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Han X, Lin C, Liu H, Li S, Hu B, Zhang L. Allocholic acid protects against α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestasis in mice by ameliorating disordered bile acid homeostasis. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:582-594. [PMID: 37968239 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a pathological condition characterized by disruptions in bile flow, leading to the accumulation of bile acids (BAs) in hepatocytes. Allocholic acid (ACA), a unique fetal BA known for its potent choleretic effects, reappears during liver regeneration and carcinogenesis. In this research, we investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of ACA against mice with cholestasis brought on by α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). To achieve this, we combined network pharmacology, targeted BA metabolomics, and molecular biology approaches. The results demonstrated that ACA treatment effectively reduced levels of serum AST, ALP, and DBIL, and ameliorated the pathological injury caused by cholestasis. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that ACA primarily regulated BA and salt transport, along with the signaling pathway associated with bile secretion, to improve cholestasis. Subsequently, we examined changes in BA metabolism using UPLC-MS/MS. The findings indicated that ACA pretreatment induced alterations in the size, distribution, and composition of the liver BA pool. Specifically, it reduced the excessive accumulation of BAs, especially cholic acid (CA), taurocholic acid (TCA), and β-muricholic acid (β-MCA), facilitating the restoration of BA homeostasis. Furthermore, ACA pretreatment significantly downregulated the expression of hepatic BA synthase Cyp8b1, while enhancing the expression of hepatic efflux transporter Mrp4, as well as the renal efflux transporters Mdr1 and Mrp2. These changes collectively contributed to improved BA efflux from the liver and enhanced renal elimination of BAs. In conclusion, ACA demonstrated its potential to ameliorate ANIT-induced liver damage by inhibiting BA synthesis and promoting both BA efflux and renal elimination pathways, thus, restoring BA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuyi Lin
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijie Liu
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Li
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bei Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Qin T, Hasnat M, Wang Z, Hassan HM, Zhou Y, Yuan Z, Zhang W. Geniposide alleviated bile acid-associated NLRP3 inflammasome activation by regulating SIRT1/FXR signaling in bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 118:154971. [PMID: 37494875 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geniposide (GE), the active compound derived from Gardeniae Fructus, possesses valuable bioactivity for liver diseases, but GE effects on bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced cholestasis remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the influence of GE on BDL-induced liver fibrosis and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS GE (25 or 50 mg/kg) were intragastrical administered to C57BL/6 J mice for two weeks to characterize the hepatoprotective effect of GE on BDL-induced liver fibrosis. NLRP3 inflammasome activation was detected in vivo, and BMDMs were isolated to explore whether GE directly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Serum bile acid (BA) profiles were assessed utilizing UPLC-MS/MS, and the involvement of SIRT1/FXR pathways was identified to elucidate the role of SIRT1/FXR in the hepaprotective effect of GE. The veritable impact of SIRT1/FXR signaling was further confirmed by administering the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 (10 mg/kg) to BDL mice treated with GE. RESULTS GE treatment protected mice from BDL-induced liver fibrosis, with NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. However, development in vitro experiments revealed that GE could not directly inhibit NLRP3 activation under ATP, monosodium urate, and nigericin stimulation. Further mechanistic data showed that GE activated SIRT1, which subsequently deacetylated FXR and restored CDCA, TUDCA, and TCDCA levels, thereby contributing to the observed hepaprotective effect of GE. Notably, EX527 treatment diminished the hepaprotective effect of GE on BDL-induced liver fibrosis. CONCLUSION This study first proved the hepaprotective effect of GE on liver fibrosis in BDL mice, which was closely associated with the restoration of BA homeostasis and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. The activation of SIRT1 and the subsequent FXR deacetylation restored the BA profiles, especially CDCA, TUDCA, and TCDCA contents, which was the main contributor to NLRP3 inhibition and the hepaprotective effect of GE. Overall, our work provides novel insights that GE as well as Gardeniae Fructus might be the potential attractive candidate for ameliorating BDL-induced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Muhammad Hasnat
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hozeifa Mohamed Hassan
- Precision Medicine Center, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, PR China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Ziqiao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Wenzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.
