Circular RNA circHIPK3 modulates the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells by miR-326/STIM1 axis

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in asthma: its role and underlying regulatory mechanisms

Bronchial asthma (asthma) is a respiratory disease characterized by chronic inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling. Numerous studies have delved into asthma's pathogenesis, among which epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered one of the important mechanisms in the pathogenesis of asthma. EMT refers to the transformation of epithelial cells, which lose their original features and acquire a migratory and invasive stromal phenotype. EMT contributes to normal physiological functions like growth, development, and wound healing. However, EMT is also involved in the occurrence and development of many diseases. Currently, the precise regulatory mechanism linking EMT and asthma remain obscure. Increasing evidence suggests that airway EMT contributes to asthma pathogenesis via dysregulation of associated control mechanisms. This review explores EMT's significance in asthma and the regulatory networks associated with EMT in this context.

Targeting PDGF/PDGFR Signaling Pathway by microRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA for Therapy of Vascular Diseases: A Narrow Review

Despite the significant progress in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, vascular diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and respiratory diseases, still cannot be successfully eliminated. Vascular cells play a key role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Notably, a variety of cells produce and secrete platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), which promote mitosis and induce the division, proliferation, and migration of vascular cells including vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), aortic SMCs, endothelial cells, and airway SMCs. Therefore, PDGF/PDGR receptor signaling pathways play vital roles in regulating the homeostasis of blood vessels and the onset and development of CVDs, such as atherosclerosis, and respiratory diseases including asthma and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that microRNA, long-chain non-coding RNA, and circular RNA are involved in the regulation of PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathways through competitive interactions with target mRNAs, contributing to the occurrence and development of the above-mentioned diseases. These novel findings are useful for laboratory research and clinical studies. The aim of this article is to conclude the recent progresses in this field, particular the mechanisms of action of these non-coding RNAs in regulating vascular remodeling, providing potential strategies for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of vascular-dysfunction-related diseases, particularly CVDs and respiratory diseases.

The Role of circHIPK3 in Tumorigenesis and Its Potential as a Biomarker in Lung Cancer

Lung cancer treatment and detection can be improved by the identification of new biomarkers. Novel approaches in investigating circular RNAs (circRNAs) as biomarkers have yielded promising results. A circRNA molecule circHIPK3 was found to be widely expressed in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, where it plays a crucial role in lung cancer tumorigenesis. CircHIPK3 promotes lung cancer progression by sponging oncosuppressive miRNAs such as miR-124, miR-381-3p, miR-149, and miR-107, which results in increased cell proliferation, migration, and resistance to therapies. Inhibiting circHIPK3 has been demonstrated to suppress tumour growth and induce apoptosis, which suggests its potential use in the development of new lung cancer treatment strategies targeting circHIPK3-related pathways. As a biomarker, circHIPK3 shows promise for early detection and monitoring of lung cancer. CircHIPK3 increased expression levels in lung cancer cells, and its potential link to metastasis risk highlights its clinical relevance. Given the promising preliminary findings, more clinical trials are needed to validate circHIPK3 efficacy as a biomarker. Moreover, future research should determine if the mechanisms discovered in NSCLC apply to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) to investigate circHIPK3-targeted therapies for SCLC.

circUQCRC2 promotes asthma progression in children by activating the VEGFA/NF-κB pathway by targeting miR-381-3p

This study targeted to explore circUQCRC2's role and mechanism in childhood asthma. A mouse model of ovalbumin-induced asthma was established to evaluate the effects of circUQCRC2 on childhood asthma in terms of oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen deposition. The effects of circUQCRC2 on platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were evaluated, the downstream mRNA of miRNA and its associated pathways were predicted and validated, and their effects on asthmatic mice were evaluated. circUQCRC2 levels were upregulated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic mice and PDGF-BB-treated SMCs. Depleting circUQCRC2 alleviated tissue damage in asthmatic mice, improved inflammatory levels and oxidative stress in asthmatic mice and PDGF-BB-treated SMC, inhibited malignant proliferation and migration of SMCs, and improved airway remodeling. Mechanistically, circUQCRC2 regulated VEGFA expression through miR-381-3p and activated the NF-κB cascade. circUQCRC2 knockdown inactivated the NF-κB cascade by modulating the miR-381-3p/VEGFA axis. Promoting circUQCRC2 stimulates asthma development by activating the miR-381-3p/VEGFA/NF-κB cascade. Therefore, knocking down circUQCRC2 or overexpressing miR-381-3p offers a new approach to treating childhood asthma.

