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Saha P, Panda S, Holkar A, Vashishth R, Rana SS, Arumugam M, Ashraf GM, Haque S, Ahmad F. Neuroprotection by agmatine: Possible involvement of the gut microbiome? Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102056. [PMID: 37673131 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Agmatine, an endogenous polyamine derived from L-arginine, elicits tremendous multimodal neuromodulant properties. Alterations in agmatinergic signalling are closely linked to the pathogeneses of several brain disorders. Importantly, exogenous agmatine has been shown to act as a potent neuroprotectant in varied pathologies, including brain ageing and associated comorbidities. The antioxidant, anxiolytic, analgesic, antidepressant and memory-enhancing activities of agmatine may derive from its ability to regulate several cellular pathways; including cell metabolism, survival and differentiation, nitric oxide signalling, protein translation, oxidative homeostasis and neurotransmitter signalling. This review briefly discusses mammalian metabolism of agmatine and then proceeds to summarize our current understanding of neuromodulation and neuroprotection mediated by agmatine. Further, the emerging exciting bidirectional links between agmatine and the resident gut microbiome and their implications for brain pathophysiology and ageing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Subhrajita Panda
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Aayusha Holkar
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Rahul Vashishth
- Department of Biosciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Sandeep Singh Rana
- Department of Biosciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Mohanapriya Arumugam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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Guan S, Sun L, Wang X, Huang X, Luo T. Propofol inhibits neuroinflammation and metabolic reprogramming in microglia in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1161810. [PMID: 37383725 PMCID: PMC10293632 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1161810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation-induced neuroinflammation is closely related to the development of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Accumulating evidence suggests that changes in the metabolic profile of microglia is crucial for their response to inflammation. Propofol is widely used for sedation in mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis. Here, we investigate the effect of propofol on lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation, neuronal injuries, microglia metabolic reprogramming as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. The neuroprotective effects of propofol (80 mg/kg) in vivo were measured in the lipopolysaccharide (2 mg/kg)-induced sepsis in mice through behavioral tests, Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining. The anti-inflammatory effects of propofol (50 μM) in microglial cell cultures under lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/ml) challenge were examined with Seahorse XF Glycolysis Stress test, ROS assay, Western blot, and immunofluorescent staining. We showed that propofol treatment reduced microglia activation and neuroinflammation, inhibited neuronal apoptosis and improved lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive dysfunction. Propofol also attenuated lipopolysaccharide-stimulated increases of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interlukin-1β and COX-2 in cultured BV-2 cells. Propofol-treated microglia showed a remarkable suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced HIF-1α, PFKFB3, HK2 expression and along with downregulation of the ROS/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, propofol attenuated the enhancement of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis induced by lipopolysaccharide. Together, our data suggest that propofol attenuated inflammatory response by inhibiting metabolic reprogramming, at least in part, through downregulation of the ROS/PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway.
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Microglia secrete distinct sets of neurotoxins in a stimulus-dependent manner. Brain Res 2023; 1807:148315. [PMID: 36878343 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain which regulate both the innate and adaptive neuroimmune responses in health and disease. In response to specific endogenous and exogenous stimuli, microglia transition to one of their reactive states characterized by altered morphology and function, including their secretory profile. A component of the microglial secretome is cytotoxic molecules capable of causing damage and death to nearby host cells, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Indirect evidence from secretome studies and measurements of mRNA expression using diverse microglial cell types suggest different stimuli may induce microglia to secrete distinct subsets of cytotoxins. We demonstrate the accuracy of this hypothesis directly by challenging murine BV-2 microglia-like cells with eight different immune stimuli and assessing secretion of four potentially cytotoxic molecules, including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), and glutamate. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a combination of interferon (IFN)-γ plus LPS induced secretion of all toxins studied. IFN-β, IFN-γ, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), and zymosan A upregulated secretion of subsets of these four cytotoxins. LPS and IFN-γ, alone or in combination, as well as IFN-β induced toxicity of BV-2 cells towards murine NSC-34 neuronal cells, while ATP, N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) did not affect any parameters studied. Our observations contribute to a growing body of knowledge on the regulation of the microglial secretome, which may inform future development of novel therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases, where dysregulated microglia are key contributors to pathogenesis.
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Agmatine Mitigates Inflammation-Related Oxidative Stress in BV-2 Cells by Inducing a Pre-Adaptive Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073561. [PMID: 35408922 PMCID: PMC8998340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and microglial activation, common components of most neurodegenerative diseases, can be imitated in vitro by challenging microglia cells with Lps. We here aimed to evaluate the effects of agmatine pretreatment on Lps-induced oxidative stress in a mouse microglial BV-2 cell line. Our findings show that agmatine suppresses nitrosative and oxidative burst in Lps-stimulated microglia by reducing iNOS and XO activity and decreasing O2- levels, arresting lipid peroxidation, increasing total glutathione content, and preserving GR and CAT activity. In accordance with these results, agmatine suppresses inflammatory NF-kB, and stimulates antioxidant Nrf2 pathway, resulting in decreased TNF, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 release, and reduced iNOS and COX-2 levels. Together with increased ARG1, CD206 and HO-1 levels, our results imply that, in inflammatory conditions, agmatine pushes microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Interestingly, we also discovered that agmatine alone increases lipid peroxidation end product levels, induces Nrf2 activation, increases total glutathione content, and GPx activity. Thus, we hypothesize that some of the effects of agmatine, observed in activated microglia, may be mediated by induced oxidative stress and adaptive response, prior to Lps stimulation.
