Lycium barbarum polysaccharides ameliorates renal injury and inflammatory reaction in alloxan-induced diabetic nephropathy rabbits

The Influence and Mechanisms of Natural Plant Polysaccharides on Intestinal Microbiota-Mediated Metabolic Disorders

Natural plant polysaccharides are renowned for their broad spectrum of biological activities, making them invaluable in both the pharmaceutical and food industries. Their safety, characterized by low toxicity and minimal side effects, coupled with their potential therapeutic properties, positions them as crucial elements in health-related applications. The functional effectiveness of these polysaccharides is deeply connected to their structural attributes, including molecular weight, monosaccharide components, and types of glycosidic bonds. These structural elements influence how polysaccharides interact with the gut microbiota, potentially alleviating various metabolic and inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, liver-associated pathologies, obesity, and kidney diseases. The polysaccharides operate through a range of biological mechanisms. They enhance the formation of short-chain fatty acids, which are pivotal in keeping intestinal health and metabolic balance. Additionally, they strengthen the intestinal mucosal barrier, crucial for deterring the ingress of pathogens and toxins into the host system. By modulating the immune responses within the gut, they help in managing immune-mediated disorders, and their role in activating specific cellular signaling pathways further underscores their therapeutic potential. The review delves into the intricate structure-activity relationships of various natural polysaccharides and their interactions with the intestinal flora. By understanding these relationships, the scientific community can develop targeted strategies for the use of polysaccharides in therapeutics, potentially leading to innovative treatments for a range of diseases. Furthermore, the insights gained can drive the advancement of research in natural polysaccharide applications, providing direction for novel dietary supplements and functional foods designed to support gut health and overall well-being.

Novel glucomannan-like polysaccharide from Lycium barbarum L. ameliorates renal fibrosis via blocking macrophage-to-myofibroblasts transition

The macrophage to myofibroblasts transition (MMT) has been reported as a newly key target in renal fibrosis. Lycium barbarum L. is a traditional Chinese medicine for improving renal function, in which its polysaccharides (LBPs) are the mainly active components. However, whether the role of LBPs in treating renal fibrosis is related to MMT process remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the regulating effect on MMT process and the anti-fibrotic effect of LBPs. Initially, small molecular weight LBPs fractions (LBP-S) were firstly isolated via Sephadex G-100 column. Then, the potent inhibitory effect of LBP-S on MMT process was revealed on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) model induced by TGF-β. Subsequently, the chemical structure of LBP-S was elucidated through monosaccharide, methylation and NMR spectrum analysis. In vivo biodistribution characteristics studies demonstrated that LBP-S exhibited effectively accumulation in kidney via intraperitoneal administration. Finally, LBP-S showed a satisfactory anti-renal fibrotic effect on unilateral ureteral obstruction operation (UUO) mice, which was significantly reduced following macrophage depletion. Overall, our findings indicated that LPB-S could alleviate renal fibrosis through regulating MMT process and providing new candidate agents for chronic kidney disease (CKD) related fibrosis treatment.

Natural polysaccharides as promising reno-protective agents for the treatment of various kidney injury

Renal injury, a prevalent clinical outcome with multifactorial etiology, imposes a substantial burden on society. Currently, there remains a lack of effective management and treatments. Extensive research has emphasized the diverse biological effects of natural polysaccharides, which exhibit promising potential for mitigating renal damage. This review commences with the pathogenesis of four common renal diseases and the shared mechanisms underlying renal injury. The renoprotective roles of polysaccharides in vivo and in vitro are summarized in the following five aspects: anti-oxidative stress effects, anti-apoptotic effects, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-fibrotic effects, and gut modulatory effects. Furthermore, we explore the structure-activity relationship and bioavailability of polysaccharides in relation to renal injury, as well as investigate their utility as biomaterials for alleviating renal injury. The clinical experiments of polysaccharides applied to patients with chronic kidney disease are also reviewed. Broadly, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on the research direction of natural polysaccharides in the context of renal injury, with the primary aim to serve as a reference for the clinical development of polysaccharides as pharmaceuticals and prebiotics for the treatment of kidney diseases.

The effect of dietary supplementation of Lycium barbarum leaves on the growth performance, organ indexes and intestinal microflora of rats

This study was conducted to investigate both fruit and different levels of leaf supplementation on the growth performance, organ indices and intestinal microflora of rats. Twenty-five healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups. The rats in the control (NC) and positive control (PC) groups were fed by gavage a basal diet and a basal diet with 4 g/kg of L. barbarum fruit homogenate, respectively. The test (LD, MD, and HD) groups were fed basal diets with additional 2, 4, and 8 g/kg of L. barbarum leaf homogenate, respectively. The feeding period was 35 d. The result revealed that the rats in the LD group had the highest average weight gain (p < 0.05). The cardiac and renal indexes in the LD and MD groups were significantly higher than in NC group, respectively (p < 0.05). Diversity analysis revealed that adding low concentrations of L. barbarum leaf homogenates markedly reduced the Shannon index of the rats cecum (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiota was higher in the LD group than those in other groups (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Actinobacteriota was found significantly higher in PC group than others (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Akkermansia in LD group was the highest (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Romboutsia in the PC group was considerably higher than that in other groups. The relative abundance of Candidatus_Saccharimonas in the supplementation groups was appreciably lower than those found in other groups. The relative abundance of Alloprevotella was significantly lower in PC, LD, and MD groups than in NC and HD groups (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Oscillibacter was significantly higher in HD group than in other groups (p < 0.05). Thus, L. barbarum leaf homogenate fed to rats could increase their growth performance, internal organ weights and additionally enhance the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria. Therefore, based on the obtained data in the current study, a dose of L. barbarum leaf homogenate supplemented with 2 g/kg in diet is recommended, however, further studies are required to confirm, especially in animals.

Traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharide in nano-drug delivery systems: Current progress and future perspectives

Traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides (TCMPs) have gained increasing attention in the field of nanomedicine due to their diverse biological activities and favorable characteristics as drug carriers, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, safety, and ease of modification. TCMPs-based nano-drug delivery systems (NDDSs) offer several advantages, such as evasion of reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytosis, protection against biomolecule degradation, enhanced drug bioavailability, and potent therapeutic effects. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the latest developments in TCMPs-based NDDSs and their applications in disease therapy is of great significance. This review provides an overview of the structural characteristics and biological activities of TCMPs relevant to carrier design, the strategies employed for constructing TCMPs-based NDDSs, and the versatile role of TCMPs in these systems. Additionally, current challenges and future prospects of TCMPs in NDDSs are discussed, aiming to provide valuable insights for future research and clinical translation.

Supercharging metabolic health with Lycium barbarum L.: A review of the therapeutic potential of this functional food for managing metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common disorder involving a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, such as abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and atherogenic profile. MetS is characterized by an increase in oxidative stress and a chronic proinflammatory state, which are directly related to the development and progression of this pathology. It has been seen how a healthy lifestyle and good dietary practices are key to improving the different metabolic parameters and, therefore, play a fundamental role in reducing the risk of developing diabetes. The present review focuses on the research evidence related to the therapeutic properties of Lycium barbarum L. in MetS gathered in the last years. Several preclinical studies suggest that L. barbarum extracts are a good dietary supplement for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in people with MetS. This compound has been used for years in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of atrophic gastritis, problems related to the lungs, kidneys, and liver, and as a supplement for eye health. In addition, different in vitro and in vivo studies have been carried out that support the properties attributed to metabolites derived from L. barbarum, such as polysaccharides that have been shown diverse biological activities. In conclusion, L. barbarum extracts have multiple benefits to increase general well‐being and immune function. However, there are a limited number of studies related to effect of L. barbarum in MetS, but they demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment of obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2, and prevention of diabetes mellitus type 2 complication.

A Prospective, Multicentered, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Keluoxin Capsules in the Treatment of Microalbuminuria in Patients with Type 2 Early Diabetic Kidney Disease

Background: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Keluoxin (KLX) capsules and provide validated evidence for the application of KLX in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Methods: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design was used to screen 129 patients with DKD (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio [UACR]: male, 2.5-30 mg/mmol; female, 3.5-30 mg/mmol) and with Qi and Yin deficiency and blood stasis symptoms. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. The patients were randomly divided into KLX and control groups. The KLX group was orally administered KLX (6 g/day) and irbesartan tablets (150 mg/day), whereas the control group was administered KLX placebo (6 g/day) and irbesartan tablets (150 mg/day). Patients were observed for 24 weeks to evaluate the natural logarithm of the UACR (log-UACR), the odds ratio (OR) for a sustained increase in the UACR of at least 30% and 40%, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), changes in symptoms and quality-of-life scores, and adverse events. Results: The changes of the natural log-UACR during the 24 weeks compared with baseline in the KLX group were better than those in the control group (LS mean ± standard error, -0.26 ± 0.10 vs. 0.01 ± 0.09, p = 0.0292). The incidence of a sustained increase in the UACR of at least 30% and 40% was found to be significantly lower in the KLX group (OR, 0.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09-0.75; OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.10-0.82). Changes in symptoms and quality-of-life scores in the KLX group were better than those in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in eGFR or the incidence of adverse events between the groups. Conclusions: Overall, these results suggest that KLX capsules combined with irbesartan can reduce microalbuminuria, relieve the symptoms, and improve the quality of life for patients with type 2 early DKD compared with the use of irbesartan alone. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, registration number: ChiCTR2100052764.

Recent advances in medicinal and edible homologous plant polysaccharides: Preparation, structure and prevention and treatment of diabetes

Medicinal and edible homologs (MEHs) can be used in medicine and food. The National Health Commission announced that a total of 103 kinds of medicinal and edible homologous plants (MEHPs) would be available by were available in 2023. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become the third most common chronic metabolic disease that seriously threatens human health worldwide. Polysaccharides, the main component isolated from MEHPs, have significant antidiabetic effects with few side effects. Based on a literature search, this paper summarizes the preparation methods, structural characterization, and antidiabetic functions and mechanisms of MEHPs polysaccharides (MEHPPs). Specifically, MEHPPs mainly regulate PI3K/Akt, AMPK, cAMP/PKA, Nrf2/Keap1, NF-κB, MAPK and other signaling pathways to promote insulin secretion and release, improve glycolipid metabolism, inhibit the inflammatory response, decrease oxidative stress and regulate intestinal flora. Among them, 16 kinds of MEHPPs were found to have obvious anti-diabetic effects. This article reviews the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications by MEHPPs and provides a basis for the development of safe and effective MEHPP-derived health products and new drugs to prevent and treat diabetes.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-glycoprotein promotes osteogenesis in hPDLSCs via ERK activation

OBJECTIVE

A lack of relevant research on Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-glycoprotein (LBP) application in oral diseases. Here, we focused on the effect of LBP on osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and periodontitis bone loss.

METHODS

Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) were isolated and identified by flow cytometry. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin Red staining, and combined qPCR and Western blot analyses were performed to elucidate the effects of LBP on the osteogenic potential of hPDLSCs. In vivo experiments were performed with the treatment of LBP in rat periodontal model. MicroCT scanning and histological analysis were conducted to evaluate osteogenesis in situ.

RESULTS

Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) were successfully isolated and identified with CD90, CD29, and CD45. LBP enhanced hPDLSCs proliferation and migration and promoted RUNX2, ALP, Collagen I, and Osteocalcin expression through activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in vitro. The inflammatory factors, including interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) were reduced after LBP treatment. Alveolar bone resorption was significantly decreased in the LBP-treated groups in vivo, and osteoclast was markedly decreased by LBP application.

CONCLUSION

LBP promoted hPDLSC osteogenesis by targeting the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and reverse bone loss by reducing inflammation. These findings provided latent hope for LBP application in periodontal therapy.