Unwinding circular RNA's role in inflammatory pulmonary diseases

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of gene expression and cellular processes in various physiological and pathological conditions. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in investigating the role of circRNAs in inflammatory lung diseases, owing to their potential to modulate inflammation-associated pathways and contribute to disease pathogenesis. Inflammatory lung diseases, like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and COVID-19, pose significant global health challenges. The dysregulation of inflammatory responses demonstrates a pivotal function in advancing these diseases. CircRNAs have been identified as important players in regulating inflammation by functioning as miRNA sponges, engaging with RNA-binding proteins, and participating in intricate ceRNA networks. These interactions enable circRNAs to regulate the manifestation of key inflammatory genes and signaling pathways. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that specific circRNAs are differentially expressed in response to inflammatory stimuli and exhibit distinct patterns in various lung diseases. Their involvement in immune cell activation, cytokine production, and tissue remodeling processes underscores their possible capabilities as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers. Harnessing the knowledge of circRNA-mediated regulation in inflammatory lung diseases could lead to the development of innovative strategies for disease management and intervention. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of circRNAs in inflammatory lung diseases, focusing on their regulatory mechanisms and functional implications.

Circ_0070934 promotes MGAT3 expression and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in bronchial epithelial cells by sponging miR-199a-5p

BACKGROUND

Circular RNA (circRNA) has the potential to serve as a crucial regulator in the progression of bronchial asthma. The objective of this investigation was to elucidate the functional dynamics of the circ_0070934/miR-199a-5p/Mannoside acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 (MGAT3) axis in the development of asthma.

METHODS

Circ_0070934, miR-199a-5p and MGAT3 in peripheral venous blood of 38 asthmatic patients and 43 healthy controls were detected by qRT-PCR, and the expression of MGAT3 protein was examined by ELISA. The GSE148000 dataset was analyzed for differences in MGAT3. The BEAS-2B cells were transfected with circ_0070934 plasmid and small interfering RNA, miR-199a-5p mimics and inhibitors. The apoptosis level was detected by flow cytometry and MGAT3 was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin was examined by Western blot. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 were used to co-stimulate BEAS-2B cells as an asthmatic airway epithelial cell model. BEAS-2B cells exposed to type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) were treated with circ_0070934 plasmid, and the expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin was detected by Western blot. The binding relationships were verified using dual-luciferase reporter assay and miRNA pull-down assay.

RESULTS

The expression of circ_0070934 and MGAT3 in peripheral venous blood of asthmatic patients was down-regulated, and the expression of miR-199a-5p was up-regulated. And the expression of MGAT3 was reduced in sputum of asthma patients. Down-regulating the expression of circ_0070934 could promote apoptosis of BEAS-2B cells and increase epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and this effect can be partially reversed by down-regulating miR-199a-5p. Circ_0070934 could inhibit the process of epithelial mesenchymal transition induced by IL-4 and IL-13 in BEAS-2B cells. In addition, miR-199a-5p could respectively bind to circ_0070934 and MGAT3.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study indicate that circ_0070934 may function as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-199a-5p, thereby modulating the expression of MGAT3 and impacting the process of EMT in bronchial epithelial cells. These results contribute to the establishment of a theoretical framework for advancing the prevention and treatment strategies for asthma.

Whole-transcriptome analysis of longissimus dorsi muscle in cattle-yaks reveals the regulatory functions of ADAMTS6 gene in myoblasts

Cattle-yak, which is the hybrid F1 generation of cattle and yak, demonstrates better production performance compared to yak. However, there is limited research on the molecular mechanisms responsible for the muscle development of cattle-yak. To address this knowledge gap, a comprehensive transcriptomic survey of the longissimus dorsi muscle in cattle-yak was conducted. Three transcript types, namely lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs, along with protein-coding genes were characterized at two developmental stages (6 m, 18 m) of cattle-yak. The results revealed significant enrichment of these transcripts into pathways related to myoblast differentiation and muscle development signaling. Additionally, the study identified the TCONS00024465/circHIPK3-bta-miR-499-ADAMTS6 regulatory network, which may play a crucial role in the muscle development of cattle-yak by combining the transcriptome data of yak and constructing the ceRNA co-expression network. HEK 293 T cells were used to validate that TCONS00024465 and circHIPK3 are located upstream of bta-miR-499, and can competitively bind to bta-miR-499 as ceRNA. The study also verified that ADAMTS6 regulates skeletal muscle development by inhibiting myoblast proliferation, promoting myoblast differentiation, and positively regulating the apoptosis of myoblasts. Taken together, this study provides new insights into the advantages of cattle-yak production performance and offers a molecular basis for further research on muscle development.