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Halder T, Patel B, Acharya N. Design and optimization of myricetin encapsulated nanostructured lipid carriers: In-vivo assessment against cognitive impairment in amyloid beta (1–42) intoxicated rats. Life Sci 2022; 297:120479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wu Q, Yin CH, Li Y, Cai JQ, Yang HY, Huang YY, Zheng YX, Xiong K, Yu HL, Lu AP, Wang KX, Guan DG, Chen YP. Detecting Critical Functional Ingredients Group and Mechanism of Xuebijing Injection in Treating Sepsis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:769190. [PMID: 34938184 PMCID: PMC8687625 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.769190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory reaction caused by various infectious or noninfectious factors, which can lead to shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and death. It is one of the common complications and a main cause of death in critically ill patients. At present, the treatments of sepsis are mainly focused on the controlling of inflammatory response and reduction of various organ function damage, including anti-infection, hormones, mechanical ventilation, nutritional support, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Among them, Xuebijing injection (XBJI) is an important derivative of TCM, which is widely used in clinical research. However, the molecular mechanism of XBJI on sepsis is still not clear. The mechanism of treatment of "bacteria, poison and inflammation" and the effects of multi-ingredient, multi-target, and multi-pathway have still not been clarified. For solving this issue, we designed a new systems pharmacology strategy which combines target genes of XBJI and the pathogenetic genes of sepsis to construct functional response space (FRS). The key response proteins in the FRS were determined by using a novel node importance calculation method and were condensed by a dynamic programming strategy to conduct the critical functional ingredients group (CFIG). The results showed that enriched pathways of key response proteins selected from FRS could cover 95.83% of the enriched pathways of reference targets, which were defined as the intersections of ingredient targets and pathogenetic genes. The targets of the optimized CFIG with 60 ingredients could be enriched into 182 pathways which covered 81.58% of 152 pathways of 1,606 pathogenetic genes. The prediction of CFIG targets showed that the CFIG of XBJI could affect sepsis synergistically through genes such as TAK1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MEK1 in the pathways of MAPK, NF-κB, PI3K-AKT, Toll-like receptor, and tumor necrosis factor signaling. Finally, the effects of apigenin, baicalein, and luteolin were evaluated by in vitro experiments and were proved to be effective in reducing the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, significantly. These results indicate that the novel integrative model can promote reliability and accuracy on depicting the CFIGs in XBJI and figure out a methodological coordinate for simplicity, mechanism analysis, and secondary development of formulas in TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi- Wu
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Hui Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Qi Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han-Yun Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xu Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Lang Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Ping Lu
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Ke-Xin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,National Key Clinical Specialty/Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Institute, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dao-Gang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Peng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Li X, Lin J, Hua Y, Gong J, Ding S, Du Y, Wang X, Zheng R, Xu H. Agmatine Alleviates Epileptic Seizures and Hippocampal Neuronal Damage by Inhibiting Gasdermin D-Mediated Pyroptosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:627557. [PMID: 34421582 PMCID: PMC8378273 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epilepsy is a common neurological disease, and neuroinflammation is one of the main contributors to epileptogenesis. Pyroptosis is a type of pro-inflammatory cell death that is related to epilepsy. Agmatine, has anti-inflammatory properties and exerts neuroprotective effects against seizures. Our study investigated the effect of agmatine on the core pyroptosis protein GSDMD in the context of epilepsy. Methods: A chronic epilepsy model and BV2 microglial cellular inflammation model were established by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. H&E and Nissl staining were used to evaluate hippocampal neuronal damage. The expression of pyroptosis and inflammasome factors was examined by western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Agmatine disrupted the kindling acquisition process, which decreased seizure scores and the incidence of full kindling and blocked hippocampal neuronal damage. In addition, agmatine increased BV2 microglial cell survival in vitro and alleviated seizures in vivo by suppressing the levels of PTZ-induced pyroptosis. Finally, the expression of TLR4, MYD88, phospho-IκBα, phospho-NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome was significantly upregulated in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells, while agmatine suppressed the expression of these proteins. Conclusions: Our results indicate that agmatine affects epileptogenesis and exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting neuroinflammation, GSDMD activation, and pyroptosis. The inhibitory effect of agmatine on pyroptosis was mediated by the suppression of the TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Therefore, agmatine may be a potential treatment option for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahe Lin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Hua
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaoni Gong
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Siqi Ding
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanru Du
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinshi Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rongyuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huiqin Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Borikar SP, Dongare SI, Danao KR. Reversal of lipopolysaccharide-induced learning and memory deficits by agmatine in mice. Int J Neurosci 2021; 132:621-632. [PMID: 33089716 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1830086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
MATERIALS AND METHODS Learning and memory functions in animals were evaluated by using Novel object recognition (NOR) and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Following 7 days of LPS administration, animals were subjected to NOR test on Day-8 and MWM test on Days-9 to 13 for the assessment of recognition and spatial learning and memory, respectively. RESULTS LPS administration produced significant deficits in recognition and spatial memory in mice after seven days of LPS administration. In LPS pre-treated mice, agmatine treatment on Day-8 resulted in the increased exploration to the novel object. Agmatine treatment (Day 8-12) in mice showed reduction in the escape latency and time spent in the target quadrant (probe trial) in the MWM test. However, co-administration of agmatine with LPS in mice for 7 days showed higher discrimination index in NOR test on Day-8. This co-administration also decreased escape latency and time spent in the target quadrant in MWM test on Days 9-13 as compared to LPS control group. CONCLUSION Results implies the protective and curative effects of agmatine against LPS-induced loss of memory functions in experimental animals.HighlightsSubchronic but not acute lipopolysaccharides induce memory deficitsLipopolysaccharides impairs recognition and spatial memory in mice.Agmatine prevents lipopolysaccharides-induced loss of memory.Agmatine reverses deficits in learning and memory by lipopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin P Borikar
