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Kawashima K, Mashimo M, Nomura A, Fujii T. Contributions of Non-Neuronal Cholinergic Systems to the Regulation of Immune Cell Function, Highlighting the Role of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4564. [PMID: 38674149 PMCID: PMC11050324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Loewi's discovery of acetylcholine (ACh) release from the frog vagus nerve and the discovery by Dale and Dudley of ACh in ox spleen led to the demonstration of chemical transmission of nerve impulses. ACh is now well-known to function as a neurotransmitter. However, advances in the techniques for ACh detection have led to its discovery in many lifeforms lacking a nervous system, including eubacteria, archaea, fungi, and plants. Notably, mRNAs encoding choline acetyltransferase and muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) have been found in uninnervated mammalian cells, including immune cells, keratinocytes, vascular endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes, respiratory, and digestive epithelial cells. It thus appears that non-neuronal cholinergic systems are expressed in a variety of mammalian cells, and that ACh should now be recognized not only as a neurotransmitter, but also as a local regulator of non-neuronal cholinergic systems. Here, we discuss the role of non-neuronal cholinergic systems, with a focus on immune cells. A current focus of much research on non-neuronal cholinergic systems in immune cells is α7 nAChRs, as these receptors expressed on macrophages and T cells are involved in regulating inflammatory and immune responses. This makes α7 nAChRs an attractive potential therapeutic target.
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Grants
- 19-31: TF; 20-25: TF. Individual Research Grants from the Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
- 24590120, K.K., T.F., K.H.; 22K06638, T.F., A.N., 15K18871, M.M.; 15K07979, T.F., 15K07969-m, K.K.; 18K06903, T.F. The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Kawashima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masato Mashimo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan; (M.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Atsuo Nomura
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan; (M.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan; (M.M.); (A.N.)
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Darrau E, Jacquemet E, Pons S, Schlick L, Zouridakis M, Wu CL, Richard JR, Barau C, Le Corvoisier P, Yolken R, Tamouza R, Leboyer M, Maskos U. Serum autoantibodies against α7-nicotinic receptors in subgroups of patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia: clinical features and link with peripheral inflammation. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:146. [PMID: 38485715 PMCID: PMC10940727 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that autoantibodies (AAbs) against proteins expressed in the brain are playing an important role in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we explore the presence and the role of peripheral AAbs to the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in inflammatory subgroups of psychiatric patients with bipolar disorder (BD) or schizophrenia (SCZ) and healthy controls. We have identified a continuum of AAb levels in serum when employing a novel ELISA technique, with a significant elevation in patients compared to controls. Using unsupervised two-step clustering to stratify all the subjects according to their immuno-inflammatory background, we delineate one subgroup consisting solely of psychiatric patients with severe symptoms, high inflammatory profile, and significantly increased levels of anti-nAChR AAbs. In this context, we have used monoclonal mouse anti-human α7-nAChR antibodies (α7-nAChR-mAbs) and shown that TNF-α release was enhanced upon LPS stimulation in macrophages pre-incubated with α7-nAChR-mAbs compared to the use of an isotype control. These findings provide a basis for further study of circulating nicotinic AAbs, and the inflammatory profile observed in patients with major mood and psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Darrau
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Translational NeuroPsychiatry Laboratory, Créteil, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Integrative Neurobiology of Cholinergic Systems, CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France
| | - Elise Jacquemet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Pons
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Integrative Neurobiology of Cholinergic Systems, CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France
| | - Laurène Schlick
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Integrative Neurobiology of Cholinergic Systems, CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France
| | - Marios Zouridakis
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Ching-Lien Wu
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Translational NeuroPsychiatry Laboratory, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Creteil, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France
| | - Jean-Romain Richard
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Translational NeuroPsychiatry Laboratory, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Creteil, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France
| | - Caroline Barau
- Plateforme de ressources biologiques, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris Est Créteil, Creteil, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1430, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Philippe Le Corvoisier
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1430, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Robert Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Translational NeuroPsychiatry Laboratory, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Creteil, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1430, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Translational NeuroPsychiatry Laboratory, Créteil, France.
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Creteil, France.
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France.
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1430, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France.
| | - Uwe Maskos
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Integrative Neurobiology of Cholinergic Systems, CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France.
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Sansone L, Milani F, Fabrizi R, Belli M, Cristina M, Zagà V, de Iure A, Cicconi L, Bonassi S, Russo P. Nicotine: From Discovery to Biological Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14570. [PMID: 37834017 PMCID: PMC10572882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the primary psychoactive agent in tobacco leaves, has led to the widespread use of tobacco, with over one billion smokers globally. This article provides a historical overview of tobacco and discusses tobacco dependence, as well as the biological effects induced by nicotine on mammalian cells. Nicotine induces various biological effects, such as neoangiogenesis, cell division, and proliferation, and it affects neural and non-neural cells through specific pathways downstream of nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). Specific effects mediated by α7 nAChRs are highlighted. Nicotine is highly addictive and hazardous. Public health initiatives should prioritize combating smoking and its associated risks. Understanding nicotine's complex biological effects is essential for comprehensive research and informed health policies. While potential links between nicotine and COVID-19 severity warrant further investigation, smoking remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Effective public health strategies are vital to promote healthier lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Sansone
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality, Life Promotion San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (A.d.I.); (S.B.)
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Milani
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (R.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Riccardo Fabrizi
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (R.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Manuel Belli
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality, Life Promotion San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (A.d.I.); (S.B.)
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Cristina
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality, Life Promotion San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (A.d.I.); (S.B.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Zagà
- Italian Society of Tabaccology (SITAB), 00136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Antonio de Iure
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality, Life Promotion San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (A.d.I.); (S.B.)
- Experimental Neurophysiology IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Cicconi
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (R.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality, Life Promotion San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (A.d.I.); (S.B.)