Circular RNAs: emerging players in asthma and COPD

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) belong to a unique class of endogenously expressed non-protein-coding RNAs with a distinct circularized structure, characterized by the absence of 5'-cap and 3'-polyadenylate ends. They are generally formed through back-splicing from pre-mRNAs. They serve as regulators of transcription and splicing, and act as sponges for microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins, thereby modulating the expression of target genes. As a result, they exert a substantial impact on a diverse array of cellular and biological processes, including cell proliferation, migration, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Asthma and COPD are chronic airway conditions that currently have no cure. In recent years, emerging evidence suggests that altered expression of circRNAs in airway, bronchial and immune cells is involved in asthma and COPD pathogenesis. Studies exploring circRNA dysregulation in asthma have showcased their involvement in regulating the proliferation, migration, and inflammation of airway smooth muscle and bronchial epithelial cells, as well as impacting goblet cell metaplasia, Th2 cell differentiation, and macrophage activation, primarily through interactions with miRNAs. Similarly, in COPD, circRNAs have shown altered expression patterns in the blood and lungs of patients, and these changes have been linked to modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and airway remodeling in preclinical models. Furthermore, certain circRNAs have demonstrated promising potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for both asthma and COPD. This review delves into the current understanding of the function and molecular mechanisms of circRNAs in asthma and COPD, along with exploring their potential as biomarkers in these respiratory conditions.

Exploring the association between circRNA expression and pediatric obesity based on a case-control study and related bioinformatics analysis

OBJECTIVE

Our present study utilized case-control research to explore the relationship between specific circRNAs and pediatric obesity through a literature review and bioinformatics and to predict their possible biological functions, providing ideas for epigenetic mechanism studies of pediatric obesity.

METHODS

CircRNAs related to pediatric obesity were preliminarily screened by a literature review and qRT-PCR. CircRNA expression in children with obesity (n = 75) and control individuals (n = 75) was confirmed with qRT-PCR in a case-control study. This was followed by bioinformatics analyses, such as GO analysis, KEGG pathway analysis, and ceRNA network construction. Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to analyze the effects of circRNAs on obesity. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was also drawn to explore the clinical application value of circRNAs in pediatric obesity.

RESULTS

Has_circ_0046367 and hsa_circ_0000284 were separately validated to be statistically downregulated and upregulated, respectively, in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children with obesity and revealed as independent indicators of increased CHD risk [hsa_circ_0046367 (OR = 0.681, 95% CI: 0.480 ~ 0.967) and hsa_circ_0000284 (OR = 1.218, 95% CI: 1.041 ~ 1.424)]. The area under the ROC curve in the combined analysis of hsa_circ_0046367 and hsa_circ_0000284 was 0.706 (95% CI: 0.623 ~ 0.789). Enrichment analyses revealed that these circRNAs were actively involved in neural plasticity mechanisms, cell secretion and signal regulation.

CONCLUSION

The present research revealed that low expression of hsa_circ_0046367 and high expression of hsa_circ_0000284 are risk factors for pediatric obesity and that neural plasticity mechanisms are closely related to obesity.

Noncoding RNAs in asthmatic airway smooth muscle cells

Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous airway disease caused by genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors treated with hormones and biologics. Irreversible pathological changes to airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) such as hyperplasia and hypertrophy can occur in asthmatic patients. Determining the mechanisms responsible is vital for preventing such changes. In recent years, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs, have been found to be associated with abnormalities of the ASMCs. This review highlights recent ncRNA research into ASMC pathologies. We present a schematic that illustrates the role of ncRNAs in pathophysiological changes to ASMCs that may be useful in future research in diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with asthma.

