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Li X, Wu S, Feng Z, Ning K, Ji D, Yu L, Hu W. Label-Free and Real-Time Optical Detection of Affinity Binding of the Antibody on Adherent Live Cells. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1112-1120. [PMID: 38181398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Oblique-incidence reflectivity difference (OIRD) is a novel real-time, label-free, and nondestructive optical detection method and exhibits encouraging application in the detection of antibody/DNA microarrays. In this study, for the first time, an OIRD label-free immunoassay was achieved by using adherent live cells as the probe. The cells were cultured on glass cells, and the affinity binding of antibodies targeted on the HLA class I antigen of the cell surface was detected with an OIRD. The results show that an OIRD is able to detect the binding process of anti-human HLA-A, B, and C antibodies on MDA-MB-231 cells and HUVEC cells. Control experiments and complementary fluorescence analysis confirmed the high detection specificity and good quantitative virtue of the OIRD label-free immunoassay. Label-free OIRD imaging analysis of cell microarrays was further demonstrated successfully, and the underlying optical mechanism was revealed by combining the theoretical modeling. This work explores the use of live cells as probes for an OIRD immunoassay, thus expanding the potential applications of the OIRD in the field of pathological analysis, disease diagnosis, and drug screening, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Shiming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ke Ning
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Energy, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P. R. China
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TERAMURA Y. Design and Application of Cell Glue. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2018. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2017-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji TERAMURA
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
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3
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Shen C, Xu T, Wu Y, Li X, Xia L, Wang W, Shahzad KA, Zhang L, Wan X, Qiu J. Frequency and reactivity of antigen-specific T cells were concurrently measured through the combination of artificial antigen-presenting cell, MACS and ELISPOT. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16400. [PMID: 29180767 PMCID: PMC5703716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimer staining, intracellular cytokine staining, and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay cannot concurrently determine the frequency and reactivity of antigen-specific T cells (AST) in a single assay. In this report, pMHC multimer, magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS), and ELISPOT techniques have been integrated into a micro well by coupling pMHC multimers onto cell-sized magnetic beads to characterize AST cell populations in a 96-well microplate which pre-coated with cytokine-capture antibodies. This method, termed AAPC-microplate, allows the enumeration and local cytokine production of AST cells in a single assay without using flow cytometry or fluorescence intensity scanning, thus will be widely applicable. Here, ovalbumin257–264-specific CD8+ T cells from OT-1 T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice were measured. The methodological accuracy, specificity, reproducibility, and sensitivity in enumerating AST cells compared well with conventional pMHC multimer staining. Furthermore, the AAPC-microplate was applied to detect the frequency and reactivity of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antigen18–27- and surface antigen183–191-specific CD8+ T cells for the patients, and was compared with conventional method. This method without the need of high-end instruments may facilitate the routine analysis of patient-specific cellular immune response pattern to a given antigen in translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlai Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - You Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoe Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingzhi Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing KingMed Diagnostics Company Limited, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Khawar Ali Shahzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated Second Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Dalilottojari A, Delalat B, Harding FJ, Cockshell MP, Bonder CS, Voelcker NH. Porous Silicon-Based Cell Microarrays: Optimizing Human Endothelial Cell-Material Surface Interactions and Bioactive Release. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3724-3731. [PMID: 27744681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Porous silicon (pSi) substrates are a promising platform for cell expansion, since pore size and chemistry can be tuned to control cell behavior. In addition, a variety of bioactives can be loaded into the pores and subsequently released to act on cells adherent to the substrate. Here, we construct a cell microarray on a plasma polymer coated pSi substrate that enables the simultaneous culture of human endothelial cells on printed immobilized protein factors, while a second soluble growth factor is released from the same substrate. This allows three elements of candidate pSi scaffold materials-topography, surface functionalization, and controlled factor release-to be assessed simultaneously in high throughput. We show that protein conjugation within printed microarray spots is more uniform on the pSi substrate than on flat glass or silicon surfaces. Active growth factors are released from the pSi surface over a period of several days. Using an endothelial progenitor cell line, we investigate changes in cell behavior in response to the microenvironment. This platform facilitates the design of advanced functional biomaterials, including scaffolds, and carriers for regenerative medicine and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Dalilottojari
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Bahman Delalat
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Frances J Harding
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Michaelia P Cockshell
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology , Adelaide South Australia 5001, South Australia
| | - Claudine S Bonder
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology , Adelaide South Australia 5001, South Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide South Australia 5001, Australia
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5
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Circelli L, Petrizzo A, Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Systems Biology Approach for Cancer Vaccine Development and Evaluation. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:544-55. [PMID: 26350594 PMCID: PMC4586466 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines do not hold promise yet as an effective anti-cancer treatment. Lack of efficacy or poor clinical outcomes are due to several antigenic and immunological aspects that need to be addressed in order to reverse such trends and significantly improve cancer vaccines’ efficacy. The newly developed high throughput technologies and computational tools are instrumental to this aim allowing the identification of more specific antigens and the comprehensive analysis of the innate and adaptive immunities. Here, we review the potentiality of systems biology in providing novel insights in the mechanisms of the action of vaccines to improve their design and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Circelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione Pascale" - IRCCS, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Annacarmen Petrizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione Pascale" - IRCCS, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione Pascale" - IRCCS, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione Pascale" - IRCCS, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Franco M Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione Pascale" - IRCCS, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione Pascale" - IRCCS, Naples 80131, Italy.
