Effect of aerobic exercise as a treatment on type 2 diabetes mellitus with depression-like behavior zebrafish

5,7,3',4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone (PMF) exhibits anti-obesity and neuroprotective effects in an obese zebrafish model

Obesity is a multi-chronic illness characterized by superfluous fat accumulation, contributing to significant metabolic and neurological complications. Current therapeutic approaches have limited efficacy and notable side effects, underscoring an urgent demand for novel, safer alternatives. This study is the first to investigate the anti-obesity potential of 5,7,3',4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone (PMF) in vivo using a zebrafish model. Our findings demonstrate that PMF administration exerts pronounced anti-obesogenic effects, evidenced by reductions in blood glucose, plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, hepatic low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Mechanistically, PMF suppressed hepatic adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression while promoting lipid catabolism through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) and its downstream enzymes, including acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1), medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADM), and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1B (CPT-1β). Additionally, PMF markedly mitigated oxidative stress by lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, accompanied by increased antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Notably, PMF effectively prevented obesity by suppressing food intake, downregulating orexigenic genes, and enhancing anorexigenic signals. Furthermore, PMF exhibited neuroprotective properties by elevating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B2 (TrkB2), revealing a novel link between metabolic and neurological regulation. This study provides pioneering, comprehensive in vivo evidence supporting PMF as a promising therapeutic candidate with dual beneficial roles in metabolic health and neuroprotection.

Efficient catalytic degradation and detoxification of 6PPD-quinone by the multifunctional enzyme system of phanerochaete chrysosporium

The widespread environmental presence and toxicity of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone, 6PPD-q), a rubber-derived pollutant, necessitates effective degradation strategies. This study demonstrates for the first time that Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) achieves a 99.06 % removal rate of 6PPD-q within 7 days through adsorption combined with enzyme catalysis. The breakdown of the quinone structure, primarily driven by lignin peroxidase isoenzymes, is accompanied by carbon chain shortening and structural simplification, which enhance the bioavailability of degradation products. These metabolites are assimilated and further mineralized by the P. chrysosporium metabolic system. Comprehensive toxicity assessments using zebrafish and Escherichia coli confirmed the biosafety of all degradation products. This study provides mechanistic insights into the fungal degradation of 6PPD-q and presents a sustainable approach for mitigating the environmental risks posed by other pollutants. Furthermore, a new generation of innovative bioremediation technologies can be developed by engineering fungi to regulate extracellular electric potential and enhance catalytic enzyme activity.

Development of a sodium hyaluronate-enriched therapeutic formulation with stevia glycoside and mogroside V for the comprehensive management of diabetes and its complications

Diabetes prevalence continues to increase as a result of people's increasing sugar intake. Diabetes mellitus and its complications (dry skin, constipation, depression, and dental caries), as well as the prohibition of sweets ingestion, seriously affect patients' physical and mental health. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a long-term food for special medical purposes (FSMP) that aids in managing diabetes and its complications. To ensure effective biomedical function and taste, we developed a FSMP beverage formulation containing stevia glycoside, mogroside V, and sodium hyaluronate (SMH-B), each at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. Meanwhile, this study verified that SMH-B is an environmentally friendly and biocompatible formulation. Furthermore, both in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that SMH-B significantly lowers blood glucose and lipid levels, enhances skin moisture and elasticity, prevents dental caries, alleviates constipation, reduces oxidative stress, and mitigates depressive symptoms. Notably, the SMH-B compound formula exhibits a more effective adjuvant therapeutic effect compared to single-ingredient formulation composed of stevia glycosides, mogroside V, and sodium hyaluronate. Moreover, SMH-B provides the sweetness desired by diabetic patients without affecting blood glucose levels, while also offering an auxiliary therapeutic role, making it a potential FSMP for diabetes management.

