Study of the optic nerve in patients with type 2 diabetic retinopathy by shear-wave elastography

AIM

To investigate the clinical value of two-dimensional shear-wave elastography (2D-SWE) in detecting optic nerve elasticity and in-frame adipose tissue elasticity in patients with type 2 diabetic retinopathy (DR).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

2D-SWE was used to detect SWE values of the optic nerve and adipose tissue in adjacent optic nerve frames in 30 healthy participants, 30 patients with diabetic non-retinopathy (NDR), 35 patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and 30 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The correlation between SWE values and blood glucose, blood lipid, age, body mass index (BMI) was analysed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed for SWE values.

RESULTS

The SWE values of the optic nerve and in-frame adipose tissue increased with the progression of DR, and analysis of variance was compared with groups: the SWE values of the optic nerve and in-frame adipose tissue in each group were significantly different (all p<0.001). The SWE values of the optic nerve and in-frame adipose tissue correlated positively with BMI, age, triglyceride, and fasting blood glucose, and correlated negatively with high-density lipoprotein. The SWE values of the optic nerve and in-frame adipose tissue had higher diagnostic efficacy. The combination of the two had higher diagnostic accuracy.

CONCLUSION

The elastic modulus of optic nerve and in-frame adipose tissue can effectively predict and grade of DR, that is, 2D-SWE can be used as a non-invasive imaging diagnostic method for DR. The combined diagnostic efficacy of optic nerve SWE value and in-frame adipose tissue SWE value is significantly better than that of single use. This study found that increased BMI, age, triglyceride, and fasting blood glucose, and decreased high-density lipoprotein are risk factors for DR.

DWI-Based Radiomics Predicts the Functional Outcome of Endovascular Treatment in Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Endovascular treatment is a reference treatment for acute basilar artery occlusion (ABAO). However, no established and specific methods are available for the preoperative screening of patients with ABAO suitable for endovascular treatment. This study explores the potential value of DWI-based radiomics in predicting the functional outcomes of endovascular treatment in ABAO.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with ABAO treated with endovascular treatment from the BASILAR registry (91 patients in the training cohort) and the hospitals in the Northwest of China (31 patients for the external testing cohort) were included in this study. The Mann-Whitney U test, random forests algorithm, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator were used to reduce the feature dimension. A machine learning model was developed on the basis of the training cohort to predict the prognosis of endovascular treatment. The performance of the model was evaluated on the independent external testing cohort.

RESULTS

A subset of radiomics features (n = 6) was used to predict the functional outcomes in patients with ABAO. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the radiomics model were 0.870 and 0.781 in the training cohort and testing cohort, respectively. The accuracy of the radiomics model was 77.4%, with a sensitivity of 78.9%, specificity of 75%, positive predictive value of 83.3%, and negative predictive value of 69.2% in the testing cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

DWI-based radiomics can predict the prognosis of endovascular treatment in patients with ABAO, hence allowing a potentially better selection of patients who are most likely to benefit from this treatment.

Particle-sounding of the spatial structure of kinetic Alfvén waves

Kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) are ubiquitous throughout the plasma universe. Although they are broadly believed to provide a potential approach for energy exchange between electromagnetic fields and plasma particles, neither the detail nor the efficiency of the interactions has been well-determined yet. The primary difficulty has been the paucity of knowledge of KAWs' spatial structure in observation. Here, we apply a particle-sounding technique to Magnetospheric Multiscale mission data to quantitatively determine the perpendicular wavelength of KAWs from ion gyrophase-distribution observations. Our results show that KAWs' perpendicular wavelength is statistically 2.4[Formula: see text] times proton thermal gyro-radius. This observation yields an upper bound of the energy the majority proton population can reach in coherent interactions with KAWs, that is, roughly 5.76 times proton perpendicular thermal energy. Therefore, the method and results shown here provide a basis for unraveling the effects of KAWs in dissipating energy and accelerating particles in a number of astrophysical systems, e.g., planetary magnetosphere, astrophysical shocks, stellar corona and wind, and the interstellar medium.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of five drugs for treating postmenopausal women in the United States with osteoporosis and a very high fracture risk

PURPOSE

Five strategies were recommended by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology (AACE/ACE) guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) patients with a very high fracture risk. We aimed to assess their cost-effectiveness in the United States (US).

METHODS

A microsimulation Markov model was created to compare the cost-effectiveness of five treatment strategies, including zoledronate, denosumab, abaloparatide, teriparatide, and romosozumab in PMO patients with a recent fracture from the healthcare perspective of the US. The data used in the model were obtained from published studies or online resources. Base-case analysis, one-way deterministic sensitivity analysis (DSA) and probability sensitivity analysis (PSA) were conducted for 65-, 70-, 75-, and 80-year-old patients.

RESULTS

In base case, at 65 years, zoledronate was the cheapest strategy. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER, which represent incremental costs per QALY gained) of denosumab, teriparatide, abaloparatide, and romosozumab against zoledronate were $13,020/QALY (quality-adjusted years), $477,331 /QALY, $176,287/QALY, and $98,953/QALY, respectively. Under a willing-to-pay (WTP, which means the highest price a consumer will pay for one unit of a good of service) threshold of $150,000/QALY, denosumab and romosozumab were cost-effective against zoledronate. The PSA results showed that denosumab was the most cost-effective option with WTP thresholds of $50,000/QALY, $100,000/QALY and $150,000/QALY. The results were similar in other age groups. The DSA results indicated that the most common parameters that have important influence on the outcome were drug persistence, incidence of adverse events, the efficacy of drugs on hip fractures and the cost of the drug.

CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE

Among PMO patients with a very high fracture risk in the US, zoledronate is the cheapest strategy and denosumab is the most cost-effective choice among these five strategies.

[The correlation between No. 6 and No. 14v lymph node metastasis and the value of dissecting these lymph nodes in radical gastrectomy]

Radical gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy has been widely performed as the standard surgery for patients with gastric cancer in major medical centers in China and abroad. However, the exact extent of lymph node dissection is still controversial. In the latest version of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines, No. 14v lymph nodes (along the root of the superior mesenteric vein) are again defined as loco-regional lymph nodes, and it is clarified that distal gastric cancer presenting with infra-pyloric regional lymph node (No.6) metastasis is recommended for D2+ superior mesenteric vein (No. 14v) lymph node dissection. To explore the relevance and clinical significance of No.6 and No.14v lymphadenectomy in radical gastric cancer surgery, a review of the national and international literature revealed that No.6 lymph node metastasis was associated with No.14v lymph node metastasis, that No.6 lymph node status was a valid predictor of No.14v lymph node negative status and false negative rate, and that for gastric cancer patients with No. 14v lymph node negative and No.6 lymph node positive, the dissection of No.14v lymph node may also have some significance. The addition of No. 14v lymph node dissection in radical gastrectomy is safe, but it is more important to distinguish the patients who can benefit from it. Professor Liang Han of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital is currently leading a multicenter, large-sample, prospective clinical trial (NCT02272894) in China, which is expected to provide higher level evidence for the clinical significance of lymph node dissection in No.14v.

