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Yang J, Zhao S, Lin B. Effect of commercial fibrolytic enzymes application to normal- and slightly lower energy diets on lactational performance, digestibility and plasma nutrients in high-producing dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1302034. [PMID: 38764855 PMCID: PMC11099995 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1302034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of fibrolytic enzymes in the diet is believed to have positive effects on animal production. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of supplementing diets with a commercial fibrolytic enzyme preparation (Vistamax; mixture of xylanase and cellulase) derived from Trichoderma reesei on lactational performance, digestibility, and plasma nutrient levels in high-producing dairy cows. Two dietary energy levels were considered: a normal energy diet (metabolizable energy = 2.68 Mcal/kg) and a slightly lower energy diet (metabolizable energy = 2.55 Mcal/kg). A total of 120 lactating Holstein cows (parity = 2; Days in Milk = 113 ± 23) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups using a 2 * 2 factorial arrangement. The dietary treatments consisted of: (1) normal energy diet without enzyme supplementation (NL); (2) normal energy diet with enzyme supplementation (NLE); (3) slightly lower energy diet without enzyme supplementation (SL); and (4) slightly lower energy diet with enzyme supplementation (SLE). The amount of enzyme added to the diets was determined based on previous in vitro studies and supplier recommendations. The enzyme and premix were mixed prior to the preparation of the total mixed ration, and the trial lasted for a duration of 42 days. The results indicated that the application of the fibrolytic enzyme did not have a significant effect on dry matter intake (DMI), but it did enhance the digestibility of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), potentially digestible NDF (pdNDF), organic matter (OM), milk production, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). On the other hand, the slightly lower energy diet resulted in a decrease in DMI, milk production, milk protein yield, plasma free amino acids (FAA), and an increase in plasma B-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA). In conclusion, the inclusion of the fibrolytic enzyme in the diets of dairy cows led to improvements in the digestibility of DM, NDF, pdNDF, OM, milk production, and feed efficiency. Furthermore, the application of the enzyme to the slightly lower energy diet resulted in milk production levels comparable to those observed in cows fed the untreated normal energy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Simon AL, Copetti PM, Lago RVP, Vitt MG, Nascimento AL, Silva LELE, Wagner R, Klein B, Martins CS, Kozloski GV, Da Silva AS. Inclusion of exogenous enzymes in feedlot cattle diets: Impacts on physiology, rumen fermentation, digestibility and fatty acid profile in rumen and meat. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 41:e00824. [PMID: 38225961 PMCID: PMC10788194 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate if the inclusion of a blend composed of exogenous enzymes (amylase, protease, cellulase, xylanase and beta glucanase) in the individual and combined form in the feedlot steers diet has benefits on the physiology, rumen fermentation, digestibility and fatty acid profile in rumen and meat. The experiment used 24 animals, divided into 4 treatments, described as: T1-CON, T2-BLEND (0.5 g mixture of enzyme), T3-AMIL (0.5 g alpha-amylase), T4-BLEND+AMIL (0.5 g enzyme blend+ 0.5 g amylase). The concentration of mineral matter was higher in the meat of cattle of T4-BLEND+AMIL. A higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids was observed in the T3-AMIL group when compared to the others. The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids was higher in the T2-BLEND and T4-BLEND+AMIL compared to the T1-CON. The combination of exogenous enzymes in the diet positively modulate nutritional biomarkers, in addition to benefits in the lipid and oxidative profile meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre L Simon
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Priscila M Copetti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Rafael V P Lago
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Maksuel G Vitt
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Aline L Nascimento
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Brazil
| | | | - Roger Wagner
- Departamento de Ciências de Alimentos, UFSM, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bruna Klein
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aleksandro S Da Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Brazil