Utilizing zebrafish models to elucidate mechanisms and develop therapies for skeletal muscle atrophy

Skeletal muscle atrophy, resulting from an imbalance in muscle protein synthesis and degradation, compromises muscle quality and function, imposing significant burdens on movement and metabolic stability. Animal models are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy and developing clinical prevention and treatment strategies. Zebrafish, as small aquatic vertebrates, exhibit high genetic homology with humans and offer advantages such as rapid reproduction, development, and transparent embryos. Their physiological and anatomical similarities to mammals, including a substantial proportion of skeletal muscle and observable swimming behavior reflecting body dysfunction, make zebrafish an ideal model for studying skeletal muscle-related diseases. This review outlines the development of zebrafish skeletal muscle and highlights key pathways regulating muscle proteins, emphasizing their anatomical and genetic consistency with humans. Various zebrafish models of skeletal muscle atrophy created through physical, chemical, and gene-editing methods are systematically summarized. Current challenges and proposed improvement strategies are also discussed to enhance the reliability and applicability of zebrafish models, providing a comprehensive reference for advancing research on skeletal muscle atrophy.

Nobiletin, an activator of the pyruvate kinase isozyme M1/M2 protein, upregulated the glycolytic signalling pathway and alleviated depressive-like behaviour caused by artificial light exposure at night in zebrafish

We established a zebrafish model of depression-like behaviour induced by exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) and found that nobiletin (NOB) alleviated depression-like behaviour. Subsequently, based on the results of a 24-h free movement assay, clock gene expression and brain tissue transcriptome sequencing, the glycolysis signalling pathway was identified as a potential target through which NOB exerted antidepressant effects. Using the ALAN zebrafish model, we found that supplementation with exogenous L-lactic acid alleviated depressive-like behaviour. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed an inter-molecular interaction between NOB and the pyruvate kinase isozyme M1/M2 (PKM2) protein. We then used compound 3 k to construct a zebrafish model in which PKM2 was inhibited. Our analysis of this model suggested that NOB alleviated depression-like behaviour via inhibition of PKM2. In summary, NOB alleviated depressive-like behaviour induced by ALAN in zebrafish via targeting of PKM2 and activation of the glycolytic signalling pathway.

Therapeutic potential of hydrogen-rich water in zebrafish model of Alzheimer's disease: targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and the gut-brain axis

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, with amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation playing a key role in its pathogenesis. Aβ-induced oxidative stress leads to neuronal damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis, making antioxidative strategies promising for AD treatment. This study investigates the effects of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) in a zebrafish AD model. Zebrafish were exposed to aluminum chloride to induce AD-like pathology and then treated with HRW using a nanobubble device. Behavioral assays, ELISA, Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil fluorescence labeling were employed to assess HRW's impact. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing analyzed HRW's effect on gut microbiota. HRW can significantly improve cognitive impairment and depression-like behavior in zebrafish AD model, reduce Aβ deposition (p < 0.0001), regulate liver Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) levels (p < 0.05), reduce neuroinflammation, and reduce oxidative stress. Furthermore, HRW reduced the number of harmful bacteria linked to AD pathology by restoring the balance of microbiota in the gut. These findings suggest that HRW has potential as a therapeutic strategy for AD by targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut-brain axis modulation.

Aerobic Exercise Improves the Overall Outcome of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among People With Mental Disorders

The escalating global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and mental disorder (MD) including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and anxiety highlights the urgency for comprehensive therapeutic strategies. Aerobic exercise (AE) is a viable adjunct therapy, providing significant benefits for individuals dealing with both T2DM and MD. This review consolidates evidence on AE's role in alleviating the physiological and psychological effects of these comorbid conditions. It delves into the pathophysiological connections between T2DM and various MD, including depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, and bipolar disorder-emphasizing their reciprocal exacerbation. Key neurophysiological mechanisms through which AE confers benefits are explored, including neuroinflammation modulation, brain structure and neuroplasticity enhancement, growth factor expression regulation, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)/microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis normalization. Clinical results indicate that AE significantly improves both metabolic and psychological parameters in patients with T2DM and MD, providing a substantial argument for integrating AE into comprehensive treatment plans. Future research should aim to establish detailed, personalized exercise prescriptions and explore the long-term benefits of AE in this population. This review underscores the potential of AE to complement existing therapeutic modalities and enhance the management of patients with T2DM and MD.