POS1057 IMPACT OF RISANKIZUMAB ON ENTHESITIS AND ASSOCIATED PAIN: POOLED RESULTS FROM THE PHASE 3, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND KEEPsAKE 1 AND 2 TRIALS

Background

Controlling or improving musculoskeletal disease activity of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) (eg, enthesitis and associated pain) is a treatment priority for patients, rheumatologists, and dermatologists.1 Enthesitis is the cardinal lesion in PsA and is immunogenetically and experimentally linked to the interleukin-23 (IL-23) pathway.2 Risankizumab (RZB), a humanized immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody that specifically inhibits IL-23 by binding to its p19 subunit, was studied in a phase 3 adult PsA program (KEEPsAKE clinical trials).3,4 Pooled analyses from the program demonstrated the efficacy of RZB to treat enthesitis and pain associated with PsA, and increase the proportion of patients whose enthesitis resolved compared with placebo (PBO) in those patients who had an inadequate response or intolerance to ≥1 conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (KEEPsAKE 1 and 2) and/or ≤ 2 biological therapies (KEEPsAKE 2).

Objectives

To investigate whether patients without enthesitis at baseline (BL) (Leeds Enthesitis Index [LEI] = 0 at BL) remained enthesitis-free through week (W) 52, patients with enthesitis at BL (LEI > 0 at BL) had resolution of enthesitis through W52, and if greater pain relief was achieved with RZB 150 mg in patients with enthesitis at BL vs PBO up to W24.

Methods

The study design and primary results of KEEPsAKE 1 (NCT03675308) and KEEPsAKE 2 (NCT03671148) have been previously reported.3,4 Briefly, patients were randomized to receive RZB 150 mg or PBO subcutaneously at weeks 0, 4, and 16 during a 24-week, double-blind treatment period; at W28 all patients received open label RZB 150 mg. For this post hoc analysis, the RZB 150 mg and PBO groups were pooled across the 2 studies. Pain reductions (as measured by change from BL in visual analogue scale [VAS] scores) were assessed at each time point through W24 among patients with enthesitis at BL (LEI > 0 at BL) using mixed-effect model repeated measurement analysis. Additional enthesitis analyses were calculated on the data as observed.

Results

Across the pooled population, over 60% of patients in each treatment group had enthesitis at BL (RZB=444/707 [63%]; PBO=448/700 [64%]). Conversely, 37% (263/707) and 36% (252/700) had no enthesitis (LEI=0) at BL among those randomized to RZB and PBO, respectively. Among enthesitis-free patients at BL (LEI=0 at BL), 84.7% on PBO and 90% on RZB remained free of enthesitis through W24; by W52, approximately 93% of patients in both groups (RZB and PBO to RZB) remained enthesitis free. A numerically higher proportion of patients with enthesitis at BL (LEI > 0 at BL) treated with RZB (52.1%) achieved an enthesitis-free state at W24 vs PBO (41.8%); similar proportions achieved an enthesitis-free state at W36 and W52 during open label treatment (Figure 1). Among patients with enthesitis at BL, a significantly greater improvement in VAS pain scores was observed in patients treated with RZB 150 mg vs PBO, as early as W4 (P < .01) and increased through W24 (Figure 1; P < .001).

Figure 1.

Conclusion

Long-term maintenance of an enthesitis-free state (LEI = 0) was similar between the RZB 150 mg and PBO groups, with approximately 93% of patients remaining free of enthesitis at W52. For LEI > 0 patients, the RZB 150-mg group had numerically more patients whose enthesitis resolved at W24, and similar proportions were observed at W52 after the open label switch. Patients with enthesitis at BL treated with RZB 150 mg had statistically greater improvements in pain compared with patients taking PBO starting at W4 through to W24.

References

[1]Orbai A-M, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:673–680.

[2]Stavre Z, et al. Arthritis Res Ther. 2022;24(1):24.

[3]Kristensen LE, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;0:1–7.

[4]Östör A, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;0:1–8.

Acknowledgements

AbbVie Inc. participated in the study design; study research; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; and writing, reviewing, and approving this abstract for submission. All authors had access to the data; participated in the development, review, and approval of the abstract; and agreed to submit this abstract to EULAR 2022 for consideration as a poster or oral presentation. No honoraria or payments were made for authorship. AbbVie and the authors thank all study investigators for their contributions and the patients who participated in this study. AbbVie funded the research for this study and provided writing support for this abstract. Medical writing assistance, funded by AbbVie, was provided by Kersten Reich, MPH, and Nancy Niguidula, DPH, of JB Ashtin.

Disclosure of Interests

Marina Magrey Consultant of: MM has received consulting fees from UCB, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and Janssen., Grant/research support from: MM received research grants from Amgen, AbbVie, and UCB Pharma, Manish Jain Consultant of: MJ received consulting fees from Amgen, Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and Novartis., Grant/research support from: MJ received research support from Amgen, Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and Novartis., R Ranza Speakers bureau: RR is a member of speaker bureaus for AbbVie, Janssen, Novartis, and Pfizer, Consultant of: RR is a consultant for AbbVie, Janssen, Novartis, and Pfizer, Jayne Stigler Shareholder of: JS may hold AbbVie stock or stock options., Employee of: JS is a full-time employee of AbbVie., Erin McDearmon-Blondell Shareholder of: EMB may hold AbbVie stock or stock options., Employee of: EMB is a full-time employee of AbbVie., Cuiyong Yue Shareholder of: CY may hold AbbVie stock or stock options., Employee of: CY is a full-time employee of AbbVie., Byron Padilla Shareholder of: BP may hold AbbVie stock or stock options., Employee of: BP is a full-time employee of AbbVie., Christian Kaufmann Shareholder of: CK may hold AbbVie stock or stock options., Employee of: CK is a full-time employee of AbbVie., Dennis McGonagle Speakers bureau: DM is a member of speaker bureaus for AbbVie, Janssen, Novartis, and Pfizer., Grant/research support from: DM received research grants from AbbVie, Janssen, Novartis, and Pfizer, UCB, BMS, Celgene.

AB0905 Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3) in Patients With Active Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) After Inadequate Response or Intolerance to DMARDs: Pooled Results From the Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind KEEPsAKE 1 and 2 Trials

Background

PsA is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease with diverse clinical manifestations that can impact a patients’ quality of life. Risankizumab (RZB), a humanized immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody that specifically inhibits interleukin 23 by binding to its p19 subunit, is approved for the treatment of active PsA in adults. In the phase 3 KEEPsAKE 1 and 2 studies, RZB treatment resulted in significantly greater improvements in signs and symptoms of active PsA compared with placebo (PBO).1,2 RAPID3 is frequently used in clinical practice to evaluate PsA disease activity and consists of 3 key patient-reported measures (physical function, pain, and patient’s global assessment of disease activity [PtGA]).3

Objectives

To evaluate short- (24 week) and long-term (52 week) improvements in RAPID3 scores and achievement of RAPID3 minimal clinically important difference (MCID) across the RZB KEEPsAKE 1 and 2 clinical program.