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Kumar M, Chatterjee A, Dutta T, Reena Y, Mohammad A, Bhakat C, Rai S, Mandal D, Karunakaran M. Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes supplementation on voluntary intake, availability of nutrients and growth performance in Black Bengal kids (Capra hircus). Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Jihene J, Khalil A, Samia BS, Hela Y, Atef M, Jamel R, Mohamed K. Effect of fibrolytic enzyme supplementation of urea-treated wheat straw on nutrient intake, digestion, growth performance, and blood parameters of growing lambs. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Taboada N, Fernández Salom M, Córdoba A, González SN, López Alzogaray S, Van Nieuwenhove C. Administration of selected probiotic mixture improves body weight gain and meat fatty acid composition of creole goats. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Savela MFB, Noschang JP, Barbosa AA, Feijó JDO, Rabassa VR, Schmitt E, Pino FABD, Corrêa MN, Brauner CC. Supplementation of a dried, fungal fermentation product with fibrolytic enzymatic activity in the diet of dairy cows on feeding behavior, metabolic profile, milk yield, and milk composition. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Alrosan M, Tan TC, Koh WY, Easa AM, Gammoh S, Alu'datt MH. Overview of fermentation process: structure-function relationship on protein quality and non-nutritive compounds of plant-based proteins and carbohydrates. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7677-7691. [PMID: 35266840 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2049200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Demands for high nutritional value-added food products and plant-based proteins have increased over the last decade, in line with the growth of the human population and consumer health awareness. The quality of the plant-based proteins depends on their digestibility, amino acid content, and residues of non-nutritive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, anti-nutritional compounds, antioxidants, and saponins. The presence of these non-nutritive compounds could have detrimental effects on the quality of the proteins. One of the solutions to address these shortcomings of plant-based proteins is fermentation, whereby enzymes that present naturally in microorganisms used during fermentation are responsible for the cleavage of the bonds between proteins and non-nutritive compounds. This mechanism has pronounced effects on the non-nutritive compounds, resulting in the enhancement of protein digestibility and functional properties of plant-based proteins. We assert that the types of plant-based proteins and microorganisms used during fermentation must be carefully addressed to truly enhance the quality, functional properties, and health functionalities of plant-based proteins.Supplemental data for this article is available online at here. show.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alrosan
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Thuan-Chew Tan
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Wee Yin Koh
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Azhar Mat Easa
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sana Gammoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Muhammad H Alu'datt
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Devant M, Pérez A, Medinyà C, Riera J, Grau J, Fernández B, Prenafeta-Boldú FX. Effect of decreasing dietary crude protein in fattening calves on the emission of ammonia and greenhouse gases from manure stored under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Animal 2022; 16:100471. [PMID: 35245785 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary strategies can potentially help to reduce nitrogen (N) emissions and decrease the environmental impact of beef production. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) concentration on animal performance, N excretion, and manure N volatilisation of finishing Holstein animals. In a first study, 105 Holstein bulls (BW 344 ± 2.6 kg; age 252 ± 0.9 days) were allocated to eight pens to evaluate the effect of two treatments (medium (M) and low (L), which contained CP 14.5% and 12% on a DM basis, respectively) on performance, and results confirmed that dietary CP decrease did not impair animal growth. In a second study, N excretion study, 24 Holstein heifers (BW 310 ± 5.3 kg; age 251 ± 1.4 days) were distributed randomly depending on the initial BW to three treatments (high (H), M, and L, which contained CP 17%, 14.5% and 12% on a DM basis, respectively). Based on N excretion, urinary N excretion was greater (P < 0.001) in H than in M and L diets, but no differences in faecal N excretion were observed among treatments. A third study with in vitro assays under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was designed to analyse gaseous emissions (volatilisation of N and carbon, C) during the storage stage of manure. Manure, faecal and urine samples, mixed at a ratio of 1:1 (wet weight), were collected during the N excretion study (manure-H, manure-M, manure-L). Under aerobic conditions, manure-M and manure-L showed a delay of 4-5 days in manure ammonia emission compared with manure-H (P < 0.01). Total N content was lower (P < 0.01) in manure-L compared with manure-M and manure-H, but N volatilisation (percentage relative to initial N) in manure-L and manure-M