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Bartoli A, Cursaro C, Seferi H, Andreone P. Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis After SARS-CoV2: ICU Ketamine Use or Virus-Specific Biliary Tropism and Injury in the Context of Biliary Ischemia in Critically Ill Patients? Hepat Med 2023; 15:93-112. [PMID: 37547355 PMCID: PMC10404108 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s384220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose From the beginning of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) pandemic, different cases of a cholangiopathy with features of secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients (SSC-CIP) have been reported. Patients developing it are generally recovering from severe Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and required intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation. Many of them have been administered with ketamine during their ICU stay. The pathogenesis of this novel disease is still debated, and, since prognosis is poor, efforts are needed in order to better understand it. Patients and Methods In this review, we focused our attention on COVID-19 SSC clinical, imaging, and histology findings in order to clarify the different pathogenetic options, particularly in regard of the ischemic-direct viral damage and ketamine-related theories, beginning with a recapitulation of SSC-CIP and ketamine-induced cholangiopathy in abusers. The research has been conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Key-words were "Secondary Sclerosing Cholangiopathy", "SSC-CIP", "Secondary Sclerosing Cholangiopathy in critically ill patients", "Ketamine and cholangiopathy", "Ketamine abusers and liver disease", "Ketamine-related cholangiopathy", "SARS-CoV2 infection and liver disease", "post Covid-19 secondary sclerosing cholangitis", "Covid-19 cholangiopathy". Results Many authors, based on the clinical, histological, imaging, and prognostic features of the disease, have pointed out the similarities between post COVID-19 SSC and SSC-CIP; however, peculiar features in the former were not previously observed. Therefore, a direct viral cytopathic action and SARS-CoV2-related coagulopathy are considered the most likely causes. On the other hand, ketamine, with the available data, cannot be surely linked as the main determinant cause of cholangiopathy. Moreover, ketamine-induced cholangitis (KIC) presentation is different from post COVID-19 SSC. Its role as a cofactor precipitating the disease cannot be ruled out. Conclusion Post COVID-19 SSC is a rare clinical entity following severe COVID-19 disease. The most accepted theory is that a sum of different insults determines the disease: biliary ischemia, direct viral damage, toxic bile, possibly worsened by ketamine and hyperinflammation due to the cytokine storm. Given the severe prognosis of the disease, with persistent cholangiopathy, organ failure, and orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), further study on this novel clinical entity is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bartoli
- Division of Internal Medicine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Post Graduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carmela Cursaro
- Division of Internal Medicine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Hajrie Seferi
- Division of Internal Medicine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Pietro Andreone
- Chief of Division of Internal Medicine and metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
- Chief of Post Graduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Sticova E, Fabian O. Morphological aspects of small-duct cholangiopathies: A minireview. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:538-553. [PMID: 37206655 PMCID: PMC10190694 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i4.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The biliary system consists of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts lined by biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes). Bile ducts and cholangiocytes are affected by a variety of disorders called cholangiopathies, which differ in aetiology, pathogenesis, and morphology. Classification of cholangiopathies is complex and reflects pathogenic mechanisms (immune-mediated, genetic, drug- and toxin-induced, ischaemic, infectious, neoplastic), predominant morphological patterns of biliary injury (suppurative and non-suppurative cholangitis, cholangiopathy), and specific segments of the biliary tree affected by the disease process. While the involvement of large extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts is typically visualised using radiology imaging, histopathological examination of liver tissue obtained by percutaneous liver biopsy still plays an important role in the diagnosis of cholangiopathies affecting the small intrahepatic bile ducts. To increase the diagnostic yield of a liver biopsy and determine the optimal therapeutic approach, the referring clinician is tasked with interpreting the results of histopathological examination. This requires knowledge and understanding of basic morphological patterns of hepatobiliary injury and an ability to correlate microscopic findings with results obtained by imaging and laboratory methods. This minireview describes the morphological aspects of small-duct cholangiopathies pertaining to the diagnostic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sticova
- Clinical and Transplant Pathology Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague 14021, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology, The Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague 10000, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Fabian
- Clinical and Transplant Pathology Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague 14021, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, The Third faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague 14059, Czech Republic
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5
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Zhang YL, Li ZJ, Gou HZ, Song XJ, Zhang L. The gut microbiota–bile acid axis: A potential therapeutic target for liver fibrosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:945368. [PMID: 36189347 PMCID: PMC9519863 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.945368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis involves the proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix on liver tissues owing to various etiologies (including viral, alcohol, immune, and metabolic factors), ultimately leading to structural and functional abnormalities in the liver. If not effectively treated, liver fibrosis, a pivotal stage in the path to chronic liver disease, can progress to cirrhosis and eventually liver cancer; unfortunately, no specific clinical treatment for liver fibrosis has been established to date. In liver fibrosis cases, both the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism are disrupted. As metabolites of the gut microbiota, bile acids have been linked to the progression of liver fibrosis via various pathways, thus implying that the gut microbiota–bile acid axis might play a critical role in the progression of liver fibrosis and could be a target for its reversal. Therefore, in this review, we examined the involvement of the gut microbiota–bile acid axis in liver fibrosis progression to the end of discovering new targets for the prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of chronic liver diseases, including liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Jiao Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zhong Gou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Song