Exosomal circCLIP1 regulates PM2.5-induced airway obstruction via targeting SEPT10 in vitro

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) exposure correlates with airway obstruction, but the mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. We aim to investigate the role of exosomal circular RNAs (circRNAs)-mediated communication between airway epithelial cells and airway smooth muscle cells in PM_2.5-induced airway obstruction. RNA sequencing revealed that acute PM_2.5 exposure altered the expression profiles of 2904 exosomal circRNAs. Among them, exosomal hsa_circ_0029069 (spliced from CLIP1, thus termed circCLIP1 hereafter) with a loop structure was upregulated by PM_2.5 exposure and mainly encapsulated in exosomes. Then, the biological functions and the underlying mechanisms were explored by Western blot, RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down, etc. Phenotypically, exosomal circCLIP1 entered recipient cells, inducing mucus secretion in recipient HBE cells and contractility of sensitive HBSMCs. Mechanistically, circCLIP1 was upregulated by METTL3-mediated N⁶-methyladenine (m⁶A) modification in PM_2.5-treated producer HBE cells and exosomes, then enhancing the expression of SEPT10 in recipient HBE cells and sensitive HBSMCs. Our study revealed that exosomal circCLIP1 played a critical role in PM_2.5-induced airway obstruction and provided a new potential biomarker for the assessment of PM_2.5-related adverse effects.

Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions

Allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic asthma (AAS), atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), and eczema are systemic diseases caused by an impaired immune system. Accompanied by high recurrence rates, the steadily rising incidence rates of these diseases are attracting increasing attention. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases is complex and involves many factors, including maternal-fetal environment, living environment, genetics, epigenetics, and the body's immune status. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases exhibits a marked heterogeneity, with phenotype and endotype defining visible features and associated molecular mechanisms, respectively. With the rapid development of immunology, molecular biology, and biotechnology, many new biological drugs have been designed for the treatment of allergic diseases, including anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE), anti-interleukin (IL)-5, and anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)/IL-4, to control symptoms. For doctors and scientists, it is becoming more and more important to understand the influencing factors, pathogenesis, and treatment progress of allergic diseases. This review aimed to assess the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions of allergic diseases, including AR, AAS, AD, and FA. We hope to help doctors and scientists understand allergic diseases systematically.

Recent Progress on Circular RNAs in the Development of Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissues of Farm Animals

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a highly conserved and specifically expressed novel class of covalently closed non-coding RNAs. CircRNAs can function as miRNA sponges, protein scaffolds, and regulatory factors, and play various roles in development and other biological processes in mammals. With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology, thousands of circRNAs have been discovered in farm animals; some reportedly play vital roles in skeletal muscle and adipose development. These are critical factors affecting meat yield and quality. In this review, we have highlighted the recent advances in circRNA-related studies of skeletal muscle and adipose in farm animals. We have also described the biogenesis, properties, and biological functions of circRNAs. Furthermore, we have comprehensively summarized the functions and regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in skeletal muscle and adipose development in farm animals and their effects on economic traits such as meat yield and quality. Finally, we propose that circRNAs are putative novel targets to improve meat yield and quality traits during animal breeding.

A pathogenic integrated view explaining the different endotypes of asthma and allergic disorders

The inflammation of allergic diseases is characterized by a complex interaction between type 2 and type 3 immune responses, explaining clinical symptoms and histopathological patterns. Airborne stimuli activate the mucosal epithelium to release a number of molecules impacting the activity of resident immune and environmental cells. Signals from the mucosal barrier, regulatory cells, and the inflamed tissue are crucial conditions able to modify innate and adaptive effector cells providing the selective homing of eosinophils or neutrophils. The high plasticity of resident T- and innate lymphoid cells responding to external signals is the prerequisite to explain the multiplicity of endotypes of allergic diseases. This notion paved the way for the huge use of specific biologic drugs interfering with pathogenic mechanisms of inflammation. Based on the response of the epithelial barrier, the activity of resident regulatory cells, and functions of structural non-lymphoid environmental cells, this review proposes some immunopathogenic scenarios characterizing the principal endotypes which can be associated with a precise phenotype of asthma. Recent literature indicates that similar concepts can also be applied to the inflammation of other non-respiratory allergic disorders. The next challenges will consist in defining specific biomarker(s) of each endotype allowing for a quick diagnosis and the most effective personalized therapy.

The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Role of Circular RNA HIPK3 in Human Diseases

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs with closed-loop of single-stranded RNA structure. Although most of the circRNAs do not directly encode proteins, emerging evidence suggests that circRNAs play a pivotal and complex role in multiple biological processes by regulating gene expression. As one of the most popular circRNAs, circular homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 3 (circHIPK3) has frequently gained the interest of researchers in recent years. Accumulating studies have demonstrated the significant impacts on the occurrence and development of multiple human diseases including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory diseases, and others. The present review aims to provide a detailed description of the functions of circHIPK3 and comprehensively overview the diagnostic and therapeutic value of circHIPK3 in these certain diseases.