was greater (P < 0.01) than in manure-H. In contrast, the anaerobic N volatilisation was 20 times greater in manure-M and 10 times greater in manure-H compared with manure-L. Under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the emission of C, as C-CO2 and C-CH4, was greater in manure-L than in manure-H and manure-M. Therefore, the decrease of dietary CP concentration from 17% to 14.5% and 12% is an efficient strategy to reduce urinary N excretion by 40%, without impairing performance, and also to reduce manure N losses through ammonia volatilisation under anaerobic conditions. However, a dietary CP content of 14.5% resulted in less environmental impact than a CP content of 12.8% when also considering manure emissions under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Devant
- IRTA - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
| | - A Pérez
- Corporación Alimentaria Guissona, S.A., 25210 Guissona, Lleida, Spain
| | - C Medinyà
- Nutrición Animal S.L., 08650 Sallent, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Riera
- Nanta S.A., 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Grau
- Setna Nutrición Animal SAU, 28521 Rivas Vaciamadrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Fernández
- IRTA - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - F X Prenafeta-Boldú
- IRTA - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
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Dietary Supplementation with a Combination of Fibrolytic Enzymes and Probiotics Improves Digestibility, Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites, and Economics of Fattening Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040476. [PMID: 35203183 PMCID: PMC8868385 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sheep meat is one of the most important sources of animal protein throughout the world, specifically in arid and semiarid regions. The meat yield of growing lambs can be maximized by improving the function and health of the digestive system, specifically using sheep diets containing ratios high in fibers. Diets rich in fibrous portions cannot be efficiently hydrolyzed by the endogenous enzymes or by the microbes of the rumen. Therefore, the addition of some feed additives that can improve fiber digestion and/or sustain digestive system eubiosis, such as fibrolytic enzymes, probiotics, and yeast, can be a suitable intervention. Fibrolytic enzymes are gaining importance because they improve the nutrient digestibility and performance of animals without affecting the animals’ health. Probiotics (bacteria and/or yeast) are also important feed additives that can support ruminal microbial activity and enhance gut health and ecology through rumen maturity by favoring microbial establishment. In the present study, dietary supplementation with a combination of fibrolytic enzymes and probiotics (Calfo Care®) at 0.5, 1, and 2 kg/ton diet of dry matter increased nutrient digestibility, feed intake and feed conversion, daily weight gain, average total weight gain, and improved most blood parameters of lambs. The addition of 1 kg/ton diet of DM resulted in more economic profit compared with other levels. Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding different levels of the combination of fibrolytic enzymes and probiotics (a mixture of bacteria and yeast) on the performance of fattening lambs. Thirty-two male Ossimi lambs (weighing 39 ± 0.24 kg) were divided into four groups randomly (eight animals each). The first group (control ration, G1) was fed on a ration of 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM), 20% Egyptian clover (EC), and 20% wheat straw (WS). The second (G2), third (G3), and fourth (G4) groups were fed a control ration supplemented with Calfo Care® at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 kg/ton diet of dry matter (DM). Results showed that the G2 and G3 rations significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the DM, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, and ether extract digestibility compared with the G1 and G4 rations. Moreover, the G2 and G3 rations increased (p ≤ 0.05) the percentages of total digestible nutrients (TDN), starch values (SV), and digestible crude protein (DCP) compared with the G1 and G4 rations. Both the G2 and G3 rations significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the TDN, SV, and DCP as kg/day or g/kg w0.75 and kg or g/100 kg body weight compared with the G1 and G4 rations. Conversely, the G1 ration significantly decreased the feed conversion of DM, TDN, SV, and DCP compared with the experimental groups. Furthermore, the G2, G3, and G4 rations significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the total weight gain by 25.34%, 52.20%, and 3.79%, respectively, compared with the G1 ration. The G2, G3, and G4 rations also (p ≤ 0.05) increased the concentrations of most hematological parameters, including triiodothyronine, total protein, albumin, and glucose, compared with the G1 ration. Finally, the best net profit was recorded with the G3 ration, followed by the G2, G4, and G1 rations.
