1
|
Cao Z, Aharonian F, Axikegu, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Bian W, Bukevich AV, Cao Q, Cao WY, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen AM, Chen ES, Chen HX, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen S, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen Y, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui MY, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Danzengluobu, Dong XQ, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fang J, Fang JH, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng H, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng XT, Feng Y, Feng YL, Gabici S, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao Q, Gao W, Gao WK, Ge MM, Geng LS, Giacinti G, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, Hasan M, He HH, He HN, He JY, He Y, Hor YK, Hou BW, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu Q, Hu SC, Huang DH, Huang TQ, Huang WJ, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang Y, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jia K, Jiang K, Jiang XW, Jiang ZJ, Jin M, Kang MM, Karpikov I, Kuleshov D, Kurinov K, Li BB, Li CM, Li C, Li C, Li D, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li SD, Li WL, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu DB, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Luo Q, Luo Y, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Mu HJ, Nan YC, Neronov A, Ou LJ, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi JC, Qi MY, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Raza A, Ruffolo D, Sáiz A, Saeed M, Semikoz D, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shu FW, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun DX, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Takata J, Tam PHT, Tang QW, Tang R, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang C, Wang CB, Wang GW, Wang HG, Wang HH, Wang JC, Wang K, Wang K, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang PH, Wang R, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu QW, Wu S, Wu XF, Wu YS, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xiong DR, Xiong Z, Xu DL, Xu RF, Xu RX, Xu WL, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yan T, Yang CW, Yang CY, Yang F, Yang FF, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang WX, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Yue H, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zha M, Zhang BB, Zhang F, Zhang H, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SB, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zhao XH, Zheng F, Zhong WJ, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou M, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhou XX, Zhu BY, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zou YC, Zuo X. Measurements of All-Particle Energy Spectrum and Mean Logarithmic Mass of Cosmic Rays from 0.3 to 30 PeV with LHAASO-KM2A. Phys Rev Lett 2024; 132:131002. [PMID: 38613275 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.131002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We present the measurements of all-particle energy spectrum and mean logarithmic mass of cosmic rays in the energy range of 0.3-30 PeV using data collected from LHAASO-KM2A between September 2021 and December 2022, which is based on a nearly composition-independent energy reconstruction method, achieving unprecedented accuracy. Our analysis reveals the position of the knee at 3.67±0.05±0.15 PeV. Below the knee, the spectral index is found to be -2.7413±0.0004±0.0050, while above the knee, it is -3.128±0.005±0.027, with the sharpness of the transition measured with a statistical error of 2%. The mean logarithmic mass of cosmic rays is almost heavier than helium in the whole measured energy range. It decreases from 1.7 at 0.3 PeV to 1.3 at 3 PeV, representing a 24% decline following a power law with an index of -0.1200±0.0003±0.0341. This is equivalent to an increase in abundance of light components. Above the knee, the mean logarithmic mass exhibits a power law trend towards heavier components, which is reversal to the behavior observed in the all-particle energy spectrum. Additionally, the knee position and the change in power-law index are approximately the same. These findings suggest that the knee observed in the all-particle spectrum corresponds to the knee of the light component, rather than the medium-heavy components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axikegu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Bian
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - A V Bukevich
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Q Cao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - W Y Cao
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - A M Chen
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - E S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H X Chen
- Research Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Cui
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Z G Dai
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Danzengluobu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - X Q Dong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K K Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J H Fang
- Research Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X T Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Y Feng
- Research Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - S Gabici
- APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W K Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G Giacinti
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - F L Guo
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - M Hasan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Y He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B W Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Hu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- China Center of Advanced Science and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Q Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W J Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jia
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - K Jiang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - X W Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Jin
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Kang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - I Karpikov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Kurinov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - C M Li
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S D Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W L Li
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D B Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S M Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q Luo
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Luo
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z Min
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - H J Mu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Y C Nan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - A Neronov
- APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
| | - L J Ou
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J J Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - A Raza
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - M Saeed
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Semikoz
- APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F W Shu
- Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science and Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yu V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Su
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D X Sun
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - J Takata
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q W Tang
- Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science and Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - R Tang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Z B Tang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - C B Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G W Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H H Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - L P Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X G Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q W Wu
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y S Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S Q Xi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D X Xiao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D R Xiong
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R F Xu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - W L Xu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J Z Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Yan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Y Yang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - F Yang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W X Yang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y H Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Yue
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S B Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X H Zhao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - W J Zhong
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - M Zhou
- Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science and Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Y Zhu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Y C Zou
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li SN, Bing YF, Wu S, Luo LT, Sun ZW, Li WL, Qu ZY, Zou X. Discovery and verification of anti-inflammatory-related quality markers in the aerial part of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and in RAW 264.7 cells and a zebrafish model. Phytochem Anal 2024; 35:336-349. [PMID: 37787024 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The root of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. (BS) is officially recognized in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In contrast, the aerial part of BS (ABS), accounting for 80% of BS, is typically discarded, causing potential waste of medicinal resources. ABS has shown benefits in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases in China and Spain, and the material basis underlying its anti-inflammatory effects must be systematically elucidated for the rational use of ABS. OBJECTIVE We aimed to screen and validate the anti-inflammatory quality markers (Q-markers) of ABS and to confirm the ideal time for ABS harvesting. METHODS The chemical components and anti-inflammatory effects of ABS from 10 extracted parts were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell model. Anti-inflammatory substances were screened by Pearson bivariate analysis and gray correlation analysis, and the anti-inflammatory effects were verified in a zebrafish tail-cutting inflammation model. HPLC was applied to measure the Q-marker contents of ABS in different harvesting periods. RESULTS Ten ABS extracts effectively alleviated the increase in LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells. Forty components were identified from them, among which 27 were common components. Eight components were correlated with anti-inflammatory effects, which were confirmed to reverse the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in a zebrafish model. Chlorogenic acid, hypericin, rutin, quercetin, and isorhamnetin can be detected by HPLC, and the maximum contents of these five Q-markers were obtained in the sample harvested in August. CONCLUSION The anti-inflammatory Q-markers of ABS were elucidated by chromatographic-pharmacodynamic-stoichiometric analysis, which served as a crucial basis for ABS quality control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Nan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Yi-Fan Bing
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Long-Tan Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Sun
- Engineering Research Center on Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Wen-Lan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
- Engineering Research Center on Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Zou
- Engineering Research Center on Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zou MH, Cao F, Ma L, Xia YS, Yang SC, Chen WD, Li WL, Chen XX. [Outcomes after surgical repair of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries: a series of 104 cases]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2023; 61:1093-1098. [PMID: 37932146 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20230108-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the early and midterm surgical outcome of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (PA/VSD/MAPCA) using revised surgical strategies. Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical data, surgical methods, and follow-up results was performed of 104 cases of PA/VSD/MAPCA in Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from January 2017 to September 2022. There were 55 males and 49 females, aged (M(IQR)) 33.9(84.0) months (range: 0.5 to 209.6 months) at the first surgical procedures. The anatomical classification included 89 cases of type B and 15 cases of type C. The number of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries was 4.2 (3.0) (range: 1 to 8). The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival estimation. Results: In the first stage of surgery, 50 patients underwent a complete primary repair, 12 patients underwent partial repair, 32 patients underwent palliative right ventricular-pulmonary artery connection, and only 10 patients chose the Blalock-Taussig shunt. There were 10 cases of early death. In the second stage, 14 patients underwent complete repair and 4 patients underwent partial repair with no early death. The interval between the two surgeries was 19 (10) months (range: 9 to 48 months). Finally, during the 40 (34) months follow-up period, a total of 64 patients were complete repair and the right/left ventricular pressure ratio after complete repair was 0.63±0.16 (range: 0.36 to 1.00). Survival analysis showed that survival rates at 1 and 5 years after first-stage surgery were both 89.4% (95%CI: 83.5% to 95.3%). At 28 (34) months (range: 1 to 67 months) of follow-up after complete repair, the survival analysis showed that the survival rates at 1 and 5 years were both 95.2% (95%CI: 89.9% to 100%). Conclusions: Using combined approaches tailored to individual patients and optimized unifocalization strategy, the complete repair rate at one stage and the cumulative complete repair rate at 5 years improved significantly with a lower right/left ventricular pressure ratio and satisfactory early and intermediate survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - F Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - L Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Y S Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - S C Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - W D Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - W L Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - X X Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li R, Li WL, Yuan GS, Pang HJ, Li Q, Hu XY, Guo YB, Chen JZ, Zang MY. [Study on the comparison of postoperative liver injury caused by hepatic arterial perfusion chemotherapy combined with targeted immunotherapy with hepatic arterial chemoembolization combined with targeted immunotherapy for intermediate-and advanced-stage liver cancer]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2023; 31:1163-1168. [PMID: 38238949 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20230827-00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Objective: To compare the postoperative liver function injury condition in patients with intermediate-and advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) and hepatic artery chemoembolization (TACE) combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Methods: Patients with intermediate-and advanced-stage HCC who were admitted and treated with HAIC/TACE+ICIs+TKIs therapy at Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University from January 2019 to November 2021, with follow-up up to July 2023, were retrospectively enrolled. The results of liver function tests within one week before interventional surgery and on the first day after surgery were recorded. The degree of postoperative liver injury was graded according to the common terminology criteria for adverse events 5.0 (CTCAE 5.0). The treatment efficacy was evaluated according to RECIST 1.1 criteria. Measurement data were compared between groups using a t-test or a non-parametric rank sum test. Enumeration data were compared between the groups using the χ(2) test or Fisher's exact probability method. The survival condition differences were analyzed by the log-rank method. Results: This study included 82 and 77 cases in the HAIC and TACE groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups of patients in terms of gender, age, physical condition score, number of tumors, presence or absence of liver cirrhosis, Child-Pugh grade, albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade, and combined ICIs and TKIs . The HAIC group had later tumor staging, a greater tumor burden, poorer liver reserve function, and a larger proportion of patients in stage C (81.7% vs. 63.6%), χ(2)=6.573, P = 0.01). There were 53 cases (64.6% vs. 32.5%) with a maximum tumor diameter of ≥ 10cm, χ(2)=16.441, P < 0.001), and more patients had a retention rate of ≥ 10% for indocyanine green (ICG) at 15 minutes (68.3% vs. 51.9%, P = 0.035). The postoperative incidence rate of increased levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin was significantly lower in the HAIC group than that in the TACE group (28.0% vs. 63.6%, χ(2)=20.298, P < 0.001, 54.9% vs. 85.7%, χ(2)=17.917, P < 0.001;40.2% vs. 55.8%, χ(2)=3.873, P = 0.049). The number of patients with postoperative ALBI grade 3 was significantly lower in the HAIC group than that in the TACE group (6.1% vs. 16.9%, χ(2)=4.601, P = 0.032). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate of postoperative hypoalbuminemia, activated partial thromboplastin time, or increased international standardized ratio between the two groups of patients. There was no statistically significant difference in median progression-free survival (7.3 months vs. 8.2 months, P = 0.296) or median overall survival (16.5 months vs. 21.9 months, P = 0.678) between the two groups of patients. Conclusion: The incidence rate of postoperative liver injury is higher in patients with intermediate-and advanced-stage HCC treated with TACE combined with ICIs and TKIs than in patients with HAIC combined with ICIs and TKIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - W L Li
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - G S Yuan
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - H J Pang
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Q Li
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - X Y Hu
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Y B Guo
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - J Z Chen
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - M Y Zang
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao Z, Aharonian F, An Q, Axikegu, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai JT, Cao Q, Cao WY, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen AM, Chen ES, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen Y, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui MY, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Danzengluobu, Della Volpe D, Dong XQ, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng XT, Feng YL, Gabici S, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao LQ, Gao Q, Gao W, Gao WK, Ge MM, Geng LS, Giacinti G, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He JY, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou BW, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu Q, Hu SC, Huang DH, Huang TQ, Huang WJ, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang Y, Huang ZC, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jia K, Jiang K, Jiang XW, Jiang ZJ, Jin M, Kang MM, Ke T, Kuleshov D, Kurinov K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li D, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Lu R, Luo Q, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Mu HJ, Nan YC, Neronov A, Ou ZW, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Qi YQ, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Ruffolo D, Sáiz A, Semikoz D, Shao CY, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shu FW, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang QW, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang C, Wang CB, Wang GW, Wang HG, Wang HH, Wang JC, Wang K, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang PH, Wang R, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu XF, Wu YS, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xiong Z, Xu DL, Xu RF, Xu RX, Xu WL, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yan T, Yang CW, Yang F, Yang FF, Yang HW, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Yue H, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zha M, Zhang BB, Zhang F, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang LX, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SB, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou M, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X. Measurement of Ultra-High-Energy Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission of the Galactic Plane from 10 TeV to 1 PeV with LHAASO-KM2A. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:151001. [PMID: 37897763 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.151001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The diffuse Galactic γ-ray emission, mainly produced via interactions between cosmic rays and the interstellar medium and/or radiation field, is a very important probe of the distribution, propagation, and interaction of cosmic rays in the Milky Way. In this Letter, we report the measurements of diffuse γ rays from the Galactic plane between 10 TeV and 1 PeV energies, with the square kilometer array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Diffuse emissions from the inner (15°10 TeV). The energy spectrum in the inner Galaxy regions can be described by a power-law function with an index of -2.99±0.04, which is different from the curved spectrum as expected from hadronic interactions between locally measured cosmic rays and the line-of-sight integrated gas content. Furthermore, the measured flux is higher by a factor of ∼3 than the prediction. A similar spectrum with an index of -2.99±0.07 is found in the outer Galaxy region, and the absolute flux for 10≲E≲60 TeV is again higher than the prediction for hadronic cosmic ray interactions. The latitude distributions of the diffuse emission are consistent with the gas distribution, while the longitude distributions show clear deviation from the gas distribution. The LHAASO measurements imply that either additional emission sources exist or cosmic ray intensities have spatial variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Axikegu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q Cao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - W Y Cao