Metabolic effects of physical exercise on zebrafish (Danio rerio) fed a high-fat diet

The present study aimed to establish zebrafish as an experimental model for investigations into obesity and physical exercise, as well as to assess the effects of these factors on metabolism. The experiment spanned twelve weeks, comprising a feeding trial during which the last four weeks incorporated a physical exercise protocol. This protocol involved placing fifteen animals in a five-liter aquarium, where they were subjected to swimming at an approximate speed of 0.08 m/s for 30 min daily. Throughout the experiment, histological analyses of visceral, subcutaneous, and hepatic adipose tissues were conducted, along with biochemical analyses of total cholesterol and its fractions, triglycerides, glucose, lactate, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Additionally, oxidative stress markers, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and catalase activity and the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, were investigated. The results revealed that the group fed a high-fat diet exhibited an increase in ROS production and SOD activity. In contrast, the group administered the high-fat diet and subjected to physical exercise demonstrated a notable reduction in visceral adipocyte area, hepatic steatosis levels, ALT levels, and SOD activity. These findings indicate that physical exercise has a positive effect on obesity and oxidative stress in zebrafish, providing promising evidence for future investigations in this field.

Exploiting the Zebrafish Model for Sepsis Research: Insights into Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Potentials

Sepsis, a severe condition instigated by infections, continues to be a primary global cause of death, typified by systemic inflammation and advancing immune dysfunction. Comprehending the complex pathological processes that underlie sepsis is integral to the creation of efficacious treatments. Despite the inability of animal models to entirely reproduce the clinical intricacies related to sepsis, they are invaluable instruments for the exploration and development of therapeutic approaches. Within this context, the zebrafish model is particularly noteworthy due to its genetic tractability, transparency, and appropriateness for high-throughput screening of genetic mutants and therapeutic compounds. This scholarly review emphasizes the crucial role that the zebrafish disease model plays in enhancing our comprehension of sepsis, by exploring its applications in deciphering immune and inflammatory responses, evaluating the consequences of genetic alterations, and examining novel therapeutic agents. The Insights derived from zebrafish research not only augment our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of sepsis, but also possess considerable potential for the transference of these discoveries into clinical therapies, thus potentially transforming the approach to sepsis management. The objective of this scholarly article is to underscore the importance of zebrafish in the realm of biomedical research pertaining to sepsis, and to delineate forthcoming opportunities for utilizing this model in clinical applications.

Development and Validation of a Community-Based Prediction Model for Depression in Elderly Patients with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background

In elderly diabetic patients, depression is often overlooked because professional evaluation requires psychiatrists, but such specialists are lacking in the community. Therefore, we aimed to create a simple depression screening model that allows earlier detection of depressive disorders in elderly diabetic patients by community health workers.

Methods

The prediction model was developed in a primary cohort that consisted of 210 patients with diabetes, and data were gathered from December 2022 to February 2023. The independent validation cohort included 99 consecutive patients from February 2023 to March 2023. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to develop the predictive model. We incorporated common demographic characteristics, diabetes-specific factors, family structure characteristics, the self-perceived burden scale (SPBS) score, and the family APGAR (adaptation, partnership, growth, affection, resolution) score. The performance of the nomogram was assessed with respect to its calibration (calibration curve, the Hosmer-Lemeshow test), discrimination (the area under the curve (AUC)), and clinical usefulness (Decision curve analysis (DCA)).

Results

The prediction nomogram incorporated 5 crucial factors such as glucose monitoring status, exercise status, monthly income, sleep disorder status, and the SPBS score. The model demonstrated strong discrimination in the primary cohort, with an AUC of 0.839 (95% CI, 0.781-0.897). This discriminative ability was further validated in the validation cohort, with an AUC of 0.857 (95% CI, 0.779-0.935). Moreover, the nomogram exhibited satisfactory calibration. DCA suggested that the prediction of depression in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus was of great clinical value.

Conclusion

The prediction model provides precise and user-friendly guidance for community health workers in preliminary screenings for depression among elderly patients with diabetes.

