectation tolerance intervals for the total error measurement, and assessing the measurements uncertainty. This analytical method can be used for diverse applications, e.g. plant phenotype determination, evaluation of psychoactive potency and control of material quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin De Backer
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CIRM, CHU Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Fischedick JT, Glas R, Hazekamp A, Verpoorte R. A qualitative and quantitative HPTLC densitometry method for the analysis of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2009; 20:421-6. [PMID: 19609880 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis and cannabinoid based medicines are currently under serious investigation for legitimate development as medicinal agents, necessitating new low-cost, high-throughput analytical methods for quality control. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to develop and validate, according to ICH guidelines, a simple rapid HPTLC method for the quantification of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) and qualitative analysis of other main neutral cannabinoids found in cannabis. METHODOLOGY The method was developed and validated with the use of pure cannabinoid reference standards and two medicinal cannabis cultivars. Accuracy was determined by comparing results obtained from the HTPLC method with those obtained from a validated HPLC method. RESULTS Delta(9)-THC gives linear calibration curves in the range of 50-500 ng at 206 nm with a linear regression of y = 11.858x + 125.99 and r(2) = 0.9968. CONCLUSION Results have shown that the HPTLC method is reproducible and accurate for the quantification of Delta(9)-THC in cannabis. The method is also useful for the qualitative screening of the main neutral cannabinoids found in cannabis cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Fischedick
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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31
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JANERO DAVIDR, VADIVEL SUBRAMANIANK, MAKRIYANNIS ALEXANDROS. Pharmacotherapeutic modulation of the endocannabinoid signalling system in psychiatric disorders: drug-discovery strategies. Int Rev Psychiatry 2009; 21:122-33. [PMID: 19367506 PMCID: PMC5531754 DOI: 10.1080/09540260902782778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal chemistry has produced small-molecule agents with drug-like character that potently and safely modulate the activity of discrete endocannabinoid system components as potential treatments for medical disorders, including various psychiatric conditions. Two cannabinoid (CB) receptors (CB1 and CB2) currently represent prime endocannabinoid-system therapeutic targets for ligands that either mimic endocannabinoid signalling processes and/or potentiate endocannabinoid-system activity (agonists) or attenuate pathologically heightened endocannabinoid-system transmission (antagonists). Two endocannabinoid deactivating enzymes, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and soluble monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), are increasingly prominent targets for inhibitors that indirectly potentiate endocannabinoid-system signalling. Continued profiling of drug candidates in relevant disease models, identification of additional cannabinoid-related therapeutic targets, and validation of new pharmacological modes of endocannabinoid system modulation will undoubtedly invite further translational efforts in the cannabinoid field for treating psychiatric disorders and other medical conditions.
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32
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Brizzi A, Brizzi V, Cascio MG, Corelli F, Guida F, Ligresti A, Maione S, Martinelli A, Pasquini S, Tuccinardi T, Di Marzo V. New Resorcinol−Anandamide “Hybrids” as Potent Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands Endowed with Antinociceptive Activity in Vivo. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2506-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8016255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Brizzi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Farmacologia “L. Donatelli”, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa,
| | - Vittorio Brizzi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Farmacologia “L. Donatelli”, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa,
| | - Maria Grazia Cascio
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Farmacologia “L. Donatelli”, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa,
| | - Federico Corelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Farmacologia “L. Donatelli”, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa,
| | - Francesca Guida
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Farmacologia “L. Donatelli”, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa,
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Farmacologia “L. Donatelli”, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa,
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Farmacologia “L. Donatelli”, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa,
| | - Adriano Martinelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Farmacologia “L. Donatelli”, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa,
| | - Serena Pasquini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Farmacologia “L. Donatelli”, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa,
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Farmacologia “L. Donatelli”, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa,
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Farmacologia “L. Donatelli”, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa,
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33
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Ferreira AM, Krishnamurthy M, Moore BM, Finkelstein D, Bashford D. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) for a series of novel cannabinoid derivatives using descriptors derived from semi-empirical quantum-chemical calculations. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2598-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Lu D, Guo J, Duclos RI, Bowman AL, Makriyannis A. Bornyl- and isobornyl-Delta8-tetrahydrocannabinols: a novel class of cannabinergic ligands. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6393-9. [PMID: 18826296 DOI: 10.1021/jm8005299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies of classical cannabinoid analogues have established that the C3 aliphatic side chain plays a pivotal role in determining cannabinergic potency. In earlier work, we provided evidence for the presence of subsites within the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor binding domains that can accommodate bulky conformationally defined substituents at the C3 alkyl side chain pharmacophore of classical cannabinoids. We have now extended this work with the synthesis of a series of Delta (8)-THC analogues in which bornyl substituents are introduced at the C3 position. Our results indicate that, for optimal interactions with both CB1 and CB2 receptors, the bornyl substituents need to be within close proximity of the tricyclic core of Delta (8)-THC and that the conformational space occupied by the C3 substituents influences CB1/CB2 receptor subtype selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Lu