Lycium barbarum Berries (Solanaceae) as Source of Bioactive Compounds for Healthy Purposes: A Review

Lycium barbarum L. is a species widely used in dietary supplements and natural healthcare products. The berries, also known as goji or wolfberries, mostly grow in China, but recent reports on their outstanding bioactive properties have increased their popularity and cultivation around the world. Goji berries are a remarkable source of phenolic compounds (such as phenolic acids and flavonoids), carotenoids, organic acids, carbohydrates (fructose and glucose), and vitamins (ascorbic acid). Several biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, prebiotic, and anticancer activities, have been associated with its consumption. Hence, goji berries were highlighted as an excellent source of functional ingredients with promising applications in food and nutraceutical fields. This review aims to summarize the phytochemical composition and biological activities, along with various industrial applications, of L. barbarum berries. Simultaneously, the valorization of goji berries by-products, with its associated economic advantages, will be emphasized and explored.

Serum metabolomics combined with 16S rRNA sequencing to reveal the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on host metabolism and gut microbiota

Gut microbes and microbial metabolites derived from polysaccharides mediate beneficial effects related to polysaccharides consumption. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) is the main bioactive components in L. barbarum fruits and possesses considerable health-promoting effects. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether LBP supplementation influenced host metabolic responses and gut microbiota in healthy mice, and to identify bacterial taxa associated with the observed beneficial effects. Our results indicated that mice supplied with LBP at 200 mg/kg BW showed lower serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and liver TG levels. LBP supplementation strengthened the antioxidant capacity of liver, supported the growth of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus, and stimulated short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. Serum metabolomic analysis revealed that fatty acid degradation pathways were enriched, and RT-PCR further confirmed that LBP up-regulated the expression of liver genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. The Spearman's correlation analysis indicated that some serum and liver lipid profiles and hepatic SOD activity were associated with Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Ruminococcus, Allobaculum and AF12. Collectively, these findings provide new evidence for the potential preventive effect of LBP consumption on hyperlipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Black Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates LPS-induced intestine damage via regulation gut microbiota

Lycium barbarums are traditionally used as a homology of medicinal plants in China with a potent role in metabolism and immunomodulation. The current study was performed to explore the attenuation effect and microbiota regulation of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (BLBP) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestine damage in mice. A total of 70 mice were randomly divided into five groups; negative control (GA), LPS (GB), both treated with an equal volume of normal saline, and BLBP treatment groups GC (100 mg/kg), GD (200 mg/kg), and GE (400 mg/kg) via gavage for 19 days. On Day 19, mice in groups GB, GC, GD, and GE were treated with 10 mg/kg LPS for 24 h and euthanized to collect intestine samples for pathological examination and microbiota sequencing. The results showed a non-significant difference in body weight gain among the five mouse groups; however, mice in the GC and GE groups showed decreased weight gain. An H&E examination revealed that the integrity of intestinal villi was destroyed by LPS, while BLBP supplement alleviated intestinal damage with an increase in villus height and a decrease in crypt depth. A total of over 59,000, 40,000, 50,000, 45,000, and 55,000 raw sequences were found in groups GA, GB, GC, GD, and GE, respectively. LPS challenge decreased alpha diversity indexes significantly (p < 0.05), while a non-significant difference was found between different BLBP treatment groups and the GA group. A total of 8 phyla and 13 genera were found among five mouse groups, and BLBP partly restored the bacterial abundance in mice. LPS changed 282 metabolic pathways in KEGG L2, 77 metabolic pathways in KEGG L3, and 205 metabolic pathways in MetaCyc, respectively. The BLBP-supplemented groups, especially GE, showed reverse effects on those metabolic pathways. The current study revealed that BLBP can effectively decrease intestinal damage through the regulation of intestinal microbiota, which may provide new insights for the prevention of intestinal disease using food and medicine homologous of Lycium ruthenicum.

Recent progress of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on intestinal microbiota, microbial metabolites and health: a review

Intestinal microbiota is symbiotically associated with host health, learning about the characteristics of microbiota and the factors that modulate it could assist in developing strategies to promote human health and prevent diseases. Polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum (LBPs) are found beneficial for enhancing the activity of gut microbiota, as a potential prebiotic, which not only participates in improving body immunity, obesity, hyperlipidemia and systemic inflammation induced by oxidative stress, but also plays a magnificent role in regulating intestinal microenvironment and improving host health and target intestinal effects via its biological activities, as well as gut microbiota and metabolites. To highlight the internal relationship between intestinal microbiota and LBPs, this review focuses on the latest advances in LBPs on the intestinal microbiota, metabolites, immune regulation, intestinal barrier protection, microbiota-gut-brain axis and host health. Moreover, the preparation, structure, bioactivity and modification of LBPs were also discussed. This review may offer new perspective on LBPs improving health of gut and host via intestinal microbiota, and provide useful guidelines for the application of LBPs in the food industry.

Parameter Optimization of the Harvest Method in the Standardized Hedge Cultivation Mode of Lycium barbarum Using Response Surface Methodology

In a previously published study, to optimize the vibrating and comb-brushing harvesting, the main factors and their parameter values were obtained based on the FEM and RSM. However, the study was based on the extensive cultivation mode which need to be improve. To realize the mechanization of the harvesting of Lycium barbarum L., as well as to face the standardized hedge cultivation mode, a vibrating and comb-brushing harvester machine was designed, which was primarily composed of an execution system, a motion system, and a control system. The mathematical model between the harvest effect index and the operation parameters was established based on response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of various parameters on the harvest index were analyzed, and the best parameter combination was determined: a vibration frequency of 38.73 Hz, a brush speed of 14.21 mm/s, and an insertion depth of 26.07 mm. The field experiment showed that the harvesting rate of ripe fruit was 83.65%, the harvesting rate of unripe fruit was 7.22%, the damage rate of the ripe fruit was 11.49%, and the comprehensive picking index was 87.85. The findings provided a reference for the development of L. barbarum harvesting mechanization in a standardized hedge cultivation mode.