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shruti I Dongare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kishor R Danao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Kale M, Nimje N, Aglawe MM, Umekar M, Taksande B, Kotagale N. Agmatine modulates anxiety and depression-like behaviour in diabetic insulin-resistant rats. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Agmatine Attenuates Liver Ischemia Reperfusion Injury by Activating Wnt/β-catenin Signaling in Mice. Transplantation 2020; 104:1906-1916. [PMID: 32032294 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver ischemia reperfusion injury (LIRI) is a common problem during surgical procedures of the liver. It causes severe inflammatory responses and cell death, eventually leading to serious liver damage. Agmatine (AGM) is an endogenous polyamine with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. However, it is still unknown whether AGM can protect the liver from damage caused by LIRI. METHODS For the in vivo experiments, a mouse model of partial warm hepatic ischemia reperfusion was established using C57BL/6J mice and then serum transaminase concentrations were analyzed. Histopathology was used to evaluate the degree of liver injury and quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the amount of inflammatory cytokines. For the in vitro experiments, a cellular model of cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced hypoxia was established using AML12 cells. Flow cytometry was performed to measure the apoptosis levels. Western blotting analysis was conducted to measure the levels of proteins involved in apoptosis and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We also chose 2 inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling to elucidate the relationship between AGM and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. RESULTS AGM showed protective effects against LIRI-induced liver damage, inflammatory responses, and cell apoptosis along with alleviation of CoCl2-induced hepatocyte injury. AGM activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway during LIRI and CoCl2-induced hepatocyte injury; however, when the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was inhibited, the protective effects of AGM declined. CONCLUSIONS AGM showed protective effects against LIRI by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Gouda AS, Mégarbane B. Snake venom-derived bradykinin-potentiating peptides: A promising therapy for COVID-19? Drug Dev Res 2020; 82:38-48. [PMID: 32761647 PMCID: PMC7436322 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐COV‐2), a novel coronavirus responsible for the recent infectious pandemic, is known to downregulate angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2). Most current investigations focused on SARS‐COV‐2‐related effects on the renin–angiotensin system and especially the resultant increase in angiotensin II, neglecting its effects on the kinin–kallikrein system. SARS‐COV‐2‐induced ACE2 inhibition leads to the augmentation of bradykinin 1‐receptor effects, as ACE2 inactivates des‐Arg9‐bradykinin, a bradykinin metabolite. SARS‐COV‐2 also decreases bradykinin 2‐receptor effects as it affects bradykinin synthesis by inhibiting cathepsin L, a kininogenase present at the site of infection and involved in bradykinin production. The physiologies of both the renin–angiotensin and kinin–kallikrein system are functionally related suggesting that any intervention aiming to treat SARS‐COV‐2‐infected patients by triggering one system but ignoring the other may not be adequately effective. Interestingly, the snake‐derived bradykinin‐potentiating peptide (BPP‐10c) acts on both systems. BPP‐10c strongly decreases angiotensin II by inhibiting ACE, increasing bradykinin‐related effects on the bradykinin 2‐receptor and increasing nitric oxide‐mediated effects. Based on a narrative review of the literature, we suggest that BPP‐10c could be an optimally effective option to consider when aiming at developing an anti‐SARS‐COV‐2 drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Gouda
- National Egyptian Center for Toxicological Researches, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, University of Paris, INSERM UMRS-1144, Paris, France
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Li X, Zhu J, Tian L, Ma X, Fan X, Luo L, Yu J, Sun Y, Yang X, Tang W, Ma W, Yan J, Xu X, Liang H. Agmatine Protects Against the Progression of Sepsis Through the Imidazoline I2 Receptor-Ribosomal S6 Kinase 2-Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway. Crit Care Med 2020; 48:e40-e47. [PMID: 31634234 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhu HE, Yin JY, Chen DX, He S, Chen H. Agmatinase promotes the lung adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis by activating the NO-MAPKs-PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:854. [PMID: 31699997 PMCID: PMC6838094 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. There is an urgent need to uncover the pathogenic mechanism to develop new treatments. Agmatinase (AGMAT) expression and its association with clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed via GEO, Oncomine, and TCGA databases, and IHC staining in human LUAD specimens. An EdU cell proliferation kit, propidiumiodide staining, colony formation, cell migration, and invasion assays, and a xenograft tumor model were used to detect the biological function of AGMAT in LUAD. Furthermore, the expression level of nitric oxide (NO) was detected using a DAF-FMDA fluorescent probe or nitrite assay kit, and further validated with Carboxy-PTIO (a NO scavenger). The roles of three isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (nNOS, eNOS, and iNOS) were validated using L-NAME (eNOS inhibitor), SMT (iNOS inhibitor), and spermidine (nNOS inhibitor). AGMAT expression was up-regulated in LUAD tissues. LUAD patients with high AGMAT levels were associated with poorer prognoses. AGMAT promoted LUAD tumorigenesis in NO released by iNOS both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, NO signaling up-regulated the expression of cyclin D1 via activating the MAPK and PI3K/Akt-dependent c-myc activity, ultimately promoting the malignant proliferation of tumor cells. On the whole, AGMAT promoted NO release via up-regulating the expression of iNOS. High levels of NO drove LUAD tumorigenesis via activating MAPK and PI3K/Akt cascades. AGMAT might be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Er Zhu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510150, PR China
| | - Jia-Yi Yin
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510150, PR China
| | - De-Xiong Chen
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510150, PR China
| | - Sheng He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510150, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510150, PR China.