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - A M Chen
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - E S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Cui
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Z G Dai
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Danzengluobu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - X Q Dong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K K Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X T Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - S Gabici
- APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W K Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G Giacinti
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - F L Guo
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Y He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B W Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Hu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Q Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W J Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jia
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - X W Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Jin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Kang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Ke
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Kurinov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W L Li
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S M Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Q Luo
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z Min
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - H J Mu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Y C Nan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - A Neronov
- APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
| | - Z W Ou
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Qi
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - B Q Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J J Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D Semikoz
- APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
| | - C Y Shao
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F W Shu
- Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yu V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Su
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q W Tang
- Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - C B Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G W Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H H Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y S Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S Q Xi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D X Xiao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G G Xin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Z Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R F Xu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - W L Xu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J Z Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Yan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Yang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - H W Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Yue
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S B Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - M Zhou
- Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cao Z, Aharonian F, An Q, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai JT, Cao Q, Cao WY, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen ES, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen Y, Cheng HL, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Della Volpe D, Dong XQ, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng XT, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao LQ, Gao Q, Gao W, Gao WK, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He JY, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou BW, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu Q, Hu SC, Huang DH, Huang TQ, Huang WJ, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang Y, Huang ZC, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jia K, Jiang K, Jiang XW, Jiang ZJ, Jin M, Kang MM, Ke T, Kuleshov D, Kurinov K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li D, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Long WJ, Lu R, Luo Q, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Nan YC, Ou ZW, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Qi YQ, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Ruffolo D, Sáiz A, Shao CY, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang C, Wang CB, Wang GW, Wang HG, Wang HH, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang K, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang PH, Wang R, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu XF, Wu YS, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xiong Z, Xu DL, Xu RF, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yan T, Yang CW, Yang F, Yang FF, Yang HW, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Yue H, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhang B, Zhang BB, Zhang F, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang LX, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SB, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng JH, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X. A tera-electron volt afterglow from a narrow jet in an extremely bright gamma-ray burst. Science 2023:eadg9328. [PMID: 37289911 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg9328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have a tera-electron volt (TeV) afterglow, but the early onset of this has not been observed. We report observations with the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory of the bright GRB 221009A, which serendipitously occurred within the instrument field of view. More than 64,000 photons >0.2 TeV were detected within the first 3000 seconds. The TeV flux began several minutes after the GRB trigger, then rose to a peak about 10 seconds later. This was followed by a decay phase, which became more rapid ~650 seconds after the peak. We interpret the emission using a model of a relativistic jet with half-opening angle ~0.8°. This is consistent with the core of a structured jet and could explain the high isotropic energy of this GRB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L X Bai
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q Cao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - W Y Cao
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - E S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - H L Cheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Z G Dai
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - X Q Dong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K K Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X T Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W K Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - F L Guo
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Y He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B W Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Hu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Q Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W J Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jia
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - X W Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Jin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Kang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Ke
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Kurinov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W L Li
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J S Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - S M Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - W J Long
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Q Luo
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z Min
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Y C Nan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z W Ou
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Qi
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - B Q Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J J Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Y Shao
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Y V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Su
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - C B Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G W Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H H Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J S Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - K Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y S Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S Q Xi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D X Xiao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G G Xin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Z Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R F Xu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J Z Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Yan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Yang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H W Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Yue
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z K Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhang
- Nevada Center for Astrophysics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S B Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - J H Zheng
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, 610000 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kong JT, Yan ZX, Song W, Li WL, X Y, Xu WY, Cheng Q, Li DX. Emergent Majorana zero-modes in an intrinsic anti-ferromagnetic topological superconductor Mn 2B 2 monolayer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6963-6969. [PMID: 36807355 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05523f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Topological superconductors (TSCs) are an exotic field due to the existence of Majorana zero-modes (MZM) in the edge states that obey non-Abelian statistics and can be used to implement topological quantum computations, especially for two-dimensional (2D) materials. Here we predict manganese diboride (Mn2B2) as an intrinsic 2D anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) TSC based on the magnetic and electronic structures of Mn and B atoms. Once Mn2B2 ML enters a superconducting state, MZM will be induced by the spin-polarized helical gapless edge states. The Z2 topological non-trivial properties are confirmed by Wannier charge centers (WCC) and the platform of the spin Hall conductivity near the Fermi level. Phonon-electron coupling (EPC) implies s-wave superconductivity and the critical temperature (Tc) is 6.79 K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Kong
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Z X Yan
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - W Song
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - W L Li
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - You X
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - W Y Xu
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Q Cheng
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - D X Li
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang XL, Zhao WQ, Du YY, Zhang Y, Li WL, Hu WQ, Lu J, Zhao J. [Exploration of phase angle used to construct PG-SGA nutritional assessment and prediction model for malignant tumor patients]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2022; 44:1376-1384. [PMID: 36575790 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112152-20210719-00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the value of phase angle (PA) in constructing a predictive model of nutrition evaluation for tumor patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 1 129 patients with malignant tumors hospitalized in the Cancer Center of Changzhi People's Hospital from June 2020 to February 2021. PA values of six parts of the body were measured by the body composition analyzer, including: left arm (LA), right arm (RA), left leg (LL), right leg (RL), the trunk (TR), and the whole body (WB). Patients' body mass index (BMI) was calculated and patient-generated subjective global assessment (PG-SGA) was assessed. The differences of PA values of six parts were compared and their correlations with BMI and PG-SGA in combination with age, gender and tumor disease types were analyzed, binary classification regression on BMI and PG-SGA was performed, and the functions of the best prediction model was fitted. Decision tree, random forest, Akaike information criterion in a Stepwise Algorithm (stepAIC) and generalized likelihood ratio test were used to select appropriate variables, and the logit logistic regression model was used to fit the data. Results: Comparing the PA values of six parts in pairs, it was found that the PA values of LA and RA, LL and RL, and TR and WB were linearly correlated and the coefficient was close to 1 (P<0.001). Binary classification regression was performed for BMI and PG-SGA, respectively. In order to make the data have clinical significance, 18.5 kg/m(2) was used as the classification point for BMI, 4 and 9 were used as the classification points for PG-SGA score, and the models of A, B and C were obtained. Suitable variables including PA-LA, PA-TR and tumor disease types were used as variables to fit BMI classification; BMI, PA-LA and age were used as variables to fit the PG-SGA model with 9 as the classification point. PA-LA, PA-TR, BMI, age and tumor disease types were used as variables to fit the PG-SGA model with 4 as the classification point. In this study, the predicted values of models A, B and C obtained by R-studio were imported into SPSS 26.0 software, and the cut-off values of classification were obtained by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The ROC analytic results showed that the best cut-off values of Model A, B and C were 0.155, 0.793 and 0.295. Model A recommended when the probability is >0.155, a patient's nutritiond tatus should be classified as BMI < 18.5 kg/m(2) group. Model B recommended that PG-SGA<9 group be classified as the probability is >0.793. Model C recommended that PG-SGA < 4 group should be classified when probability is >0.295. Conclusions: The PG-SGA classification prediction model is simple to operate, and the nutritional status of patients can be roughly divided into three groups: normal or suspected malnutrition group (PG-SGA<4), moderate malnutrition group (4≤PG-SGA<9), and severe malnutrition group (PG-SGA≥9). This model can more efficiently predict the nutritional status of cancer patients, greatly simplify the nutritional assessment process, and better guide the standardized treatment of clinical malnutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X L Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Changzhi People's Hospital, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - W Q Zhao
- Postgraduate Department of Mathematics, University of York, UK YO105DD
| | - Y Y Du
- Department of Oncology, Changzhi People's Hospital, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Graduate School of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - W L Li
- Graduate School of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - W Q Hu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Changzhi People's Hospital, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - J Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - J Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Changzhi People's Hospital, Changzhi 046000, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao Z, Aharonian F, An Q, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai JT, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen ES, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen Y, Cheng HL, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, D'Ettorre Piazzoli B, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Della Volpe D, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fan ZX, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng XT, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao LQ, Gao Q, Gao W, Gao WK, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo JG, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He SL, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu Q, Hu S, Hu SC, Hu XJ, Huang DH, Huang WH, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang Y, Huang ZC, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jia K, Jiang K, Jiang ZJ, Jin M, Kang MM, Ke T, Kuleshov D, Levochkin K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li X, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Long WJ, Lu R, Luo Q, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Masood A, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Nan YC, Ou ZW, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Qi YQ, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Ruffolo D, Sáiz A, Shao CY, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shi JY, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang BD, Wang C, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang R, Wang RN, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang YP, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu XF, Wu YS, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xiong Z, Xu DL, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yang CW, Yang FF, Yang HW, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Yue H, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhai XX, Zhang BB, Zhang F, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang LX, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SB, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang YL, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng Y, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X, Ando S, Chianese M, Fiorillo DFG, Miele G, Ng KCY. Constraints on Heavy Decaying Dark Matter from 570 Days of LHAASO Observations. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:261103. [PMID: 36608208 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.261103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The kilometer square array (KM2A) of the large high altitude air shower observatory (LHAASO) aims at surveying the northern γ-ray sky at energies above 10 TeV with unprecedented sensitivity. γ-ray observations have long been one of the most powerful tools for dark matter searches, as, e.g., high-energy γ rays could be produced by the decays of heavy dark matter particles. In this Letter, we present the first dark matter analysis with LHAASO-KM2A, using the first 340 days of data from 1/2-KM2A and 230 days of data from 3/4-KM2A. Several regions of interest are used to search for a signal and account for the residual cosmic-ray background after γ/hadron separation. We find no excess of dark matter signals, and thus place some of the strongest γ-ray constraints on the lifetime of heavy dark matter particles with mass between 10^{5} and 10^{9} GeV. Our results with LHAASO are robust, and have important implications for dark matter interpretations of the diffuse astrophysical high-energy neutrino emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L X Bai
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - E S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H L Cheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B D'Ettorre Piazzoli
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - Z G Dai
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K K Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z X Fan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X T Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W K Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - F L Guo
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - J G Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S L He
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Hu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Hu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X J Hu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W H Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jia
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - M Jin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M M Kang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Ke