Goji Berries Supplementation in the Diet of Rabbits and Other Livestock Animals: A Mini-Review of the Current Knowledge

In the last decades, several nutraceutical substances have received great attention for their potential role in the prevention and treatment of different diseases as well as for their beneficial effects in promoting the health of humans and animals. Goji berries (GBs) are the fruit of Lycium barbarum and other species of Lycium, used in traditional Chinese medicine, and they have recently become very popular in the Occidental world because of their properties, such as anti-aging, antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective, cytoprotective, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. These effects are essentially evaluated in clinical trials in humans; in experimental animal models, such as mice and rats; and in cell lines in in vitro studies. Only recently has scientific research evaluated the effects of GBs diet supplementation in livestock animals, including rabbits. Although studies in the zootechnical field are still limited and the investigation of the GB mechanisms of action is in an early stage, the results are encouraging. This review includes a survey of the experimental trials that evaluated the effects of the GBs supplementation on reproductive and productive performances, immune system, metabolic homeostasis, and meat quality principally in the rabbit with also some references to other livestock animal species. Evidence supports the idea that GB supplementation could be used in rabbit breeding, although future studies should be conducted to establish the optimal dose to be administered and to assess the sustainability of the use of GBs in the diet of the rabbit.

Effect of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide on Decreasing Serum Amyloid A3 Expression through Inhibiting NF-κB Activation in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Nephropathy

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) as one of the main bioactive constituents of the fruit of Lycium barbarum L. (LBL.) has many pharmacological activities, but its antihyperglycemic activity is not fully understood yet. This study investigated the hypoglycemic and renal protective effects of LBP on high-fat diet/streptozotocin- (HFD/STZ-) induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) in mice. Blood glucose was assessed before and after 8-week administration of LBP, and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated for evaluating the antidiabetic effect of LBP. Additionally, serum creatinine (sCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urine microalbumin were tested to evaluate the renal function. HE and PAS stainings were performed to evaluate the morphology and injury of the kidney. The results showed that LBP significantly reduces the glucose level and ameliorates the insulin resistance of diabetic mice. Importantly, LBP improves renal function by lowering the levels of sCr, BUN, and microalbumin in diabetic mice and relieves the injury in the renal glomeruli and tubules of the DN mice. Furthermore, LBP attenuates renal inflammation as evidenced by downregulating the mRNA levels of TNFα, IL1 β, IL6, and SAA3 in the renal cortex, as well as reducing the elevated circulating level and protein depositions of SAA3 in the kidney. In addition, our western blot results showed that NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and the degradation of inhibitory κB-α (IκBα) occurred during the progress of inflammation, and such activated signaling was restrained by LBP. In conclusion, our findings suggest that LBP is a potential antidiabetic agent, which ameliorates the inflammation in DN through inhibiting NF-κB activation.

Effect of nano-selenium loaded with lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the proliferation of lens epithelial cells after UVB damage in vitro

AIM

To investigate the effect of nano-selenium loaded with different concentrations of lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP-SeNPs) on the proliferation of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) from UV irradiation.

METHODS

LBP-SeNPs were prepared and their particle size was detected. HLECs (SRA01/04) were irradiated with UVB for different time (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60min) to construct a damaged model, the survival rate of cells was determined by methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The 4',6-Diamidine-2'-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining was used to observe the status of cell nucleus and drug entering cytoplasm through cell membrane in SRA01/04 cells after adding LBP-SENPS loaded with coumarin fluorescence agent 24h under fluorescence microscope. SRA01/04 normal and UVB-damaged cells were treated with different amounts of LBP-SeNPs at different concentrations, cells proliferation were observed.

RESULTS

The particle size of LBP-SeNPs was stable in the range of 150-200 nm. The survival rate changes with time after UVB irradiation were statistically significant. The 10min of UVB exposure as the time was chosen to construct the cell damage model. With DAPI staining, LBP-SeNPs were observed to enter the cytoplasm through the cell membrane under fluorescence inverted microscope. Cytotoxicity of SRA01/04 at different concentrations of LBP-SeNPs were measured. Cell survival rate was statistically different compared with the control group. The higher the loading concentration of LBP in nano-Se drugs was, the higher the cell proliferation rate was (P<0.05). The lower the concentration of LBP-SeNPs, the higher the cell proliferation rate, showing a negative growth trend (P<0.05). The group with the highest average cell proliferation rate was 0.5 µmol/L 2.0 mg/mL LBP-SeNPs (128.80%). When the 2.0 mg/mL LBP-SeNPs group was selected for cell photography, the cell density was higher at 0.5 µmol/L. With the increase of concentration, SRA01/04 cells appeared more cytoplasm dehydration, cell shrinkage and apoptotic bodies, and cell density decreased.

CONCLUSION

LBP-SeNPs has moderate particle size and good stability. LBP-SeNPs can protect HLECs (SRA01/04) from UVB-induced damage, and the cell proliferation rate is further increased with increasing the amount of loaded LBP and decreasing nano-selenium concentration.

Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum) Supplementation during Pregnancy Influences Insulin Sensitivity in Rabbit Does but Not in Their Offspring

This study investigated the effects of Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) dietary supplementation during pregnancy on insulin sensitivity of rabbit does and their offspring. Starting from two months before the artificial insemination, 75 New Zealand White does were fed only commercial standard diet (C) or supplemented with 1% (G1) and 3% (G3) of Goji berries. Their offspring received a standard diet but kept the nomenclature of the mother’s group. Fasting and intravenous glucose tolerance test-derived indices were estimated at 21 days of pregnancy on rabbit does and at 90 days of age on the offspring. No difference was found in the fasting indices, while the diet modulated the response to glucose load of rabbit does. In particular, G3 group had the lowest glucose concentrations 5 min after the bolus administration (p < 0.05) and, as a result, differed in the parameters calculated during the elimination phase such as the elimination rate constant (Kel), the half-life of the exogenous glucose load (t1/2), and apparent volume of distribution (Vd; for all, p < 0.05). The high dose of Goji supplementation could thus enhance the first-phase glucose-induced insulin secretion. Findings on the offspring were inconsistent and therefore a long-term effect of Goji supplementation during pregnancy could not be demonstrated. Further study on the effect of Goji on the secretory pathway of insulin could clarify its hypoglycaemic action, while different protocols are needed to investigate its potential effects on foetal programming.