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Guzman N, Agarwal K, Asthagiri D, Yu L, Saji M, Ringel MD, Paulaitis ME. Breast Cancer-Specific miR Signature Unique to Extracellular Vesicles Includes "microRNA-like" tRNA Fragments. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:891-901. [PMID: 25722304 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes and shed vesicles, have been implicated in intercellular communication; however, their biomarker potential is less clear. Therefore, EVs derived from MCF7 and MCF10A cells were analyzed to identify unique miRNA (miR) profiles that distinguish their origin. One characteristic common to the miR profiles of MCF7 EVs and their parent cells is the high abundance of miR-21, let-7a, miR-100, and miR-125b, and low levels of miR-205. A second characteristic is the high abundance of "miRNA-like" tRNA fragments, which is unique to the MCF7 EVs, and is not found in comparing the cellular profiles. In addition, correlations were examined in the MCF7 cellular expression levels of these five miRs and two tRNA-derived miRNAs, miR-720 and miR-1274b, and compared with the correlations in MCF7 EV levels. Interestingly, correlations in the cellular expression of miR-125b, miR-100, and let-7a are mirrored in the EVs. In contrast, correlations in tRNA-derived miRNA levels are found only in the EVs. The findings suggest that EV miR clusters can be defined based on functional miR interactions related to correlated cellular expression levels or physical miR interactions, for example, aggregation due to comparable binding affinities to common targets. IMPLICATIONS These results point to using high levels of tRNA-derived small RNA fragments in combination with known miR signatures of tumors to distinguish tumor-derived EVs in circulation from EVs derived from other cell sources. Such biomarkers would be unique to the EVs where high abundances of tRNA fragments are amplified with respect to their cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Guzman
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoenginering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kitty Agarwal
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoenginering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dilip Asthagiri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard G. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard G. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael E Paulaitis
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoenginering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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Abstract
Protein microarray technology is becoming the method of choice for identifying protein interaction partners, detecting specific proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, or for characterizing protein interactions and serum antibodies in a massively parallel manner. Availability of the well-established instrumentation of DNA arrays and development of new fluorescent detection instruments promoted the spread of this technique. Fluorescent detection has the advantage of high sensitivity, specificity, simplicity and wide dynamic range required by most measurements. Fluorescence through specifically designed probes and an increasing variety of detection modes offers an excellent tool for such microarray platforms. Measuring for example the level of antibodies, their isotypes and/or antigen specificity simultaneously can offer more complex and comprehensive information about the investigated biological phenomenon, especially if we take into consideration that hundreds of samples can be measured in a single assay. Not only body fluids, but also cell lysates, extracted cellular components, and intact living cells can be analyzed on protein arrays for monitoring functional responses to printed samples on the surface. As a rapidly evolving area, protein microarray technology offers a great bulk of information and new depth of knowledge. These are the features that endow protein arrays with wide applicability and robust sample analyzing capability. On the whole, protein arrays are emerging new tools not just in proteomics, but glycomics, lipidomics, and are also important for immunological research. In this review we attempt to summarize the technical aspects of planar fluorescent microarray technology along with the description of its main immunological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Herbáth
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117 Hungary
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8
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Moore E, Delalat B, Vasani R, Thissen H, Voelcker NH. Patterning and Biofunctionalization of Antifouling Hyperbranched Polyglycerol Coatings. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2735-43. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500601z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Moore
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, GPO Box
2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
- CSIRO Materials
Science and Engineering, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Bahman Delalat
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, GPO Box
2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Roshan Vasani
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, GPO Box
2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Helmut Thissen
- CSIRO Materials
Science and Engineering, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, GPO Box
2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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Abstract
Results of therapeutic vaccines for established chronic infections or cancers are still unsatisfactory. The only therapeutic cancer vaccine approved for clinical use is the sipuleucel-T, for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, which induces a limited 4-month improvement in the overall survival of vaccinated patients compared to controls. This represents a remarkable advancement in the cancer immunotherapy field, although the clinical outcome of cancer vaccines needs to be substantially improved. To this aim, a multipronged strategy is required, including the evaluation of mechanisms underlying the effective elicitation of immune responses by cancer vaccines. The recent development of new technologies and computational tools allows the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the interactions between all of the components of innate and adaptive immunity over time. Here we review the potentiality of systems biology in providing novel insights in the mechanisms of action of vaccines to improve their design and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annacarmen Petrizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione Pascale" - IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Tong L, Schuhmacher C, Assenmacher M, Zänker K, Jähn P. Multiplex and functional detection of antigen-specific human T cells by ITRA--indirect T cell recognition assay. J Immunol Methods 2014; 404:13-23. [PMID: 24333463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The identification and functional characterization of pathogen-specific T cells plays a critical role in immunological research and diagnostics. In addition to the present standard technologies such as intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and peptide-major-histocompatibility-complex (MHC) multimer staining, we aimed to develop a multiplex detection assay, which provides fast in vitro functional data for both human CD4 and CD8 T cells with different antigen specificities in one sample. In this study, we have exploited the expression of CD83 on B cells to develop the cell array-based indirect T cell recognition assay (ITRA). In detail, B cells are pulsed with different pathogen peptide pools and fluorescently barcoded. Thereafter the B cells are pooled and co-cultured with autologous T cells. Subsequently each B cell population is analyzed via flow cytometry for CD83 expression, which indicates antigen-specific interaction with CD4 T cells. Moreover, we revealed donor dependent variations of cytotoxic activity of pathogen-specific CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells, evidenced by specific lysis of peptide-pulsed B cells. Taken together, ITRA is a novel antigen presenting cell (APC) array based method to analyze the presence and function of various antigen-specific T cells in one sample. It has the potential to be used in the future for epitope/antigen screening in research and for analysis of anti-tumor, anti-pathogen or autoimmune T cell responses in patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Tong
- Department of Human Medicine, Institute of Immunology, University Witten/Herdecke, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Carolin Schuhmacher
- Department of Research and Development, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach 51429, Germany
| | - Mario Assenmacher
- Department of Research and Development, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach 51429, Germany
| | - Kurt Zänker
- Department of Human Medicine, Institute of Immunology, University Witten/Herdecke, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Peter Jähn
- Department of Research and Development, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach 51429, Germany
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Varadarajan N, Kwon DS, Law KM, Ogunniyi AO, Anahtar MN, Richter JM, Walker BD, Love JC. Rapid, efficient functional characterization and recovery of HIV-specific human CD8+ T cells using microengraving. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:3885-90. [PMID: 22355106 PMCID: PMC3309713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111205109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of certain clinical samples (tissue biopsies, fluids) or the subjects themselves (pediatric subjects, neonates) often constrain the number of cells available to evaluate the breadth of functional T-cell responses to infections or therapeutic interventions. The methods most commonly used to assess this functional diversity ex vivo and to recover specific cells to expand in vitro usually require more than 10(6) cells. Here we present a process to identify antigen-specific responses efficiently ex vivo from 10(4)-10(5) single cells from blood or mucosal tissues using dense arrays of subnanoliter wells. The approach combines on-chip imaging cytometry with a technique for capturing secreted proteins--called "microengraving"--to enumerate antigen-specific responses by single T cells in a manner comparable to conventional assays such as ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining. Unlike those assays, however, the individual cells identified can be recovered readily by micromanipulation for further characterization in vitro. Applying this method to assess HIV-specific T-cell responses demonstrates that it is possible to establish clonal CD8(+) T-cell lines that represent the most abundant specificities present in circulation using 100- to 1,000-fold fewer cells than traditional approaches require and without extensive genotypic analysis a priori. This rapid (<24 h), efficient, and inexpensive process should improve the comparative study of human T-cell immunology across ages and anatomic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Varadarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Douglas S. Kwon
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Charlestown, MA 02129; Divisions of
- Infectious Diseases and
| | - Kenneth M. Law
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Charlestown, MA 02129; Divisions of
| | - Adebola O. Ogunniyi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Melis N. Anahtar
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Charlestown, MA 02129; Divisions of
| | - James M. Richter
- Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Charlestown, MA 02129; Divisions of
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Charlestown, MA 02129; Divisions of
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Abstract
The ability to two-dimensionally align various kinds of cells freely onto substrate would be a useful tool for analysis of cell-cell interactions. In this study, we aimed to establish a method for attaching cells to the substrate, in which the pattern is drawn by an inkjet printer. Poly-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was immobilized onto the cell surface by use of DNA-conjugated poly(ethylene) glycol-phospholipid (DNA-PEG-lipid), which is the amphiphilic conjugate of PEG-lipid and single-stranded DNA. The surface of the substrate was then modified with the complementary DNA using an inkjet printer. Finally, DNA-immobilized cells were attached onto the substrate through DNA hybridization. The use of the inkjet printer enabled us to draw the DNA pattern accurately on the substrate with a resolution of a few hundred micrometers. DNA-immobilized cells could be attached precisely along the DNA pattern on the substrate. In addition, various kinds of cells could be attached simultaneously by using various sequences of DNA. Our technique is promising for analysis of cell-cell interactions and differentiation induction in stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Sakurai
- Department of Reparative Materials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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