CircZNF652 promotes the goblet cell metaplasia by targeting the miR-452-5p/JAK2 signaling pathway in allergic airway epithelia

BACKGROUND

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play potentially important roles in various human diseases; however, their roles in the goblet cell metaplasia of asthma remain unknown.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to investigate the potential role and underlying mechanism of circZNF652 in the regulation of allergic airway epithelial remodeling.

METHODS

The differential expression profiles of circRNAs were analyzed by transcriptome microarray, and the effects and mechanisms underlying circZNF652-mediated goblet cell metaplasia were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR, RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, Western blot, RNA pull-down, and RNA immunoprecipitation analyses. The roles of circZNF652 and miR-452-5p in allergic airway epithelial remodeling were explored in both the mouse model with allergic airway inflammation and children with asthma.

RESULTS

One hundred sixty circRNAs were differentially expressed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of children with asthma versus children with foreign body aspiration, and 52 and 108 of them were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Among them, circZNF652 was predominantly expressed and robustly upregulated in airway epithelia of both the children with asthma and the mouse model with allergic airway inflammation. circZNF652 promoted the goblet cell metaplasia by functioning as a sponge of miR-452-5p, which released the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) expression and subsequently activated JAK2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) signaling in the allergic airway epithelia. In addition, epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1, a splicing factor, accelerated the biogenesis of circZNF652 by binding to its flanking intron to promote the goblet cell metaplasia in allergic airway epithelial remodeling.

CONCLUSIONS

Upregulation of circZNF652 expression in allergic bronchial epithelia contributed to the goblet cell metaplasia by activating the miR-452-5p/JAK2/STAT6 signaling pathway; thus, blockage of circZNF652 or agonism of miR-452-5p provided an alternative approach for the therapeutic intervention of epithelial remodeling in allergic airway inflammation.

Past, Present and Future: The Relationship Between Circular RNA and Immunity

The immune system has evolved since the birth of humans. However, immune-related diseases have not yet been overcome due to the lack of expected indicators and targeting specificity of current medical technology, subjecting patients to very uncomfortable physical and mental experiences and high medical costs. Therefore, the requirements for treatments with higher specificity and indicative ability are raised. Fortunately, the discovery of and continuous research investigating circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a promising method among numerous methods. Although circRNAs wear regarded as metabolic wastes when discovered, as a type of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) with a ring structure and wide distribution range in the human body, circRNAs shine brilliantly in medical research by virtue of their special nature and structure-determined functions, such as high stability, wide distribution, high detection sensitivity, acceptable reproducibility and individual differences. Based on research investigating the role of circRNAs in immunity, we systematically discuss the hotspots of the roles of circRNAs in immune-related diseases, including expression profile analyses, potential biomarker research, ncRNA axis/network construction, impacts on phenotypes, therapeutic target seeking, maintenance of nucleic acid stability and protein binding research. In addition, we summarize the current situation of and problems associated with circRNAs in immune research, highlight the applications and prospects of circRNAs in the treatment of immune-related diseases, and provide new insight into future directions and new strategies for laboratory research and clinical applications.

Circular RNA circ_0002594 regulates PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and migration of human airway smooth muscle cells via sponging miR-139-5p/TRIM8 in asthma

BACKGROUND

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterised by the contraction of smooth muscle and remodelling of the airway wall, which is correlated with increased airway smooth muscle mass. Circular RNA (circRNA) circ_0002594 has been reported as a pro-inflammatory factor in allergic asthma. Therefore, this study is designed to explore the role and mechanism of circ_0002594 in human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMC) proliferation and metastasis.

METHODS

Cell proliferative ability, invasion, and migration were detected by 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), Transwell, and Wound healing assays. The protein levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and tripartite motif 8 (TRIM8) were detected by western blot assay. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-13 were detected using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Levels of circ_0002594, microRNA-139-5p (miR-139-5p), TRIM8 were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The binding between miR-139-5p and circ_0002594 or TRIM8 was predicted by Circinteractome or Starbase v2.0, and then verified by a dual-luciferase reporter and RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays.

RESULTS

Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) could trigger HASMC proliferation, metastasis, and inflammation. Circ_0002594 and TRIM8 were elevated in asthma patients and PDGF-BB-treated HASMC, and the miR-139-5p level was decreased. Furthermore, circ_0002594 knockdown could suppress PDGF-BB- stimulated HASMC damage. Mechanism analysis exhibited that circ_0002594 could regulate TRIM8 expression through sponging miR-139-5p.