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Yang JC, Guevara-Oquendo VH, Christensen D, Lardner HB, Refat B, Rodríguez Espinosa ME, Yu P. Utilization of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in fiber fermentation, degradation, and digestions and characteristics of whole legume faba bean and its plant silage. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6114-6125. [PMID: 35152802 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2028126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to review recent progress and update on utilization of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in fiber fermentation, degradation, and digestions and nutritive and anti-nutritional characteristics of whole legume faba bean and its silage. The study focused on strategies to improve the utilization and bioavailability of fiber through pre-treating exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. The review includes features of nutrition and anti-nutritional factors and environment impact, forage fiber fermentation, degradation and digestion, legume bean in various diets, use of exogenous enzyme and factor affecting enzyme action in fiber digestion as well as exogenous enzyme response. This review also provides very recent research on effects of fibrolytic enzyme on rumen degradation characteristics of dry matter and fiber of whole plant faba bean silage and effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme derived from trichoderma reesei on lactational performance, feeding behavior, rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows fed whole plant faba bean silage-based diet. This study provides an insight on nutritive and anti-nutritive characteristics of whole legume bean and its plant silage and utilization of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in fiber fermentation, degradation, and digestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Yang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Victor H Guevara-Oquendo
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - David Christensen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Herbert Bart Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Basim Refat
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - María E Rodríguez Espinosa
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Sakita GZ, Tavares Lima PDM, Filho ALA, Bompadre TFV, Ovani VS, Silva Chaves CDME, Bizzuti BE, dos Santos da Costa W, do Prado Paim T, Campioni TS, de Oliva Neto P, Bremer-Neto H, Louvandini H, Abdalla AL. Treating tropical grass with fibrolytic enzymes from the fungus Trichoderma reesei: effects on animal performance, digestibility and enteric methane emissions of growing lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A pilot study on the effect of a novel feed additive containing exogenous enzymes, acidifiers, sodium butyrate and silicon dioxide nanoparticles on selected cellular immune indices and body weight gains of calves. J Vet Res 2021; 65:497-504. [PMID: 35112005 PMCID: PMC8775742 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rearing of calves is a difficult period for farmers due to health problems to which the animals are prone this time. Since the use of antibiotics as growth promoters has been forbidden, various innovative feed additives have been tested in many countries around the world. Material and Methods In this study, experimental (E) calves were supplemented with a novel feed additive consisting of the pancreatic-like enzymes protease and lipase, a fat-coated mixture of organic fumaric, malic, citric and sorbic acids, sodium butyrate and silicon dioxide nanoparticles. Control (C) calves received feed without additive. During the supplementation, white blood cell (WBC) counts with leukocyte differentiation, percentages of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes and their subpopulations, phagocytic activity and oxidative burst of circulating monocytes and granulocytes were examined. Body weight (b.w.) gains of the calves were also monitored. Results The WBC counts in the E and C calves were within the reference ranges throughout the study. In the analysis of the percentages of the lymphocyte subpopulations, phagocytic activity and oxidative burst, no statistically significant differences were reported between the E and C groups. However, higher average daily body weight gains were obtained for the E calves. Conclusion The study revealed that the examined feed additive did not modulate the immune response of the calves significantly. The tendency to higher daily average b.w. gains in the E calves than in the C calves suggests a beneficial effect of this feed additive.
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Lunsin R, Pilajun R, Cherdthong A, Wanapat M, Duanyai S, Sombatsri P. Influence of fibrolytic enzymes in total mixed ration containing urea-molasses-treated sugarcane bagasse on the performance of lactating Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13652. [PMID: 34717034 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of fibrolytic enzyme on nutrient utilization and milk production in dairy cows. Four multiparous early-to-mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows were randomly allocated in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Cows were fed a balanced total mixed ration (TMR) on a dry matter (DM) basis containing 0, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 g/kg DM of fibrolytic enzyme in TMR, where the TMR comprises 60% concentrate supplemented with a fibrolytic enzyme at 0, 2, 4, and 6 g/kg DM of concentrate, and 40% urea-molasses-treated sugarcane bagasse (UMSB) was used as a roughage source. Fibrolytic enzyme supplementation in TMR containing UMSB did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) of dairy cows (p > 0.05). There was a quadratic effect of fibrolytic enzyme levels on the digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p < 0.05), and the maximal response was reached at 1.2-2.4 g/kg DM of fibrolytic enzyme added in the TMR. Furthermore, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, milk fat, total volatile fatty acids, and propionic acid were greater in a cow fed with 1.2-2.4 g/kg DM of fibrolytic enzyme, resulting in a lower ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (p < 0.05). In conclusion, adding a fibrolytic enzyme in TMR containing UMSB improved nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation, and milk production of lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchataporn Lunsin
- Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Ruangyote Pilajun
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Somporn Duanyai
- Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Prapatsorn Sombatsri
- Program in Agriculture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
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Effects of Addition of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes on Digestibility and Milk and Meat Production – A Systematic Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) added to the ruminant diet can increase fiber digestibility and production efficiency. A systematic review was conducted to understand the interactions between EFE and diet on digestibility and animal performance. The database included variables from 384 experiments with EFE and 264 controls from 85 papers published since 2000 (classification criteria: 1) type of study (in vitro, in situ, in vivo), 2) type of ruminants (sheep, buffaloes, goats, beef and dairy cattle), 3) primary EFE activity (cellulases (Cel) or xylanases (Xyl)), 4) forage proportion (FP), 5) type of plant (TP: legumes or grasses), 6) number of ingredients in diets, and 7) application time (AT)). In over 52.85% of cases, EFE improved the degradability of dry matter (DMD), neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDFD and ADFD), in vitro gas production (GP), volatile fatty acids (VFA), the acetate: propionate ratio (A:P ratio), protein and fat milk, milk yield and average daily gain (ADG) (by 7.78–21.85%). Cel improved organic matter degradability (OMD), GP, VFA, milk yield, and milk protein and fat content. EFE in FP≥40% diets enhanced the ADG, and in grassbased diets increased the dry matter intake (DMI). The AT of EFE affected the DMD, NDFD, and ADFD. Significant correlations were found between the improvements of NDFD or ADFD with DMD (r>0.59), milk yield (r=0.64), and ADG (r=0.59). In conclusion, many factors interact with EFE supplementation effects, but EFE consistently enhanced the DMD, NDFD, and ADFD of ruminant diets, which are related to improvements in productive performance.
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Williams MS, AlZahal O, Mandell IB, McBride BW, Wood KM. The impacts of a fibrolytic enzyme additive on digestibility and performance in the grower and early finisher period, and supplemental Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance and rumen health in the late finisher period for feedlot cattle. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a fibrolytic enzyme pretreatment on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, and ruminal pH throughout the grower and early finisher period (exp. 1), and to examine the impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on intake, performance, and indicators of gut health in the late finisher period (exp. 2). A total of 54 steers were randomly assigned to a subgroup determining experimental treatment groups. In exp. 1, steers were randomized to control (CON1; no enzyme) or enzyme [ENZ; 0.75 mL·kg−1 dry matter (DM) of feed] dietary treatments. Digestibility was improved (P ≤ 0.05) in ENZ steers for DM, crude protein, net energy for gain, and sugars but did not affect (P ≥ 0.12) dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), or reticulo-ruminal pH. In exp. 2, the treatments were control (CON2; no yeast) or yeast (YST; 3.0 g·animal−1 daily) supplemented diets. Rumen papillae were collected for mRNA expression of gut barrier function (OCLN, CLDN, ZO1, and ZO2) and immune response (TLR2, TLR4, and FCAR) genes and histological measurements. Yeast supplementation decreased (P < 0.001) DMI by 31%, reduced variation in DMI, and improved feed conversion ratios but did not impact rumen health mRNA expression or histology measures (P ≥ 0.07). Overall, enzyme supplementation improved the digestibility of some nutrients in the grower period, and yeast supplementation improved feed efficiency, without impacting growth performance or gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S. Williams
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Ira B. Mandell
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brian W. McBride
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Katharine M. Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Mani S, Aiyegoro OA, Adeleke MA. Characterization of Rumen Microbiota of Two Sheep Breeds Supplemented With Direct-Fed Lactic Acid Bacteria. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:570074. [PMID: 33521074 PMCID: PMC7843511 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.570074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of direct-fed microbials into ruminants' nutrition has shown great potential in manipulating rumen fermentation and enhancing productive animal performance. However, little is known about rumen microbial composition and diversity of Damara and Meatmaster sheep, breeds indigenous to South Africa. The study aimed at exploring and comparing the rumen microbiomes of two breeds with different feeding treatments as follows: no antibiotic, no probiotics (T1), only potential probiotic (T2), only potential probiotic (T3), the combination of potential probiotics (T4), antibiotic (T5); using a metagenomic approach. The results showed that based on the Shannon index, the microbial diversity of Damara was higher (p < 0.05) than Meatmaster, while treatment T4 was higher than treatment T1 (p < 0.05). The principal coordinate analysis showed no significant difference among treatments, while there were significant dissimilarities between sheep breeds and sample-day (p < 0.05). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) displayed the dispersion of microbial communities among treatments, where negative control (T1) was distinct from other treatments. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the most abundant microbial phyla across treatments for both breeds. Negative control and the combination of potential probiotics showed lower proportions of Proteobacteria compared to other treatments. At the genus level, Prevotella and Clostridium were abundant across all treatments, while Pseudomonas was abundant only in T2, T3, and T5. In all treatments, Fibrobacter was detected after the feeding trials, while it was not detected in most treatments before trials. The results revealed that the rumen microbiome's structure and abundance were slightly altered by administering lactic acid as a putative probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinalo Mani