Rapid altitude displacement induce zebrafish appearing acute high altitude illness symptoms

Rapid ascent to high-altitude areas above 2500 m often leads to acute high altitude illness (AHAI), posing significant health risks. Current models for AHAI research are limited in their ability to accurately simulate the high-altitude environment for drug screening. Addressing this gap, a novel static self-assembled water vacuum transparent chamber was developed to induce AHAI in zebrafish. This study identified 6000 m for 2 h as the optimal condition for AHAI induction in zebrafish. Under these conditions, notable behavioral changes including slow movement, abnormal exploration behavior and static behavior in the Novel tank test. Furthermore, this model demonstrated changes in oxidative stress-related markers included increased levels of malondialdehyde, decreased levels of glutathione, decreased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, and increased levels of inflammatory markers IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, and inflammatory cell infiltration and mild edema in the gill tissue, mirroring the clinical pathophysiology observed in AHAI patients. This innovative zebrafish model not only offers a more accurate representation of the high-altitude environment but also provides a high-throughput platform for AHAI drug discovery and pathogenesis research.

Exploring the potential of white birch sap: A natural alternative to traditional skin whitening agents with reduced side effects

Common tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitors used in cosmetics, such as hydroquinone, kojic acid, and arbutin, can cause side effects including erythema, skin peeling, and dryness. Therefore, the development of natural whitening agents that offer excellent permeability, minimal irritation, and high safety has become a primary focus in the field of TYR inhibitors. In this study, we demonstrate that White birch sap (WBS), within a safe concentration range, effectively reduces TYR activity and melanin content in both B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and zebrafish larvae. Importantly, WBS exhibits minimal irritation to neutrophils in fluorescent zebrafish and does not affect the behavior of adult zebrafish. Furthermore, WBS downregulates the gene expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, TYR, tyrosinase-related protein-1, and tyrosinase-related protein-2 in B16F10 cells. In conclusion, our research confirms that WBS, a naturally derived substance, offers high safety and mild effects, making it a promising candidate for a skin-whitening agent.

The therapeutic effects of saikosaponins on depression through the modulation of neuroplasticity: From molecular mechanisms to potential clinical applications

Depression is a major global health issue that urgently requires innovative and precise treatment options. In this context, saikosaponin has emerged as a promising candidate, offering a variety of therapeutic benefits that may be effective in combating depression. This review delves into the multifaceted potential of saikosaponins in alleviating depressive symptoms. We summarized the effects of saikosaponins on structural and functional neuroplasticity, elaborated the regulatory mechanism of saikosaponins in modulating key factors that affect neuroplasticity, such as inflammation, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, oxidative stress, and the brain-gut axis. Moreover, this paper highlights existing gaps in current researches and outlines directions for future studies. A detailed plan is provided for the future clinical application of saikosaponins, advocating for more targeted researches to speed up its transition from preclinical trials to clinical practice.

Systematic analysis of proximal midgut- and anorectal-originating contractions in larval zebrafish using event feature detection and supervised machine learning algorithms

BACKGROUND

Zebrafish larvae are translucent, allowing in vivo analysis of gut development and physiology, including gut motility. While recent progress has been made in measuring gut motility in larvae, challenges remain which can influence results, such as how data are interpreted, opportunities for technical user error, and inconsistencies in methods.

METHODS

To overcome these challenges, we noninvasively introduced Nile Red fluorescent dye to fill the intraluminal gut space in zebrafish larvae and collected serial confocal microscopic images of gut fluorescence. We automated the detection of fluorescent-contrasted contraction events against the median-subtracted signal and compared it to manually annotated gut contraction events across anatomically defined gut regions. Supervised machine learning (multiple logistic regression) was then used to discriminate between true contraction events and noise. To demonstrate, we analyzed motility in larvae under control and reserpine-treated conditions. We also used automated event detection analysis to compare unfed and fed larvae.

KEY RESULTS

Automated analysis retained event features for proximal midgut-originating retrograde and anterograde contractions and anorectal-originating retrograde contractions. While manual annotation showed reserpine disrupted gut motility, machine learning only achieved equivalent contraction discrimination in controls and failed to accurately identify contractions after reserpine due to insufficient intraluminal fluorescence. Automated analysis also showed feeding had no effect on the frequency of anorectal-originating contractions.

CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES

Automated event detection analysis rapidly and accurately annotated contraction events, including the previously neglected phenomenon of anorectal contractions. However, challenges remain to discriminate contraction events based on intraluminal fluorescence under treatment conditions that disrupt functional motility.

Aerobic exercise combined with memory strategy training improve the cognitive function

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely associated with the occurrence of cognitive impairment, imposing a heavy burden on the patient's family and society. Aerobic exercise and targeted memory strategies have been widely reported to improve cognitive function.

METHODS

A total of 122 T2DM patients with Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) test scores of less than 26 received the aerobic exercise combined with memory strategy training. After 6 months of intervention, a final group of 113 patients entered the final evaluation and analysis. Diabetes-specific quality of life scale (DSQL) and activities of daily living (ADL) assessments were performed to evaluate the life quality of the patients.

RESULTS

The scores of MoCA and ADL were significantly upregulated, and the scores of DSQL were significantly reduced after the 6-month intervention of T2DM patients. The levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels of T2DM patients with cognitive impairment significantly decreased post intervention. A significant decrease in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and an increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were observed. The FPG, HbA1, TC, TG, and LDL-C levels were significantly lower, and the HDL-C levels were significantly higher in patients with normal cognitive function than in patients with abnormal cognitive function.

CONCLUSIONS

Aerobic exercise combined with memory strategy training effectively improved the memory and cognitive function in patients with T2DM.

Rapid Assessment of Ocular Toxicity from Environmental Contaminants Based on Visually Mediated Zebrafish Behavior Studies

The presence of contaminants in the environment has increased in recent years, and studies have demonstrated that these contaminants have the ability to penetrate the blood-retinal barrier and directly affect the visual systems of organisms. Zebrafish are recognized as an ideal model for human eye diseases due to their anatomical and functional similarities to the human eye, making them an efficient and versatile organism for studying ocular toxicity caused by environmental contaminants in the field of environmental toxicology. Meanwhile, zebrafish exhibit a diverse repertoire of visually mediated behaviors, and their visual system undergoes complex changes in behavioral responses when exposed to environmental contaminants, enabling rapid assessment of the ocular toxicity induced by such pollutants. Therefore, this review aimed to highlight the effectiveness of zebrafish as a model for examining the effects of environmental contaminants on ocular development. Special attention is given to the visually mediated behavior of zebrafish, which allows for a rapid assessment of ocular toxicity resulting from exposure to environmental contaminants. Additionally, the potential mechanisms by which environmental contaminants may induce ocular toxicity are briefly outlined.

Advances in Zebrafish as a Comprehensive Model of Mental Disorders

As an important part in international disease, mental disorders seriously damage human health and social stability, which show the complex pathogenesis and increasing incidence year by year. In order to analyze the pathogenesis of mental disorders as soon as possible and to look for the targeted drug treatment for psychiatric diseases, a more reasonable animal model is imperious demands. Benefiting from its high homology with the human genome, its brain tissue is highly similar to that of humans, and it is easy to realize whole-body optical visualization and high-throughput screening; zebrafish stands out among many animal models of mental disorders. Here, valuable qualified zebrafish mental disorders models could be established through behavioral test and sociological analysis, which are simulated to humans, and combined with molecular analyses and other detection methods. This review focuses on the advances in the zebrafish model to simulate the human mental disorders; summarizes the various behavioral characterization means, the use of equipment, and operation principle; sums up the various mental disorder zebrafish model modeling methods; puts forward the current challenges and future development trend, which is to contribute the theoretical supports for the exploration of the mechanisms and treatment strategies of mental disorders.