Animal models of diabetic microvascular complications: Relevance to clinical features

Diabetes has become more common in recent years worldwide, and this growth is projected to continue in the future. The primary concern with diabetes is developing various complications, which significantly contribute to the disease's mortality and morbidity. Over time, the condition progresses from the pre-diabetic to the diabetic stage and then to the development of complications. Years and enormous resources are required to evaluate pharmacological interventions to prevent or delay the progression of disease or complications in humans. Appropriate screening models are required to gain a better understanding of both pathogenesis and potential therapeutic agents. Different species of animals are used to evaluate the pharmacological potentials and study the pathogenesis of the disease. Animal models are essential for research because they represent most of the structural, functional, and biochemical characteristics of human diseases. An ideal screening model should mimic the pathogenesis of the disease with identifiable characteristics. A thorough understanding of animal models is required for the experimental design to select an appropriate model. Each animal model has certain advantages and limitations. The present manuscript describes the animal models and their diagnostic characteristics to evaluate microvascular diabetic complications.

Tibetan Medicines for the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy

As an important part of the traditional Chinese medicine system, Tibetan medicine has its unique treatment methods for diabetes mellitus and its complications. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most serious diabetic microvascular diseases. Tibetan medicine believes that the occurrence of DN is closely related to renal function changes, and it can be effectively prevented and treated by improving renal lesions. In this paper, we consult ancient books of Tibetan medicine and summarize the medicines that treat kidney disease in the Tibetan medicine system. The Chinese name, English name, and Latin name of these drugs were searched as keywords in the online database. Thirty-four drugs were found for the treatment of DN. The most commonly used were Amomum kravanh, Terminalia chebula, and Tribulus terrestris, and we introduced the traditional uses and modern pharmacological activities of these drugs. The results indicate that Tibetan medicines for kidney disease could be used as potential candidate drugs for DN; they would expand the range of medications for DN and provide a new idea for the treatment of DN.

HSF-1 and SIR-2.1 linked insulin-like signaling is involved in goji berry (Lycium spp.) extracts promoting lifespan extension of Caenorhabditis elegans

The anti-cancer, vision-improving, and reproduction-enhancing effects of goji berry have been generally recognized, but its role in anti-aging is rarely studied in depth. Therefore, two widely-circulated goji berries, Lycium ruthenicum Murr. (LRM) and Lycium Barbarum. L (LB), were selected to explore their effects on extending lifespan and enhancing defense against extrinsic stress and to uncover the mechanism of action through genetic study. The results showed that supplementation with high-dose LRM (10 mg mL^-1) and LB (100 mg mL^-1) extracts significantly extended the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) by 25.19% and 51.38%, respectively, accompanied by the improved stress tolerance of C. elegans to paraquat-induced oxidation, UV-B irradiation and heat shock. Furthermore, LRM and LB extracts remarkably enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes including SOD and CAT in C. elegans, while notably decreased the lipofuscin level. Further genetic research demonstrated that the expression levels of key genes daf-16, sod-2, sod-3, sir-2.1 and hsp-16.2 in C. elegans were up-regulated by the intervention with LRM and LB, while that of the age-1 level was down-regulated. Moreover, the daf-16 (mu86) I, sir-2.1 (ok434) IV and hsf-1 (sy441) I mutants reversed the longevity effect brought about by LRM or LB, which confirmed that these genes were required in goji berry-mediated lifespan extension. Therefore, we conclude that HSF-1 and SIR-2.1 act collaboratively with the insulin/IGF signaling pathway (IIS) in a daf-16-independent mode. The present study indicated goji berry as a potential functional food to alleviate the symptoms of aging.

Impact of Goji Berries (Lycium barbarum) Supplementation on the Energy Homeostasis of Rabbit Does: Uni- and Multivariate Approach

Simple Summary

The energy balance during the reproduction cycle is a problematic issue for livestock species because it has consequences not only on animal welfare but also on the profitability of the farm. The adoption of new nutritional strategies could improve both of these aspects. In the present study, the supplementation with goji berries was proposed and evaluated on the rabbit, which is both a livestock animal and a useful animal model. Goji berry is the fruit of Lycium barbarum that is a natural resource made up of several compounds with biological activities and their consumption could be beneficial for the health and the general well-being of humans and animals. Its effect on several hormones and metabolites involved on energy balance of rabbit doe were evaluated by using both uni- and multivariate approach. Our finding, in addition to describing the intricate relationships between body conditions, hormones and metabolites during pregnancy and lactation, suggested that the supplementation with goji berry in the rabbit diet at low percentage could improve some aspects of energy metabolism and, in particular, doe’s insulin sensitivity. Conversely, the intake of high doses of goji raises concerns due to the risk of excessive fattening and worsening of insulin resistance.

Abstract

This study examined the effects of goji berries dietary supplementation on the energetic metabolism of doe. Thirty days before artificial insemination, 75 New Zealand White does were assigned to three different diets: commercial standard diet (C) and supplemented with 1% (LG) and 3% (HG) of goji berries, respectively. Body conditions, hormones and metabolites were monitored until weaning. Body weight and BCS were higher in HG than C (p < 0.05). LG showed lower T3/T4 ratio and cortisol concentrations (p < 0.05) and tended to have lower indices of insulin resistances (p < 0.1) than HG. Compared to control, leptin was higher in HG at AI (p < 0.01) and in LG during lactation (p < 0.05). Two principal components were extracted by multivariate analysis describing the relationships between (1) non-esterified fatty acids, insulin and glucose levels, and (2) body conditions and leptin metabolism. The first component highlighted the energy deficit and the insulin resistance of the does during pregnancy and lactation. The second one showed that leptin, body weight and Body Condition Score (BCS) enhance as levels of goji berries in the diet increase. Thus, the effects of goji supplementation are dose-dependent: an improvement on energy metabolism was achieved with a low-dose while the highest dose could determine excessive fattening and insulin resistance in does.