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Levochkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J S Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S M Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - W J Long
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Q Luo
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - A Masood
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Min
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Y C Nan
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Z W Ou
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Qi
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - B Q Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J J Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - C Y Shao
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Y Shi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yu V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Su
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - B D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J S Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - R N Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y P Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y S Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S Q Xi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D X Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G G Xin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Z Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J Z Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - H W Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Yue
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z K Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S B Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Y Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Ando
- GRAPPA Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (KavliIPMU,WPI), University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - M Chianese
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- INFN - Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - D F G Fiorillo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- INFN - Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Miele
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini," Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- INFN - Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Univ. Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II", Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - K C Y Ng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wen J, Liu Y, Zhang SS, Song Y, Li WL, Yan XJ. A new cyclic peptide from Selaginella tamariscina. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2022; 24:1169-1176. [PMID: 35686907 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2022.2083607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new cyclic peptide selapeptin B (1), together with one known nor-lignan glycoside moellenoside C (2), was isolated from Selaginella tamariscina. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR analyses and HRESIMS. Two compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against B16F10, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468 cell lines by MTT assay. Compound 1 showed the potent activity against B16F10 melanoma cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of China, Chengdu 610225, China
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Shao-Shan Zhang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of China, Chengdu 610225, China
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Yang Song
- Shimadzu China Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wen-Lan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Xin-Jia Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of China, Chengdu 610225, China
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zou X, Sui Y, Tang XY, Zhang R, Shu Q, Gong T, Wu S, Sun ZW, Li WL, Qu ZY. [Mechanism of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium and Paeonia lactiflora herbal pair against liver cancer: an exploration based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with network pharmacology]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:3597-3608. [PMID: 35850814 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20220110.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to decipher the pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of herbal pair Bupleurum scorzonerifolium-Paeonia lactiflora(BS-PL) against liver cancer based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and network pharmacology. MTT assay and human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were used to screen the effective part of BS-PL, the active components of which were further analyzed and identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Next, we applied Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP) to screen the active ingredients with OB≥30%. Then TCMSP and SwissTargetPrediction were used to collect and predict component targets, followed by the search of liver cancer-related targets with GeneCards and DisGeNET. The intersection targets were obtained using Venny 2.1.0. Protein-protein interaction(PPI) network was constructed using STRING to uncover the core targets, which were subjected to Gene Ontology(GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) enrichment analysis based on DAVID. Finally, the effects of active ingredients on the expression of main proteins enriched in the key pathways of HepG2 cells were verified by Western blot. The results indicated that compared with 30%, 50%, and 70% ethanol extracts of BS-PL, the n-butanol extraction part(CSYZ) from 95% ethanol extract of BS-PL exhibited the best anti-tumor effect. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS revealed 31 ingredients, 14 of which showed OB≥30%. A total of 220 intersection targets were obtained, from which 35 were selected as the key targets under the condition of two times the median of degree. Among the 215 items with P<0.05 obtained through GO enrichment analysis, 154 were classified into biological processes, 22 into cell components and 39 into molecular functions. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed 95 significantly affected signaling pathways, and the ones(sorted in a descending order by P value) closely related to the anti-liver cancer effect of herbal pair were PI3 K-AKT signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and ErbB signaling pathway. Finally, the PI3 K/AKT signaling pathway involving the largest number of targets was extrapolated, and it was found that this pathway contained 15 core targets and 8 active components. Experimental verification showed that the effective components of BS-PL significantly inhibited the expression of p-PI3 K and p-AKT, consistent with the prediction results of network pharmacology. In conclusion, the main pharmacodynamic substances of BS-PL against liver cancer are 14 components like saikosaponin a, saikosaponin d, and paeoniflorin, which exert the anti-liver cancer effect by regulating PI3 K/AKT pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zou
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076, China
| | - Yang Sui
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076, China
| | - Xi-Yu Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076, China
| | - Qi Shu
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076, China
| | - Tian Gong
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076, China
| | - Wen-Lan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076, China Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Qu
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wen J, Yan XJ, Nie CD, Wang QX, Li WL. Two new flavonol glycosides from Selaginella tamariscina. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2022; 24:496-502. [PMID: 34581213 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.1976160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two new flavonol glycosides 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone-4'-O-[5'''-O-p-coumaroyl-β-D-apiofuranoyl-(1'''→2'')-β-D-glucopyranoside] (1) and 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone -4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) were isolated from Selaginella tamariscina. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR analyses and HRESIMS spectrometry. Two compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against A-375, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines by MTT assay. Unfortunately, two compounds displayed no cytotoxic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Research on Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Xin-Jia Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Research on Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Cheng-Dong Nie
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Research on Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Qi-Xuan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Research on Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Wen-Lan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Research on Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150076, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cao Z, Aharonian F, An Q, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai H, Cai JT, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen BM, Chen ES, Chen J, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen XL, Chen Y, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, Piazzoli BD, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Della Volpe D, Dong XJ, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fan ZX, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao LQ, Gao Q, Gao W, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo JG, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He JC, He SL, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu S, Hu SC, Hu XJ, Huang DH, Huang QL, Huang WH, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang ZC, Ji F, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jiang K, Jiang ZJ, Jin C, Ke T, Kuleshov D, Levochkin K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li X, Li Y, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Liu ZX, Long WJ, Lu R, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Masood A, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Montaruli T, Nan YC, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Qi YQ, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Ruffolo D, Rulev V, Sáiz A, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shi JR, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang BD, Wang C, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang RN, Wang W, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XJ, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang YP, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu WX, Wu XF, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xiao HB, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xu DL, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yang CW, Yang FF, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhai XX, Zhang BB, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang JW, Zhang LX, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang YL, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng Y, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X. Exploring Lorentz Invariance Violation from Ultrahigh-Energy γ Rays Observed by LHAASO. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:051102. [PMID: 35179919 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the LHAASO Collaboration published the detection of 12 ultrahigh-energy γ-ray sources above 100 TeV, with the highest energy photon reaching 1.4 PeV. The first detection of PeV γ rays from astrophysical sources may provide a very sensitive probe of the effect of the Lorentz invariance violation (LIV), which results in decay of high-energy γ rays in the superluminal scenario and hence a sharp cutoff of the energy spectrum. Two highest energy sources are studied in this work. No signature of the existence of the LIV is found in their energy spectra, and the lower limits on the LIV energy scale are derived. Our results show that the first-order LIV energy scale should be higher than about 10^{5} times the Planck scale M_{Pl} and that the second-order LIV scale is >10^{-3}M_{Pl}. Both limits improve by at least one order of magnitude the previous results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L X Bai
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H Cai
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - B M Chen
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - E S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J Chen
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - X L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - B D'Ettorre Piazzoli
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Z G Dai
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - X J Dong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - K K Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z X Fan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - F L Guo
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - J G Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J C He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S L He
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S Hu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X J Hu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q L Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W H Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Jin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - T Ke
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Levochkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Li
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J S Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S M Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Z X Liu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W J Long
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - A Masood
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Min
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y C Nan
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Qi
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - B Q Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J J Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - V Rulev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J R Shi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yu V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Su
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - B D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J S Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - R N Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y P Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W X Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Q Xi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D X Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H B Xiao
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - G G Xin
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J Z Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z K Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - J W Zhang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Y Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cao Z, Aharonian F, An Q, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai H, Cai JT, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chen BM, Chen ES, Chen J, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen XL, Chen Y, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, D'Ettorre Piazzoli B, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Della Volpe D, Dong XJ, Duan KK, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fan ZX, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao LQ, Gao Q, Gao W, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo FL, Guo JG, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He JC, He SL, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu S, Hu SC, Hu XJ, Huang DH, Huang QL, Huang WH, Huang XT, Huang XY, Huang ZC, Ji F, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jiang K, Jiang ZJ, Jin C, Ke T, Kuleshov D, Levochkin K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li XR, Li X, Li X, Li Y, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu YN, Liu ZX, Long WJ, Lu R, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Masood A, Min Z, Mitthumsiri W, Montaruli T, Nan YC, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Qi YQ, Qiao BQ, Qin JJ, Ruffolo D, Rulev V, Saiz A, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shi JY, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Su Y, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang BD, Wang C, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang RN, Wang W, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XJ, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang YP, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu WX, Wu XF, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao DX, Xiao G, Xiao HB, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xu DL, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yan JZ, Yang CW, Yang FF, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhai XX, Zhang BB, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang JW, Zhang LX, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang YF, Zhang YL, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng Y, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X. Peta-electron volt gamma-ray emission from the Crab Nebula. Science 2021; 373:425-430. [PMID: 34261813 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Crab Nebula is a bright source of gamma rays powered by the Crab Pulsar's rotational energy through the formation and termination of a relativistic electron-positron wind. We report the detection of gamma rays from this source with energies from 5 × 10-4 to 1.1 peta-electron volts with a spectrum showing gradual steepening over three energy decades. The ultrahigh-energy photons imply the presence of a peta-electron volt electron accelerator (a pevatron) in the nebula, with an acceleration rate exceeding 15% of the theoretical limit. We constrain the pevatron's size between 0.025 and 0.1 parsecs and the magnetic field to ≈110 microgauss. The production rate of peta-electron volt electrons, 2.5 × 1036 ergs per second, constitutes 0.5% of the pulsar spin-down luminosity, although we cannot exclude a contribution of peta-electron volt protons to the production of the highest-energy gamma rays.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wen J, Zheng X, Liu C, Nie CD, Jiang YY, Sun XM, Li WL, Yan XJ. Two new selariscinins from Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2021; 23:675-680. [PMID: 32869691 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2020.1810672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two new selariscinins named selariscinin F (1) and selariscinin G (2), along with one known selariscinin D (3) were isolated from Selaginella tamariscina. The structures of 1-3 were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR analyses and HRESIMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Research on Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Research on Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Research on Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Cheng-Dong Nie
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Research on Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Research on Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Research on Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Wen-Lan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Research on Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Xin-Jia Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Research on Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150076, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu QH, Huang SP, Li WL, Ye XY, Lin XH, Wu YL, Chen XF, Zhuang XB. Expression of CCL-18 and CX3CL1 in Serum, and Their Potential Roles as Two Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic cor Pulmonale (COPD&CCP): a Pilot Study. Clin Lab 2021; 66. [PMID: 33073965 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2020.200244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CC chemokine ligand-18 (CCL-18) and CX3 chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) are key factors of vascular and tissue injury in chronic respiratory diseases. Here, we investigated the value of CCL-18 and CX3CL1 in diagnosis and prognosis of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic cor pulmonale (COPD&CCP). METHODS First, we investigated the expression profile of CCL-18 and CX3CL1 in serum of COPD&CCP patients. Then the relationship of the level of CCL-18 and CX3CL1 with clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. Subsequently, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of CCL-18 and CX3CL1 to discriminate COPD&CCP. The prognostic value and therapy outcome were also evaluated. RESULTS Compared to healthy subjects, the level of CCL-18 (8.01 ± 2.01 ng/mL) and CX3CL1 (2,096.11 ± 306.09 ng/mL) was significantly increased in COPD&CCP patients (p < 0.05). The upregulation of CCL-18 and CX3CL1 was significantly correlated with clinicopathological characteristics including CRP, IL-6, FIB, NT-proBNP, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PASP, LVEF, and T wave anomaly. The combination of CCL-18 and CX3CL1 showed high precision for discriminating COPD&CCP with high AUC values (0.828), sensitivity (66.1%), and specificity (92.5%). Furthermore, CCL-18 and CX3CL1 acted as independent factors which lead to poor clinical benefits and indicated poor prognosis of COPD&CCP patients. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicated that CCL-18 and CX3CL1 could act as suitable biomarkers in prognosis and prognostic evaluation of COPD&CCP.