Methods

In KEEPsAKE 1 (NCT03675308) and KEEPsAKE 2 (NCT03671148), patients with active PsA who experienced inadequate response or intolerance to ≥ 1 csDMARD (KEEPsAKE 1) and/or ≤ 2 biological therapies (KEEPsAKE 2) were randomized to PBO or RZB 150 mg from baseline to week (W) 24; from W28–W52, all patients received open-label RZB 150 mg. At W16, nonresponders could add or modify rescue therapy. This post hoc analysis assessed the mean change from baseline to W24 and W52 in RAPID3 scores and the proportion of patients who achieved a RAPID3 MCID (defined as a decrease of ≥3.8 points4). Modified RAPID3 scores (range: 0–30) were calculated using pain scores, PtGA, and HAQ-DI, each rescaled to 0–10 and summed together.3

Results

A total of 961 and 443 patients were included from KEEPsAKE 1 and 2, respectively. At baseline, mean RAPID3 scores were 15.3 in both treatment arms of KEEPsAKE 1 (PBO n = 479, RZB n = 482) and 15.1 (PBO n = 219) and 14.8 (RZB n = 224) in KEEPsAKE 2. From W4 to W24, RAPID3 scores were significantly reduced with RZB treatment compared with PBO in both KEEPsAKE 1 (mean change from baseline at W24 of −5.3 vs −2.4, respectively, P <.001) and KEEPsAKE 2 (−3.8 vs −1.6, P <.001; Figure 1 A, B), and a significantly greater proportion of patients achieved MCID at W24 with RZB than with PBO in KEEPsAKE 1 (57.0% vs 36.4%, P <.001) and KEEPsAKE 2 (48.8% vs 32.8%, P <.001; Table 1). At W52 among patients who received RZB from W0–W52, mean change from baseline was −7.0 (KEEPsAKE 1) and −5.2 (KEEPsAKE 2; Figure 1 C, D), and MCID was achieved by 67.5% (KEEPsAKE 1) and 56.5% (KEEPsAKE 2) of patients. Patients who switched from PBO to RZB at W24 experienced similar and substantial improvements in RAPID3 scores by W52.

Table 1.

Proportion of Patients Achieving a Minimal Clinically Important Difference From Baseline in RAPID3 (AO).

Patients, % (n/N) [95% CI]KEEPsAKE 1KEEPsAKE 2PBORZB 150 mgPBORZB 150 mgW2436.4 (166/456) [32.0, 40.8]57.0 (262/460) [52.4, 61.5]***32.8 (64/195) [26.2, 39.4]48.8 (104/213) [42.1, 55.5]***PBO to RZB 150 mgaRZB 150 mgPBO to RZB 150 mgaRZB 150 mgW5259.8 (260/435) [55.2, 64.4]67.5 (297/440) [63.1, 71.9]57.4 (105/183) [50.2, 64.5]56.5 (109/193) [49.5, 63.5]

aPatients randomized to PBO at W0 switched to open-label RZB 150 mg at W24.

***, P < .001 vs PBO.

AO, as observed; PBO, placebo; RAPID3, Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3; RZB, risankizumab; W, week.

Figure 1.

Mean Change From Baseline in RAPID3 Scores During KEEPsAKE 1 and 2.

**, P < .01; ***, P < .001 vs PBO.

AO, as observed; LS, least squares; MMRM, mixed-effect model repeated measurement; PBO, placebo; RAPID3, Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3; RZB, risankizumab.

Conclusion

RZB 150 mg was associated with improvement in RAPID3 total scores over 24–52 weeks of treatment in patients with active PsA in KEEPsAKE 1 and 2.

References

[1]Kristensen LE, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81:225–231.

[2]Östör A, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;annrheumdis-2021-221048.

[3]Coates LC, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018;70:1198–1205.

[4]Ward MM, et al. J Rheumatol. 2019;46:27–30.

Acknowledgements

AbbVie Inc. participated in the study design; study research; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; and writing, reviewing, and approving of this abstract for submission. All authors had access to the data; participated in the development, review, and approval of and in the decision to submit this abstract to EULAR 2022 for consideration as a poster or oral presentation. No honoraria or payments were made for authorship. AbbVie and the authors thank all study investigators for their contributions and the patients who participated in this study. AbbVie funded the research for this study and provided writing support for this abstract.

Medical writing assistance, funded by AbbVie, was provided by Callie A. S. Corsa, PhD, of JB Ashtin.

Disclosure of Interests

Alexis Ogdie Consultant of: AO has received consulting fees and/or honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, CorEvitas, Gilead, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Grant/research support from: AO has received grants from AbbVie, Novartis, and Pfizer to the trustees of University of Pennsylvania, and from Amgen to Forward., Laura Coates Speakers bureau: LCC has been paid as a speaker for AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Medac, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB., Consultant of: LCC has worked as a paid consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Galapagos, Janssen, Moonlake, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB, Grant/research support from: LCC has received grants/research support from AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB, RICARDO ACAYABA DE TOLEDO Speakers bureau: RAT has received honoraria as a speaker/consultant for Abbvie, Celltrion, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Consultant of: RAT has received honoraria as a speaker/consultant for Abbvie, Celltrion, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Grant/research support from: RAT has received grants as an investigator from Abbvie, GSK, Novartis, and Pfizer., Ana Biljan Shareholder of: AB may hold AbbVie stock or stock options., Employee of: AB is a full-time employee of AbbVie., Heather Jones Shareholder of: HJ may hold AbbVie stock or stock options., Employee of: HJ is a full-time employee of AbbVie., Kristin Tacelosky Shareholder of: KT may hold AbbVie stock or stock options., Employee of: KT is a full-time employee of AbbVie., Cuiyong Yue Shareholder of: CY may hold AbbVie stock or stock options., Employee of: CY is a full-time employee of AbbVie., Byron Padilla Shareholder of: BP may hold AbbVie stock or stock options., Employee of: BP is a full-time employee of AbbVie., Martin Bergman Shareholder of: MB is a stock holder of Johnson & Johnson and Merck., Speakers bureau: MB has received honoraria as a speaker/consultant for Abbvie, Amgen, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Scipher, Consultant of: MB has received honoraria as a speaker/consultant for Abbvie, Amgen, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Scipher

Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Exosomes Ameliorate Periodontitis

Human bone marrow stromal cell (hBMSC)-derived exosomes are promising therapeutics for inflammatory diseases due to their unique microRNA (miRNA) and protein cargos. Periodontal diseases often present with chronicity and corresponding exuberant inflammation, which leads to loss of tooth support. In this study, we explored whether hBMSC exosomes can affect periodontitis progression. hBMSC exosomes were isolated from cell culture medium through sequential ultracentrifugation. miRNAs and proteins that were enriched in hBMSC exosomes were characterized by RNA sequencing and protein array, respectively. hBMSC exosomes significantly suppressed periodontal keystone pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis-triggered inflammatory response in macrophages in vitro. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that exosomes exerted their effects through regulating cell metabolism, differentiation, and inflammation resolution. In vivo, weekly exosome injection into the gingival tissues reduced the tissue destruction and immune cell infiltration in rat ligature-induced periodontitis model. Collectively, these findings suggest that hBMSC-derived exosomes can potentially be used as a host modulation agent in the management of periodontitis.

Measurement of the Cosmic Ray Helium Energy Spectrum from 70 GeV to 80 TeV with the DAMPE Space Mission

The measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic ray helium nuclei from 70 GeV to 80 TeV using 4.5 years of data recorded by the Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is reported in this work. A hardening of the spectrum is observed at an energy of about 1.3 TeV, similar to previous observations. In addition, a spectral softening at about 34 TeV is revealed for the first time with large statistics and well controlled systematic uncertainties, with an overall significance of 4.3σ. The DAMPE spectral measurements of both cosmic protons and helium nuclei suggest a particle charge dependent softening energy, although with current uncertainties a dependence on the number of nucleons cannot be ruled out.