Effects of Jianpi Bushen Therapy for Treatment of CKD Anemia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, specifically Jianpi Bushen (JPBS) therapy, for treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) anemia.

Methods

Randomized controlled trials of JPBS therapy for CKD anemia were searched and selected from seven electronic databases. The Cochrane collaboration tool was used to conduct methodological quality assessment. RevMan v5.3 software was utilized to perform data analysis.

Results

In total, 12 randomized controlled trials with 799 patients met the meta-analysis criteria. The aggregated results indicated that JPBS therapy is beneficial for CKD anemia by improving the clinical efficacy rate [risk ratio (RR) = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.14, 1.33), P < 0.00001] and hemoglobin (Hb) [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 9.55, 95% CI: (7.97, 11.14), P < 0.00001], serum ferritin (SF) [WMD = 6.22, 95% CI: (2.65, 9.79), P = 0.0006], red blood cell (RBC) [WMD = 0.31, 95% CI: (0.24, 0.38), P < 0.00001], hematocrit (HCT) [WMD = 2.95, 95% CI: (2.36, 3.54), P < 0.00001], serum creatinine (SCr) [WMD = 64.57, 95% CI: (33.51, 95.64), P < 0.0001], and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels [WMD = 3.76, 95% CI: (2.21, 5.31), P <0.00001]. Furthermore, evidence suggests that JPBS therapy is safe and does not increase adverse reactions compared with western medicine (WM) alone.

Conclusion

This study found that JPBS therapy has a positive effect on the treatment of CKD anemia. However, more well-designed, double-blind, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to assess the efficacy of JPBS therapy in the treatment of CKD anemic patients.

Potential of galled leaves of Goji (Lycium chinense) as functional food

Background

Goji (Lycium) is a popular traditional health food, and its fruit and root extracts have been found to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypocholesterolemia-inducing abilities. Goji leaves also contain high amounts of phenolic compounds, similar to its fruit, and their extracts also exhibit several pharmaceutical effects. The induction of galls on Goji leaves reduces their photosynthetic ability and fruit yield, which raise their farming costs, thereby leading to economic loss. However, the defense mechanisms induced by infection may elevate the secondary metabolite content of the leaves, which might provide more nutritive compounds.

Method

Content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids in the extracts of normal and infected Goji leaves (L. chinense) were analyzed. The relative content of chlorogenic acid and rutin, two major phenolic compounds in Goji leaves, were determined by LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was presented by demonstrating the DPPH scavenging percentage. The extract of Goji fruit (L. barbarum) was also analyzed to show a comparative result.

Results

In this study, we found that in infected Goji leaves, the polyphenol content was significantly increased. The level of chlorogenic acid was increased by 36% in galled leaves. The content of rutin in galled leaves was also elevated. Testing the antioxidant activities also showed that the extracts of galled leaves have higher DPPH scavenging abilities.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that galled Goji leaves have higher functional value, and may have potential as being consumed as health food.

The Role of Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Diabetic Nephropathy

Kidney function decline is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus and may be indicated as diabetic nephropathy (DN). DN is a chronic inflammatory disease featuring proteinuria and a decreasing glomerular filtration rate. Despite several therapeutic options being currently available, DN is still the major cause of end-stage renal disease. Accordingly, widespread innovation is needed to improve outcomes in patients with DN. Chemokines and their receptors are critically involved in the inflammatory progression in the development of DN. Although recent studies have shown multiple pathways related to the chemokine system, the specific and direct effects of chemokines and their receptors remain unclear. In this review, we provide an overview of the potential role and mechanism of chemokine systems in DN proposed in recent years. Chemokine system-related mechanisms may provide potential therapeutic targets in DN.

Virucidal activity and the antiviral mechanism of acidic polysaccharides against Enterovirus 71 infection in vitro

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the predominant pathogen for severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children younger than 5 years, and currently no effective drugs are available for EV71. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new drugs for the control of EV71 infection. In this study, LJ04 was extracted from Laminaria japonica using diethylaminoethyl cellulose-52 with 0.4 mol/l NaCl as the eluent, and its virucidal activity was evaluated based on its cytopathic effects on a microplate. LJ04 is composed of fucose, galactose, and mannose and mainly showed good virucidal activity against EV71. The antiviral mechanisms of LJ04 were the direct inactivation of the virus, the blockage of virus binding, disruptions to viral entry, and weak inhibitory activity against the nonstructural protein 3C. The two most important findings from this study were that LJ04 inhibited EV71 proliferation in HM1900 cells, which are a human microglia cell line, and that LJ04 can directly inactivate EV71 within 2 hr at 37°C. This study demonstrates for the first time the ability of a polysaccharide from L. japonica to inhibit viral and 3C activity; importantly, the inhibition of 3C might have a minor effect on the antiviral effect of LJ04. Consequently, our results identify LJ04 as a potential drug candidate for the control of severe EV71 infection in clinical settings.

Effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant status, and immunity of broiler chickens

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) are considered to be the major bioactive components of L. barbarum and have been widely used as a well-known traditional Chinese medicine and functional food because of their various biological activities. However, no published research has investigated the use of LBP as a feed additive in broilers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary LBP supplementation on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant status, and immunity of broiler chickens. A total of 256 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chicks were randomly allotted into 4 groups, with 8 replicates of 8 birds each, and were fed a corn-soybean meal-type basal diet supplemented without (control group) or with 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 mg/kg LBP for 6 wk. The results showed that compared with the control diet, a significant increase in ADG (P < 0.05) during the grower and overall periods was observed in chickens fed the basal diet supplemented with 2,000 mg/kg LBP, whereas supplementation with 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg LBP decreased feed-to-gain ratio (P < 0.05) during the starter period. The inclusion of LBP in the broiler diets increased overall amylase, lipase, and protease activities (P < 0.05). Supplementation with increasing levels of dietary LBP increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase but decreased malondialdehyde content in the serum and liver (P < 0.05). Broilers fed with LBP-containing diets exhibited higher serum IgG and IgA concentrations (P < 0.05) than the broilers fed with the control diet. Serum tumor necrosis factor α and IL-4 concentrations were significantly elevated in the group fed 2,000 mg/kg LBP compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Broilers fed diets supplemented with LBP showed linear (P < 0.05) and quadratic (P < 0.05) increases in serum IL-6 and interferon gamma concentrations. The results indicated that dietary LBP supplementation can improve growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity, and immune function of broilers. In conclusion, LBP may be used as a promising feed additive for broilers, and a supplementation level of 2,000 mg/kg LBP in the broiler diet is recommended.