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Agricultural Research Council - Animal Production, Irene, South Africa
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Olayinka A. Aiyegoro
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Agricultural Research Council - Animal Production, Irene, South Africa
- Research Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Matthew A. Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Andrade AP, de Figueiredo MP, de Quadros DG, Ferreira JQ, Whitney TR, Luz YS, Santos HRO, Souza MNS. Chemical and biological treatment of cotton gin trash for fattening Santa Ines lambs. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Effect of treating olive cake with fibrolytic enzymes on feed intake, digestibility and performance in growing lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ran T, Saleem AM, Shen Y, Ribeiro GO, Beauchemin KA, Tsang A, Yang W, McAllister TA. Effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme on fiber digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance, and total tract digestibility of heifers fed a high forage diet1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3578-3587. [PMID: 31251799 PMCID: PMC6667264 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolism study was conducted using 8 ruminal cannulated beef heifers to investigate the effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme (RFE; xylanase XYL10C) selected specifically for forage-fed ruminants on ruminal pH, fermentation, nitrogen balance, and total tract digestibility of heifers. The experiment was a cross-over design with 2 treatments and 2 periods. The 2 treatments were a basal diet containing 60% barley silage, 30% barley straw, and 10% supplement (DM basis) without (control) or with RFE. The enzyme was sprayed onto the barley straw at a rate of 6.6 × 104 IU·kg-1 DM 24 h before feeding. Each period comprised 2 wk of diet adaptation and 1 wk of sampling and data collection. Feed intake and total tract digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF were unaffected by RFE. Ruminal pH including mean, minimum, maximum, and duration pH <5.8, did not differ between treatments. Total VFA concentration, molar proportion of individual VFA, and acetate-to-propionate ratio were also not affected by RFE. However, ruminal NH3-N concentration (P < 0.06) and endoglucanase activity (P < 0.08) in ruminal fluid tended to be higher with RFE. Nitrogen utilization and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by treatment. These results indicate that XYL10C did not improve fiber digestion in heifers fed a high forage diet, despite the fact that it was specifically selected for this trait in laboratory assays. However, the increased ruminal NH3-N concentration suggests it potentially increased ruminal proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ran
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Atef M Saleem
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Yizhao Shen
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomic, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wenzhu Yang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Hassan A, Gado H, Anele UY, Berasain MAM, Salem AZM. Influence of dietary probiotic inclusion on growth performance, nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation activities and methane production in growing lambs. Anim Biotechnol 2019; 31:365-372. [PMID: 31006376 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1604380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of two probiotic products as a means of improving in vitro and ruminal dry matter digestibility, fermentation characteristics and growth performance of Barki lambs were evaluated. The probiotic products in powder (PP) or liquid (PL) forms were produced from Ruminococcus flavefaciens, through an anaerobic fermentation process. Barki lambs (n = 30; 24.5 ± 0.5 kg body weight) were used in a completely randomized block design and randomly assigned among three experimental groups and fed for 75 days. Lambs were fed an equal amount of concentrate feed mixture with either no probiotic product (control), or with 20 g of PP, or 10 ml of PL per animal/d, with rice straw ad libitum. Both PP and PL treatments resulted in an increase (p < 0.05) in nearly all of the digestibility coefficients, nitrogen utilization, cell wall constituents, total volatile fatty acids, rumen volume, microbial nitrogen synthesis, gas production and average daily gain compared to the control group. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen, acetic acid and in vitro methane concentrations and protozoa count decreased (p < 0.03) in the treatment groups. Overall, the probiotic in a powder or liquid form increased in vitro dry matter digestibility, improved lambs daily gain and nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Hassan
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany Gado
- Department of Animal Productions, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Uchenna Y Anele
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Maria A M Berasain
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Abdelfattah Z M Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