Collapse
|
17
|
Aharonian F, An Q, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai H, Cai JT, Cao Z, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chang XC, Chen BM, Chen J, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen XL, Chen Y, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Della Volpe D, D'Ettorre Piazzoli B, Dong XJ, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fan ZX, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao Q, Gao W, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo JG, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He JC, He SL, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu S, Hu SC, Hu XJ, Huang DH, Huang QL, Huang WH, Huang XT, Huang ZC, Ji F, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jiang K, Jiang ZJ, Jin C, Kuleshov D, Levochkin K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li X, Li X, Li XR, Li Y, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu YN, Liu ZX, Long WJ, Lu R, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Masood A, Mitthumsiri W, Montaruli T, Nan YC, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Ruffolo D, Rulev V, Sáiz A, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shi JR, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang BD, Wang C, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang RN, Wang W, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XJ, Wang XY, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang YP, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu WX, Wu XF, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao G, Xiao HB, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xu DL, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yang CW, Yang FF, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhai XX, Zhang BB, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang JW, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang LX, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang YF, Zhang YL, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng Y, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X, Huang XY. Extended Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission Surrounding PSR J0622+3749 Observed by LHAASO-KM2A. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:241103. [PMID: 34213924 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.241103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery of an extended very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray source around the location of the middle-aged (207.8 kyr) pulsar PSR J0622+3749 with the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). The source is detected with a significance of 8.2σ for E>25 TeV assuming a Gaussian template. The best-fit location is (right ascension, declination) =(95.47°±0.11°,37.92°±0.09°), and the extension is 0.40°±0.07°. The energy spectrum can be described by a power-law spectrum with an index of -2.92±0.17_{stat}±0.02_{sys}. No clear extended multiwavelength counterpart of the LHAASO source has been found from the radio to sub-TeV bands. The LHAASO observations are consistent with the scenario that VHE electrons escaped from the pulsar, diffused in the interstellar medium, and scattered the interstellar radiation field. If interpreted as the pulsar halo scenario, the diffusion coefficient, inferred for electrons with median energies of ∼160 TeV, is consistent with those obtained from the extended halos around Geminga and Monogem and much smaller than that derived from cosmic ray secondaries. The LHAASO discovery of this source thus likely enriches the class of so-called pulsar halos and confirms that high-energy particles generally diffuse very slowly in the disturbed medium around pulsars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L X Bai
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H Cai
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - X C Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B M Chen
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - J Chen
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - L Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - L Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - X L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Z G Dai
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B D'Ettorre Piazzoli
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - X J Dong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z X Fan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - J G Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J C He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S L He
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S Hu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X J Hu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q L Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W H Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Jin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Levochkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - X Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Li
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J S Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S M Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Z X Liu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W J Long
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - A Masood
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y C Nan
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - V Rulev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - J R Shi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yu V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - B D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - J S Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - R N Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - X J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y P Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Z Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - W X Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Q Xi
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H B Xiao
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - G G Xin
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - D H Yan
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y H Yu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z K Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - J W Zhang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - L Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P P Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Y Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cao Z, Aharonian FA, An Q, Axikegu, Bai LX, Bai YX, Bao YW, Bastieri D, Bi XJ, Bi YJ, Cai H, Cai JT, Cao Z, Chang J, Chang JF, Chang XC, Chen BM, Chen J, Chen L, Chen L, Chen L, Chen MJ, Chen ML, Chen QH, Chen SH, Chen SZ, Chen TL, Chen XL, Chen Y, Cheng N, Cheng YD, Cui SW, Cui XH, Cui YD, Dai BZ, Dai HL, Dai ZG, Danzengluobu, Della Volpe D, D Ettorre Piazzoli B, Dong XJ, Fan JH, Fan YZ, Fan ZX, Fang J, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng L, Feng SH, Feng YL, Gao B, Gao CD, Gao Q, Gao W, Ge MM, Geng LS, Gong GH, Gou QB, Gu MH, Guo JG, Guo XL, Guo YQ, Guo YY, Han YA, He HH, He HN, He JC, He SL, He XB, He Y, Heller M, Hor YK, Hou C, Hou X, Hu HB, Hu S, Hu SC, Hu XJ, Huang DH, Huang QL, Huang WH, Huang XT, Huang ZC, Ji F, Ji XL, Jia HY, Jiang K, Jiang ZJ, Jin C, Kuleshov D, Levochkin K, Li BB, Li C, Li C, Li F, Li HB, Li HC, Li HY, Li J, Li K, Li WL, Li X, Li X, Li XR, Li Y, Li YZ, Li Z, Li Z, Liang EW, Liang YF, Lin SJ, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Liu H, Liu HD, Liu J, Liu JL, Liu JS, Liu JY, Liu MY, Liu RY, Liu SM, Liu W, Liu YN, Liu ZX, Long WJ, Lu R, Lv HK, Ma BQ, Ma LL, Ma XH, Mao JR, Masood A, Mitthumsiri W, Montaruli T, Nan YC, Pang BY, Pattarakijwanich P, Pei ZY, Qi MY, Ruffolo D, Rulev V, Sáiz A, Shao L, Shchegolev O, Sheng XD, Shi JR, Song HC, Stenkin YV, Stepanov V, Sun QN, Sun XN, Sun ZB, Tam PHT, Tang ZB, Tian WW, Wang BD, Wang C, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang JC, Wang JS, Wang LP, Wang LY, Wang RN, Wang W, Wang W, Wang XG, Wang XJ, Wang XY, Wang YD, Wang YJ, Wang YP, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang ZH, Wang ZX, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YJ, Wen T, Wu CY, Wu HR, Wu S, Wu WX, Wu XF, Xi SQ, Xia J, Xia JJ, Xiang GM, Xiao G, Xiao HB, Xin GG, Xin YL, Xing Y, Xu DL, Xu RX, Xue L, Yan DH, Yang CW, Yang FF, Yang JY, Yang LL, Yang MJ, Yang RZ, Yang SB, Yao YH, Yao ZG, Ye YM, Yin LQ, Yin N, You XH, You ZY, Yu YH, Yuan Q, Zeng HD, Zeng TX, Zeng W, Zeng ZK, Zha M, Zhai XX, Zhang BB, Zhang HM, Zhang HY, Zhang JL, Zhang JW, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang LX, Zhang PF, Zhang PP, Zhang R, Zhang SR, Zhang SS, Zhang X, Zhang XP, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang YF, Zhang YL, Zhao B, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao LZ, Zhao SP, Zheng F, Zheng Y, Zhou B, Zhou H, Zhou JN, Zhou P, Zhou R, Zhou XX, Zhu CG, Zhu FR, Zhu H, Zhu KJ, Zuo X. Ultrahigh-energy photons up to 1.4 petaelectronvolts from 12 γ-ray Galactic sources. Nature 2021; 594:33-36. [PMID: 34002091 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The extension of the cosmic-ray spectrum beyond 1 petaelectronvolt (PeV; 1015 electronvolts) indicates the existence of the so-called PeVatrons-cosmic-ray factories that accelerate particles to PeV energies. We need to locate and identify such objects to find the origin of Galactic cosmic rays1. The principal signature of both electron and proton PeVatrons is ultrahigh-energy (exceeding 100 TeV) γ radiation. Evidence of the presence of a proton PeVatron has been found in the Galactic Centre, according to the detection of a hard-spectrum radiation extending to 0.04 PeV (ref. 2). Although γ-rays with energies slightly higher than 0.1 PeV have been reported from a few objects in the Galactic plane3-6, unbiased identification and in-depth exploration of PeVatrons requires detection of γ-rays with energies well above 0.1 PeV. Here we report the detection of more than 530 photons at energies above 100 teraelectronvolts and up to 1.4 PeV from 12 ultrahigh-energy γ-ray sources with a statistical significance greater than seven standard deviations. Despite having several potential counterparts in their proximity, including pulsar wind nebulae, supernova remnants and star-forming regions, the PeVatrons responsible for the ultrahigh-energy γ-rays have not yet been firmly localized and identified (except for the Crab Nebula), leaving open the origin of these extreme accelerators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - F A Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, Ireland. .,Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Axikegu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - L X Bai
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y X Bai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - D Bastieri
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Cai
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - J T Cai
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - J F Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - X C Chang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B M Chen
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - J Chen
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - M J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - Q H Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - S H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - T L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - X L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - N Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y D Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S W Cui
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - X H Cui
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y D Cui
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - B Z Dai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - H L Dai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Z G Dai
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danzengluobu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - D Della Volpe
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B D Ettorre Piazzoli
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - X J Dong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J H Fan
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Z X Fan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Fang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - S H Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - B Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C D Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - W Gao
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - M M Ge
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - L S Geng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G H Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M H Gu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - J G Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - X L Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Y A Han
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - H N He
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - J C He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S L He
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X B He
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Y He
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - M Heller
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y K Hor
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S Hu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - S C Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - X J Hu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - D H Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Q L Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W H Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - X T Huang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Z C Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - F Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X L Ji
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - H Y Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - K Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Z J Jiang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - C Jin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - D Kuleshov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - K Levochkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - B B Li
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Y Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - J Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - K Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - X R Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Li
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - E W Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Y F Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - S J Lin
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - B Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - H D Liu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J L Liu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J S Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - J Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - R Y Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - S M Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y N Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Z X Liu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - W J Long
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - R Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - H K Lv
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Q Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - L L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X H Ma
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Mao
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - A Masood
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y C Nan
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - B Y Pang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - P Pattarakijwanich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Z Y Pei
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Ruffolo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - V Rulev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Sáiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - L Shao
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - O Shchegolev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - X D Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J R Shi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H C Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu V Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Stepanov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Q N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - X N Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Z B Sun
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - P H T Tam
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Z B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - W W Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - B D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - H Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - H G Wang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J C Wang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - J S Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - L P Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - L Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R N Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - X G Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - X J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y P Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z H Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Z X Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Y J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Wen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - C Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W X Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - X F Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - S Q Xi
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Xia
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - J J Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - G M Xiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - G Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H B Xiao
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - G G Xin
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y L Xin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Xing
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - D L Xu
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - R X Xu
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - D H Yan
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - C W Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - F F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - J Y Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - L L Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - M J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Z Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - S B Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Y H Yao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Z G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y M Ye
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - L Q Yin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - N Yin
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - X H You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Y You