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Protective effects of distinct proline-rich oligopeptides from B. jararaca snake venom against oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity. Toxicon 2019; 167:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kotagale NR, Taksande BG, Inamdar NN. Neuroprotective offerings by agmatine. Neurotoxicology 2019; 73:228-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Agmatine inhibits nuclear factor-κB nuclear translocation in acute spinal cord compression injury rat model. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Watts D, Pfaffenseller B, Wollenhaupt-Aguiar B, Paul Géa L, Cardoso TDA, Kapczinski F. Agmatine as a potential therapeutic intervention in bipolar depression: the preclinical landscape. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:327-339. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1581764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devon Watts
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bianca Pfaffenseller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Luiza Paul Géa
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Flavio Kapczinski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Nair S, Sobotka KS, Joshi P, Gressens P, Fleiss B, Thornton C, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Lipopolysaccharide-induced alteration of mitochondrial morphology induces a metabolic shift in microglia modulating the inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. Glia 2019; 67:1047-1061. [PMID: 30637805 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that changes in the metabolic signature of microglia underlie their response to inflammation. We sought to increase our knowledge of how pro-inflammatory stimuli induce metabolic changes. Primary microglia exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-expressed excessive fission leading to more fragmented mitochondria than tubular mitochondria. LPS-mediated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation also resulted in metabolic reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. Blockade of mitochondrial fission by Mdivi-1, a putative mitochondrial division inhibitor led to the reversal of the metabolic shift. Mdivi-1 treatment also normalized the changes caused by LPS exposure, namely an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial membrane potential as well as accumulation of key metabolic intermediate of TCA cycle succinate. Moreover, Mdivi-1 treatment substantially reduced LPS induced cytokine and chemokine production. Finally, we showed that Mdivi-1 treatment attenuated expression of genes related to cytotoxic, repair, and immunomodulatory microglia phenotypes in an in vivo neuroinflammation paradigm. Collectively, our data show that the activation of microglia to a classically pro-inflammatory state is associated with a switch to glycolysis that is mediated by mitochondrial fission, a process which may be a pharmacological target for immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam Nair
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina S Sobotka
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pooja Joshi
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire Thornton
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Mallard
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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20
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Barua S, Kim JY, Lee JE. Role of Agmatine on Neuroglia in Central Nervous System Injury. BRAIN & NEUROREHABILITATION 2019. [DOI: 10.12786/bn.2019.12.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Barua
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Ahmed N, Aljuhani N, Al-Hujaili HS, Al-Hujaili MA, Elkablawy MA, Noah MM, Abo-Haded H, El-Agamy DS. Agmatine protects against sodium valproate-induced hepatic injury in mice via modulation of nuclear factor-κB/inducible nitric oxide synthetase pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22227. [PMID: 30273971 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Valproate is a widely used drug against epilepsy and several other neurological disorders although it has deleterious hepatotoxic side effects. The current study was designed to test if agmatine as nitric oxide modulator has protective effects against valproate-induced hepatic injury. Male Swiss albino mice were treated with sodium valproate (SVP) with or without agmatine for 7 days. Serum and liver samples were collected for analysis. Results have revealed that agmatine exerted hepatoprotective effects against SVP-associated hepatic injury. Agmatine ameliorated SVP-induced elevated serum biochemical markers of hepatic damage such as serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Histopathological examination of the liver showed improvement of hepatic lesions in case of agmatine treatment. Furthermore, agmatine attenuated oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidants in liver tissue. Agmatine inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB and ameliorated the immunoexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthetase. This was accompanied by decrease in the level of inflammatory markers as nitrite/nitrate, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6. These data provide new evidence of the hepatoprotective activity of agmatine against SVP-induced hepatotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishat Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.,Hepatology Research team, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Aljuhani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.,Hepatology Research team, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind S Al-Hujaili
- Hepatology Research team, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manar A Al-Hujaili
- Hepatology Research team, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Elkablawy
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Magdy M Noah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Hany Abo-Haded
- Cardiology Unit, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina S El-Agamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.,Hepatology Research team, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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22
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Agmatine attenuates rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury in rats in a dose dependent manner. Life Sci 2018; 208:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Oleskin AV, Shenderov BA, Rogovsky VS. Role of Neurochemicals in the Interaction between the Microbiota and the Immune and the Nervous System of the Host Organism. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 9:215-234. [PMID: 28229287 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This work is concerned with the role of evolutionary conserved substances, neurotransmitters, and neurohormones, within the complex framework of the microbial consortium-immune system-nervous system axis in the human or animal organism. Although the operation of each of these systems per se is relatively well understood, their combined effects on the host organism still await further research. Drawing on recent research on host-produced and microbial low-molecular-weight neurochemicals such as biogenic amines, amino acids, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), we suggest that these mediators form a part of a universal neurochemical "language." It mediates the whole gamut of harmonious and disharmonious interactions between (a) the intestinal microbial consortium, (b) local and systemic immune cells, and (c) the central and peripheral nervous system. Importantly, the ongoing microbiota-host interactivity is bidirectional. We present evidence that a large number of microbially produced low-molecular-weight compounds are identical or homologous to mediators that are synthesized by immune or nervous cells and, therefore, can bind to the corresponding host receptors. In addition, microbial cells specifically respond to host-produced neuromediators/neurohormones because they have adapted to them during the course of many millions of years of microbiota-host coevolution. We emphasize that the terms "microbiota" and "microbial consortium" are to be used in the broadest sense, so as to include, apart from bacteria, also eukaryotic microorganisms. These are exemplified by the mycobiota whose role in the microbial consortium-immune system-nervous system axis researchers are only beginning to elucidate. In light of the above, it is imperative to reform the current strategies of using probiotic microorganisms and their metabolites for treating and preventing dysbiosis-related diseases. The review demonstrates, in the example of novel probiotics (psychobiotics), that many target-oriented probiotic preparations produce important side effects on a wide variety of processes in the host organism. In particular, we should take into account probiotics' capacity to produce mediators that can considerably modify the operation of the microecological, immune, and nervous system of the human organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Oleskin
- General Ecology Department, Biology School, Moscow State University, Vorobiev Hills, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Boris A Shenderov
- Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
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Querobino SM, Ribeiro CAJ, Alberto-Silva C. Bradykinin-potentiating PEPTIDE-10C, an argininosuccinate synthetase activator, protects against H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Peptides 2018; 103:90-97. [PMID: 29605732 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs - 5a, 7a, 9a, 10c, 11e, and 12b) of Bothrops jararaca (Bj) were described as argininosuccinate synthase (AsS) activators, improving l-arginine availability. Agmatine and polyamines, which are l-arginine metabolism products, have neuroprotective properties. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of low molecular mass fraction from Bj venom (LMMF) and two synthetic BPPs (BPP-10c, <ENWPHPQIPP; BPP-12b, <EWGRPPGPPIPP) in the SH-SY5Y cell line against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced were analyzed by reactive oxygen species (ROS - DCFH) production; lipid peroxidation (TBARS); intracellular GSH; AsS, iNOS, and NF-kB expressions; nitrite levels (Griess); mitochondrial membrane potential (TMRM); and antioxidant activity (DPPH). Analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test were calculated for statistical comparisons. Pre-treatment with both BPPs significantly reduced cell death induced by H2O2, but BPP-10c showed higher protective capacity than BPP-12b. LMMF pretreatment was unable to prevent the reduction of cell viability caused by H2O2. The neuroprotective mechanism of BPP-10c against oxidative stress was investigated. BPP-10c reduced ROS generation and lipid peroxidation in relation to cells treated only with H2O2. BBP-10c increased AsS expression and was not neuroprotective in the presence of MDLA, a specific inhibitor of AsS. BPP-10c reduced iNOS expression and nitrate levels but decreased NF-kB expression. Furthermore, BPP-10c protected the mitochondrial membrane against oxidation. Overall, we demonstrated for the first time neuroprotective mechanisms of BPPs against oxidative stress, opening new perspectives to the study and application of these peptides for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyr Machado Querobino
- Natural and Humanities Sciences Center, Experimental Morphophysiology Laboratory Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Rua Arcturus, n° 03, Bloco Delta, São Bernardo do Campo, 09606-070, SP, Brazil
| | - César Augusto João Ribeiro
- Natural and Humanities Sciences Center, Experimental Morphophysiology Laboratory Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Rua Arcturus, n° 03, Bloco Delta, São Bernardo do Campo, 09606-070, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto-Silva
- Natural and Humanities Sciences Center, Experimental Morphophysiology Laboratory Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Rua Arcturus, n° 03, Bloco Delta, São Bernardo do Campo, 09606-070, SP, Brazil.
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25
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Turan I, Ozacmak HS, Ozacmak VH, Barut F, Araslı M. Agmatine attenuates intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction in rats. Life Sci 2017; 189:23-28. [PMID: 28893640 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inci Turan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Hale Sayan Ozacmak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - V Haktan Ozacmak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Figen Barut
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Araslı
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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26
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Kim JH, Kim JY, Mun CH, Suh M, Lee JE. Agmatine Modulates the Phenotype of Macrophage Acute Phase after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Exp Neurobiol 2017; 26:278-286. [PMID: 29093636 PMCID: PMC5661060 DOI: 10.5607/en.2017.26.5.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Agmatine is a decarboxylated arginine by arginine decarboxylase. Agmatine is known to be a neuroprotective agent. It has been reported that agmatine works as a NMDA receptor blocker or a competitive nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in CNS injuries. In spinal cord injury, agmatine showed reduction of neuropathic pain, improvement of locomotor function, and neuroprotection. Macrophage is a key cellular component in neuroinflammation, a major cause of impairment after spinal cord injury. Macrophage has subtypes, M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophage induces a pro-inflammatory response, but M2 inspires an anti-inflammatory response. In this study, it was clarified whether the neuroprotective effect of agmatine is related with the modulation of macrophage subdivision after spinal cord injury. Spinal cord injury was induced in rats with contusion using MASCIS. Animals received agmatine (100 mg/kg, IP) daily for 6 days beginning the day after spinal cord injury. The proportion of M1 and M2 macrophages are confirmed with immunohistochemistry and FACS. CD206+ & ED1+ cells were counted as M2 macrophages. The systemic treatment of agmatine increased M2 macrophages caudal side to epicenter 1 week after spinal cord injury in immunohistochemistry. M2 macrophage related markers, Arginase-1 and CD206 mRNA, were increased in the agmatine treatment group and M2 macrophage expressing and stimulated cytokine, IL-10 mRNA, also was significantly overexpressed by agmatine injection. Among BMPs, BMP2/4/7, agmatine significantly increased only the expression of BMP2 known to reduce M1 macrophage under inflammatory status. These results suggest that agmatine reduces impairment after spinal cord injury through modulating the macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chin Hee Mun
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Minah Suh
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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27