MiR-129 is involved in the occurrence of uterine fibroid through inhibiting TET1

OBJECTIVE

To detect the expressions of micro ribonucleic acid (miR)-129 and its target gene in uterine fibroid tissues and to investigate the role of miR-129 in the occurrence of uterine fibroid.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The expressions of miR-129 and its target gene ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) were detected via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Dual-luciferase reporter gene and Western blotting were used to verify the regulatory relation between miR-129 and target gene. The effects of miR-129 on the proliferation, apoptosis, cycle and extracellular matrix (ECM) of uterine fibroid cells were investigated via transfection with miR-129 mimics and TET1 small-interfering RNA (siRNA).

RESULTS

MiR-129 was lowly expressed in uterine fibroid. The expression of miR-129 was regulated by sex hormones. The highly expressed miR-129 promoted apoptosis and inhibited proliferation through reducing the low expression of TET1. At the same time, miR-129 affected the accumulation of ECM.

CONCLUSIONS

The expression of miR-129 in uterine fibroid is lower, and the proliferation capacity of tumor cells is enhanced, thus promoting the occurrence and development of uterine fibroid.

Measurement of the cosmic ray proton spectrum from 40 GeV to 100 TeV with the DAMPE satellite

The precise measurement of the spectrum of protons, the most abundant component of the cosmic radiation, is necessary to understand the source and acceleration of cosmic rays in the Milky Way. This work reports the measurement of the cosmic ray proton fluxes with kinetic energies from 40 GeV to 100 TeV, with 2 ¹/₂ years of data recorded by the DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE). This is the first time that an experiment directly measures the cosmic ray protons up to ~100 TeV with high statistics. The measured spectrum confirms the spectral hardening at ~300 GeV found by previous experiments and reveals a softening at ~13.6 TeV, with the spectral index changing from ~2.60 to ~2.85. Our result suggests the existence of a new spectral feature of cosmic rays at energies lower than the so-called knee and sheds new light on the origin of Galactic cosmic rays.

A human-driven decline in global burned area

Fire is an essential Earth system process that alters ecosystem and atmospheric composition. Here we assessed long-term fire trends using multiple satellite data sets. We found that global burned area declined by 24.3 ± 8.8% over the past 18 years. The estimated decrease in burned area remained robust after adjusting for precipitation variability and was largest in savannas. Agricultural expansion and intensification were primary drivers of declining fire activity. Fewer and smaller fires reduced aerosol concentrations, modified vegetation structure, and increased the magnitude of the terrestrial carbon sink. Fire models were unable to reproduce the pattern and magnitude of observed declines, suggesting that they may overestimate fire emissions in future projections. Using economic and demographic variables, we developed a conceptual model for predicting fire in human-dominated landscapes.

pLARmEB: integration of least angle regression with empirical Bayes for multilocus genome-wide association studies

Multilocus genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become the state-of-the-art procedure to identify quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with complex traits. However, implementation of multilocus model in GWAS is still difficult. In this study, we integrated least angle regression with empirical Bayes to perform multilocus GWAS under polygenic background control. We used an algorithm of model transformation that whitened the covariance matrix of the polygenic matrix K and environmental noise. Markers on one chromosome were included simultaneously in a multilocus model and least angle regression was used to select the most potentially associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), whereas the markers on the other chromosomes were used to calculate kinship matrix as polygenic background control. The selected SNPs in multilocus model were further detected for their association with the trait by empirical Bayes and likelihood ratio test. We herein refer to this method as the pLARmEB (polygenic-background-control-based least angle regression plus empirical Bayes). Results from simulation studies showed that pLARmEB was more powerful in QTN detection and more accurate in QTN effect estimation, had less false positive rate and required less computing time than Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear model, efficient mixed model association (EMMA) and least angle regression plus empirical Bayes. pLARmEB, multilocus random-SNP-effect mixed linear model and fast multilocus random-SNP-effect EMMA methods had almost equal power of QTN detection in simulation experiments. However, only pLARmEB identified 48 previously reported genes for 7 flowering time-related traits in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The implant infection paradox: why do some succeed when others fail? Opinion and discussion paper

Biomaterial-implants are frequently used to restore function and form of human anatomy. However, the presence of implanted biomaterials dramatically elevates infection risk. Paradoxically, dental-implants placed in a bacteria-laden milieu experience moderate failure-rates, due to infection (0.0-1.1%), similar to the ones of joint-arthroplasties placed in a near-sterile environment (0.1-1.3%). Transcutaneous bone-fixation pins breach the immune-barrier of the epidermis, exposing underlying sterile-tissue to an unsterile external environment. In contrast to dental-implants, also placed in a highly unsterile environment, these pins give rise to relatively high infection-associated failure-rates of up to 23.0%. Herein, we attempt to identify causes as to why dental-implants so often succeed, where others fail. The major part of all implants considered are metal-made, with similar surface-finishes. Material choice was therefore discarded as underlying the paradox. Antimicrobial activity of saliva has also been suggested as a cause for the success of dental-implants, but was discarded because saliva is the implant-site-fluid from which viable bacteria adhere. Crevicular fluid was discarded as it is largely analogous to serum. Instead, we attribute the relative success of dental-implants to (1) ability of oral tissues to heal rapidly in the continuous presence of commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens, and (2) tolerance of the oral immune-system. Inability of local tissue to adhere, spread and grow in presence of bacteria and an intolerant immune-system are identified as the likely main causes explaining the susceptibility of other implants to infection-associated failure. In conclusion, it is the authors' belief that new anti-infection strategies for a wide range of biomaterial-implants may be derived from the relative success of dental-implants.

Automated 3D segmentation of hippocampus based on active appearance model of brain MR images for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

AIM

To investigate the hippocampal regional deformation modes by means of a novel method of automatic segmentation for discriminating between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal aging; and to further provide the effective evidence for the early diagnosis of AD.

METHODS

Twenty AD patients and sixty healthy volunteers were included in this retrospective study. High-resolution structural volumetric images were obtained on a 3.0 T MR imaging system. Data were processed to create three-dimensional (3D) active appearance model (AAM) of hippocampus. Automatic recognition and 3D segmentation were carried out on both sides of the hippocampus in brain MR images of individuals with this model, and the hippocampal statistical shape model was established for AD group and control group. Student's t test was used to identify whether there was difference between AD group and control group in the hippocampal regional deformation detected by automatic segmentation, and to compare whether there was difference between the automated segmentation and the manual tracing for quantifying hippocampal volumes on left/right side of the same sex group of healthy volunteers and if there was genderwise difference. Pearson's Correlation test was employed to determine whether there was a correlation between automated segmentation and manual tracing for quantifying hippocampal volumes.

RESULTS

No significant difference was detected between automated segmentation and manual tracing for quantifying hippocampal volumes on left/right side of the same sex group of healthy volunteers (P>0.05). Further there was no significant genderwise difference (P>0.05). A very strong positive correlation existed between both methods for quantifying hippocampal volumes (denoted R(2) near 1.0, P<0.001). Noticeable atrophy of bilateral hippocampal head was found among twenty patients with AD through statistical shape model compared with control group (P<0.05), especially on the left where inward-deformation was significantly found.

CONCLUSION

This novel method of automated segmentation of the hippocampus based on AAM has been found to be reliable and accurate in our study, which may be an alternative to manual segmentation. The featured atrophy of hippocampal head can be regarded as an important biomarker for the early diagnosis of AD.