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y H Yu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - H D Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - T X Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - W Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Z K Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - M Zha
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X X Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B B Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - H M Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - J L Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J W Zhang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - L X Zhang
- Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - P F Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - P P Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - R Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - S S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - L Z Zhao
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - F Zheng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - B Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J N Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - P Zhou
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - R Zhou
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X X Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - C G Zhu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - F R Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - H Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - K J Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China
| | - X Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alemanno F, An Q, Azzarello P, Barbato FCT, Bernardini P, Bi XJ, Cai MS, Catanzani E, Chang J, Chen DY, Chen JL, Chen ZF, Cui MY, Cui TS, Cui YX, Dai HT, D'Amone A, De Benedittis A, De Mitri I, de Palma F, Deliyergiyev M, Di Santo M, Dong TK, Dong ZX, Donvito G, Droz D, Duan JL, Duan KK, D'Urso D, Fan RR, Fan YZ, Fang K, Fang F, Feng CQ, Feng L, Fusco P, Gao M, Gargano F, Gong K, Gong YZ, Guo DY, Guo JH, Guo XL, Han SX, Hu YM, Huang GS, Huang XY, Huang YY, Ionica M, Jiang W, Kong J, Kotenko A, Kyratzis D, Lei SJ, Li S, Li WL, Li X, Li XQ, Liang YM, Liu CM, Liu H, Liu J, Liu SB, Liu WQ, Liu Y, Loparco F, Luo CN, Ma M, Ma PX, Ma T, Ma XY, Marsella G, Mazziotta MN, Mo D, Niu XY, Pan X, Parenti A, Peng WX, Peng XY, Perrina C, Qiao R, Rao JN, Ruina A, Salinas MM, Shang GZ, Shen WH, Shen ZQ, Shen ZT, Silveri L, Song JX, Stolpovskiy M, Su H, Su M, Sun ZY, Surdo A, Teng XJ, Tykhonov A, Wang H, Wang JZ, Wang LG, Wang S, Wang XL, Wang Y, Wang YF, Wang YZ, Wang ZM, Wei DM, Wei JJ, Wei YF, Wen SC, Wu D, Wu J, Wu LB, Wu SS, Wu X, Xia ZQ, Xu HT, Xu ZH, Xu ZL, Xu ZZ, Xue GF, Yang HB, Yang P, Yang YQ, Yao HJ, Yu YH, Yuan GW, Yuan Q, Yue C, Zang JJ, Zhang F, Zhang SX, Zhang WZ, Zhang Y, Zhang YJ, Zhang YL, Zhang YP, Zhang YQ, Zhang Z, Zhang ZY, Zhao C, Zhao HY, Zhao XF, Zhou CY, Zhu Y. Measurement of the Cosmic Ray Helium Energy Spectrum from 70 GeV to 80 TeV with the DAMPE Space Mission. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:201102. [PMID: 34110215 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.201102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic ray helium nuclei from 70 GeV to 80 TeV using 4.5 years of data recorded by the Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is reported in this work. A hardening of the spectrum is observed at an energy of about 1.3 TeV, similar to previous observations. In addition, a spectral softening at about 34 TeV is revealed for the first time with large statistics and well controlled systematic uncertainties, with an overall significance of 4.3σ. The DAMPE spectral measurements of both cosmic protons and helium nuclei suggest a particle charge dependent softening energy, although with current uncertainties a dependence on the number of nucleons cannot be ruled out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Alemanno
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Via Iacobucci 2, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Q An
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - P Azzarello
- Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F C T Barbato
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Via Iacobucci 2, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - P Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Lecce, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - X J Bi
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19B, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - M S Cai
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - E Catanzani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - J Chang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - D Y Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - J L Chen
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Z F Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - M Y Cui
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - T S Cui
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Y X Cui
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - H T Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - A D'Amone
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Lecce, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - A De Benedittis
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Lecce, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - I De Mitri
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Via Iacobucci 2, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - F de Palma
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Lecce, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - M Deliyergiyev
- Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Lecce, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - T K Dong
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Z X Dong
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - G Donvito
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - D Droz
- Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J L Duan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - K K Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - D D'Urso
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R R Fan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19B, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - K Fang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19B, Beijing 100049, China
| | - F Fang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - C Q Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - P Fusco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Gao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19B, Beijing 100049, China
| | - F Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - K Gong
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19B, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Z Gong
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - D Y Guo
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19B, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J H Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - X L Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - S X Han
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Y M Hu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - G S Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - X Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Y Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - M Ionica
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - W Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - J Kong
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - A Kotenko
- Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D Kyratzis
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Via Iacobucci 2, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - S J Lei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - S Li
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - W L Li
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - X Li
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - X Q Li
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Y M Liang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - C M Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - H Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - J Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - S B Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - W Q Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - F Loparco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C N Luo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - M Ma
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - P X Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - T Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - X Y Ma
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - G Marsella
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Lecce, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - M N Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - D Mo
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - X Y Niu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - X Pan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - A Parenti
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Via Iacobucci 2, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - W X Peng
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19B, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X Y Peng
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - C Perrina
- Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R Qiao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19B, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J N Rao
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - A Ruina
- Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M M Salinas
- Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Z Shang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - W H Shen
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Z Q Shen
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Z T Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - L Silveri
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Via Iacobucci 2, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - J X Song
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - M Stolpovskiy
- Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - H Su
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - M Su
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Space Research, the University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Z Y Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - A Surdo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Lecce, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - X J Teng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - A Tykhonov
- Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - H Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - J Z Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19B, Beijing 100049, China
| | - L G Wang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - S Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - X L Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Y F Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Y Z Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Z M Wang
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Via Iacobucci 2, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - D M Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - J J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Y F Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - S C Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - D Wu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19B, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - L B Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - S S Wu
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - X Wu
- Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Z Q Xia
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - H T Xu
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Z H Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Z L Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Z Z Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - G F Xue
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - H B Yang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - P Yang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Y Q Yang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - H J Yao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Y H Yu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - G W Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Q Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - C Yue
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - J J Zang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - F Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19B, Beijing 100049, China
| | - S X Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - W Z Zhang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Y J Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Y P Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Y Q Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Z Y Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - C Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - H Y Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - X F Zhao
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - C Y Zhou
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Y Zhu
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu N, Huang FC, Li WL, Luan X, Jiang YM, He B. [Predictive value of combination of MRI tumor regression grade and apparent diffusion coefficient for pathological complete remission after neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer]. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2021; 24:359-365. [PMID: 33878826 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn.441530-20200225-00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Pelvic high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has now become a standard method for evaluating the efficacy of neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). However, this traditional morphological qualitative assessment method based on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) is not effective in predicting pathological complete remission (pCR). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether combining the magnetic resonance tumor regression grade (mrTRG) with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) can improve diagnostic value for pCR after preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) of LARC. Methods: This was a diagnostic study. Clinicopathological data of 134 LARC patients who received nCRT and radical surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 2017 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients underwent MRI which included T2WI and DWI sequences before and 8 weeks after nCRT. Two radiologists independently drew ROIs on T2WI and DWI to estimate mrTRG stage and calculate the mean ADC value. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) method was applied to evaluate the predict value of mrTRG combined with mean ADC value for pCR. Results: Of 134 LARC patients, 85 were male and 49 were female with median age of 58 (28-82) years. After nCRT, MRI suggested 21 patients (15.7%) had clinical complete remission (cCR), e.g. mrTRG stage 1-2. Postoperative pathology revealed 31 (23.1%) patients had pCR. The evaluations of mrTRG and ADC value by the two readers were highly consistent, and the intra-group correlation coefficients were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.703-0.881) and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.989-0.996), respectively. There was a negative correlation between mrTRG and pCR (r(s)=-0.505, P<0.01), and a positive correlation between mean ADC value and pCR (r(s)=0.693, P<0.01). The ROC curve showed that mrTRG alone had a medium predictive value for pCR, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.832 (95% CI: 0.743-0.921); the mean ADC value had a higher predictive value for pCR, with AUC of 0.906 (95% CI: 0.869-0.962). The predictive value of the combined model of mrTRG and ADC value for pCR was significantly better than that of mrTRG alone (P=0.015), and the AUC was 0.908 (95% CI: 0.849-0.968). Conclusion: Both mrTRG and mean ADC value can be non-invasive methods to predict the efficacy of nCRT for LARC. Combining the mean ADC value with mrTRG can result in better pCR prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Xu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliate Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - F C Huang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliate Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - W L Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliate Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - X Luan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliate Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Y M Jiang
- Medical Imaging Center, the First Affiliate Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - B He
- Medical Imaging Center, the First Affiliate Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang Y, Zhao BT, Jia XJ, Zhang MM, Jiang DL, Li WL, Xie XJ. [Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma with dermatomyositis: a case report]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2021; 60:373-375. [PMID: 33765709 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112138-20200808-00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - B T Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - X J Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - M M Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - D L Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - W L Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - X J Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li SZ, Jiang W, Li WL, Lu X, Wang GC. [Clinico-pathological and follow-up analysis of 5 skeletal muscle single-organ vasculitis cases]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2021; 101:803-807. [PMID: 33765722 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20200630-02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To delineate clinico-pathological features, treatment and outcome of skeletal muscle single-organ vasculitis (SM-SOV). Methods: The clinico-pathological characteristic of SM-SOV cases treated over 3 years in China-Japan Friendship Hospital were retrospectively analyzed and the data were compared with the cases from the literature. Results: Five patients (2 women and 3 men) with a median age of 36 years were included in this study. The main clinical manifestations were lower limb myalgia (5/5) and fever (1/5). The most frequent laboratory findings included high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (5/5), high C reactive protein (5/5) and leukocytosis (1/5). No elevated creatine kinase (CK) was found in these cases. Four patients received electromyogram examination and none of them showed myogenic injury. On MRI, hyperintense signals in T2 weighted image (T2WI) and/or short TI inversion recovery (STIR) and normal unenhanced T1 weighted image (T1WI) of one or several leg muscles was founded in all 5 patients. All muscle specimens showed nongranulomatous vasculitis without myonecrosis affecting small sized artery (5/5) in perimysia (75.0%, 3/4) or both perimysia and fascia (25.0%, 1/4). Corticosteroids (5/5) and immunosuppressants (5/5) were the main agents prescribed. With a median follow-up of 24 months, sustained remission was observed in 3 patients, relapses occurred in 2 patients. Conclusion: SM-SOV should be considered for patients with lower limb myalgia, high inflammatory markers and normal/low CK level. The diagnosis of SM-SOV should be applied when there are both histologic evidence of vasculitis and a minimum of 6 months of follow-up surveillance without evidences suggesting extra-muscular involvement. Corticosteroid combined with immunosuppressant is effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Z Li