Improvement in Zebrafish with Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease Treated with Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila

Diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are associated with specific changes in the composition of the intestinal flora. Studies have shown that the supplementation with pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila has therapeutic and preventive effects on diabetes. However, it is not clear whether there is any association with improvement in and prevention of Alzheimer's disease and diabetes with Alzheimer's disease. Here, we found that pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila can significantly improve the blood glucose, body mass index, and diabetes indexes of zebrafish with diabetes mellitus complicated with Alzheimer's disease and also alleviate the related indexes of Alzheimer's disease. The memory, anxiety, aggression, and social preference behavior of zebrafish with combined type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (TA zebrafish) were significantly improved after pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila treatment. Moreover, we examined the preventive effect of pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila on diabetes mellitus complicated with Alzheimer's disease. The results showed that the zebrafish in the prevention group were better in terms of biochemical index and behavior than the zebrafish in the treatment group. These findings provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus complicated with Alzheimer's disease. IMPORTANCE The interaction between intestinal microflora and host affects the progression of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. As a recognized next-generation probiotic, Akkermansia muciniphila has been shown to play a key role in the progression of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, but whether A. muciniphila can improve diabetes complicated with Alzheimer's disease and its potential mechanism are unclear. In this study, a new zebrafish model of diabetes mellitus complicated with Alzheimer's disease was established, and the effect of Akkermansia muciniphila on diabetes mellitus complicated with Alzheimer's disease is discussed. The results showed that Akkermansia muciniphila after pasteurization significantly improved and prevented diabetes mellitus complicated with Alzheimer's disease. Treatment with pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila improved the memory, social preference, and aggressive and anxiety behavior of TA zebrafish and alleviated the pathological characteristics of T2DM and AD. These results provide a new prospect for probiotics in the treatment of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.

Advances in Antioxidant Applications for Combating 131I Side Effects in Thyroid Cancer Treatment

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer, and its prevalence has been increasing for decades. Approx. 95% of differentiated thyroid carcinomas are treated using ¹³¹iodine (¹³¹I), a radionuclide with a half-life of 8 days, to achieve optimal thyroid residual ablation following thyroidectomy. However, while ¹³¹I is highly enriched in eliminating thyroid tissue, it can also retain and damage other body parts (salivary glands, liver, etc.) without selectivity, and even trigger salivary gland dysfunction, secondary cancer, and other side effects. A significant amount of data suggests that the primary mechanism for these side effects is the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, causing a severe imbalance of oxidant/antioxidant in the cellular components, resulting in secondary DNA damage and abnormal vascular permeability. Antioxidants are substances that are capable of binding free radicals and reducing or preventing the oxidation of the substrate in a significant way. These compounds can help prevent damage caused by free radicals, which can attack lipids, protein amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and double bonds of DNA bases. Based on this, the rational utilization of the free radical scavenging function of antioxidants to maximize a reduction in ¹³¹I side effects is a promising medical strategy. This review provides an overview of the side effects of ¹³¹I, the mechanisms by which ¹³¹I causes oxidative stress-mediated damage, and the potential of natural and synthetic antioxidants in ameliorating the side effects of ¹³¹I. Finally, the disadvantages of the clinical application of antioxidants and their improving strategies are prospected. Clinicians and nursing staff can use this information to alleviate ¹³¹I side effects in the future, both effectively and reasonably.

Advances in Zebrafish for Diabetes Mellitus with Wound Model

Diabetic foot ulcers cause great suffering and are costly for the healthcare system. Normal wound healing involves hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. However, the negative factors associated with diabetes, such as bacterial biofilms, persistent inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, inhibited cell proliferation, and pathological scarring, greatly interfere with the smooth progress of the entire healing process. It is this impaired wound healing that leads to diabetic foot ulcers and even amputations. Therefore, drug screening is challenging due to the complexity of damaged healing mechanisms. The establishment of a scientific and reasonable animal experimental model contributes significantly to the in-depth research of diabetic wound pathology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In addition to the low cost and transparency of the embryo (for imaging transgene applications), zebrafish have a discrete wound healing process for the separate study of each stage, resulting in their potential as the ideal model animal for diabetic wound healing in the future. In this review, we examine the reasons behind the delayed healing of diabetic wounds, systematically review various studies using zebrafish as a diabetic wound model by different induction methods, as well as summarize the challenges and improvement strategies which provide references for establishing a more reasonable diabetic wound zebrafish model.