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (R.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Patrizia Russo
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality, Life Promotion San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (A.d.I.); (S.B.)
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Zivkovic AR, Schmidt K, Hofer S, Brenner T, Weigand MA, Decker SO. Non-Neuronal Acetylcholinesterase Activity Shows Limited Utility for Early Detection of Sepsis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2111. [PMID: 37626609 PMCID: PMC10452709 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Sepsis is a severe systemic inflammatory condition characterized by rapid clinical deterioration and organ dysfunction. The cholinergic system has been implicated in modulating the inflammatory response. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme primarily responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, has been proposed as a potential early indicator of sepsis onset. However, the exact role of non-neuronal AChE activity in sepsis and its correlation with disease severity and patient outcomes remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of AChE activity in sepsis and evaluate its association with disease severity and clinical outcomes. (2) Methods: A prospective study included 43 septic patients. AChE activity was measured at sepsis detection, as well as 7 and 28 days later. Inflammatory biomarkers, disease severity scores, and patient outcomes were evaluated. (3) Results: AChE activity remained stable for 7 days and decreased at 28 days. However, there was no correlation between initial AChE activity and inflammatory biomarkers, disease severity scores, ICU stay, or hospital stay. (4) Conclusions: Non-neuronal AChE activity may not reliably indicate early sepsis or predict disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karsten Schmidt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hofer
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine I and Pain Therapy, Westpfalz Hospital, 67661 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thorsten Brenner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus A. Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian O. Decker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Emerging Roles of Cholinergic Receptors in Schwann Cell Development and Plasticity. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010041. [PMID: 36672549 PMCID: PMC9855772 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross talk between neurons and glial cells during development, adulthood, and disease, has been extensively documented. Among the molecules mediating these interactions, neurotransmitters play a relevant role both in myelinating and non-myelinating glial cells, thus resulting as additional candidates regulating the development and physiology of the glial cells. In this review, we summarise the contribution of the main neurotransmitter receptors in the regulation of the morphogenetic events of glial cells, with particular attention paid to the role of acetylcholine receptors in Schwann cell physiology. In particular, the M2 muscarinic receptor influences Schwann cell phenotype and the α7 nicotinic receptor is emerging as influential in the modulation of peripheral nerve regeneration and inflammation. This new evidence significantly improves our knowledge of Schwann cell development and function and may contribute to identifying interesting new targets to support the activity of these cells in pathological conditions.
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Regulation of the Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein α (sAPPα) Levels by Acetylcholinesterase and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Lung Cancer Cell Media. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810746. [PMID: 36142659 PMCID: PMC9500850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparing two human lung cancer cells, we previously found lower levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and intact amyloid-β40/42 (Aβ), and higher levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF) in the media of H1299 cells as compared to A549 cell media. In this study, we hypothesized that the levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein α (sAPPα) are regulated by AChE and mBDNF in A549 and H1299 cell media. The levels of sAPPα were higher in the media of H1299 cells. Knockdown of AChE led to increased sAPPα and mBDNF levels and correlated with decreased levels of intact Aβ40/42 in A549 cell media. AChE and mBDNF had opposite effects on the levels of Aβ and sAPPα and were found to operate through a mechanism involving α-secretase activity. Treatment with AChE decreased sAPPα levels and simultaneously increased the levels of intact Aβ40/42 suggesting a role of the protein in shifting APP processing away from the non-amyloidogenic pathway and toward the amyloidogenic pathway, whereas treatment with mBDNF led to opposite effects on those levels. We also show that the levels of sAPPα are regulated by protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, phosphoinositide 3 Kinase (PI3K), but not by protein kinase A (PKA).
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Mashimo M, Kawashima K, Fujii T. Non-neuronal Cholinergic Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Regulation of Immune Function. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:675-683. [PMID: 35650095 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells such as T and B cells, monocytes and macrophages all express most of the cholinergic components of the nervous system, including acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), high affinity choline transporter, muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs, respectively), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Because of its efficient cleavage by AChE, ACh synthesized and released from immune cells acts only locally in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion at mAChRs and nAChRs on themselves and other immune cells located in close proximity, leading to modification of immune function. Immune cells generally express all five mAChR subtypes (M1-M5) and neuron type nAChR subunits α2-α7, α9, α10, β2-β4. The expression pattern and levels of mAChR subtypes and nAChR subunits vary depending on the tissue involved and its immunological status. Immunological activation of T cells via T-cell receptor-mediated pathways and cell adhesion molecules upregulates ChAT expression, which facilitates the synthesis and release of ACh. At present, α7 nAChRs expressed in macrophages are receiving much attention because they play a central role in anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathways. However, it now appears that through modification of cytokine synthesis, Gq/11-coupled mAChRs play a prominent role in regulation of T cell proliferation and differentiation and B cell immunoglobulin class switching. It is anticipated that greater understanding of Gq/11-coupled mAChRs on immune cells will provide an opportunity to develop new and effective treatments for immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Mashimo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
| | - Koichiro Kawashima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