Study on antrodia camphorata polysaccharide in alleviating the neuroethology of PD mice by decreasing the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, and the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of PD has been confirmed. The polysaccharides and triterpenoids of antrodia camphorata (a polyporous fungus) harbor diverse and powerful pharmacological effects. In this study, 6-hydroxydopamine was used to construct a PD mouse model. After antrodia camphorata polysaccharide (ACP) intervention, neurobehavioral changes were detected, neurotransmitter changes in striatum were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, the alterations of striatal NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing three (NLRP3) were examined by immunohistochemistry, and the expression of NLRP3, IL-1β, Caspase-1, and proCaspase-1 were detected by western blot. To be specific, the items of neurobehavioral test included open field activity, rotary test, pole test, gait analysis, and swimming test. As a result, 6-hydroxydopamine could lead to PD-like lesions, including tremor, stiffness, attenuated spontaneous activity, and bradykinesia in mice, and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the striatum was decreased. After ACP intervention, the neuroethology of mice was significantly improved, as demonstrated by the elevated levels of dopamine in the striatum and the decreased expression of dopamine in the striatum in NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 inflammasome played an important role in neuroinflammation in PD mice. ACP could reduce the activation of NLRP3 and expression of related inflammatory factors.

Resveratrol Protects Against Post-Contrast Acute Kidney Injury in Rabbits With Diabetic Nephropathy

Resveratrol (Res) is a multi-functional polyphenol compound that has protective functions in acute kidney diseases. Here, we examined whether the resveratrol could ameliorate post-contrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) following diabetic nephropathy (DN), and explored any underlying mechanism(s) in vivo and in vitro. Twenty-four rabbits with DN were randomly divided into four groups: control (Cont), resveratrol (Res), iohexol (PC-AKI), and resveratrol plus iohexol (Res+PC-AKI) groups. Functional magnetic resonance imaging, renal histology, blood and urinary biomarkers, silent information regulator l (SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α (HIF-1α), and apoptosis-associated protein expression were assessed ex vivo. For in vitro experiments, renal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells subjected to high glucose conditions were treated with resveratrol, Ex527, an SIRT1 inhibitor, or 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2), HIF-1α inhibitor, before treatment with iohexol. With regard to the rabbit model of acute renal injury in DN, compared to the PC-AKI group, the Res+PC-AKI group showed decreased levels of cystatin C and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, increased pure molecular diffusion (D) and the fraction of water flowing in capillaries (f), a decreased apparent relaxation rate (R2*), renal injury score and apoptosis rate, increased protein expression levels of SIRT1 and PGC-1α, and decreased levels of HIF-1α and apoptosis-associated protein. In addition, iohexol decreased HK-2 cell survival and increased the cell apoptosis rate; results were reversed after treating cells with resveratrol. Resveratrol reduced renal hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction and renal tubular cell apoptosis by activating SIRT1-PGC-1α-HIF-1α signaling pathways in PC-AKI with DN.

Evaluation of Renal Pathophysiological Processes Induced by an Iodinated Contrast Agent in a Diabetic Rabbit Model Using Intravoxel Incoherent Motion and Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent Magnetic Resonance Imaging

OBJECTIVE

To examine the potential of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging for detecting renal changes after iodinated contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) development in a diabetic rabbit model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty-two rabbits were randomized into 2 groups: diabetic rabbits with the contrast agent (DCA) and healthy rabbits with the contrast agent (NCA). In each group, 6 rabbits underwent IVIM and BOLD imaging at 1 hour, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 4 days after an iohexol injection while 5 rabbits were selected to undergo blood and histological examinations at these specific time points. Iohexol was administrated at a dose of 2.5 g I/kg of body weight. Further, the apparent transverse relaxation rate (R2*), average pure molecular diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion fraction (f) were calculated.

RESULTS

The D and f values of the renal cortex (CO) and outer medulla (OM) were significantly decreased compared to baseline values in the 2 groups 1 day after the iohexol injection (p < 0.05). A marked reduction in the D* values for both the CO and OM was also observed after 1 hour in each group (p < 0.05). In the OM, a persistent elevation of the R2* was detected for 4 days in the DCA group (p < 0.05). Histopathological changes were prominent, and the pathological features of CI-AKI aggravated in the DCA group until day 4. The D, f, and R2* values significantly correlated with the histological damage scores, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α expression scores, and serum creatinine levels.

CONCLUSION

A combination of IVIM and BOLD imaging may serve as a noninvasive method for detecting and monitoring CI-AKI in the early stages in the diabetic kidney.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide enhances development of previously-cryopreserved murine two-cell embryos via restoration of mitochondrial function and down-regulated generation of reactive oxygen species

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) exhibits multiple pharmacological and biological effects, including displaying antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. The current study investigated the effects of LBP-supplemented culture medium on mitochondrial distribution, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) copy number, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and development of previously-cryopreserved murine two-cell embryos. Results indicate that LBP enhances development of such embryos, and that potential mechanisms include: (1) mitochondrial function enhancement via altering mitochondrial distribution and increasing MMP, ATP production, mtDNA copy number, and expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism (NAD-dependent deacetyltransferase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (pAMPK)); (2) down-regulation of ROS generation and enhanced expression of the antioxidant genes glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), thereby increasing embryo oxidative stress tolerance; and (3) increased expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2), a critical gene for cell survival and embryo development. These results demonstrate that LBP improves development of previously-cryopreserved murine two-cell embryos via restoration of mitochondrial function and down-regulated generation of ROS.