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - W Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - W L Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - X Lu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - G C Wang
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zou MH, Ma L, Yang SC, Xia YS, Chen WD, Li WL, Chen XX. [The early results of pulmonary autograft mitral valve replacement (Ross Ⅱ) in infants]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2020; 58:793-797. [PMID: 32993268 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20191007-00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the early results of pulmonary autograft mitral valve replacement (Ross Ⅱ procedure) in infants with intractable congenital mitral valve lesions. Methods: Between August 2018 and September 2019, 6 infants underwent mitral valve replacement with a pulmonary autograft in Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center. There were 2 males and 4 females.The age at surgery ranged from 50 days to 1 year old.Preoperative diagnoses included severe to critic mitral valve insuffiency in all patients, moderate mitral valve stenosis in 3 patients, and mitral valve prolapse in one. When the pulmonary autograft was harvested, a cuff of bovine or autologous pericardium was sewn onto the proximal (infundibular) end of the autograft ( "top-hat" configuration). The distal (pulmonary) end of the autograft was secured to the mitral annulus.At the level of the left atrial free wall, the pericardial cuff was progressively tailored and sewn onto the atrial wall to remain away from the ostia of the pulmonary veins and to maintain normal morphology of the autograft. The bovine jugular valved conduit was used to reconstruct the right ventricular outflow tract. Results: There was one early death due to sudden cardiac arrest at the night of surgery day. The remaining 5 patients were successfully recovered and discharged. Follow-up of survivors ranged from 3 to 13 months. Echocardiographic follow-up demonstrated the flow velocity across the mitral valve position was 1.5 to 2.3 m/s, with a means gradient of 4 to 6 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). Four patients showed mild mitral insuffiency, normal left atrium and ventricle size and left ventricle ejection fraction.One patient had moderate mitral insuffiency, pulmonary valve endocarditis, and reduced left ventricle ejection fraction. The clinical symptoms of all survivals improved significantly and the weight gain were satisfactory. Conclusion: Pulmonary autograft mitral valve replacement may be a feasible and effective remedial surgical strategy for young infants with intractable congenital mitral valve lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - L Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - S C Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Y S Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - W D Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - W L Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - X X Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen CL, Kang S, Chen BL, Yang Y, Guo JX, Hao M, Wang WL, Ji M, Sun LX, Wang L, Liang WT, Wang SG, Li WL, Fan HJ, Liu P, Lang JH. [Long-term oncological outcomes of laparoscopic versus abdominal surgery in stage Ⅰa1 (LVSI +)-Ⅰb1 cervical cancer patients with different tumor size: a big database in China]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2020; 55:589-599. [PMID: 32957747 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112141-20200515-00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To compare the long-term oncological outcomes between laparoscopic and abdominal surgery in stage Ⅰa1 (lymph-vascular space invasion-positive, LVSI+)- Ⅰb1 cervical cancer patients with different tumor sizes. Methods: Based on the Big Database of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Cancer in China (1538 project database), patients with stage Ⅰa1 (LVSI+)-Ⅰb1 cervical cancer who treated by laparoscopic or abdominal surgery were included. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) between the two surgical approaches were compared under 1∶1 propensity score matching (PSM) in different tumor diameter stratification. Results: (1) A total of 4 891 patients with stage Ⅰa1 (LVSI+)-Ⅰb1 cervical cancer who underwent laparoscopy or laparotomy from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2016 were included in the 1538 project database. Among them, 1 926 cases in the laparoscopic group and 2 965 cases in the abdominal group. There were no difference in 5-year OS and 5-year DFS between the two groups before matching. Cox multivariate analysis suggested that laparoscopic surgery was associated with lower 5-year DFS (HR=1.367, 95%CI: 1.105-1.690, P=0.004). After 1∶1 PSM matching, 1 864 patients were included in each group, and there was no difference in 5-year OS between the two groups (94.1% vs 95.4%, P=0.151). While, the inferior 5-year DFS was observed in the laparoscopic group (89.0% vs 92.3%, P=0.004). And the laparoscopic surgery was associated with lower 5-year DFS (HR=1.420, 95%CI: 1.109-1.818, P=0.006). (2) In stratification analysis of different tumor sizes, and there were no difference in 5-year OS and 5-year DFS between the laparoscopic group and abdominal group in tumor size ≤1 cm, >1-2 cm and >2-3 cm stratification (all P>0.05). Cox multivariate analysis showed that laparoscopic surgery were not related to 5-year OS and 5-year DFS (P>0.05). In the stratification of tumor size >3-4 cm, there was no difference in 5-year OS between the two groups (P>0.05). The 5-year DFS in the laparoscopic group was worse than that in the abdominal group (75.7% vs 85.8%, P=0.025). Cox multivariate analysis suggested that laparoscopic surgery was associated with lower 5-year DFS (HR=1.705, 95%CI: 1.088-2.674, P=0.020). Conclusions: For patients with stage Ⅰa1 (LVSI+)-Ⅰb1 cervical cancer, laparoscopic surgery is associated with lower 5-year DFS, and the adverse effect of laparoscopic surgery on oncology prognosis is mainly reflected in patients with tumor size >3-4 cm. For patients with tumor sizes ≤1 cm, >1-2 cm and >2-3 cm, there are no difference in oncological prognosis between the two surgical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - S Kang
- Department of Gynecology, Fourth Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - B L Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - J X Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - M Hao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - W L Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, China
| | - M Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - L X Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan 030013, China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - W T Liang
- Department of Gynecology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - S G Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - W L Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - H J Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - P Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - J H Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li WL, Xu ZW, Li SN, Shen HE, Wang Y, Li ZM, Zhang CS, Xing YG, Shen X. [Progress of researches on the role of neutrophil extracellular traps in the immune responses against parasites]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2020; 33:434-438. [PMID: 34505456 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) is a type of bead-like, fibrous and reticular substances that is actively released by activated inflammatory neutrophils during the stage of infections or inflammatory responses. NET, which is composed of chromatin DNA and multiple intracellular protein components, may wrap pathogens to limit their diffusions. Meanwhile, NET may kill pathogens via a wide range of antibacterial proteins, which is considered as the third antibacterial mechanism of neutrophils, in addition to phagocytosis and degranulation. Recent studies have shown the involvement of NET in the immune response against parasitic infections. This review summarizes the advances of NETs in the immune responses against parasitic infections, so as to provide insights into the elucidation of the pathogenesis and development of therapeutics of parasitic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W L Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Z W Xu
- College of Clinical Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - S N Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - H E Shen
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Y Wang
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Z M Li
- College of Nursing and Rehabilitation, North China University of Science and Technology, China
| | - C S Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Y G Xing
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, China
| | - X Shen
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li WL, Xu YD, Han X, Wu WC, Lou WH. [Clinical analysis and prognosis factors of malignancy in the patients with mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2020; 58:225-229. [PMID: 32187927 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine clinic pathological features of mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) of the pancreas and explore the prognosis factors associated with malignant transformation of MCN of the pancreas. Methods: This multicenter retrospective study included all patients with pancreatic MCN underwent surgery at Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University between January 2008 and December 2018 and patients with MCN who confirmed by postoperative pathology from Multicenter Pancreatic Cystic Tumor Database. There were 50 males (14.4%) and 297 females (85.6%) and the mean age was 48.6 years (range: 24-77 years). According to the pathological results, all patients were divided into benign lesion group (including MCN and which associated with low/medium grade dysplasia) and malignant lesion group (including MCN with high-grade dysplasia or invasive carcinoma) . The preoperative clinical pathology and imaging features of the two groups were analyzed, and the risk factors associated with malignant transformation of MCN were statistically analyzed. Results: This multicenter retrospective study included 347 patients. Twenty-four of the 347 patients were malignant, including 7 males and 17 females. Univariate analysis showed that age, gender, carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) , CA19-9, CA125, tumor maximum diameter, and tumor location were remarkably different in the two groups (P<0.05) . Logistic regression analysis found that the preoperative tumor maximum diameter (OR=1.023, 95% CI: 1.002-1.045, P=0.035) was an independent risk factor for MCN malignant transformation. Conclusions: Age, gender, CEA, CA19-9, CA125, tumor maximum diameter, and tumor location are important features of MCN malignant lesions.The maximum diameter of the preoperative tumor is an independent risk factor for MCN malignant transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W L Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu BZ, Hai CX, Li WL. [Clinical diagnosis and treatment of acute phosgene poisoning and its research progress]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2020; 38:66-70. [PMID: 32062903 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-9391.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
28
|
Li WL, Ye CG, Hu HL, Zhou LW. [Clinical study on asthma and aspirin asthma affecting chronic rhinosinusitis]. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2019; 33:635-638. [PMID: 31327202 DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.1001-1781.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective:The aim of this study is to observe the effects of asthma and aspirin asthma on chronic rhinosinusitis and to explore the corresponding clinical value. Method: Eighty-six patients with CRS and asthma who were treated in the outpatient clinic during March 2015 to January 2018 were divided into asthma group(52 cases) and aspirin asthma group(34 cases) according to asthma and aspirin asthma. The clinical symptoms of the two groups were analyzed by symptomatic VAS score, Lund-Mackay score of sinus CT, and Lund-Kennedy score by nasal endoscopy.The scores of the two groups were compared under different lung function. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay the levels of inflammatory markers IL-5,IL-17,IFN-γ and TNF-α in the sinus secretions of the two groups were detected.Result:There were no significant differences in age, gender, smoking history, allergy history, surgical history and course of disease between the two groups(P<0.05), suggesting that the data were comparable. The sinus CT results showed that compared with the aspirin asthma group, the asthmatic group had irregular turbinates and a large turbinate,as shown in Figure 1. There were significant differences between the two groups in VAS score,Lund-Mackay score of sinus CT and Lund-Kennedy score by nasal endoscopy.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). And the forehead and/or facial pain or pain in the symptomatic VAS score(P<0.05), the Lund-Mackay score of the sinus CT(P<0.05),and intranasal.The difference in the Lund-Kennedy score(P<0.05) was statistically significant.There were significant differences in the distribution of lung function levels between the two groups of patients with mild airway obstructive respiratory dysfunction and pulmonary ventilation obstructive disorder(P<0.05).The average levels of IL-5,IL-17,IFN-γ and TNF-α in the aspirin asthma group were significantly lower than those in the asthma group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Aspirin-induced CRS produces asthma symptoms more severely than traditional asthma symptoms, but the induced local inflammatory response is relatively weak, and the mechanism may be closely related to IL-5,IL-17,IFN-γ and TNF-α levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W L Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Jianghan Oilfield, Qianjiang, 433124, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li WL, Ding JX, Liu BM, Zhang DL, Song H, Sun XM, Liu GY, Wang JY, Ji YB. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola. OPEN CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2019-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOver the decades, there have been continuous efforts to enhance the quality of human life. Postmenopausal syndrome is a serious concern for the wellbeing of a woman's health. Hormonal therapy is currently the mainstay of treatment for this condition. However, this therapy could lead to estrogen abuse, leading to adverse reactions and side effects. As a result, hormonal therapy has been unsuccessful in ameliorating postmenopausal syndrome. Cistanche deserticola is a classical tonic herb in traditional Chinese medicine. It exhibits significant estrogenic activity. The main active compounds of this herb are glycosides. In a previous experiment, three important factors contributing to the total glycoside yield, acteoside yield, and estrogenic activity were identified, namely, eluent concentration, pH, and eluent volume. In this experiment, an optimal purification process was determined using a central composite design-response surface methodology to obtain glycosides from this herb. An eluent (ethanol) concentration of 85% and volume of 25 BV at a pH of 11 was found to be optimal. Twenty-one active compounds were identified by a high-performance liquid chromatography/ quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry assay. This study provides valuable insights for further in-depth research evaluating the estrogenic activities of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin150076, China
| | - Jing-Xin Ding
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin150076, China
| | - Bing-Mei Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin150076, China
| | - Da-Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin150076, China
| | - Hui Song
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin150076, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Nangang District, Harbin150076, China
| | - Gui-Yu Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Nangang District, Harbin150076, China
| | - Jing-Ya Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Nangang District, Harbin150076, China
| | - Yu-Bin Ji
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin150076, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu TT, Zhou XT, Li WL, Peng YY, Liu XJ, Wang J, Ren T, Wang LP, Yuan P. [The prevalence and related factors of HBV infection among adults in Mianyang]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2019; 51:837-842. [PMID: 28881551 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the prevalence and related factors of HBV infection among people aged 18 years old and above in Mianyang city. Methods: A total of 260 950 residents, living in Mianyang city more than 6 months, aging 18 years old and above were employed by multi-stage random sampling method from November 2014 to September 2015. Questionnaire survey was conducted on participants using a self-designed questionnaire, including general demographic characteristics, family history of Hepatitis B, history of Hepatitis B vaccination and history of present illness, etc. 5ml blood was collected from all participants, and the blood samples were detected for HBsAg by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The multivariate unconditional logistic regression was performed to identify the related factors of positive HBsAg. Results: Among the 260 950 subjects, 113 184 were males (43.37%), 147 766 were females (56.63%), and the average age was (47.68±17.36) years old. The positive rate of HBsAg was 6.10%(15 822 cases). Subjects who were 25-34 years old (OR=1.23), 35-44 years old (OR=1.26), 45-54 years old (OR=1.23), and 55-64 years old (OR=1.34) were more likely to be HBsAg positive,65 years and older (OR=0.88) were less likely to be, compared with subjects aging 18-24 years old; males were more likely to be HBsAg positive compared with females (OR=1.35); people living in Fucheng district were more likely to be HBsAg positive compared with who living in Jiangyou district(OR=1.91); married people were more likely to be HBsAg positive compared with unmarried ones (OR=1.36); medical staff were less likely to be HBsAg positive compared with non-medical staff (OR=0.61); subjects with a surgery history were more likely to HBsAg positive compared with who without (OR=1.13); subjects with trauma history were more likely to HBsAg positive compared with who without (OR=1.13); people with history of Hepatitis B were more likely to HBsAg positive compared with who without (OR=4.21); people with Hepatitis B vaccination history were less likely to be HBsAg positive compared with who without (OR=0.48); all the P values above were less than 0.05. Conclusion: The positive rate of HBsAg among adults in Mianyang city was very high, and we should pay more attention to people aging between 25 and 64 years old, male, medical staff, with surgery history, trauma history, and a family history of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis B vaccination history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T T Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li WL, Ding JX, Bai J, Hu Y, Song H, Sun XM, Ji YB. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology. OPEN CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2019-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractLC technology is a recognized method used worldwide to evaluate the quality of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). The quality of TCM has a direct impact on its efficacy. Therefore, in order to thoroughly reveal how TCM exerts its efficacy, first of all, it is necessary to understand the material basis for its efficacy, and then to control the quality of active compounds. The application of the spectrum-effect relationship method is crucial for determining the pharmacological material basis. The goal of this paper was to investigate the underlying correlations between the chemical profiles and oestrogenic activity of Cistanche, to reveal the active compounds. The chemical profiles of Cistanche were recorded using HPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS, and oestrogenic activity was determined by the Uterus growth test and the MTT assay. Then combining the results of bivariate analysis, principal component analysis and gray correlation analysis method, fifteen active compounds were identified. They are 8-epiloganic acid, salidroside, syringalide A 3’-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, cistanoside A, echinacoside, cistanoside F, cistanoside B, cistanoside C, osmanthuside B, acteoside, isoacteoside, tubuloside B, 2’-acetylacteoside, and two unknown compounds. This study lays a foundation for in vivo studies of Cistanche and for the development of its clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin150076, China