Cardiac mass in Behçet's disease

Cardiac mass is a rare manifestation of Behçet's disease (BD). Intracardiac thrombosis, endomyocardiofibrosis, endocardial fibroelastosis, inflammatory mass and cystic change have been reported as different entities of cardiac mass in BD. Here we presented 6 cases of this rare manifestation of BD. The clinical and pathological features were reviewed.

Bias correction for estimated QTL effects using the penalized maximum likelihood method

A penalized maximum likelihood method has been proposed as an important approach to the detection of epistatic quantitative trait loci (QTL). However, this approach is not optimal in two special situations: (1) closely linked QTL with effects in opposite directions and (2) small-effect QTL, because the method produces downwardly biased estimates of QTL effects. The present study aims to correct the bias by using correction coefficients and shifting from the use of a uniform prior on the variance parameter of a QTL effect to that of a scaled inverse chi-square prior. The results of Monte Carlo simulation experiments show that the improved method increases the power from 25 to 88% in the detection of two closely linked QTL of equal size in opposite directions and from 60 to 80% in the identification of QTL with small effects (0.5% of the total phenotypic variance). We used the improved method to detect QTL responsible for the barley kernel weight trait using 145 doubled haploid lines developed in the North American Barley Genome Mapping Project. Application of the proposed method to other shrinkage estimation of QTL effects is discussed.

Novel cellular microarray assay for profiling T-cell peptide antigen specificities

We present a novel cellular microarray assay using soluble peptide-loaded HLA A2-Ig dimer complexes that optimizes the avidity of peptide-HLA binding by preserving the molecular flexibility of the dimer complex while attaining much higher concentrations of the complex relative to cognate T-cell receptors. A seminal advance in assay development is made by separating the molecular T-cell receptor recognition event from the binding interactions that lead to antigen-specific cell capture on the microarray. This advance enables the quantitative determination of antigen-specific frequencies in heterogeneous T-cell populations without enumerating the number of cells captured on the microarray. The specificity of cell capture, sensitivity to low antigen-specific frequencies, and quantitation of antigenic T-cell specificities are established using CD8 T-cell populations with prepared antigen-specific CTL frequencies and heterogeneous T cells isolated from peripheral blood. The results demonstrate several advantages for high-throughput broad-based, quantitative assessments of low-frequency antigen specificities. The assay enables the use of cellular microarrays to determine the stability and flux of antigen-specific T-cell responses within and across populations.

Differential kinetics of oxytocin and vasopressin heteronuclear RNA expression in the rat supraoptic nucleus in response to chronic salt loading in vivo

Previous studies have shown that the secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin from the posterior pituitary always accompanies systemic hyperosmotic stimuli in rats, and that oxytocin and vasopressin mRNAs consistently increase in response to prolonged hyperosmotic stimuli. Hence, it has been widely interpreted that oxytocin and vasopressin secretion and gene expression are closely coupled. In the present study, we used both vasopressin and oxytocin intron- specific probes to measure vasopressin and oxytocin heteronuclear RNA (hnRNA) levels, respectively, by in situ hybridisation in the rat supraoptic nucleus (SON) in conjunction with radioimmunoassays of vasopressin and oxytocin peptide levels in plasma and in the posterior pituitary in normally hydrated rats and after 1-5 days of salt loading. Increased oxytocin secretion in response to hyperosmotic stimuli exceeded vasopressin secretion at every time point studied. Vasopressin hnRNA in the SON increased to near maximal levels within minutes after the hyperosmotic stimulus, and was maintained throughout all 5 days of salt loading. By contrast, oxytocin hnRNA did not significantly change from control levels until approximately 2 days after hyperosmotic stimulation, and was not maximal until 3 days. In summary, increases in oxytocin gene transcription in response to osmotic stimuli are dramatically delayed compared to increases in vasopressin gene transcription under the same conditions. These data indicate that oxytocin gene transcription is not as closely correlated with pituitary peptide secretion as is vasopressin gene transcription, and suggests that there is a fundamental difference in excitation-secretion-transcription coupling mechanisms that regulate these two closely related genes in the rat magnocellular neurones in the SON.

Vascular targeted photodynamic therapy with palladium-bacteriopheophorbide photosensitizer for recurrent prostate cancer following definitive radiation therapy: assessment of safety and treatment response

PURPOSE

Tookad is a novel intravascular photosensitizer. When activated by 763 nm light, it destroys tumors by damaging their blood supply. It then clears rapidly from the circulatory system. To our knowledge we report the first application of Tookad vascular targeted photodynamic therapy in humans. We assessed the safety, pharmacokinetics and preliminary treatment response as a salvage procedure after external beam radiation therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients received escalating drug doses of 0.1 to 2 mg/kg at a fixed light dose of 100 J/cm or escalated light doses of 230 and 360 J/cm at the 2 mg/kg dose. Four optical fibers were placed transperineally in the prostate, including 2 for light delivery and 2 for light dosimetry. Treatment response was assessed primarily by hypovascular lesion formation on contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies targeting areas of lesion formation and secondarily by serum prostate specific antigen changes.

RESULTS

Tookad vascular targeted photodynamic therapy was technically feasible. The plasma drug concentration was negligible by 2 hours after infusion. In the drug escalation arm 3 of 6 patients responded, as seen on magnetic resonance imaging, including 1 at 1 mg/kg and 2 at 2 mg/kg. The light dose escalation demonstrated an increasing volume of effect with 2 of 3 patients in the first light escalation cohort responding and all 6 responding at the highest light dose with lesions encompassing up to 70% of the peripheral zone. There were no serious adverse events, and continence and potency were maintained.

CONCLUSIONS

Tookad vascular targeted photodynamic therapy salvage therapy is safe and well tolerated. Lesion formation is strongly drug and light dose dependent. Early histological and magnetic resonance imaging responses highlight the clinical potential of Tookad vascular targeted photodynamic therapy to manage post-external beam radiation therapy recurrence.

A case-control study of the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat polymorphism in Australian prostate carcinoma subjects

BACKGROUND

The development of prostate carcinoma is androgen-dependent. The coding sequence of the androgen receptor (AR) gene contains a CAG repeat polymorphism that has been shown to influence AR activity in vitro. Studies of this polymorphism as a prostate carcinoma risk factor have been conflicting.

METHODS

A matched case-control design was used in a clinic-based multicenter study of Australian prostate carcinoma subjects. Cancer subjects were matched by age and locality with controls, all of whom had a serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of less than 4 mg/L. Conditional logistic regression was used to determine the relative risk of prostate carcinoma dependent on AR gene CAG number. The association of disease characteristics at diagnosis with the polymorphism also was assessed.

RESULTS

Five hundred forty-five cases of prostate carcinoma and 456 matched case-control pairs were recruited. Association studies of disease characteristics at diagnosis showed age at diagnosis to be associated with AR CAG number by univariate (P = 0.004) and multivariate (adjusting for PSA, stage, and grade) linear regression (P = 0.018). No association was observed between the polymorphism and disease stage (TNM-based categories; P = 0.277), histologic grade (P = 0.41), or PSA level at diagnosis (P = 0.48). In the pairwise case-control analysis, the odds ratio of prostate carcinoma for a change of 5 CAG repeats gave an odds ratio of 0.9821 (95% confidence interval, 0.84-1.15).