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Neis VB, Rosa PB, Olescowicz G, Rodrigues ALS. Therapeutic potential of agmatine for CNS disorders. Neurochem Int 2017; 108:318-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Agmatine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide induced depressive-like behaviour in mice by targeting the underlying inflammatory and oxido-nitrosative mediators. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 149:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Glutamate ameliorates copper-induced oxidative injury by regulating antioxidant defences in fish intestine. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:70-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516001732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the protective effect of glutamate (Glu) in Cu-induced oxidative injury in fish intestine in vivo and enterocytes in vitro. The results indicated that exposure to 6 mg/l Cu for 72 h induced the production of reactive oxygen species, thereby increasing protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in enterocytes of grass carp in vitro. Cells exposed to Cu alone resulted in a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase release, which is accompanied by depletions of antioxidants, including total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), anti-superoxide anion (ASA), anti-hydroxy radical (AHR) activities and GSH content. Pre-treatment with Glu remarkably prevented the toxic effects of Cu on the T-SOD, GST, GR, AHR, and ASA activities and GSH content in enterocytes. However, Cu induced an adaptive increase in the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Glu supplementation further increased GPx activity in enterocytes. Interestingly, the experiment in vivo showed that Glu pre-supplementation significantly elevated SOD, GPx, GST, GR, ASA and AHR activities, as well as GSH content. Further results showed that pre-treatment with Glu could alleviate Cu-induced oxidative injury by elevating antioxidant enzyme activities through regulating the expression of NF-E2-related nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA. Together, these results indicated that Glu could attenuate Cu-induced cellular oxidative damage in fish intestine, likely mediated through Nrf2 signalling pathways regulating mRNA expressions of antioxidant enzyme genes and synthesis of GSH.
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30
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Siemian JN, Obeng S, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Li JX. Antinociceptive Interactions between the Imidazoline I2 Receptor Agonist 2-BFI and Opioids in Rats: Role of Efficacy at the μ-Opioid Receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:509-19. [PMID: 27056847 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although μ-opioids have been reported to interact favorably with imidazoline I2 receptor (I2R) ligands in animal models of chronic pain, the dependence on the μ-opioid receptor ligand efficacy on these interactions had not been previously investigated. This study systematically examined the interactions between the selective I2 receptor ligand 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (2-BFI) and three μ-opioid receptor ligands of varying efficacies: fentanyl (high efficacy), buprenorphine (medium-low efficacy), and 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6α-[(3'-isoquinolyl) acetamido] morphine (NAQ; very low efficacy). The von Frey test of mechanical nociception and Hargreaves test of thermal nociception were used to examine the antihyperalgesic effects of drug combinations in complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain in rats. Food-reinforced schedule-controlled responding was used to examine the rate-suppressing effects of each drug combination. Dose-addition and isobolographical analyses were used to characterize the nature of drug-drug interactions in each assay. 2-BFI and fentanyl fully reversed both mechanical and thermal nociception, whereas buprenorphine significantly reversed thermal but only slightly reversed mechanical nociception. NAQ was ineffective in both nociception assays. When studied in combination with fentanyl, NAQ acted as a competitive antagonist (apparent pA2 value: 6.19). 2-BFI/fentanyl mixtures produced additive to infra-additive analgesic interactions, 2-BFI/buprenorphine mixtures produced supra-additive to infra-additive interactions, and 2-BFI/NAQ mixtures produced supra-additive to additive interactions in the nociception assays. The effects of all combinations on schedule-controlled responding were generally additive. Results consistent with these were found in experiments using female rats. These findings indicate that lower-efficacy μ-opioid receptor agonists may interact more favorably with I2R ligands than high-efficacy μ-opioid receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Siemian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (J.N.S., J.-X.L.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (S.O., Yan.Z.); and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (Yanan.Z.)
| | - Samuel Obeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (J.N.S., J.-X.L.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (S.O., Yan.Z.); and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (Yanan.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (J.N.S., J.-X.L.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (S.O., Yan.Z.); and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (Yanan.Z.)
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (J.N.S., J.-X.L.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (S.O., Yan.Z.); and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (Yanan.Z.)
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (J.N.S., J.-X.L.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (S.O., Yan.Z.); and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (Yanan.Z.)
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31
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Vitamin D inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response potentially through the Toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway in the intestine and enterocytes of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1560-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515003256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D both in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) in vivo and in enterocytes in vitro. In primary enterocytes, exposure to 10 mg lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/l increased lactate dehydrogenase activity in the culture medium (P<0·05) and resulted in a significant loss of cell viability (P<0·05). LPS exposure increased (P<0·05) the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8), which was decreased by pre-treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D3) in a dose-dependent manner (P<0·05). Further results showed that pre-treatment with 1,25D3 down-regulated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (Myd88) and NF-κB p65 mRNA expression (P<0·05), suggesting potential mechanisms against LPS-induced inflammatory response. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of LPS significantly increased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression in the intestine of carp (P<0·05). Pre-treatment of fish with vitamin D3 protected the fish intestine from the LPS-induced increase of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 mainly by downregulating TLR4, Myd88 and NF-κB p65 mRNA expression (P<0·05). These observations suggest that vitamin D could inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory response in juvenile Jian carp in vivo and in enterocytes in vitro. The anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D is mediated at least in part by TLR4-Myd88 signalling pathways in the intestine and enterocytes of juvenile Jian carp.