| | - Jing-Xin Ding
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin150076, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin150076, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin150076, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin150076, China
| | - Yang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin150076, China
| | - Hui Song
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin150076, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin150076, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin150076, China
| | - Yu-Bin Ji
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin150076, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin150076, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li WL, Song H, Sun XM, Hu Y, Ding JX, Ji YB, Wang JY. Estrogenic activity of glycosides from Cistanche deserticola as an estrogen receptors adjuvant in vitro. Pharmacogn Mag 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_402_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
33
|
Ding JX, Li WL, Hu Y, Song H, Sun XM, Ji YB. Characterization of estrogenic active ingredients in Cuscuta chinensis Lam. based on spectral characteristics and high‑performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‑of‑flight mass spectrometry. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:1238-1247. [PMID: 30569113 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an efficient method that is widely used to assess the quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is well known that the quality of TCM has a direct effect on its efficacy; therefore, in order to thoroughly explain how TCM exerts its efficacy, it is necessary to characterize its active ingredients and assess their quality. The application of the spectrum‑effect method is crucial for determining the pharmacological basis of materials. The aim of the present study was to examine the correlation between chemical spectra and estrogenic activity of Cuscuta chinensis Lam., in order to reveal active compounds with potential therapeutic effects. The spectra of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. were recorded using HPLC, and estrogenic activity was determined using a uterus growth test and MTT assay. Combination of the results of bivariate analysis, principal component analysis and Gray relational analysis identified 19 active compounds, as follows: Quercetin‑3‑O‑(2'‑O‑α‑rhamnosy‑6'‑O‑malony)‑β‑D‑glucoside, ka-empferol‑3‑O‑β‑D‑aplosyl‑(1→2)‑[‑α‑L‑rhamnosy‑(1→6)]‑β-wD-glucoside, 6‑O‑(E)‑P‑coumaroyl)‑β‑D‑fructofuranosyl‑(2→1)‑α‑D‑glucopyranoside, kaempferol‑7‑rhamnosy, kaempferol‑3‑β‑D-glucuronide, apigenin, 4‑caffeoyl‑5‑coumaroylquinic acid, kaempferol‑3‑arabofuranoside, quercetin‑3‑O-β‑D-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β‑D‑galactoside, dicaffeoylquinic acid, hyperin, quercitin, isorhamnetin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, quercltrin‑2''‑gallate, quercetin‑3, 7‑α‑L‑dirhamnoside and stigmasterol, as well as one unknown compound. The present study laid a foundation for in vivo metabolic studies regarding Cuscuta chinensis Lam. and for the development of its clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xin Ding
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Lan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Hui Song
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Ming Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Bin Ji
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li WL, Ji GH, Zhang XZ, Yu HY. [The influence and mechanisms of purple sweet potato anthocyanins on the growth of bladder cancer BIU87 cell]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018; 98:457-459. [PMID: 29429260 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.iss.0376-2491.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To observe the effect of purple sweet potato anthocyanins on the proliferation of bladder cancer cell line BIU87 and to investigate the molecular mechanisms. Methods: Bladder cancer BIU87 cells were cultured and exposed to anthocyanins at the different concentrations of 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/ml respectively. The growth inhibition of anthocyanins on BIU87 cells were evaluated by morphometry and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and the cell apoptosis rate was detected by Flow cytometry (FCM). Results: Morphometry showed that the number of BIU87 cells decreased, the volume shrank, the intercellular space enlarged, the ability of cell adherence weakened, and the cell shape changed when the concentration of anthocyanins increased. CCK-8 assay showed that when 100, 200, 400, 800 μg/ml anthocyanins treated BIU87 cells for 48 h, the absorbance was 24 ± 0.07, 1.15 ± 0.11, 0.90 ± 0.08, 0.56 ± 0.09, respectively. Compared with the control group, anthocyanins-treated groups significantly inhibited the proliferation of BIU87 cells (P<0.05). FCM test showed that after treatment with different doses of anthocyanins, the apoptosis rate was 7.31%, 11.11%, 25.96%, 36.28%, respectively, and with the concentration of anthocyanins being higher, the apoptosis rate of BIU87 cells was being higher. Conclusion: Purple sweet potato anthocyanins can inhibit the growth of bladder cancer BIU87 cells through inducing cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W L Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhan LY, Lei SQ, Zhang BH, Li WL, Wang HX, Zhao B, Cui SS, Ding H, Huang QM. Overexpression of miR-381 relieves neuropathic pain development via targeting HMGB1 and CXCR4. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:818-823. [PMID: 30142543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA are significant regulators of neuropathic pain development. Neuroinflammation contributes a lot to the progression of neuropathic pain. miR-381 is involved in various pathological processes. However, the role of miR-381 in neuropathic pain development remains barely understood. Therefore, in our study, we aimed to investigate the effects of miR-381 on the process of neuropathic pain progression by establishing a rat model using chronic sciatic nerve injury (CCI). Here, we observed that miR-381 was dramatically decreased in CCI rats. Up-regulation of miR-381 strongly reduced neuropathic pain behaviors including mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. In addition, inflammatory cytokine expression, including IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were significantly repressed by overexpression of miR-381. High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and Chemokine CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4) participate in neuropathic pain development. In our present study, HMGB1 and CXCR4 were predicted as direct targets of miR-381 by employing bioinformatics analysis. Overexpression of miR-381 was able to restrain the expression of HMGB1 and CXCR4 greatly. The direct correlation between HMGB1 and CXCR4 and miR-381 was confirmed in our research. Furthermore, we found that HMGB1 and CXCR4 were increased in CCI rats time-dependently. Moreover, it was demonstrated that silence of HMGB1 and CXCR4 in CCI rats depressed neuropathic pain progression greatly. In conclusion, it was indicated that miR-381could inhibit neuropathic pain development through targeting HMGB1 and CXCR4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shao-Qing Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Bin-Hong Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Lan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hua-Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan-Shan Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huang Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang-Min Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu MJ, Wang Y, Li LY, Li XQ, Dai YJ, Zhang X, Ma YL, Zhang C, Li WL. [UPLC-Q-TOF/MS for rapid analysis of chemical constituents in Sanhuang tablets]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2018; 42:1685-1692. [PMID: 29082690 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20170223.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The qualitative analysis method of ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was established for the chemical constituents in Sanhuang tablets. Waters ACQUITY BEH C₁₈ (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) column was used with 0.1% formic acid solution (A)-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase for gradient elution. The flow rate was 0.2 mL•min⁻¹; the sample volume was 1 μL and the column temperature was 30 ℃. The high-resolution quadrupole time-flight mass spectrometry was used as detector with electrospray ion source in both positive and negative models, and the dry gas temperature was 325 ℃. Based on the analysis of mass spectrometry and literature reports, 38 compounds were confirmed, including 1 alkaloid, 1 dianthrone compound, 6 tannins, 7 anthraquinone glycosides, 6 anthraquinones and 17 flavonoids. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method is simple, reliable and rapid to identify the chemical compositions of Sanhuang tablets, and it is helpful to reveal its chemical constituents and pharmacodynamic substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jiao Liu
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China.,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ling-Yun Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.,School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.,School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ye-Jia Dai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yin-Lian Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.,School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Wen-Lan Li
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mak VWM, Ho SMY, Kwong RWY, Li WL. A Gender-Responsive Treatment Facility in Correctional Services: The Development of Psychological Gymnasium for Women Offenders. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2018; 62:1062-1079. [PMID: 27604971 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x16667572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With increasing evidence suggesting a disparity in female and male offenders in terms of rehabilitative needs, growing concern has been placed on the development of gender-specific services for female offenders. As such, a prison-based psychological gymnasium (PSY GYM), with distinctive features in integrating cognitive-behavioral and positive-psychology concepts to address female offenders' needs, was set up in 2011. The present study aims to introduce the concept as well as present findings to evaluate the overall effectiveness of PSY GYM. Nineteen Chinese female offenders participated in a 6- to 8-month intensive training program at the Lo Wu Correctional Institution (LWCI) of the Hong Kong Correctional Services Department in Hong Kong. Psychometric inventories were used to assess their psychological distress and positive growth following the program. Participants showed significant reduction in their depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and in their tendency to pay attention to negative information. Furthermore, their sense of hope, gratitude, and tendency to pay attention to positive information had remarkably increased. This indicated the effectiveness of PSY GYM in facilitating successful rehabilitation for female offenders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - W L Li
- 1 Hong Kong Correctional Services, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li P, Li WL, Qi JX. [Expression of integrin αvβ3, CXC chemokine receptor 4 and CXC chemokine receptor 7 and their relationship with lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 52:723-729. [PMID: 29275565 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the expression of integrin αvβ3, CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)4 and CXCR7 and their relationship with lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN). Methods: The expression of integrin αvβ3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 was detected by immunohistochemistry SABC in 92 cases of primary SCCHN, metastatic lymph node, normal oral mucosa tissues and normal lymph nodes. Results: The positive rate of the expression of integrin αvβ3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 was 75% (69/92), 81%(75/92) and 76%(70/92), respectively in primary SCCHN, and was 82%(75/92), 76%(70/92) and 65%(60/92), respectively in metastatic lymph node. The expression of integrin αvβ3 and CXCR4 in primary SCCHN (r=0.813, P<0.05) and lymph node metastasis (r=0.541, P<0.05) was positively correlated. Integrin αvβ3 and CXCR7 expression in primary SCCHN (r=0.683, P<0.05) and lymph node metastasis (r=0.708, P<0.05) was positively correlated. CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression in primary SCCHN (r=0.644, P<0.05) and lymph node metastasis (r=0.707, P<0.05) had a positive correlation. The expression level was associated with tumor size (P=0.040, 0.001, 0.009), lymph node metastasis (P=0.001, 0.000, 0.000) and surrounding tissue invasion (P=0.046, 0.002, 0.001), but not related to age (P=0.097, 0.274, 0.162), gender (P=0.103, 0.309, 0.187). Conclusions: The overexpression of integrin αvβ3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 in primary head and neck squamous carcinoma and metastatic lymph nodes was related to lymph node metastasis. The co-expression of integrin αvβ3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 may play a synergistic role in lymphatic metastasis of SCCHN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Li
- Department of Head Neck and Thyroid, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - W L Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - J X Qi
- Department of Head Neck and Thyroid, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zheng W, Ji YB, Li WL, Dong J, Chen N, Yu XF, Wu J, Zhao D, Xiang Z. A pair of new isocoumarin epimers from soil fungus Hypoxylon sp. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2017; 19:993-999. [PMID: 28671852 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1347159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In our research on novel secondary metabolites from micro-organisms, two new (1-2) and four known dihydroisocoumarins (3-6) were derived from soil fungus Hypoxylon sp. Their structures were determined with extensive NMR data analysis and ECD calculation comparing with those of experimental CD spectra. Interestingly, compounds 1 and 2 possessed the same planar structure and very similar NMR data, suggesting 1 and 2 were a pair of epimers at either C-3 or at C-4, confirmed by the totally opposite cotton effect around 250 nm in the CD spectra of 1 and 2. Moreover, for the first time, we revealed that the CD absorption peak at 250 nm was dominated by C-3 orientation, rather than the orientation of C-3 substituents, by intensive ECD investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- a Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin 150076 , China
| | - Yu-Bin Ji
- a Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin 150076 , China
| | - Wen-Lan Li
- b School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin 150076 , China
| | - Jing Dong
- c Light Industry Institute, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin 150028 , China
| | - Ning Chen
- a Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin 150076 , China
| | - Xue-Fei Yu
- a Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin 150076 , China
| | - Jian Wu
- a Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin 150076 , China
| | - Dan Zhao
- d College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin 150076 , China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- a Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin 150076 , China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tang L, Xu W, Li CG, Hou F, Feng XQ, Wang H, Li XJ, Li WL, Liu JP, Sun LR, Wang SH, Jin J, Fang Q, Luke KH, Poon MC, Blanchette VS, Usuba K, Young NL, Wu R. Describing the quality of life of boys with haemophilia in China: Results of a multicentre study using the CHO-KLAT. Haemophilia 2017; 24:113-119. [PMID: 28922525 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of haemophilia varies across countries and across regions within some countries. Similar variation has been observed in health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). Relatively little is known about the HR-QoL of boys with haemophilia in China. AIM The aim of this study was to describe the HR-QoL of boys with haemophilia in China using the Canadian Haemophilia Outcomes-Kids Life Assessment Tool (CHO-KLAT). METHODS Boys (4-18 years of age) with haemophilia and their parents were enroled in a cross-sectional study. All parents/guardians of study subjects were requested to complete a CHO-KLAT questionnaire during a clinic visit, and report on several other clinical and socioeconomic factors in the past year. Boys who were > 7 years also completed the CHO-KLAT. RESULTS A total of 269 parents of boys with haemophilia, from 13 hospitals in 12 provinces, were enroled during 2014. The boys ranged from 4.0 to 17.9 years of age; 91% had haemophilia A, most had moderate (52%) or severe (36%) disease, and most were receiving sub-optimal on-demand therapy or low-dose prophylactic therapy. Child self-report CHO-KLAT scores were available for 171 boys ≥7 years of age and ranged from 24.2 to 85.3 with a mean of 57.6 (n = 171). Parent proxy-reported CHO-KLAT scores ranged from 25.0 to 88.7 with a mean of 55.1 (n = 269). CONCLUSION HR-QoL scores in boys with haemophilia in China were substantially lower than reported from Canadian and European boys with haemophilia. Longer term prospective studies are required to examine the factors impacting the HR-QoL for boys with haemophilia in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Tang
- Hematology and Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - W Xu
- Hematology Department, School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - C G Li
- Hematology& Oncology Department, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - F Hou
- Hematology Department, Shanxi Children's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - X Q Feng
- Pediatric Department, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Wang