CONCLUSION

Our findings revealed that circ_0002594 could act as a regulator in the airway remodelling during asthma development partly by the miR-139-5p/TRIM8 axis, hinting at an underlying therapeutic strategy for asthma.

circ_CSNK1E modulates airway smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration via miR-34a-5p/VAMP2 axis in asthma

BACKGROUND

Excessive proliferation and migration of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) directly lead to airway remodeling in asthma. However, the role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in airway remodeling remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory role and mechanism of circ_CSNK1E in ASMCs proliferation and migration.

METHODS

In this study, RNA-sequencing was used to analyze cicRNAs expression in asthma samples. ASMCs were treated with 25 ng/mL PDGF-BB to establish a model of asthma in vitro. Then, we used RT-qPCR to assess circRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) expression. Besides, CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing and transwell chamber assays were carried out to explore cell proliferation and migration. Subcellular localization assay was used to detect the location of circRNA. Next, bioinformatics, luciferase reporter and RIP assays were performed to evaluate the relationship among circ_CSNK1E, miRNA-34a-5p and VAMP2.

RESULTS

circ_CSNK1E expression was found to be significantly up-regulated in asthma samples and PDGF-BB-induced ASMCs. Functional experiments revealed that inhibition of circRNA_CSNK1E suppressed proliferation and migration of ASMCs stimulated by PDGF-BB. Next, we found that circRNA_CSNK1E served as a sponge for miR-34a-5p in ASMCs, and miR-34a-5p mimic suppressed proliferation and migration of ASMCs. Moreover, VAMP2 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-34a-5p. At last, inhibition of circRNA_CSNK1E suppressed proliferation and migration of ASMCs stimulated by PDGF-BB through miR-34a-5p/VAMP2 axis.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, these findings clarified the importance of circ_CSNK1E/miRNA-34a-5p/VAMP2 axis for the proliferation and migration of ASMCs. These indicated that inhibition of circ_CSNK1E might be a potential target for the treatment of airway remodeling in asthma.

Emerging Roles of Non-Coding RNAs in Childhood Asthma

Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease in children characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness and airway remodeling. Childhood asthma is usually associated with allergy and atopy, unlike adult asthma, which is commonly associated with obesity, smoking, etc. The pathogenesis and diagnosis of childhood asthma also remains more challenging than adult asthma, such as many diseases showing similar symptoms may coexist and be confused with asthma. In terms of the treatment, although most childhood asthma can potentially be self-managed and controlled with drugs, approximately 5-10% of children suffer from severe uncontrolled asthma, which carries significant health and socioeconomic burdens. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the pathogenesis of childhood asthma from a new perspective. Studies have revealed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of respiratory diseases. In addition, altered expression of ncRNAs in blood, and in condensate of sputum or exhalation affects the progression of asthma via regulating immune response. In this review, we outline the regulation and pathogenesis of asthma and summarize the role of ncRNAs in childhood asthma. We also hold promise that ncRNAs may be used for the development of biomarkers and support a new therapeutic strategy for childhood asthma.

Emerging Advances of Non-coding RNAs and Competitive Endogenous RNA Regulatory Networks in Asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway remodeling and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. A variety of effector cells and cytokines jointly stimulate the occurrence of inflammatory response in asthma. Although the pathogenesis of asthma is not entirely clear, the possible roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been recently demonstrated. NcRNAs are non-protein-coding RNA molecules, such as circular RNAs (circRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), which are involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes. Mounting studies have shown that ncRNAs play pivotal roles in the occurrence and progression of asthma via competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks. However, the specific mechanism and clinical application of ncRNAs and ceRNA regulatory networks in asthma have not been fully elucidated, which are worthy of further investigation. This paper comprehensively summarized the current progress on the roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and ceRNA regulatory networks in asthma, which can provide a better understanding for the disease pathogenesis and is helpful for identifying novel biomarkers for asthma.