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Wong ET, Luettich K, Krishnan S, Wong SK, Lim WT, Yeo D, Büttner A, Leroy P, Vuillaume G, Boué S, Hoeng J, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC. Reduced Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity in A/J Mice in Response to Life-Time Exposure to Aerosol From a Heated Tobacco Product Compared With Cigarette Smoke. Toxicol Sci 2021; 178:44-70. [PMID: 32780830 PMCID: PMC7657344 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted an inhalation study, in accordance with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Test Guideline 453, exposing A/J mice to tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2 aerosol or 3R4F reference cigarette smoke (CS) for up to 18 months to evaluate chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity. All exposed mice showed lower thymus and spleen weight, blood lymphocyte counts, and serum lipid concentrations than sham mice, most likely because of stress and/or nicotine effects. Unlike THS 2.2 aerosol-exposed mice, CS-exposed mice showed increased heart weight, changes in red blood cell profiles and serum liver function parameters. Similarly, increased pulmonary inflammation, altered lung function, and emphysematous changes were observed only in CS-exposed mice. Histopathological changes in other respiratory tract organs were significantly lower in the THS 2.2 aerosol-exposed groups than in the CS-exposed group. Chronic exposure to THS 2.2 aerosol also did not increase the incidence or multiplicity of bronchioloalveolar adenomas or carcinomas relative to sham, whereas CS exposure did. Male THS 2.2 aerosol-exposed mice had a lower survival rate than sham mice, related to an increased incidence of urogenital issues that appears to be related to congenital factors rather than test item exposure. The lower impact of THS 2.2 aerosol exposure on tumor development and chronic toxicity is consistent with the significantly reduced levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents in THS 2.2 aerosol relative to CS. The totality of the evidence from this study further supports the risk reduction potential of THS 2.2 for lung diseases in comparison with cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Tsin Wong
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore 117406, Singapore
| | - Karsta Luettich
- Department of Life Sciences, Systems Toxicology, PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Subash Krishnan
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore 117406, Singapore
| | - Sin Kei Wong
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore 117406, Singapore
| | - Wei Ting Lim
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore 117406, Singapore
| | - Demetrius Yeo
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore 117406, Singapore
| | | | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore 117406, Singapore
| | - Grégory Vuillaume
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore 117406, Singapore
| | - Stéphanie Boué
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore 117406, Singapore
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore 117406, Singapore
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore 117406, Singapore
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore 117406, Singapore
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Horkowitz AP, Schwartz AV, Alvarez CA, Herrera EB, Thoman ML, Chatfield DA, Osborn KG, Feuer R, George UZ, Phillips JA. Acetylcholine Regulates Pulmonary Pathology During Viral Infection and Recovery. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:333-350. [PMID: 33365281 PMCID: PMC7751717 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s279228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study was designed to explore the role of acetylcholine (ACh) in pulmonary viral infection and recovery. Inflammatory control is critical to recovery from respiratory viral infection. ACh secreted from non-neuronal sources, including lymphocytes, plays an important, albeit underappreciated, role in regulating immune-mediated inflammation. Methods ACh and lymphocyte cholinergic status in the lungs were measured over the course of influenza infection and recovery. The role of ACh was examined by inhibiting ACh synthesis in vivo. Pulmonary inflammation was monitored by Iba1 immunofluorescence, using a novel automated algorithm. Tissue repair was monitored histologically. Results Pulmonary ACh remained constant through the early stage of infection and increased during the peak of the acquired immune response. As the concentration of ACh increased, cholinergic lymphocytes appeared in the BAL and lungs. Cholinergic capacity was found primarily in CD4 T cells, but also in B cells and CD8 T cells. The cholinergic CD4+ T cells bound to influenza-specific tetramers and were retained in the resident memory regions of the lung up to 2 months after infection. Histologically, cholinergic lymphocytes were found in direct physical contact with activated macrophages throughout the lung. Inflammation was monitored by ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) immunofluorescence, using a novel automated algorithm. When ACh production was inhibited, mice exhibited increased tissue inflammation and delayed recovery. Histologic examination revealed abnormal tissue repair when ACh was limited. Conclusion These findings point to a previously unrecognized role for ACh in the transition from active immunity to recovery and pulmonary repair following respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Horkowitz
- Donald P. Shiley Biosciences Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ashley V Schwartz
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carlos A Alvarez
- Donald P. Shiley Biosciences Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Edgar B Herrera
- Donald P. Shiley Biosciences Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Marilyn L Thoman
- Donald P. Shiley Biosciences Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Dale A Chatfield
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kent G Osborn
- Office of Animal Research, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ralph Feuer
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Uduak Z George
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joy A Phillips
- Donald P. Shiley Biosciences Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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The multiple biological roles of the cholinesterases. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 162:41-56. [PMID: 33307019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is tacitly assumed that the biological role of acetylcholinesterase is termination of synaptic transmission at cholinergic synapses. However, together with its structural homolog, butyrylcholinesterase, it is widely distributed both within and outside the nervous system, and, in many cases, the role of both enzymes remains obscure. The transient appearance of the cholinesterases in embryonic tissues is especially enigmatic. The two enzymes' extra-synaptic roles, which are known as 'non-classical' roles, are the topic of this review. Strong evidence has been presented that AChE and BChE play morphogenetic roles in a variety of eukaryotic systems, and they do so either by acting as adhesion proteins, or as trophic factors. As trophic factors, one mode of action is to directly regulate morphogenesis, such as neurite outgrowth, by poorly understood mechanisms. The other mode is by regulating levels of acetylcholine, which acts as the direct trophic factor. Alternate substrates have been sought for the cholinesterases. Quite recently, it was shown that levels of the aggression hormone, ghrelin, which also controls appetite, are regulated by butyrylcholinesterase. The rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase generates high local proton concentrations. The possible biophysical and biological consequences of this effect are discussed. The biological significance of the acetylcholinesterases secreted by parasitic nematodes is reviewed, and, finally, the involvement of acetylcholinesterase in apoptosis is considered.