CONCLUSIONS

In this Australian study population, the AR CAG repeat polymorphism was not a risk factor for prostate carcinoma, but a shorter repeat sequence was associated with earlier age at diagnosis.

Phosphorylation and regulation of G-protein-activated phospholipase C-beta 3 by cGMP-dependent protein kinases

Among the drugs that are known to relax the vascular smooth muscle and regulate other cellular functions, beta-adrenergic agonists and nitric oxide-containing compounds are some of the most effective ones. The mechanisms of these drugs are thought to lower agonist-induced intracellular [Ca(2+)] by increasing intracellular cAMP and cGMP, activating their respective protein kinases. However, the physiological targets of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases are not clear. The molecular basis for the regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) by signaling pathways coupled to cyclic nucleotides is not well defined. G-protein-activated phospholipase C (PLC-beta) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphates to generate diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate, leading to the activation of protein kinase C and the mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+). In this study, we shown that G-protein-activated PLC enzymes are the potential targets of cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG). PKG can directly phosphorylate PLC-beta2 and PLC-beta3 in vitro with purified proteins and in vivo with metabolic labeling. Phosphorylation of PLC-beta leads to the inhibition of G-protein-activated PLC-beta3 activity by 50-70% in COS-7 cell transfection assays. By using phosphopeptide mapping and site-directed mutagenesis, we further identified two key phosphorylation sites for the regulation of PLC-beta3 by PKG (Ser(26) and Ser(1105)). Mutation at these two sites (S26A and S1105A) of PLC-beta3 completely blocked the phosphorylation of PLC-beta3 protein catalyzed by PKG. Furthermore, mutation of these serine residues removed the inhibitory effect of PKG on the activation of the mutant PLC-beta3 proteins by G-protein subunits. Our results suggest a molecular mechanism for the regulation of G-protein-mediated intracellular [Ca(2+)] by the NO-cGMP-dependent signaling pathway.

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase controls virulence of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that infects the human central nervous system. This pathogen elaborates two specialized virulence factors: the antioxidant melanin and an antiphagocytic immunosuppressive polysaccharide capsule. A signaling cascade controlling mating and virulence was identified. The PKA1 gene encoding the major cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit was identified and disrupted. pka1 mutant strains were sterile, failed to produce melanin or capsule, and were avirulent. The PKR1 gene encoding the protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit was also identified and disrupted. pkr1 mutant strains overproduced capsule and were hypervirulent in animal models of cryptococcosis. pkr1 pka1 double mutant strains exhibited phenotypes similar to that of pka1 mutants, providing epistasis evidence that the Pka1 catalytic subunit functions downstream of the Pkr1 regulatory subunit. The PKA pathway was also shown to function downstream of the Galpha protein Gpa1 and to regulate cAMP production by feedback inhibition. These findings define a Galpha protein-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway regulating differentiation and virulence of a human fungal pathogen.

KN-93 inhibition of G protein signaling is independent of the ability of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II to phosphorylate phospholipase Cbeta3 on 537-Ser

Stimulation of the phospholipase Cbeta (PLC) signaling pathway results in intracellular Ca2+ release and subsequent activation of calmodulin (CaM) and CaM kinase II (CaMK II). KN-93, an inhibitor of CaMK II, reduced the stimulation of phosphatidylinositide (PI) turnover by Galphai-coupled (formyl-Met-Leu-Phe, fMLP) or Galphaq-coupled [M1 muscarinic and oxytocin (OT)] receptors. The inhibitory effect of KN-93 was also observed when PLCbeta3 was stimulated directly by Galphaq or Gbetagamma in overexpression assays. CaMK II phosphorylated PLCbeta3 but not PLCbeta1 in vitro. Phosphorylation occurred exclusively on 537Ser in the X-Y linker region of PLCbeta3. 537Ser was also phosphorylated in the basal state in cells and phosphorylation was enhanced by ionomycin treatment. However, mutation of 537Ser to Glu had no effect on inhibition of Galphaq or Gbetagamma-stimulated PLCbeta3 activity by KN-93. KN-93 also inhibited Galphaq -stimulated PLCbeta1 activity, even though this enzyme is not a substrate for CaMK II. These data indicate that phosphorylation of PLCbeta3 by CaMK II is not directly involved in the inhibitory effect of KN-93 on phosphatidylinositide turnover.

Molecular mechanism of the inhibition of phospholipase C beta 3 by protein kinase C

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) can result from stimulation of the receptor-G protein-phospholipase C (PLCbeta) pathway. In turn, phosphorylation of PLCbeta by PKC may play a role in the regulation of receptor-mediated phosphatidylinositide (PI) turnover and intracellular Ca(2+) release. Activation of endogenous PKC by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate inhibited both Galpha(q)-coupled (oxytocin and M1 muscarinic) and Galpha(i)-coupled (formyl-Met-Leu-Phe) receptor-stimulated PI turnover by 50-100% in PHM1, HeLa, COSM6, and RBL-2H3 cells expressing PLCbeta(3). Activation of conventional PKCs with thymeleatoxin similarly inhibited oxytocin or formyl-Met-Leu-Phe receptor-stimulated PI turnover. The PKC inhibitory effect was also observed when PLCbeta(3) was stimulated directly by Galpha(q) or Gbetagamma in overexpression assays. PKC phosphorylated PLCbeta(3) at the same predominant site in vivo and in vitro. Peptide sequencing of in vitro phosphorylated recombinant PLCbeta(3) and site-directed mutagenesis identified Ser(1105) as the predominant phosphorylation site. Ser(1105) is also phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA; Yue, C., Dodge, K. L., Weber, G., and Sanborn, B. M. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 18023-18027). Similar to PKA, the inhibition by PKC of Galpha(q)-stimulated PLCbeta(3) activity was completely abolished by mutation of Ser(1105) to Ala. In contrast, mutation of Ser(1105) or Ser(26), another putative phosphorylation target, to Ala had no effect on inhibition of Gbetagamma-stimulated PLCbeta(3) activity by PKC or PKA. These data indicate that PKC and PKA act similarly in that they inhibit Galpha(q)-stimulated PLCbeta(3) as a result of phosphorylation of Ser(1105). Moreover, PKC and PKA both inhibit Gbetagamma-stimulated activity by mechanisms that do not involve Ser(1105).

[Expression of multidrug resistance gene and its reversion by cyclosporine in non-small cell lung cancer]

BACKGROUND

To investigate relation between the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) expression and chemotherapeutic response for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to evaluate the effect of cyclosporine (CsA) on reversion of MDR1.

METHODS

Cancer tissue specimens and peripheral blood samples were collected from 46 patients with NSCLC. MDR1 was amplified in total RNA extracted from cancer cell specimens and peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) by RT-PCR assay. According to the result of detection , some MDR1-positive patients were treated with CsA and anticancer drugs (reverse group) , other MDR1-positive patients (positive control group) and MDR1-negative patients (negative control group) were treated with anticancer drugs alone.

RESULTS

The MDR1 positive rate of cancer cells was 65. 2 %(30/ 46) , and of PBL was 58. 7 %(27/ 46) ; twenty-four cases were MDR1-positive both in cancer cells and PBL. The positive rate of patients with recurrence was 81. 3 %(26/ 32) ; of untreated patients was 28. 6 %(4/ 14) ; of patients with multi-cycle chemotherapy was 85. 7 %(24/ 28) ; of patients with non-chemotherapy was 33. 3 %(6/ 18) . The differences were significant ( P < 0. 01) . The response rate was 46. 7 %(7/ 15) in reverse group and 20 %(3/ 15) in positive control group and 37. 5 %(6/ 16) in negative control group. There were no significant differences in the toxicities and immunity changes except for hematological toxicity and impaired liver function between reverse group and other groups.