CircHIPK3 Plays Vital Roles in Cardiovascular Disease

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed RNAs that function in various physiological and pathological processes. CircRNAs are widely involved in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CircHIPK3 is generated from the second exon of the HIPK3 gene, a corepressor of homeodomain transcription factors. As an exonic circRNA (ecRNA), circHIPK3 is produced through intron-pairing driven circularization facilitated by Alu elements. In the past 5 years, a growing number of studies have revealed the multifunctional roles of circHIPK3 in different diseases, such as cancer and CVD. CircHIPK3 mainly participates in CVD pathogenesis through interacting with miRNAs. This paper summarizes the current literature on the biogenesis and functions of circHIPK3, elucidates the role of circHIPK3 in different CVD patterns, and explores future perspectives.

Role of Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis, Treatment, Prediction, and Cellular Transformation of Asthma

Asthma is a mysterious disease with heterogeneity in etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical phenotypes. Although ongoing studies have provided a better understanding of asthma, its natural history, progression, pathogenesis, diversified phenotypes, and even the exact epigenetic linkage between childhood asthma and adult-onset/old age asthma remain elusive in many aspects. Asthma heritability has been established through genetic studies, but genetics is not the only influencing factor in asthma. The increasing incidence and some unsolved queries suggest that there may be other elements related to asthma heredity. Epigenetic mechanisms link genetic and environmental factors with developmental trajectories in asthma. This review provides an overview of asthma epigenetics and its components, including several epigenetic studies on asthma, and discusses the epigenetic linkage between childhood asthma and adult-onset/old age asthma. Studies involving asthma epigenetics present valuable novel approaches to solve issues related to asthma. Asthma epigenetic research guides us towards gene therapy and personalized T cell therapy, directs the discovery of new therapeutic agents, predicts long-term outcomes in severe cases, and is also involved in the cellular transformation of childhood asthma to adult-onset/old age asthma.

Silencing of circHIPK3 hampers platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation and migration in airway smooth muscle cells through the miR-375/MMP-16 axis

Emerging evidence has suggested a pivotal role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the progression of asthma. In this paper, we explored the mechanisms underlying the modulation of circRNA homeodomain interacting protein kinase 3 (circHIPK3, circ_0000284) in airway smooth muscle cell (AMSC) migration and proliferation induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The stability of circHIPK3 was gauged by Ribonuclease R (RNase R) and Actinomycin D assays. Relative expression levels of circHIPK3, microRNA (miR)-375 and matrix metallopeptidase 16 (MMP-16) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. Cell migration was detected by wound-healing and transwell assays. Direct relationship between miR-375 and circHIPK3 or MMP-16 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Our results indicated that PDGF induced the expression of circHIPK3 in human AMSCs (HAMSCs). CircHIPK3 silencing impeded proliferation, migration, invasion and promoted apoptosis of PDGF-treated HAMSCs. Mechanistically, circHIPK3 targeted miR-375 by directly binding to miR-375. MiR-375 was a downstream effector of circHIPK3 in controlling PDGF-induced proliferation, invasion and migration. MMP-16 was directly targeted and inhibited by miR-375, and circHIPK3 functioned as a post-transcriptional modulator of MMP-16 expression through miR-375. Moreover, miR-375-mediated inhibition of MMP-16 impacted HAMSC proliferation, invasion and migration induced by PDGF. Our findings identified the miR-375/MMP-16 axis as a novel mechanism for the modulation of circHIPK3 in PDGF-induced migration and proliferation in HASMCs.

Circular RNA circHIPK3 modulates prostate cancer progression via targeting miR-448/MTDH signaling

PURPOSE

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most diagnosed cancers in men worldwide. Several studies have identified that circular RNAs (circRNAs) have a crucial impact on the biological processes in PCa. Therefore, it is necessary to study the molecular mechanism of circRNAs in tumor progression and metastasis.

METHODS

RNA interference was used to decrease circHIPK3 and MTDH expression. Overexpression vector was used to increase circHIPK3 and MTDH expression. Luciferase reporter assay were used to detect the relationship between circHIPK3 and miR-448 or between miR-448 and MTDH. MTT assay, colony formation assay and transwell assay were used to measure proliferation and migration of PCa cells.

RESULTS

Circular RNA circHIPK3 was significantly increased in PCa tissues and cell lines. And overexpression of circHIPK3 promoted the migration, proliferation, and invasion of PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells, while knockdown of circHIPK3 markedly repressed the above-mentioned series of biological processes. Furthermore, circHIPK3 promoted metadherin (MTDH) expression by sponging miR-448. In vivo experiments, it was also found that overexpression of circHIPK3 significantly promoted tumor growth.

CONCLUSIONS

Our research shows that circHIPK3 plays a carcinogenic effect in PCa by regulating the miR-448/MTDH axis, indicating that circHIPK3 may be a potential therapeutic target for PCa.