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Pernarella M, Piovesana R, Matera C, Faroni A, Fiore M, Dini L, Reid AJ, Dallanoce C, Tata AM. Effects mediated by the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on cell proliferation and migration in rat adipose-derived stem cells. Eur J Histochem 2020; 64. [PMID: 33334089 PMCID: PMC7643034 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2020.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are an attractive source for regenerative medicine as they can be easily isolated, rapidly expandable in culture and show excellent in vitro differentiation potential. Acetylcholine (ACh), one of the main neurotransmitters in central and peripheral nervous systems, plays key roles in the control of several physiological processes also in non-neural tissues. As demonstrated in our previous studies, ACh can contribute to the rat ASCs physiology, negatively modulating ASCs proliferation and migration via M2 muscarinic receptor (mAChR) activation. In the present work we show that rat ASCs also express α7 nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). In particular, we have investigated the effects mediated by the selective activation of α7 nAChRs, which causes a reduction of ASC proliferation without affecting cell survival and morphology, and significantly promotes cell migration via upregulation of the CXCR4 expression. Interestingly, the activation of the α7 nAChR also upregulates the expression of M2 mAChR protein, indicating a cooperation between muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in the inhibition of ASC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pernarella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Roberta Piovesana
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Carlo Matera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section "Pietro Pratesi", University of Milan.
| | - Alessandro Faroni
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester.
| | - Mario Fiore
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology-CNR, Rome.
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Adam J Reid
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, University of Manchester.
| | - Clelia Dallanoce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section "Pietro Pratesi", University of Milan.
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin"; Research Centre of Neurobiology "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University of Rome.
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Santoro A, Tomino C, Prinzi G, Lamonaca P, Cardaci V, Fini M, Russo P. Tobacco Smoking: Risk to Develop Addiction, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Lung Cancer. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 14:39-52. [PMID: 30605063 DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666190102122848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco smoking is well established. Nicotine is the addictive component of tobacco. Nicotine, through the non-neuronal α7nicotinic receptor, induces cell proliferation, neo-angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and inhibits drug-induced apoptosis. OBJECTIVE To understand the genetic, molecular and cellular biology of addiction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. METHODS The search for papers to be included in the review was performed during the months of July- September 2018 in the following databases: PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), Scopus (http://www.scopus.com), EMBASE (http://www.elsevier.com/online-tools/embase), and ISI Web of Knowledge (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/). The following searching terms: "nicotine", "nicotinic receptor", and "addiction" or "COPD" or "lung cancer" were used. Patents were retrieved in clinicaltrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/). All papers written in English were evaluated. The reference list of retrieved articles was also reviewed to identify other eligible studies that were not indexed by the above-mentioned databases. New experimental data on the ability of nicotine to promote transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells, exposed for one hour to Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9-10-epoxide, are reported. RESULTS Nicotinic receptors variants and nicotinic receptors upregulation are involved in addiction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or lung cancer. Nicotine through α7nicotinic receptor upregulation induces complete bronchial epithelial cells transformation. CONCLUSION Genetic studies highlight the involvement of nicotinic receptors variants in addiction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or lung cancer. A future important step will be to translate these genetic findings to clinical practice. Interventions able to help smoking cessation in nicotine dependence subjects, under patent, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Santoro
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Valcannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Tomino
- Scientific Direction, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Valcannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Prinzi
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Valcannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Palma Lamonaca
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Valcannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Cardaci
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via della Pisana, 235, I-00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Fini
- Scientific Direction, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Valcannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Russo
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Valcannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
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Liu Q, Li M, Whiteaker P, Shi FD, Morley BJ, Lukas RJ. Attenuation in Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α9 and α10 Subunit Double Knock-Out Mice of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E827. [PMID: 31817275 PMCID: PMC6995583 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is attenuated in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α9 subunit knock-out (α9 KO) mice. However, protection is incomplete, raising questions about roles for related, nAChR α10 subunits in ionotropic or recently-revealed metabotropic contributions to effects. Here, we demonstrate reduced EAE severity and delayed onset of disease signs in nAChR α9/α10 subunit double knock-out (DKO) animals relative to effects in wild-type (WT) control mice. These effects are indistinguishable from contemporaneously-observed effects in nicotine-treated WT or in α9 KO mice. Immune cell infiltration into the spinal cord and brain, reactive oxygen species levels in vivo, and demyelination, mostly in the spinal cord, are reduced in DKO mice. Disease severity is not altered relative to WT controls in mice harboring a gain-of-function mutation in α9 subunits. These findings minimize the likelihood that additional deletion of nAChR α10 subunits impacts disease differently than α9 KO alone, whether through ionotropic, metabotropic, or alternative mechanisms. Moreover, our results provide further evidence of disease-exacerbating roles for nAChR containing α9 subunits (α9*-nAChR) in EAE inflammatory and autoimmune responses. This supports our hypothesis that α9*-nAChR or their downstream mediators are attractive targets for attenuation of inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (Q.L.); (M.L.); (P.W.); (F.-D.S.)
| | - Minshu Li
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (Q.L.); (M.L.); (P.W.); (F.-D.S.)
| | - Paul Whiteaker
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (Q.L.); (M.L.); (P.W.); (F.-D.S.)
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (Q.L.); (M.L.); (P.W.); (F.-D.S.)
| | | | - Ronald J. Lukas
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (Q.L.); (M.L.); (P.W.); (F.-D.S.)