- Pediatric Department, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - X J Li
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Chengdu Women and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - W L Li
- Hematology Department, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - J P Liu
- Pediatric Hematology Department, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Huhehaote, China
| | - L R Sun
- Pediatric Department, Shandong Province Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - S H Wang
- Hematology Department, Wulumuqi Children's Hospital, Wulumuqi, China
| | - J Jin
- Pediatric Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Q Fang
- Hematology Department, Hebei Children's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - K H Luke
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M C Poon
- Department of Hematology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V S Blanchette
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Usuba
- ECHO Research Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - N L Young
- School of Rural and Northern Health and ECHO Research Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Wu
- Hematology and Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang L, Zhou XJ, Zhan LY, Wu XJ, Li WL, Zhao B, Meng QT, Xia ZY. [Dexmedetomidine preconditioning protects against lipopolysaccharides-induced injury in the human alveolar epithelial cells]. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2017; 67:600-606. [PMID: 28818492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has demonstrated the preconditioning effect and shown protective effects against organize injury. In this study, using A549 (human alveolar epithelial cell) cell lines, we investigated whether DEX preconditioning protected against acute lung injury (ALI) in vitro. METHODS A549 were randomly divided into four groups (n=5): control group, DEX group, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) group, and D-LPS (DEX+LPS) group. Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) or DEX were administered. After 2h preconditioning, the medium was refreshed and the cells were challenged with LPS for 24h on the LPS and D-LPS group. Then the malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3 and the cytochrome c in the A549 were tested. The apoptosis was also evaluated in the cells. RESULTS Compare with LPS group, DEX preconditioning reduced the apoptosis (26.43%±1.05% vs. 33.58%±1.16%, p<0.05) in the A549, which is correlated with decreased MDA (12.84±1.05 vs. 19.16±1.89nmol.mg-1 protein, p<0.05) and increased SOD activity (30.28±2.38 vs. 20.86±2.19U.mg-1 protein, p<0.05). DEX preconditioning also increased the Bcl-2 level (0.53±0.03 vs. 0.32±0.04, p<0.05) and decreased the level of Bax (0.49±0.04 vs. 0.65±0.04, p<0.05), caspase-3 (0.54±0.04 vs. 0.76±0.04, p<0.05) and cytochrome c. CONCLUSION DEX preconditioning has a protective effect against ALI in vitro. The potential mechanisms involved are the inhibition of cell death and improvement of antioxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xian-Jin Zhou
- Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Tongji University, First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ying Zhan
- Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wu
- Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Lan Li
- Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing-Tao Meng
- Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Xia
- Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li WL. Lignicolous freshwater fungi from China I : Aquadictyospora lignicola gen. et sp. nov. and new record of Pseudodictyosporium wauense from northwestern Yunnan Province. MYCOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.5943/mycosphere/8/10/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
43
|
Li WL, Lu ZW, Li FP, Yu HY. [A comparative study on treating femal stress urinary incontinence with TVT-Abbrevo and TVT-Obturator]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2016; 96:2238-40. [PMID: 27480656 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2016.28.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness and complications of TVT-Abbrevo (tension-free vaginal tape-Abbrevo) and TVT-Obturator (tension-free vaginal tape-obturator) for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS From Nov.2012 to Nov.2013, 117 patients suffering from SUI were treated with TVT-Abbrebo (n=79) or TVT-Obturator (n=38) procedure, the clinical efficacy and operation-correlated complications were observed. RESULTS A total of 117 cases, 107 cases of urinary incontinence symptoms disappeared completely, 10 cases were improved. 72 cases (91.1%) were cured and 7 cases (8.9%) were improved in TVT-Abbrevo group; 35 cases (92.1%) were cured and 3 cases (7.9%) were improved in TVT-Obturator group. No significant differences could be found for the curing rates between two groups (P>0.05). Compared with the TVT-Obturator group, the TVT-Abbrevo group had less patients complaining of inner thigh pain at 24 h and 1 w after surgery (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed for the incidence of inner thigh pain at 1m and 1y after surgery between TVT-Abbrevo and TVT-Obturator group (P>0.05). No intraoperative complications such as blood vessel, nerve, bladder damage were recorded and no postoperative retropubic hematoma, tape adjustment and other complications occurred in two goups. No recurrence after 1 year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that TVT-Abbrevo procedure is safe and efficacy in treatment of SUI, and associated with low incidence of recent postoperative inner thigh pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W L Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 317000, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
CONTEXT Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss (Valerianaceae) is an important ancient herbal medicine widely used for inflammation, wound healing, and abdominal pain. But little is known of the phytochemical constituents of this herbal plant. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to isolate and identify the bioactive components from P. villosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 70% EtOH extract of P. villosa was subjected to normal-phase silica, ODS silica gel column chromatography, and semi-preparative HPLC chromatography after partitioned successively with light petroleum, dichloromethane and n-BuOH. Chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including UV, 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and CD spectra. The cytotoxic activity of the new component was determined with the SMMC-7721 cell line using the MTT method after incubation for 48 h. RESULTS A new flavonoid named patriniaflavanone A (1) along with four known compounds was isolated from P. villosa. The four known compounds were identified as luteolin 7-O-glucuronide-6″-methyl ester (2), p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid methyl ester (3), trans-caffeic acid (4), and trans-caffeic acid methylate (5) by comparison of their spectral data with the reported data. The IC50 value of patriniaflavanone A (1) on SMMC-7721 was 61.27 μM. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This is the first report on the isolation and identification of patriniaflavanone A (1), and compounds 2-5 were isolated for the first time from the title plant. Patriniaflavanone A (1) exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Circular Dichroism
- Flavonoids/isolation & purification
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Molecular Structure
- Patrinia/chemistry
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Leaves
- Plants, Medicinal
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- a Center of Research on Life Science and Environmental Science, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin , PR China
| | - Ning Chen
- a Center of Research on Life Science and Environmental Science, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin , PR China
| | - Ying Xu
- a Center of Research on Life Science and Environmental Science, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin , PR China
| | - Jian Wu
- a Center of Research on Life Science and Environmental Science, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin , PR China
| | - Ying-Jie Liu
- a Center of Research on Life Science and Environmental Science, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin , PR China
| | - Chong Tan
- a Center of Research on Life Science and Environmental Science, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin , PR China
| | - Yu-Bin Ji
- a Center of Research on Life Science and Environmental Science, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin , PR China
| | - Wen-Lan Li
- a Center of Research on Life Science and Environmental Science, Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu XM, Yang HR, Cui YD, Chen GW, Yang Y, Wu XQ, Yao XK, Han DD, Han XX, Zeng C, Guo J, Li WL, Cheng G, Tong LM. Graphene-clad microfibre saturable absorber for ultrafast fibre lasers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26024. [PMID: 27181419 PMCID: PMC4867430 DOI: 10.1038/srep26024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene, whose absorbance is approximately independent of wavelength, allows broadband light–matter interactions with ultrafast responses. The interband optical absorption of graphene can be saturated readily under strong excitation, thereby enabling scientists to exploit the photonic properties of graphene to realize ultrafast lasers. The evanescent field interaction scheme of the propagating light with graphene covered on a D-shaped fibre or microfibre has been employed extensively because of the nonblocking configuration. Obviously, most of the fibre surface is unused in these techniques. Here, we exploit a graphene-clad microfibre (GCM) saturable absorber in a mode-locked fibre laser for the generation of ultrafast pulses. The proposed all-surface technique can guarantee a higher efficiency of light–graphene interactions than the aforementioned techniques. Our GCM-based saturable absorber can generate ultrafast optical pulses within 1.5 μm. This saturable absorber is compatible with current fibre lasers and has many merits such as low saturation intensities, ultrafast recovery times, and wide wavelength ranges. The proposed saturable absorber will pave the way for graphene-based wideband photonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X M Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China.,State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - H R Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Y D Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - G W Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - X Q Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - X K Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - D D Han
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - X X Han
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - C Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - J Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - W L Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - G Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - L M Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Na XD, Zang SY, Wu CS, Li WL. Mapping forested wetlands in the Great Zhan River Basin through integrating optical, radar, and topographical data classification techniques. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:696. [PMID: 26486357 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the spatial extent of forested wetlands is essential to many studies including wetland functioning assessment, greenhouse gas flux estimation, and wildlife suitable habitat identification. For discriminating forested wetlands from their adjacent land cover types, researchers have resorted to image analysis techniques applied to numerous remotely sensed data. While with some success, there is still no consensus on the optimal approaches for mapping forested wetlands. To address this problem, we examined two machine learning approaches, random forest (RF) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms, and applied these two approaches to the framework of pixel-based and object-based classifications. The RF and KNN algorithms were constructed using predictors derived from Landsat 8 imagery, Radarsat-2 advanced synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and topographical indices. The results show that the objected-based classifications performed better than per-pixel classifications using the same algorithm (RF) in terms of overall accuracy and the difference of their kappa coefficients are statistically significant (p<0.01). There were noticeably omissions for forested and herbaceous wetlands based on the per-pixel classifications using the RF algorithm. As for the object-based image analysis, there were also statistically significant differences (p<0.01) of Kappa coefficient between results performed based on RF and KNN algorithms. The object-based classification using RF provided a more visually adequate distribution of interested land cover types, while the object classifications based on the KNN algorithm showed noticeably commissions for forested wetlands and omissions for agriculture land. This research proves that the object-based classification with RF using optical, radar, and topographical data improved the mapping accuracy of land covers and provided a feasible approach to discriminate the forested wetlands from the other land cover types in forestry area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X D Na
- Key Laboratory of remote sensing monitoring of geographic environment, College of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Normal University, No. 1 Shida Road, Limin Economic Development Zone, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150025, People's Republic of China
| | - S Y Zang
- Key Laboratory of remote sensing monitoring of geographic environment, College of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Normal University, No. 1 Shida Road, Limin Economic Development Zone, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150025, People's Republic of China.
| | - C S Wu
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201-0413, USA
| | - W L Li
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201-0413, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABA(A)R) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats. Thirty-two male wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in the GABA group were pretreated with LPS and GABA, while those in the bicuculline (BIC) group were pretreated with LPS and bicuculline. We assessed the arterial blood gas, dry/wet ratio, and the level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase 6 h after the immunization. Paraffin sections of samples were detected using the steptavidin-peroxidase method. Protein expression was detected using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting. PaO2 in the LPS group was significantly lower than that in the control rats. Activation of GABA-mediated signaling by GABA increased the expression of GABA(A)R in airway bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells. Blockade of the GABA(A)R by bicuculline limited the expression of this receptor. The GABA group rats had higher levels of tissue TNF-α and IL-6 than in ALI rats and control rats. The BIC group rats demonstrated an opposite expression level compared to the GABA group rats. Our results suggest that the GABA(A)R could aggravate the inflammatory response syndrome and oxidative stress in the lungs and play an essential role in LPS-induced acute lung injury. It provides a novel method to study the incidence and mortality of ALI during the peroperative period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Y Zhan
- Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - L Du
- Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Z Y Xia
- Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - W L Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - B Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li WL, Zhang Y, Mu YY, Bai J, Ding JX, Xiang Z, Ji YB. Identification of Estrogenic Constituents in Serum after Oral Administration of Tu-Si-Zi Extract Using HPLC–ESI/Q–TOF MS/MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1069200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lan Li
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Ying-Ying Mu
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Jing-Xin Ding
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Bin Ji
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang XM, Wu WL, Zhang CH, Zhang YP, Li WL, Huang T. Analysis of the genetic diversity of beach plums by simple sequence repeat markers. Genet Mol Res 2015; 14:9693-702. [PMID: 26345902 DOI: 10.4238/2015.august.19.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure the genetic diversity of wild beach plum and cultivated species, and to determine the species relationships using SSRs markers. An analysis of genetic diversity from ten beach plum germplasms was carried out using 11 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers selected from 35 primers to generate distinct PCR products. From this plant material, 44 allele variations were detected, with 3-5 alleles identified from each primer. The analysis showed that the genetic similarity coefficient varied from 0.721 ± 0.155 to 0.848 ± 0.136 within each of the ten beach plum germplasms and changed within the range of 0.551 ± 0.084 to 0.695 ± 0.073 between any two pairs of germplasms. According to the genetic dissimilarity coefficient matrix, a cluster analysis of SSRs using the unweighted pair group mean average method in the NTSYSpc 2.10 software revealed that the ten germplasms could be divided into two groups at the dissimilarity coefficient of 0.606. Class I included 77.8, 12.5, 30, and 33.3% of MM, MI, NY, and CM, respectively. Class II contains the remaining 9 beach plum germplasms. The markers generated by 11 SSR primers proved very effective in distinguishing the beach plum germplasm resources. It was clear that the geographical distribution did not correspond with the genetic relationships among the different beach plum strains. This result will be of value to beach plum breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X M Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - W L Wu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - C H Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y P Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - W L Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Huang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Li WL, Sun XM, Song H, Ding JX, Bai J, Chen Q. HPLC/Q-TOF-MS-Based Identification of Absorbed Constituents and Their Metabolites in Rat Serum and Urine after Oral Administration ofCistanche deserticolaExtract. J Food Sci 2015; 80:H2079-87. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lan Li
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences; Harbin Univ. of Commerce; Harbin 150076 China
- College of Pharmacy; Harbin Univ. of Commerce; Harbin 150076 China
| | - Xiang-Ming Sun
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences; Harbin Univ. of Commerce; Harbin 150076 China
| | - Hui Song
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences; Harbin Univ. of Commerce; Harbin 150076 China
| | - Jing-Xin Ding
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences; Harbin Univ. of Commerce; Harbin 150076 China
| | - Jing Bai
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences; Harbin Univ. of Commerce; Harbin 150076 China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences; Harbin Univ. of Commerce; Harbin 150076 China
| |
Collapse
|