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Han N, Yu L, Song Z, Luo L, Wu Y. Agmatine protects Müller cells from high-concentration glucose-induced cell damage via N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor inhibition. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1098-106. [PMID: 25816073 PMCID: PMC4438955 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural injury is associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy. Müller cells provide structural and metabolic support for retinal neurons. High glucose concentrations are known to induce Müller cell activity. Agmatine is an endogenous polyamine, which is enzymatically formed in the mammalian brain and has exhibited neuroprotective effects in a number of experimental models. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether agmatine protects Müller cells from glucose-induced damage and to explore the mechanisms underlying this process. Lactate dehydrogenase activity and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression were significantly reduced in Müller cells exposed to a high glucose concentration, following agmatine treatment, compared with cells not treated with agmatine. In addition, agmatine treatment inhibited glucose-induced Müller cell apoptosis, which was associated with the regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expression. Agmatine treatment suppressed glucose-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein in Müller cells. The present study demonstrated that the protective effects of agmatine on Müller cells were inhibited by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA). The results of the present study suggested that agmatine treatment protects Müller cells from high-concentration glucose-induced cell damage. The underlying mechanisms may relate to the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of agmatine, as well as to the inhibition of the MAPK pathway, via NMDA receptor suppression. Agmatine may be of use in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for patients with diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Zhidu Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Lifu Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yazhen Wu
- Department of Ocular Fundus Disease, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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Jiang J, Shi D, Zhou XQ, Hu Y, Feng L, Liu Y, Jiang WD, Zhao Y. In vitro and in vivo protective effect of arginine against lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response in the intestine of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:457-464. [PMID: 25433136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the possible protective effects of arginine (Arg) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammatory response in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) in vivo and in enterocytes in vitro. Firstly, inflammatory response was established by exposing enterocytes to different concentrations of LPS for 24 h. Secondly, the protective effects of Arg against subsequent LPS exposure were studied in enterocytes. Finally, we investigated whether dietary Arg supplementation could attenuate immune challenge induced by LPS in vivo. The result indicated that 10 mg/L LPS could induced inflammatory response in enterocytes. Cells exposed to LPS (10-30 mg/L) alone for 24 h resulted in a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase release (LDH) (P < 0.05). The cell viability, protein content, alkaline phosphatase activity were decreased by LPS (P < 0.05). Moreover, LPS exposure significantly increased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA expression in vitro (P < 0.05). However, pre-treatment with Arg remarkably prevented the increase of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by inhibiting the excessive activation of TLR4-Myd88 signaling pathway through down-regulating TLR4, Myd88, NFκB p65, and MAPK p38 mRNA expression (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the experiment in vivo showed that Arg pre-supplementation could attenuate immune challenge induced by LPS via TLR4-Myd88 signaling pathway, and thus protect fish against LPS-induced inflammatory response. In conclusion, all of these results indicated pre-supplementation with Arg decreased LPS induced immune damage and regulated TLR4-Myd88 signaling pathway in juvenile Jian carp in vivo and in enterocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Dan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Yi Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Song J, Hur BE, Bokara KK, Yang W, Cho HJ, Park KA, Lee WT, Lee KM, Lee JE. Agmatine improves cognitive dysfunction and prevents cell death in a streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer rat model. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55:689-99. [PMID: 24719136 PMCID: PMC3990080 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.3.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease (AD) results in memory impairment and neuronal cell death in the brain. Previous studies demonstrated that intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (STZ) induces pathological and behavioral alterations similar to those observed in AD. Agmatine (Agm) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in central nervous system disorders. In this study, we investigated whether Agm treatment could attenuate apoptosis and improve cognitive decline in a STZ-induced Alzheimer rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the effect of Agm on AD pathology using a STZ-induced Alzheimer rat model. For each experiment, rats were given anesthesia (chloral hydrate 300 mg/kg, ip), followed by a single injection of STZ (1.5 mg/kg) bilaterally into each lateral ventricle (5 μL/ventricle). Rats were injected with Agm (100 mg/kg) daily up to two weeks from the surgery day. RESULTS Agm suppressed the accumulation of amyloid beta and enhanced insulin signal transduction in STZ-induced Alzheimer rats [experimetal control (EC) group]. Upon evaluation of cognitive function by Morris water maze testing, significant improvement of learning and memory dysfunction in the STZ-Agm group was observed compared with the EC group. Western blot results revealed significant attenuation of the protein expressions of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, as well as increases in the protein expressions of Bcl2, PI3K, Nrf2, and γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase, in the STZ-Agm group. CONCLUSION Our results showed that Agm is involved in the activation of antioxidant signaling pathways and activation of insulin signal transduction. Accordingly, Agm may be a promising therapeutic agent for improving cognitive decline and attenuating apoptosis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Eun Hur
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiran Kumar Bokara
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonsuk Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Cho