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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35
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Durdagi S, Reis H, Papadopoulos MG, Mavromoustakos T. Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of the potent synthetic classical cannabinoid ligand AMG3 in solution and at binding site of the CB1 and CB2 receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7377-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Daza-Restrepo A, Velez-Pardo C. The cannabinoid CP55,940 prolongs survival and improves locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster against paraquat: implications in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Res 2008; 61:404-11. [PMID: 18538428 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been shown to function as protective agents via receptor-independent and/or receptor-dependent mechanisms against stressful conditions. However, the neuroprotective mechanism of cannabinoids is far from conclusive. Therefore, the genuine antioxidant impact of cannabinoids in vivo is still uncertain. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that CP55,940, a nonselective CB(1)/CB(2) cannabinoid receptor agonist, significantly protects and rescues Drosophila melanogaster against paraquat (PQ) toxicity via a receptor-independent mechanism. Interestingly, CP55,940 restores the negative geotaxis activity (i.e., climbing capability) of the fly exposed to PQ. Moreover, Drosophila fed with (1-200 microM) SP600125, a specific inhibitor of the stress responsive Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, and 20 mM PQ increased survival percentage and movement function (i.e., climbing capability) when compared to flies only treated with PQ. Taken together our results suggest that exogenous antioxidant cannabinoids can protect against and rescue from locomotor dysfunction in wild type (Canton-S) Drosophila exposed to stress stimuli. Therefore, cannabinoids may offer promising avenues for the design of molecules to prevent, delay, or ameliorate the treatment of population at high risk of suffering Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jimenez-Del-Rio
- School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Neurosciences Research Program, University of Antioquia, Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU Medellin, Colombia.
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37
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Durdagi S, Papadopoulos MG, Papahatjis DP, Mavromoustakos T. Combined 3D QSAR and molecular docking studies to reveal novel cannabinoid ligands with optimum binding activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6754-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Cano C, Goya P, Paez JA, Girón R, Sánchez E, Martín MI. Discovery of 1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazine-5-carboxamide derivatives as cannabinoid-like molecules with agonist and antagonist activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7480-93. [PMID: 17870539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 2-substituted 1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazine-5-carboxylate derivatives have been prepared from monosubstituted sulfamides in order to obtain N-substituted 1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazine-5-carboxamides as novel cannabinoid derivatives, analogues of Rimonabant (SR141716A). Their potential functional activity on cannabinoid receptors has been evaluated in vitro and in vivo in mice, showing that two compounds (37 and 39) behave as cannabinoid agonists in vitro. Their potency is lower than that of the reference compound, WIN 55,212-2, but their efficacy is similar to that of this cannabinoid agonist, although no in vivo activity is observed. Another derivative (38) behaves as a cannabinoid antagonist both in vitro and in vivo, being its efficacy and potency similar to that of the well-known antagonist SR141716A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cano
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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39
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Vemuri VK, Janero DR, Makriyannis A. Pharmacotherapeutic targeting of the endocannabinoid signaling system: drugs for obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Physiol Behav 2007; 93:671-86. [PMID: 18155257 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous signaling lipids ("endocannabinoids") functionally related to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana (Cannabis), are important biomediators and metabolic regulators critical to mammalian (patho)physiology. The growing family of endocannabinoids, along with endocannabinoid biosynthetic and inactivating enzymes, transporters, and at least two membrane-bound, G-protein coupled receptors, comprise collectively the mammalian endocannabinoid signaling system. The ubiquitous and diverse regulatory actions of the endocannabinoid system in health and disease have supported the regulatory approval of natural products and synthetic agents as drugs that alter endocannabinoid-system activity. More recent data support the concept that the endocananbinoid system may be modulated for therapeutic gain at discrete pharmacological targets with safety and efficacy. Potential medications based on the endocannabinoid system have thus become a central focus of contemporary translational research for varied indications with important unmet medical needs. One such indication, obesity, is a global pandemic whose etiology has a pathogenic component of endocannabinoid-system hyperactivity and for which current pharmacological treatment is severely limited. Application of high-affinity, selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor ligands to attenuate endocannabinoid signaling represents a state-of-the-art approach for improving obesity pharmacotherapy. To this intent, several selective CB1 receptor antagonists with varied chemical structures are currently in advanced preclinical or clinical trials, and one (rimonabant) has been approved as a weight-management drug in some markets. Emerging preclinical data suggest that CB1 receptor neutral antagonists may represent breakthrough medications superior to antagonists/inverse agonists such as rimonabant for therapeutic attenuation of CB1 receptor transmission. Since obesity is a predisposing condition for the cluster of cardiovascular and metabolic derangements collectively known as the metabolic syndrome, effective endocannabinoid-modulatory anti-obesity therapeutics would also help redress other major health problems including type-2 diabetes, atherothrombosis, inflammation, and immune disorders. Pressing worldwide healthcare needs and increasing appreciation of endocannabinoid biology make the rational design and refinement of targeted CB1 receptor modulators a promising route to future medications with significant therapeutic impact against overweight, obesity, obesity-related cardiometabolic dysregulation, and, more generally, maladies having a reward-supported appetitive component.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kiran Vemuri