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Liu Q, Whiteaker P, Morley BJ, Shi FD, Lukas RJ. Distinctive Roles for α7*- and α9*-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Responses in the Murine Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:287. [PMID: 29018331 PMCID: PMC5615207 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine, including in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in mice of some forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Other studies using knock-out (KO) mice have implicated nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors containing α7, α9, or β2 subunits (α7*-, α9*- or β2*-nAChR) in different, disease-exacerbating or disease-ameliorating processes. These outcomes are in harmony with gene expression analyses showing nAChR subunit mRNA in many classes of immune system cell types. Consistent with influences on disease status, predictable effects of nAChR subunit (and subtype) KO, or of nicotine exposure, are seen on immune cell numbers and distribution and on cytokine levels or other markers of immunity, inflammation, demyelination, and axonal degradation. Providing support for our hypotheses about distinctive roles for nAChR subtypes in EAE, here we have used direct and adoptive EAE induction and a nAChR subunit gene double knock-out (DKO) strategy. Immune cell expression of nAChR α9 subunits as protein is demonstrated by immunostaining of isolated CD4+, CD8+, CD11b+ and CD11c+ cells from wild-type (WT) mice, but not in cells from nAChR α9 subunit KO animals. Nicotine exposure is protective against directly-induced EAE in WT or α7/α9 DKO animals relative to effects seen in WT/vehicle-treated mice, but, remarkably, EAE is exacerbated in vehicle-treated α7/α9 DKO mice. Brain lesion volume and intra-cranial inflammatory activity similarly are higher in DKO/vehicle than in WT/vehicle-treated animals, although nicotine’s protective effects are seen in each instance. By contrast, in adoptive transfer studies, disease severity is attenuated and disease onset is delayed in recipients of splenocytes from WT animals treated with nicotine rather than with vehicle. Moreover, protection as seen in nicotine-treated WT animals is the same in recipients of splenocytes from nAChR α7/α9 DKO mice irrespective of their exposure to nicotine or vehicle. When combined with previous observations, these findings are consistent with disease exacerbation (or even induction) being mediated at least in part via α9*-nAChR in peripheral immune cells. They also suggest protective roles of central nervous system (CNS) α7*-nAChR. The results suggest that both α7*- and α9*-nAChR are potential targets of therapeutic ligands to modulate inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological InstitutePhoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Paul Whiteaker
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological InstitutePhoenix, AZ, United States
| | | | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological InstitutePhoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Ronald J Lukas
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological InstitutePhoenix, AZ, United States
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Fujii T, Mashimo M, Moriwaki Y, Misawa H, Ono S, Horiguchi K, Kawashima K. Physiological functions of the cholinergic system in immune cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 134:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Di Bari M, Reale M, Di Nicola M, Orlando V, Galizia S, Porfilio I, Costantini E, D'Angelo C, Ruggieri S, Biagioni S, Gasperini C, Tata AM. Dysregulated Homeostasis of Acetylcholine Levels in Immune Cells of RR-Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122009. [PMID: 27916909 PMCID: PMC5187809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Acetylcholine (ACh) contributes to the modulation of central and peripheral inflammation. We studied the homeostasis of the cholinergic system in relation to cytokine levels in immune cells and sera of relapsing remitting-MS (RR-MS) patients. We demonstrated that lower ACh levels in serum of RR-MS patients were inversely correlated with the increased activity of the hydrolyzing enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Interestingly, the expression of the ACh biosynthetic enzyme and the protein carriers involved in non-vesicular ACh release were found overexpressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients. The inflammatory state of the MS patients was confirmed by increased levels of TNFα, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-18. The lower circulating ACh levels in sera of MS patients are dependent on the higher activity of cholinergic hydrolyzing enzymes. The smaller ratio of ACh to TNFα, IL-12/IL-23p40 and IL-18 in MS patients, with respect to healthy donors (HD), is indicative of an inflammatory environment probably related to the alteration of cholinergic system homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Di Bari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Research, Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Viviana Orlando
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Research, Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Galizia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Research, Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Italo Porfilio
- School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Chiara D'Angelo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Serena Ruggieri
- Department of Neurology and Psichiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Biagioni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Research, Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Research, Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Halpin DMG. Tiotropium in asthma: what is the evidence and how does it fit in? World Allergy Organ J 2016; 9:29. [PMID: 27679681 PMCID: PMC5022240 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-016-0119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite current therapeutic approaches asthma remains uncontrolled in a significant proportion of patients. Short-acting anticholinergic bronchodilators have a very long history of use in asthma, and recent data confirms the importance of acetylcholine as both a bronchoconstrictor and as a regulator of inflammation and remodeling in the lungs. Data from a comprehensive clinical trial programme, as well as use in primary care, show the efficacy and safety of tiotropium in adults with mild to moderate asthma when it is added to ICS and in severe asthma when it is added to high doses of ICS plus LABA, as well as in adolescents. Tiotropium is cost effective and its benefits are not restricted to particular phenotypes, making it a useful addition to the therapeutic options recommended by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) for people with poorly controlled asthma at steps 4 & 5.