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Taek Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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El-Agamy DS, Sharawy MH, Ammar EM. Agmatine attenuates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 33:650-60. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327114521047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a large body of evidence that nitric oxide (NO) formation is implicated in mediating silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. As a reactive free radical, NO may not only contribute to lung parenchymal tissue injury but also has the ability to combine with superoxide and form a highly reactive toxic species peroxynitrite that can induce extensive cellular toxicity in the lung tissues. This study aimed to explore the effect of agmatine, a known NO synthase inhibitor, on silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with agmatine for 60 days following a single intranasal instillation of silica suspension (50 mg in 0.1 ml saline/rat). The results revealed that agmatine attenuated silica-induced lung inflammation as it decreased the lung wet/dry weight ratio, protein concentration, and the accumulation of the inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Agmatine showed antifibrotic activity as it decreased total hydroxyproline content of the lung and reduced silica-mediated lung inflammation and fibrosis in lung histopathological specimen. In addition, agmatine significantly increased superoxide dismutase ( p < 0.001) and reduced glutathione ( p < 0.05) activities with significant decrease in the lung malondialdehyde ( p < 0.001) content as compared to the silica group. Agmatine also reduced silica-induced overproduction of pulmonary nitrite/nitrate as well as tumor necrosis factor α. Collectively, these results demonstrate the protective effects of agmatine against the silica-induced lung fibrosis that may be attributed to its ability to counteract the NO production, lipid peroxidation, and regulate cytokine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- DS El-Agamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - MH Sharawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - EM Ammar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Song J, Kumar BK, Kang S, Park KA, Lee WT, Lee JE. The Effect of Agmatine on Expression of IL-1β and TLX Which Promotes Neuronal Differentiation in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Neural Progenitors. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:268-76. [PMID: 24465142 PMCID: PMC3897688 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.4.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is important for protecting neural cells and brain tissue during inflammation. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is the most common pro- inflammatory cytokine in brain inflammation, and increased IL-1β levels can decrease the proliferation of NPCs. We aimed to investigate whether agmatine (Agm), a primary polyamine that protects neural cells, could trigger differentiation of NPCs by activating IL-1β in vitro. The cortex of ICR mouse embryos (E14) was dissociated to culture NPCs. NPCs were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After 6 days, protein expression of stem cell markers and differentiation signal factors was confirmed by using western blot analysis. Also, immunocytochemistry was used to confirm the cell fate. Agm treatment activated NPC differentiation significantly more than in the control group, which was evident by the increased expression of a neuronal marker, MAP2, in the LPS-induced, Agm-treated group. Differentiation of LPS-induced, Agm-treated NPCs was regulated by the MAPK pathway and is thought to be related to IL-1β activation and decreased expression of TLX, a transcription factor that regulates NPC differentiation. Our results reveal that Agm can promote NPC differentiation to neural stem cells by modulating IL-1β expression under inflammatory condition, and they suggest that Agm may be a novel therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Bokara Kiran Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Somang Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea. ; BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Won Taek Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea. ; BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Song J, Cho KJ, Cheon SY, Kim SH, Park KA, Lee WT, Lee JE. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is linked to neural stem cell differentiation after ischemic brain injury. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e69. [PMID: 24357833 PMCID: PMC3880461 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been suggested as a groundbreaking solution for stroke patients because they have the potential for self-renewal and differentiation into neurons. The differentiation of NSCs into neurons is integral for increasing the therapeutic efficiency of NSCs during inflammation. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is preferentially activated by oxidative stress and inflammation, which is the fundamental pathology of brain damage in stroke. ASK1 may be involved in the early inflammation response after stroke and may be related to the differentiation of NSCs because of the relationship between ASK1 and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Therefore, we investigated whether ASK1 is linked to the differentiation of NSCs under the context of inflammation. On the basis of the results of a microarray analysis, we performed the following experiments: western blot analysis to confirm ASK1, DCX, MAP2, phospho-p38 expression; fluorescence-activated cell sorting assay to estimate cell death; and immunocytochemistry to visualize and confirm the differentiation of cells in brain tissue. Neurosphere size and cell survival were highly maintained in ASK1-suppressed, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated brains compared with only LPS-treated brains. The number of positive cells for MAP2, a neuronal marker, was lower in the ASK1-suppressed group than in the control group. According to our microarray data, phospho-p38 expression was inversely linked to ASK1 suppression, and our immunohistochemistry data showed that slight upregulation of ASK1 by LPS promoted the differentiation of endogenous, neuronal stem cells into neurons, but highly increased ASK1 levels after cerebral ischemic damage led to high levels of cell death. We conclude that ASK1 is regulated in response to the early inflammation phase and regulates the differentiation of NSCs after inflammatory-inducing events, such as ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Joo Cho
- 1] Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea [2] BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yeong Cheon
- 1] Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea [2] BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sa-Hyun Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Taek Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- 1] Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea [2] BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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El-Agamy DS, Makled MN, Gamil NM. Protective effects of agmatine against d-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice. Inflammopharmacology 2013; 22:187-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-013-0188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Li Y, Chen G, Zhao J, Nie X, Wan C, Liu J, Duan Z, Xu G. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces microglial nitric oxide production and subsequent rat primary cortical neuron apoptosis through p38/JNK MAPK pathway. Toxicology 2013; 312:132-41. [PMID: 23969120 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that microglia, which are the innate immune cells in the brain, upon activation can cause neuronal damage. In the present study, we investigated the role of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in regulating microglial nitric oxide production and its role in causing neuronal damage. The study revealed that TCDD stimulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as well as the production of nitric oxide (NO) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further, a rapid activation of p38 and JNK MAPKs was found in HAPI microglia following TCDD treatment. Blockage of p38 and JNK kinases with their specific inhibitors, SB202190 and SP600125, significantly reduced TCDD-induced iNOS expression and NO production. In addition, it was demonstrated through treating rat primary cortical neurons with media conditioned with TCDD treated microglia that microglial iNOS activation mediates neuronal apoptosis. Lastly, it was also found that p38 and JNK MAPK inhibitors could attenuate the apoptosis of rat cortical neurons upon exposure to medium conditioned by TCDD-treated HAPI microglial cells. Based on these observations, we highlight that the p38/JNK MAPK pathways play an important role in TCDD-induced iNOS activation in rat HAPI microglia and in the subsequent induction of apoptosis in primary cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanye Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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