An experimental study of exenatide effects on renal injury in diabetic rats1

PURPOSE

To investigate the effects of exenatide on renal injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

METHODS

Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into normal control, model, exenatide-1, exenatide-2 and exenatide-3 groups, 10 rats in each group. The diabetic nephropathy model was constructed in later 4 groups. Then, the later 3 groups were treated with 2, 4 and 8 μg/kg exenatide for 8 weeks, respectively. The serum and urine biochemical indexes and oxidative stress and inflammatory indexes in renal tissue were determined.

RESULTS

Compared to the model group, in exenatide-3 group the serum fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were significantly decreased, the fasting insulin level was significantly increased, the renal index and blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and 24 h urine protein levels were significantly decreased, the renal tissue superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels were significantly increased, the malondialdehyde level was significantly decreased, and the renal tissue tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, hypersensitive C-reactive protein and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 levels were significantly decreased P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Exenatide can mitigate the renal injury in diabetic rats. The mechanisms may be related to its resistance of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in renal tissue.

Polysaccharides derived from natural sources regulate triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism: a review of the mechanisms

This paper presents a comprehensive review of hypolipidemic mechanism of polysaccharides from natural sources.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide improves the development of mouse oocytes vitrified at the germinal vesicle stage

The cryopreservation of cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) is an important process in reproductive medicine. However, this process slows both embryo and offspring development. In this study, the effects of maturation medium supplementation with lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on the developmental competence of vitrified-warmed mouse COCs and the possible mechanisms facilitating this process were investigated. The addition of LBP to the maturation medium improved the maturation rate and enhanced the developmental competence of vitrified-warmed mouse COCs. This may reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), preventing cell death and activating both PI3K/AKT and MAPK3/1. In conclusion, cryopreservation lowers the maturation rate and developmental competence of COCs, which can be ameliorated by the application of LBP after warming during maturation.

Biological activities and pharmaceutical applications of polysaccharide from natural resources: A review

Pharmacotherapy using natural substances can be currently regarded as a very promising future alternative to conventional therapy. As biological macromolecules, polysaccharide together with protein and polynucleotide, are extremely important biomacromoleules which play important roles in the growth and development of living organism. Polysaccharide is important component of higher plants, membrane of the animal cell and the cell wall of microbes. It is also closely related to the physiological functions. Recently, increasing attention has been paid on polysaccharides as an important class of bioactive natural products. Numerous researches have demonstrated the bioactivities of natural polysaccharides, which lead to the application of polysaccharides in the treatment of disease. In this paper, the various aspects of the investigation results of the bioactivities of polysaccharides were summarized, including its diversity pharmacological applications, such as immunoregulatory, anti-tumor, anti-virus, antioxidation, and hypoglycemic activity, and their application of polysaccharides in the treatment of disease are also discussed. We hope this review can offer some theoretical basis and inspiration for the mechanism study of the bioactivity of polysaccharides.

Antiviral activity of a polysaccharide from Laminaria japonica against enterovirus 71

This in vitro study investigated the antiviral activity of an acidic polysaccharide from Laminaria japonica against enterovirus 71 (EV71) as well as its mechanism of action. The LJ04 polysaccharide was purified from Laminaria japonica by affinity chromatography. To investigate its antiviral activity, an MTT assay, q-PCR, immunofluorescent staining and western-blot analysis were performed. To define its mechanism of action, ELISA, q-PCR and flow cytometry were conducted. LJ04 had a low EC50, high CC50 and high SI. LJ04 inhibited not only JN200804, but also JN200803 in RD cells, and viral proliferation was strongly inhibited, whereas LJ04 suppressed viral-induced apoptosis as detected by flow cytometry. In conclusion, LJ04 was found to have robust antiviral activity by inhibiting apoptosis and inducing IFN-β expression. Our findings indicate that LJ04 is a good candidate for the treatment of EV71.

Tumor suppressor microRNA‑613 inhibits glioma cell proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor A

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‑coding RNAs which can serve as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in glioma. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of miR‑613 in glioma. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) was used to detect miR‑613 in glioma cells and tissues and the relationship between miR‑613 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A was assessed using a luciferase reporter assay. In addition, glioma cells were transfected with miR‑613 mimics and the mRNA and protein expression of VEGFA was detected using RT‑qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively. The proliferative, invasive and tube formation capabilities of transfected cells were also assessed in vitro. Furthermore, a nude mouse tumor xenograft model was used to investigate the effects of miR‑613 on tumor growth in vivo. The results of the present study demonstrated that the expression of miR‑613 was decreased in glioma cell lines, and was associated with the grade of glioma. Ectopic expression of miR‑613 markedly suppressed glioma cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Furthermore, the upregulation of miR‑613 inhibited tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth in xenografted nude mice in vivo. VEGFA was demonstrated as a direct target of miR‑613, as detected by western blot and luciferase reporter assays, and mediated miR‑613 induced glioma cell proliferation and angiogenesis inhibition.

In vivo fermentation of a Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharide and its effects on fecal microbiota composition and immune response

A novel, homogeneous Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharide (PEP) (molecular weight 426 kDa, purity 91.25 ± 3.14%) which mainly consisted of glucose with β-type glycosidic linkages was used to investigate in vivo fermentation behavior and effects on immune response in mice.

Polysaccharides from Traditional Chinese Medicines: Extraction, Purification, Modification, and Biological Activity

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been used to treat diseases in China for thousands of years. TCM compositions are complex, using as their various sources plants, animals, fungi, and minerals. Polysaccharides are one of the active and important ingredients of TCMs. Polysaccharides from TCMs exhibit a wide range of biological activities in terms of immunity- modifying, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-tumor properties. With their widespread biological activities, polysaccharides consistently attract scientist's interests, and the studies often concentrate on the extraction, purification, and biological activity of TCM polysaccharides. Currently, numerous studies have shown that the modification of polysaccharides can heighten or change the biological activities, which is a new angle of polysaccharide research. This review highlights the current knowledge of TCM polysaccharides, including their extraction, purification, modification, and biological activity, which will hopefully provide profound insights facilitating further research and development.