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Reale M, Di Bari M, Di Nicola M, D'Angelo C, De Angelis F, Velluto L, Tata AM. Nicotinic receptor activation negatively modulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production in multiple sclerosis patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Paparini D, Gori S, Grasso E, Scordo W, Calo G, Pérez Leirós C, Ramhorst R, Salamone G. Acetylcholine contributes to control the physiological inflammatory response during the peri-implantation period. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:237-47. [PMID: 25819434 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal antigen-presenting cells attracted to the pregnant uterus interact with trophoblast cells and modulate their functional profile to favour immunosuppressant responses. Non-neuronal cholinergic system is expressed in human cytotrophoblast cells and in immune cells with homeostatic regulatory functions. AIM The aim of this work was to evaluate whether non-neuronal acetylcholine conditions maternal monocyte and DC migration and activation profiles. METHODS We used an in vitro model resembling maternal-placental interface represented by the co-culture of human trophoblast cells (Swan-71 cell line) and monocytes or DC. RESULTS When cytotrophoblast cells were treated with neostigmine (Neo) to concentrate endogenous acetylcholine levels, monocyte migration was increased. In parallel, high levels of IL-10 and decreased levels of TNF-α were observed upon interaction of maternal monocytes with trophoblast cells. This effect was synergized by Neo and was prevented by atropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Similarly, trophoblast cells increased the migration of DC independently of Neo treatment; however, enhanced IL-10 and MCP-1 synthesis in trophoblast-DC co-cultures with no changes in TNF-α and IL-6 was observed. In fact, there were no changes in HLA-DR, CD86 or CD83 expression. Finally, trophoblast cells treated with Neo increased the expression of two antigen-presenting cells attracting chemokines, MCP-1, MIP-1α and RANTES through muscarinic receptors, and it was prevented by atropine. CONCLUSIONS Our present results support a novel role of acetylcholine synthesized by trophoblast cells to modulate antigen-presenting cell migration and activation favouring an immunosuppressant profile that contributes to immune homeostasis maintenance at the maternal-foetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Paparini
- Departamento de Química Biológica; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; IQUIBICEN-CONICET; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - S. Gori
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-IMEX-CONICET; Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - E. Grasso
- Departamento de Química Biológica; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; IQUIBICEN-CONICET; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - W. Scordo
- Servicio de Medicina Transfusional; Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - G. Calo
- Departamento de Química Biológica; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; IQUIBICEN-CONICET; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - C. Pérez Leirós
- Departamento de Química Biológica; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; IQUIBICEN-CONICET; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - R. Ramhorst
- Departamento de Química Biológica; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; IQUIBICEN-CONICET; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - G. Salamone
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-IMEX-CONICET; Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
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Castillo-González AC, Nieto-Cerón S, Pelegrín-Hernández JP, Montenegro MF, Noguera JA, López-Moreno MF, Rodríguez-López JN, Vidal CJ, Hellín-Meseguer D, Cabezas-Herrera J. Dysregulated cholinergic network as a novel biomarker of poor prognostic in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:385. [PMID: 25956553 PMCID: PMC4435806 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In airways, a proliferative effect is played directly by cholinergic agonists through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors activation. How tumors respond to aberrantly activated cholinergic signalling is a key question in smoking-related cancer. This research was addressed to explore a possible link of cholinergic signalling changes with cancer biology. METHODS Fifty-seven paired pieces of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and adjacent non-cancerous tissue (ANCT) were compared for their mRNA levels for ACh-related proteins and ACh-hydrolyzing activity. RESULTS The measurement in ANCT of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities (5.416 ± 0.501 mU/mg protein and 6.350 ± 0.599 mU/mg protein, respectively) demonstrated that upper respiratory tract is capable of controlling the availability of ACh. In HNSCC, AChE and BChE activities dropped to 3.584 ± 0.599 mU/mg protein (p = 0.002) and 3.965 ± 0.423 mU/mg protein (p < 0.001). Moreover, tumours with low AChE activity and high BChE activity were associated with shorter patient overall survival. ANCT and HNSCC differed in mRNA levels for AChE-T, α3, α5, α9 and β2 for nAChR subunits. Tobacco exposure had a great impact on the expression of both AChE-H and AChE-T mRNAs. Unaffected and cancerous pieces contained principal AChE dimers and BChE tetramers. The lack of nerve-born PRiMA-linked AChE agreed with pathological findings on nerve terminal remodelling and loss in HNSCC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the low AChE activity in HNSCC can be used to predict survival in patients with head and neck cancer. So, the ChE activity level can be used as a reliable prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Castillo-González
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
| | - Susana Nieto-Cerón
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
| | - Juan Pablo Pelegrín-Hernández
- Otorhinolaryngology Surgical Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
| | - María Fernanda Montenegro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", IMIB-University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Noguera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
| | - María Fuensanta López-Moreno
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
| | - José Neptuno Rodríguez-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", IMIB-University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
| | - Cecilio J Vidal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", IMIB-University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
| | - Diego Hellín-Meseguer
- Otorhinolaryngology Surgical Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
| | - Juan Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
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Non-neuronal cholinergic system in regulation of immune function with a focus on α7 nAChRs. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:127-34. [PMID: 25907239 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 1929, Dale and Dudley described the first reported natural occurrence of acetylcholine (ACh) in an animal's body. They identified this ACh in the spleens of horses and oxen, which we now know suggests possible involvement of ACh in the regulation of lymphocyte activity and immune function. However, the source and function of splenic ACh were left unexplored for several decades. Recent studies on the source of ACh in the blood revealed ACh synthesis catalyzed by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in CD4(+) T cells. T and B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) all express all five muscarinic ACh receptor subtypes (mAChRs) and several subtypes of nicotinic AChRs (nAChRs), including α7 nAChRs. Stimulation of these mAChRs and nAChRs by their respective agonists causes functional and biochemical changes in the cells. Using AChR knockout mice, we found that M(1)/M(5) mAChR signaling up-regulates IgG(1) and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, while α7 nAChR signaling has the opposite effect. These findings suggest that ACh synthesized by T cells acts in an autocrine/paracrine fashion at AChRs on various immune cells to modulate immune function. In addition, an endogenous allosteric and/or orthosteric α7 nAChR ligand, SLURP-1, facilitates functional development of T cells and increases ACh synthesis via up-regulation of ChAT mRNA expression. SLURP-1 is expressed in CD205(+) DCs residing in the tonsil in close proximity to T cells, macrophages and B cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that ACh released from T cells along with SLURP-1 regulates cytokine production by activating α7 nAChRs on various immune cells, thereby facilitating T cell development and/or differentiation, leading to immune modulation.