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Influence of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on milk production efficiency and nutrient utilization in early lactating buffaloes fed diets with two proportions of oat silage to concentrate ratios. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mohammadabadi T, Shakarami MH, Elghandour MM, Salem AZ, Monroy JC. Effect of Natuzyme Enzyme on Fecal Digestion and Fermentation of Wheat Straw and Alfalfa Hay in Arabian Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Refat B, Christensen DA, McKinnon JJ, Yang W, Beattie AD, McAllister TA, Eun JS, Abdel-Rahman GA, Yu P. Effect of fibrolytic enzymes on lactational performance, feeding behavior, and digestibility in high-producing dairy cows fed a barley silage–based diet. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7971-7979. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dórea J, Danés M, Zanton G, Armentano L. Urinary purine derivatives as a tool to estimate dry matter intake in cattle: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8977-8994. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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M. Abd El A, S.A. Khatt M, M. El-Zaia H, H. Matloup O, Hassan A, M. Abdou M, S. Khalel M, H. Yacout M. Effect of Cellulase and Tannase Enzymes Supplemention on the Productive Performance of Lactating Buffaloes Fed Diets Contain Date Palm Fronds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ajas.2016.307.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Gado HM, Elghandour MMY, Cipriano M, Odongo NE, Salem AZM. Rumen degradation and nutritive utilization of wheat straw, corn stalks and sugarcane bagasse ensiled with multienzymes. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1217866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. M. Gado
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M. M. Y. Elghandour
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - M. Cipriano
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, Mexico
| | - N. E. Odongo
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - A. Z. M. Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
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Togtokhbayar N, Cerrillo MA, Rodríguez GB, Elghandour MMMY, Salem AZM, Urankhaich C, Jigjidpurev S, Odongo NE, Kholif AE. Effect of exogenous xylanase on rumenin vitrogas production and degradability of wheat straw. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:765-71. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - María A. Cerrillo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango; Durango México
| | | | - Mona M. M. Y. Elghandour
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Estado de México México
| | - Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Estado de México México
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed E. Kholif
- Dairy Science Department; National Research Centre; 33 Bohouth st. Dokki Giza Egypt
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Considerations on the use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to improve forage utilization. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:247437. [PMID: 25379525 PMCID: PMC4212537 DOI: 10.1155/2014/247437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestion of cell wall fractions of forage in the rumen is incomplete due to the complex links which limit their degradation. It is therefore necessary to find options to optimize the use of forages in ruminant production systems. One alternative is to use exogenous enzymes. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes are of fungal or bacterial origin and increase nutrient availability from the cell wall, which consists of three fractions in different proportions depending on the species of forage: digestible, potentially digestible, and indigestible. The response to addition of exogenous enzymes varies with the type of forage; many researchers infer that there are enzyme-forage interactions but fail to explain the biological mechanism. We hypothesize that the response is related to the proportion of the potentially digestible fraction. The exogenous enzyme activity depends on several factors but if the general conditions for enzyme action are available, the potentially digestible fraction may determine the magnitude of the response. Results of experiments with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in domestic ruminants are inconsistent. This, coupled with their high cost, has made their use unattractive to farmers. Development of cheaper products exploring other microorganisms with fibrolytic activity, such as Fomes fomentarius or Cellulomonas flavigena, is required.
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Alsersy H, Salem AZM, Borhami BE, Olivares J, Gado HM, Mariezcurrena MD, Yacuot MH, Kholif AE, El-Adawy M, Hernandez SR. Effect of Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus) ensilaging with two developed enzyme cocktails on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in sheep. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:51-8. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haidy Alsersy
- Faculty of Agriculture; Alexandria University; Alexandria Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem
- Faculty of Agriculture; Alexandria University; Alexandria Egypt
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Estado de México México
| | | | - Jaime Olivares
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Carretera Altamirano - Iguala; Guerrero México
| | - Hany M. Gado
- Faculty of Agriculture; Animal Production Department; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Maria D. Mariezcurrena
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Estado de México México
| | | | - Ahmed E. Kholif
- Dairy Science Department; National Research Centre; Cairo Egypt
| | - Mounir El-Adawy
- Faculty of Agriculture; Alexandria University; Alexandria Egypt
| | - Saul R. Hernandez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Carretera Altamirano - Iguala; Guerrero México
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