CONCLUSIONS

RT-PCR examination of MDR1 expression is useful for predicting response to chemotherapy and prognosis in NSCLC patients. MDR1-positive is associated with poor prognosis. The reverse effect of CsA for expression of MDR1 requires further clinical study.

[Expression and insecticidal characteristics of cry3A in Lepidoptera-specific Bacillus thuringiensis]

The cry3A gene coding Coleoptera-specific protein was transformed into a wild strain YBT803-1 by electroporation, A transformant BMBY-001 was obtained. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that cry3A could express 64 kD protein in BMBY-001. However, the expression of cry1Ab and cry1Ac were effected. Bioassay showed that BMBY-001 was not only highly toxic to Phyllodecta vulgatissima larva(LC50 0.413 microL/mL) but also toxic to Plutella xylostella(LC50 3.319 microL/mL).

The STE12alpha homolog is required for haploid filamentation but largely dispensable for mating and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that causes meningitis in immunocompromised hosts. The organism has a known sexual cycle, and strains of the MATalpha mating type are more virulent than isogenic MATa strains in mice, and they are more common in the environment and infected hosts. A C. neoformans homolog of the STE12 transcription factor that regulates mating, filamentation, and virulence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans was identified previously, found to be encoded by a novel region of the MATalpha mating type locus, and shown to enhance filamentous growth when overexpressed. We have disrupted the C. neoformans STE12 gene in a pathogenic serotype A isolate. ste12 mutant strains exhibit a severe defect in filamentation and sporulation (haploid fruiting) in response to nitrogen starvation. In contrast, ste12 mutant strains have only modest mating defects and are fully virulent in two animal models compared to the STE12 wild-type strain. In genetic epistasis experiments, STE12 functions in a MAP kinase cascade to regulate fruiting, but not mating. Thus, the C. neoformans STE12alpha transcription factor homolog plays a specialized function in haploid fruiting, but it is dispensable or redundant for mating and virulence. The association of the MATalpha locus with virulence may involve additional genes, and other transcription factors that regulate mating and virulence remain to be identified.

A role for AKAP (A kinase anchoring protein) scaffolding in the loss of a cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate inhibitory response in late pregnant rat myometrium

During pregnancy in the rat, there is a change in the ability of chlorophenylthio (CPT)-cAMP to inhibit myometrial phosphatidylinositide turnover. This is accompanied by a change in the association of proteins with a plasma membrane A kinase anchoring protein (AKAP). Both CPT-cAMP and isoproterenol inhibited oxytocin-stimulated phosphatidylinositide turnover on days 12 through 20 of gestation, whereas neither agent had an effect on day 21. Accompanying this change was a dramatic decrease in the concentration and activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase [protein kinase A (PKA)] and an increase in the concentration of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) in plasma membranes from day 21 compared with day 19 pregnant rats. In contrast, both PKA and PP2B concentrations and activities increased in total myometrial homogenates. Both PKA and PP2B coimmunoprecipitated with an antibody against the 150-kDa AKAP found in rat myometrial plasma membranes. More PKA was associated with AKAP150 on day 19 than on day 21, while the reverse was true for PP2B. Disruption of PKA/AKAP association in day 19 pregnant rat myometrial cells with the specific interaction inhibitor peptide S-Ht31 resulted in the loss of the cAMP-inhibitory effect on phosphatidylinositide turnover. PP2B activity in myometrial homogenates dephosphorylated PLCbeta3, a PKA substrate targeted in the inhibition of Galphaq-stimulated phosphatidylinositide turnover. The dramatic loss of the cAMP-inhibitory effect on day 21 of pregnancy may alter the balance between uterine contraction and relaxation near parturition. The changes in the relative concentrations of PKA and PP2B associated with AKAP150 are consistent with a functional role for AKAP150 scaffolding in the alteration of cellular signaling.

[Histological studies on rinds of 18 species of Gualou]

OBJECTIVE

To make clear the histological characteristics of rinds for eighteen species of Gualou.

METHOD

Observing the cross sections and separate divide of the rinds with light microscope.

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

Of eighteen rinds of Gualou, each trichome on exocarp, wood fiber and thickness of ring of stone cell are different from one another, this distinction can be used to identify the different rinds of Gualou.

[Morphological studies on 18 species of gualoupi]

OBJECTIVE

To gain a clear idea of the drug Gualoupi and its adulterants.

METHOD

Collecting data and spot investigating in 30 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in China.

RESULT

Gualoupi used as drug in China consists of 15 species of Trichosanthes, 1 species of Momordica, 1 species of Citrullus and 1 species of Adenia(Passifloraceae).

CONCLUSION

The main commodity is the rind of T. kirilowii or T. rosthornii, and the main adulterant is the rind of T. hupehensis.

Molecular mechanisms regulating the effects of oxytocin on myometrial intracellular calcium

Oxytocin stimulates an increase in intracellular calcium in uterine myometrium by several mechanisms. Several lines of evidence indicate that the oxytocin receptor is functionally coupled to GTP-binding proteins of the G alpha q/11 class which stimulate phospholipase C activity. The IP3 generated as a result of phospholipase C activation can trigger release of calcium from intracellular stores. The finding that the oxytocin-stimulated increase in intracellular calcium in myometrial cells is greater in the presence of extracellular calcium than that in its absence indicates that oxytocin also has effects on calcium entry. This action is nifedipine-insensitive but may involve indirect stimulation of calcium entry through release-operated channels. An anti-G alpha q/11 antibody inhibits both oxytocin-stimulated GTPase activity and phospholipase C activity in myometrial membranes. The stimulation by oxytocin of phosphoinositide turnover in COS cells transfected with a plasmid expressing the oxytocin receptor is enhanced by cotransfection of G alpha q. Co-transfection of intracellular domains of the oxytocin receptor causes varying degrees of interference with oxytocin-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover. The data suggest that more than one intracellular domain is involved in oxytocin receptor/G-protein coupling. Oxytocin receptor stimulation of phospholipase C is inhibited by cAMP. This occurs in myometrial cells and in COS cells transfected with a plasmid expressing the receptor. The inhibitory mechanism involves the action of protein kinase A and is probably targeted indirectly at the G alpha q/11 /phospholipase C coupling step.

G protein signalling pathways in myometrium: affecting the balance between contraction and relaxation

Heterotrimeric G proteins are actively involved in intracellular signalling in the myometrium and play important roles in regulating myometrial contraction and relaxation. Increases in intracellular calcium can be induced by agents that stimulate uterine contractions. In a number of instances, these increases in intracellular calcium are attributed to stimulation of phospholipase C by either G alpha or G betagamma subunits as a result of activation of G protein-coupled plasma membrane receptors. This mechanism also stimulates calcium entry through calcium release-activated channels, either directly or indirectly. Thus, while phospholipase C can be activated by other pathways and calcium can enter myometrial cells through other channels, G proteins play a major role in these processes. Similarly, activation of protein kinase A and protein kinase C are consequences of G protein activation. Protein kinase A and protein kinase C exert a number of regulatory influences on phospholipase C, ion channel activity and other processes in the myometrium. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway can also be activated directly or indirectly by the action of G proteins in myometrium. Responsiveness to G proteins can be altered during pregnancy and depends on the relative expression of all of the components of the signalling pathways involved. The balance between G protein-mediated stimulatory and inhibitory signalling pathways has important consequences for the control of myometrial contractile activity.