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Español AJ, Salem A, Rojo D, Sales ME. Participation of non-neuronal muscarinic receptors in the effect of carbachol with paclitaxel on human breast adenocarcinoma cells. Roles of nitric oxide synthase and arginase. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:87-92. [PMID: 25812766 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and represents a major issue in public health. The most frequent methods to treat these tumors are surgery and/or chemotherapy. The latter can exert not only beneficial effects by reducing tumor growth and metastasis, but also toxic actions on normal tissues. Metronomic therapy involves the use of low doses of cytotoxic drugs alone or in combination to improve efficacy and to reduce adverse effects. We have previously reported that breast tumors highly express functional muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) that regulate tumor progression. For this reason, mAChRs could be considered as therapeutic targets in breast cancer. In this paper, we investigated the ability of a combination of the cytotoxic drug paclitaxel plus carbachol, a cholinergic agonist, at low doses, to induce death in breast tumor MCF-7 cells, via mAChR activation, and the role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and arginase in this effect. We observed that the combination of carbachol plus paclitaxel at subthreshold doses significantly increased cytotoxicity in tumor cells without affecting MCF-10A cells, derived from human normal mammary gland. This effect was reduced in the presence of the muscarinic antagonist atropine. The combination also increased nitric oxide production by NOS1 and NOS3 via mAChR activation, concomitantly with an up-regulation of NOS3 expression. The latter effects were accompanied by a reduction in arginase II activity. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that mAChRs expressed in breast tumor cells could be considered as candidates to become targets for metronomic therapy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Javier Español
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)-(CONICET) 2° Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Salem
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)-(CONICET) 2° Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Rojo
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)-(CONICET) 2° Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Elena Sales
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)-(CONICET) 2° Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Zhao Q, Gu X, Zhang C, Lu Q, Chen H, Xu L. Blocking M2 muscarinic receptor signaling inhibits tumor growth and reverses epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:634-43. [PMID: 25778781 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1029835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancers express non-neuronal, cholinergic autoparacrine loop, which facilitates tumor growth. Interruption of M3 muscarinic cholinergic signaling has been reported to inhibit small cell lung cancer (SCLC) growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate if blocking autoparacrine muscarinic cholinergic signaling could inhibit non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) growth and possible underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that PC9 and A549 cells expressed all 5 subtypes of muscarinic receptor (mAChR) and blocking M2 mAChR (M2R) signaling using selective antagonist methoctramine or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) inhibited tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Consistent with AChR agonists stimulating p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) and Akt phosphorylation, blocking M2R signaling decreased MAPK and Akt phosphorylation, indicating that non-neuronal ACh functions as an autoparacrine growth factor signaling in part through activation of M2R and downstream MAPK and Akt pathways. Importantly, further studies revealed that blocking M2R signaling also reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and in vivo, indicating that non-neuronal ACh promotes EMT partially through activation of M2R. These findings demonstrate that M2R plays a role in the growth and progression of NSCLC and suggest M2R antagonists may be an efficacious adjuvant therapy for NSCLC.
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Key Words
- ACh, acetylcholine
- AChR, acetylcholine receptor
- AKT
- ChAT, choline acetyltransferase
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- M2 muscarinic receptor
- M2R, M2 mAChR
- MAPK ERK
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- SCLC, small cell lung cancer
- autoparacrine
- epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- mAChR, muscarinic receptor
- nAChR, nicotinic receptor
- non-neuronal acetylcholine
- non-small cell lung cancer
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingnan Zhao
- a Department of Pharmacology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine ; Shanghai , China
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Reale M, Di Nicola M, Velluto L, D'Angelo C, Costantini E, Lahiri DK, Kamal MA, Yu QS, Greig NH. Selective acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors reduce amyloid-β ex vivo activation of peripheral chemo-cytokines from Alzheimer's disease subjects: exploring the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Curr Alzheimer Res 2015; 11:608-22. [PMID: 24359497 DOI: 10.2174/1567205010666131212113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that elevated production and/or reduced clearance of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) drives the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ soluble oligomers trigger a neurotoxic cascade that leads to neuronal dysfunction, neurodegeneration and, ultimately, clinical dementia. Inflammation, both within brain and systemically, together with a deficiency in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) that underpinned the development of anticholinesterases for AD symptomatic treatment, are invariable hallmarks of the disease. The inter-relation between Aβ, inflammation and cholinergic signaling is complex, with each feeding back onto the others to drive disease progression. To elucidate these interactions plasma samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated from healthy controls (HC) and AD patients. Plasma levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and Aβ were significantly elevated in AD vs. HC subjects, and ACh showed a trend towards reduced levels. Aβ challenge of PBMCs induced a greater release of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from AD vs. HC subjects, with IL-10 being similarly affected. THP-1 monocytic cells, a cell culture counterpart of PBMCs and brain microglial cells, responded similarly to Aβ as well as to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) challenge, to allow preliminary analysis of the cellular and molecular pathways underpinning Aβ-induced changes in cytokine expression. As amyloid-β precursor protein expression, and hence Aβ, has been reported regulated by particular cytokines and anticholinesterases, the latter were evaluated on Aβ- and PHA-induced chemocytokine expression. Co-incubation with selective AChE/BuChE inhibitors, (-)-phenserine (AChE) and (-)-cymserine analogues (BuChE), mitigated the rise in cytokine levels and suggest that augmentation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway may prove valuable in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nigel H Greig
- Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Unit ofImmunodiagnostic and Molecular Pathology, University "G. D'Annunzio", N.P.D., Ed. C, III lev., Via dei Vestini, 31, 66123 Chieti, Italy.