Circ-HACE1 Aggravates Cigarette Smoke Extract-Induced Injury in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells via Regulating Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Sponging miR-485-3p

Background

Smoking is the most common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the early diagnosis for COPD remains poor. Exploring the molecular mechanism and finding feasible biomarkers will be beneficial for clinical management of COPD. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that act as miRNA sponges to regulate the expression levels of genes, leading to the changes of cellular phenotypes and disease progression. CircRNA HECT domain and ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (circ-HACE1) was abnormally expressed after the induction of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in cell model. This study was performed to explore its function and mechanism in COPD.

Methods

Circ-HACE1, microRNA-485-3p (miR-485-3p) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) detection was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell viability and apoptosis/cell cycle were respectively examined using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry. Inflammatory cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Oxidative stress was evaluated through the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The target binding analysis was conducted via dual-luciferase reporter assay. Western blot was employed for protein expression detection of TLR4.

Results

Circ-HACE1 was overexpressed in smokers or smokers with COPD and CSE upregulated circ-HACE1 expression in 16HBE cells. Knockdown of circ-HACE1 attenuated CSE-stimulated cell viability and cell cycle repression, as well as the enhancement of cell apoptosis, inflammatory response and oxidative stress. MiR-485-3p was a target of circ-HACE1. Circ-HACE1 regulated CSE-induced cell injury via targeting miR-485-3p. TLR4 was a downstream target of miR-485-3p, and miR-485-3p inhibited the CSE-induced cell damages by directly downregulating the level of TLR4. Circ-HACE1/miR-485-3p regulated TLR4 expression in CSE-treated 16HBE cells, and TLR4 overexpression also reversed all effects of si-circ-HACE1 on CSE-treated 16HBE cells.

Conclusion

These findings elucidated that circ-HACE1 contributed to the CSE-induced cell damages in COPD cell models via regulating TLR4 by acting as the sponge of miR-485-3p.

CircCDK8 regulates osteogenic differentiation and apoptosis of PDLSCs by inducing ER stress/autophagy during hypoxia

Mounting evidence indicates that circular RNAs (circRNAs) have essential roles in several diseases, including periodontitis. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) exhibit potential for treating periodontitis accompanied by hypoxia. However, it is unclear how circRNA affects the osteogenesis of PDLSCs under hypoxia. In this study, a novel circRNA, hsa_circ_0003489, was found located at the gene for cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) and referred to as circCDK8. The expression levels of circCDK8 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α were significantly increased in periodontitis tissues, and the expression of circCDK8 was further confirmed in a hypoxia model using cobalt chloride (CoCl₂ ). Interestingly, the results showed that the expression levels of osteoblast markers (RUNX2, ALP, OCN, and COL1A1) were increased in CoCl₂ -treated PDLSCs at 6 and 12 h, but decreased at 24, 48, and 72 h. On the basis of bioinformatics and functional experiments, CoCl₂ also induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and apoptosis of PDLSCs; the inhibition of autophagy promoted the osteogenic differentiation of CoCl₂ -treated PDLSCs. Furthermore, circCDK8 overexpression induced autophagy and apoptosis through mTOR signaling, and circCDK8 silencing reversed the inhibitory effects of CoCl₂ on osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. In conclusion, our results indicate that circCDK8 represses the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs by triggering autophagy activation in a hypoxic microenvironment. CircCDK8 could be a new therapeutic target of periodontitis.

The development and controversy of competitive endogenous RNA hypothesis in non-coding genes

As a momentous post-transcriptional regulator, microRNAs (miRNAs) are attracting more and more attention. The classical miRNAs regulated mechanism shows it binds to the targets' 3'UTR thus play the role in post-transcription. Meanwhile, single miRNA can target multiple genes, so those should compete to bind that miRNA. Vice versa, single gene can sponge mass of miRNAs as well. Thus the competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) hypothesis was put forward in 2011. The ceRNA hypothesis has made huge achievements, in particular in non-coding genes, which including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circle RNAs (circRNAs) and pseudogenes, even viral transcripts. It also contributed greatly to epigenetics development. However, an increasing number of controversies have occurred with applause. Based on this situation, this review introduces something in detail about the ceRNAs hypothesis achieved in lncRNAs, circRNAs, pseudogenes and viral transcripts, respectively. Meanwhile, it also covers controversy of the ceRNAs hypothesis.