Phosphorylation of serine 1105 by protein kinase A inhibits phospholipase Cbeta3 stimulation by Galphaq

The mechanism by which protein kinase A (PKA) inhibits Galphaq -stimulated phospholipase C activity of the beta subclass (PLCbeta ) is unknown. We present evidence that phosphorylation of PLCbeta3 by PKA results in inhibition of Galphaq -stimulated PLCbeta3 activity, and we identify the site of phosphorylation. Two-dimensional phosphoamino acid analysis of in vitro phosphorylated PLCbeta3 revealed a single phosphoserine as the putative PKA site, and peptide mapping yielded one phosphopeptide. The residue was identified as Ser1105 by direct sequencing of reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography-isolated phosphopeptide and by site-directed mutagenesis. Overexpression of Galphaq with PLCbeta3 or PLCbeta (Ser1105--> Ala) mutant in COSM6 cells resulted in a 5-fold increase in [3H]phosphatidylinositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation compared with expression of Galphaq, PLCbeta3, or PLCbeta3 (Ser1105 --> Ala mutant alone. Whereas Galpha1-stimulated PLCbeta3, activity was inhibited by 58-71% by overexpression of PKA catalytic subunit, Galphaq-stimulated PLCbeta3 (Ser1105 --> Ala) mutant activity was not affected. Furthermore, phosphatidylinositide turnover stimulated by presumably Galpha1-coupled M1 muscarinic and oxytocin receptors was completely inhibited by pretreating cells with 8-[4-chlorophenythio]-cAMP in RBL-2H3 cells expressing only PLCbeta3. These data establish that direct phosphorylation by PKA of Ser1105 in the putative G-box of PLCbeta3 inhibits Galphaq-stimulated PLCbeta3 activity. This can at least partially explain the inhibitory effect of PKA on Galphaq-stimulated phosphatidylinositide turnover observed in a variety of cells and tissues.

Localization and regulation of ryanodine receptor in bovine oocytes

We have previously reported that injection of ryanodine receptor agonists into mature bovine oocytes induces intracellular calcium release, indicative of the existence of ryanodine receptors. In this experiment, further evidence of the ryanodine receptor localization, and developmental regulation in bovine oocytes is presented. The possible physiological significance is also suggested. Using a rabbit antibody against the rabbit cardiac muscle ryanodine receptor, the ryanodine receptor was observed uniformly localized in the periphery of mature bovine oocytes, while a weak and discontinuous signal was observed in the germinal vesicle intact stage of bovine oocytes. As oocytes progress to the metaphase I stage, the ryanodine receptor localization became more intense and continuous, yet not comparable to that observed in the metaphase II oocytes. These modifications correlate with the intracellular calcium responsiveness to ryanodine. A 200-microM injection of ryanodine induces a low intracellular calcium transient in germinal vesicle-stage bovine oocytes, while peaked intracellular calcium transients are subsequently observed in the metaphase II-stage oocytes. However, no significant changes in the amplitude of intracellular calcium transients induced by 250 nM inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and 10 microM ionomycin were observed in oocytes at a comparable stage. Fertilization induced a significant decrease in ryanodine receptor signal; similar changes were also observed in oocytes injected with 200 microM ryanodine or incubated with 10 microM ionomycin. However, no changes in ryanodine signal were observed in oocytes injected with vehicle medium. Furthermore, injection of either ryanodine or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate induced subsequent pronuclear formation and cleavage. These data indicate that the ryanodine receptor is closely regulated and associated with early cellular changes following fertilization; stimulation of this receptor results in the activation of bovine oocytes, and it is likely that this receptor may play a role at fertilization.

Schizophyllum commune A alpha mating-type proteins, Y and Z, form complexes in all combinations in vitro

Tha A alpha locus of the basidiomycete fungus, Schizophyllum commune, regulates sexual development via proteins Y and Z. Each A alpha mating type encodes unique Y and Z isoforms. We used two isoforms of Y (Y4 and Y5) and two isoforms of Z (Z4 and Z5) in affinity assays of protein binding. These assays identified two types of protein interactions. Each full-length Y or Z protein binds to itself and other Y or Z proteins regardless of the A alpha mating type from which they are encoded (i.e., mating-type independent binding). A second type of binding, detected with partial-length polypeptides, occurs only between N-terminal regions of Y and Z proteins encoded from different A alpha mating types (e.g., Y4Z5 or Y5Z4); we refer to this binding as mating-type dependent binding. Deletion analysis shows that the Y4 specificity domain (an N-terminal region conferring recognition uniqueness to the Y4 isoform) is essential for mating-type dependent binding. Other regions of Y and Z are involved in mating-type independent binding. These results, obtained in vitro, raise the possibility that either of several protein complexes composed of Y and/or Z proteins may occur in vivo.

[Influences of acetylcholine, glutamic acid and GABA on the neuronal firings in ventromedial thalamic nucleus]

In this study, it was shown that the neuronal spontaneous firings of ventromedial thalamic nucleus (VM) in rats were increased by acetylcholine (ACH) and glutamic acid (GLU) applied microiontophoretically with an intensity-dependent manner. Both gamma-animobutyric acid (GABA) and baclofen inhibited the spontaneous firings in majority of VM neurons, but the effect of GABA was rapid and short-lasting, while that of baclofen was slow and long-lasting. GABA could reverse the effects of ACH and GLU. The majority of VM neuronal firing rates could be enhanced by bicuculine, while atropine and MK801 had little effect. The results indicate an important convergence of GLUergic, GABAergic and cholinergic activities in the same VM neurons and GABAergic activities tonically inhibit the VM neurons.

The specificity determinant of the Y mating-type proteins of Schizophyllum commune is also essential for Y-Z protein binding

This paper concerns the manner in which combinatorial mating proteins of the fungus, Schizophyllum commune, recognize one another to form complexes that regulate target gene expression. In Schizophyllum, tightly linked Y and Z mating-type genes do not promote development in the combinations present in haploid strains (i.e., self combinations). When the Y and Z genes from two different mating types are brought together by the fusion of two haploid cells, the Y and Z proteins from different mating types recognize one another as nonself, form a complex and activate development. Several Y and Z alleles are present in the population and all nonself combinations of Y and Z alleles are equally functional. We have made chimeric genes among Y1, Y3, Y4 and Y5 and examined their mating-type specificities by transformation and mating tests. These studies show that the specificity of Y protein recognized by Z protein is encoded within a short region of N-terminal amino acids. The critical region is not precisely the same in each Y protein and in each Y-Z protein interaction. For Y3 protein compared with Y4 protein, the critical residues are in an N-terminal region of 56 amino acids (residues 17-72), with 40% identity and 65% similarity. Two-hybrid studies show that: the first 144 amino acids of Y4 protein are sufficient to bind Z3 and Z5 proteins, but not Z4 protein, and proteins deleted of the Y4 specificity region do not bind Z3, Z4 or Z5 protein. Thus the specificity determinant of the Y protein is essential for protein-protein recognition, Y-Z protein binding and mating activity.