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Zhang MQ, Wan Y, Jin Y, Xin JB, Zhang JC, Xiong XZ, Chen L, Chen G. Cigarette smoking promotes inflammation in patients with COPD by affecting the polarization and survival of Th/Tregs through up-regulation of muscarinic receptor 3 and 5 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112350. [PMID: 25375131 PMCID: PMC4223024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD4+ T cells in the lung are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), although CD4+ T cell subsets and the direct effect of smoking on these cells, especially the expression of MRs, have not been comprehensively examined. Methods First, circulating CD4+ T cell subsets in healthy nonsmokers, patients with SCOPD and patients with AECOPD were evaluated by flow cytometry. Then, differentiation experiments were carried out using RT-PCR, and Ki-67/Annexin V antibodies were used to measure proliferation and apoptosis. We also explored the impact of CSE on the differentiation and survival of CD4+Th/Tregs and examined the expression of MRs in healthy nonsmokers and patients with SCOPD. Results We found the percentages of circulating Th1 and Th17 cells were increased in patients with AECOPD, while the percentage of Th2 cells was decreased in patients with SCOPD. The percentages of Th10 cells were decreased in both patients with SCOPD and patients with AECOPD, while the percentages of Tregs were increased. In addition, the percentages of CD4+α-7+ T cells were decreased in patients with SCOPD and patients with AECOPD. However, only the decrease observed in patients with AECOPD was significant. In vitro studies also revealed MR expression affected the polarization of T cells, with different CD4+ T cell subtypes acquiring different MR expression profiles. The addition of CSE facilitated CD4+ T cell polarization towards pro-inflammatory subsets (Th1 and Th17) and affected the survival of CD4+ T cells and Treg cells by up-regulating the expression of MR3 and 5, resulting in an imbalance of CD4+ T cell subsets. Conclusions Our findings suggest an imbalance of circulating CD4+ T cell subsets is involved in COPD pathogenesis in smokers. Cigarette smoking may contribute to this imbalance by affecting the polarization and survival of Th/Tregs through the up-regulation of MR3 and MR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine WUHAN NO. 1 HOSPITAL, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Bao Xin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Chu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
The innate immune response is of prime importance in the immediate recognition and elimination of invading micro-organisms. However, deregulation of this system is clearly associated with the pathogenesis of a wide range of inflammatory diseases. Innate immunity consists of a humoral and a cellular branch, which are closely interacting. An additional level of control is found at the level of neuronal reflexes that can fine-tune these immunological mechanisms.
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Turi CE, Axwik KE, Smith A, Jones AMP, Saxena PK, Murch SJ. Galanthamine, an anticholinesterase drug, effects plant growth and development in Artemisia tridentate Nutt. via modulation of auxin and neutrotransmitter signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28645. [PMID: 24690897 PMCID: PMC4161611 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Galanthamine is a naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitor that has been well established as a drug for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease, but the role of the compound in plant metabolism is not known. The current study was designed to investigate whether galanthamine could redirect morphogenesis of Artemisia tridentata Nutt. cultures by altering concentration of endogenous neurosignaling molecules acetylcholine (Ach), auxin (IAA), melatonin (Mel), and serotonin (5HT). Exposure of axenic A. tridentata cultures to 10 µM galanthamine decreased the concentration of endogenous Ach, IAA, MEL, and AchE, and altered plant growth in a manner reminiscent of 2-4D toxicity. Galanthamine itself demonstrated IAA activity in an oat coleotile elongation bioassay, 20 µM galanthamine showed no significant difference compared with 5 μM IAA or 5 μM 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Metabolomic analysis detected between 20,921 to 27,891 compounds in A. tridentata plantlets and showed greater commonality between control and 5 µM treatments. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis putatively identified coumarins scopoletin/isoscopoletin, and scopolin in A. tridentata leaf extracts and these metabolites linearly increased in response to galanthamine treatments. Overall, these data indicate that galanthamine is an allelopathic phytochemical and support the hypothesis that neurologically active compounds in plants help ensure plant survival and adaptation to environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Turi
- Biology; University of British Columbia; Okanagan Campus; Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - Katarina E Axwik
- Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Okanagan Campus; Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - Anderson Smith
- Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Okanagan Campus; Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - A Maxwell P Jones
- Department of Plant Agriculture; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Praveen K Saxena
- Department of Plant Agriculture; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Susan J Murch
- Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Okanagan Campus; Kelowna, BC Canada
- Correspondence to: Susan J Murch,
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28
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Galitovskiy V, Kuruvilla SA, Sevriokov E, Corches A, Pan ML, Kalantari-Dehaghi M, Chernyavsky AI, Mukherjee J, Grando SA. Development of novel approach to diagnostic imaging of lung cancer with 18F-Nifene PET/CT using A/J mice treated with NNK. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 1:128-137. [PMID: 28553544 PMCID: PMC5443253 DOI: 10.14312/2052-4994.2013-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Development of novel methods of early diagnosis of lung cancer is one of the major tasks of contemporary clinical and experimental oncology. In this study, we utilized the tobacco nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung cancer in A/J mice as an animal model for development of a new imaging technique for early diagnosis of lung cancer. Lung cancer cells in A/J mice overexpress nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Longitudinal CT scans were carried out over a period of 8 months after NNK treatment, followed by PET/CT scans with 18F-Nifene that binds to α4-made nicotinic receptors with high affinity. PET/CT scans of lungs were also obtained ex vivo. CT revealed the presence of lung nodules in 8-month NNK-treated mice, while control mice had no tumors. Imaging of live animals prior to necropsy allowed correlation of results of tumor load via PET/CT and histopathological findings. Significant amount of 18F-Nifene was seen in the lungs of NNK-treated mice, whereas lungs of control mice showed only minor uptake of 18F-Nifene. Quantitative analysis of the extent and amount of 18F-Nifene binding in lung in vivo and ex vivo demonstrated a higher tumor/nontumor ratio due to selective labeling of tumor nodules expressing abundant α4 nicotinic receptor subunits. For comparison, we performed PET/CT studies with 18F-FDG, which is used for the imaging diagnosis of lung cancer. The tumor/nontumor ratios for 18F-FDG were lower than for 18F-Nifene. Thus, we have developed a novel diagnostic imaging approach to early diagnosis of lung cancer using 18F-Nifene PET/CT. This technique allows quantitative assessment of lung tumors in live mice, which is critical for establishing tumor size and location, and also has salient clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Galitovskiy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - S A Kuruvilla
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - E Sevriokov
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - A Corches
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - M L Pan
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - M Kalantari-Dehaghi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - A I Chernyavsky
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - J Mukherjee
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - S A Grando
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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