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, United States
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40
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Papahatjis DP, Nahmias VR, Nikas SP, Andreou T, Alapafuja SO, Tsotinis A, Guo J, Fan P, Makriyannis A. C1‘-Cycloalkyl Side Chain Pharmacophore in Tetrahydrocannabinols. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4048-60. [PMID: 17672444 DOI: 10.1021/jm070121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In earlier work we have provided evidence for the presence of a subsite within the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor binding domains of classical cannabinoids. This putative subsite corresponds to substituents on the C1'-position of the C3-alkyl side chain, a key pharmacophoric feature in this class of compounds. We have now refined this work through the synthesis of additional C1'-cycloalkyl compounds using newly developed approaches. Our findings indicate that the C1'-cyclopropyl and C1'-cyclopentyl groups are optimal pharmacophores for both receptors while the C1'-cyclobutyl group interacts optimally with CB1 but not with CB2. The C1'-cyclohexyl analogs have reduced affinities for both CB1 and CB2. However, these affinities are significantly improved with the introduction of a C2'-C3' cis double bond that modifies the available conformational space within the side chain and allows for a better accommodation of a six-membered ring within the side chain subsite. Our SAR results are highlighted by molecular modeling of key analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetris P Papahatjis
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vass. Constantinou, Athens 116-35 Greece.
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41
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Durdagi S, Kapou A, Kourouli T, Andreou T, Nikas SP, Nahmias VR, Papahatjis DP, Papadopoulos MG, Mavromoustakos T. The Application of 3D-QSAR Studies for Novel Cannabinoid Ligands Substituted at the C1‘ Position of the Alkyl Side Chain on the Structural Requirements for Binding to Cannabinoid Receptors CB1 and CB2. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2875-85. [PMID: 17521177 DOI: 10.1021/jm0610705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A set of 30 novel Delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol analogues were subjected to three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies using the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) approaches. Using a combination of molecular modeling techniques and NMR spectroscopy, the putative bioactive conformation of the most potent cannabinoid (CB) ligand in the training set was determined. This conformer was used as the template and CB1 and CB2 pharmacophore models were developed. These models were fitted with experimental binding data and gave high correlation coefficients. Contour maps of the CB1 and CB2 models of CoMFA and CoMSIA approaches show that steric effects dominantly determine the binding affinities. The CoMFA and CoMSIA analyses based on the binding affinity data of CB ligands at the CB1 and CB2 receptors allowed us to deduce the possible optimal binding positions. This information can be used for the design of new CB analogues with enhanced activity and other tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Durdagi
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
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42
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Breathnach R. The psychedelic haze of inflammation. Vet J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Lynch DL, Reggio PH. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor recognition of endocannabinoids via the lipid bilayer: molecular dynamics simulations of CB1 transmembrane helix 6 and anandamide in a phospholipid bilayer. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2006; 20:495-509. [PMID: 17106765 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-006-9068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipid bilayer plays a central role in the lifecycle of the endogenous cannabinoid, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA). Therefore, the orientation and location of AEA in the phospholipid bilayer with respect to key membrane associated proteins, is a central issue in understanding the mechanism of endocannabinoid signaling. In this paper, we report a test of the hypothesis that a betaXXbeta motif (formed by beta branching amino acids, V6.43 and I6.46) on the lipid face of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in its inactive state may serve as an initial CB1 interaction site for AEA. Eight 6 ns NAMD2 molecular dynamics simulations of AEA were conducted in a model system composed of CB1 transmembrane helix 6 (TMH6) in a 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) bilayer. In addition, eight 6 ns NAMD2 molecular dynamics simulations of a low CB1 affinity (20:2, n-6) analog of AEA were conducted in the same model system. AEA was found to exhibit a higher incidence of V6.43/I6.46 groove insertion than did the (20:2, n-6) analog. In certain cases, AEA established a high energy of interaction with TMH6 by first associating with the V6.43/I6.46 groove and then molding itself to the lipid face of TMH6 to establish a hydrogen bonding interaction with the exposed backbone carbonyl of P6.50. Based upon these results, we propose that the formation of this hydrogen bonded AEA/TMH6 complex may be the initial step in CB1 recognition of AEA in the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Lynch
- Center for Drug Design, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 New Science Building, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
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