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang,
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Donadei C, Angeletti A, Cappuccilli M, Conti M, Conte D, Zappulo F, De Giovanni A, Malvi D, Aldini R, Roda A, La Manna G. Adaptive Mechanisms of Renal Bile Acid Transporters in a Rat Model of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Cirrhosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030636. [PMID: 35160088 PMCID: PMC8836491 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in advanced liver cirrhosis, a consequence of reduced kidney perfusion due to splanchnic arterial vasodilation and intrarenal vasoconstriction. It clinically manifests as hepatorenal syndrome type 1, type 2, or as acute tubular necrosis. Beyond hemodynamic factors, an additional mechanism may be hypothesized to explain the renal dysfunction during liver cirrhosis. Recent evidence suggest that such mechanisms may be closely related to obstructive jaundice. Methods: Given the not completely elucidated role of bile acids in kidney tissue damage, this study developed a rat model of AKI with liver cirrhosis induction by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) inhalation for 12 weeks. Histological analyses of renal and liver biopsies were performed at sacrifice. Organic anion tubular transporter distribution and apoptosis in kidney cells were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Circulating and urinary markers of inflammation and tubular injury were assayed in 21 treated rats over time (1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of CCl4 administration) and 5 controls. Results: No renal histopathological alterations were found at sacrifice. Comparing treated rats with controls, organic anion transporters were differentially expressed and localized. High serum bile acid values were detected in cirrhotic animals, while caspase-3 staining was negative in both groups. Increased levels of serum inflammatory and urinary tubular injury biomarkers were observed during cirrhosis progression, with a peak after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Conclusions: These findings suggest possible adaptive tubular mechanisms for bile acid transporters in response to cirrhosis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Donadei
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.D.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.D.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa Largo Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cappuccilli
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.D.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Massimiliano Conti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Diletta Conte
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.D.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fulvia Zappulo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.D.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Alessio De Giovanni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, “F. Addarii” Institute of Oncology and Transplant Pathology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.G.); (D.M.)
| | - Deborah Malvi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, “F. Addarii” Institute of Oncology and Transplant Pathology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.G.); (D.M.)
| | - Rita Aldini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.D.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-214-4577
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Leuenberger M, Häusler S, Höhn V, Euler A, Stieger B, Lochner M. Characterization of Novel Fluorescent Bile Salt Derivatives for Studying Human Bile Salt and Organic Anion Transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:346-357. [PMID: 33782042 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile salts, such as cholate, glycocholate, taurocholate, and glycochenodeoxycholate, are taken up from the portal blood into hepatocytes via transporters, such as the Na+-taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs). These bile salts are later secreted into bile across the canalicular membrane, which is facilitated by the bile salt export pump (BSEP). Apart from bile salt transport, some of these proteins (e.g., OATPs) are also key transporters for drug uptake into hepatocytes. In vivo studies of transporter function in patients by using tracer compounds have emerged as an important diagnostic tool to complement classic liver parameter measurements by determining dynamic liver function both for diagnosis and monitoring progression or improvement of liver diseases. Such approaches include use of radioactively labeled bile salts (e.g., for positron emission tomography) and fluorescent bile salt derivatives or dyes (e.g., indocyanine green). To expand the list of liver function markers, we synthesized fluorescent derivatives of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid by conjugating small organic dyes to the bile acid side chain. These novel fluorescent probes were able to block substrate transport in a concentration-dependent manner of NTCP, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, BSEP, and intestinal apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter (ASBT). Whereas the fluorescent bile acid derivatives themselves were transported across the membrane by OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1, they were not transport substrates for NTCP, ASBT, BSEP, and multidrug resistance-related protein 2. Accordingly, these novel fluorescent bile acid probes can potentially be used as imaging agents to monitor the function of OATPs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Synthetic modification of common bile acids by attachment of small organic fluorescent dyes to the bile acid side chain resulted in bright, fluorescent probes that interact with hepatic and intestinal organic anion [organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1], bile salt uptake (Na+-taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide, apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter), and bile salt efflux (bile salt export pump, multidrug resistance-related protein 2) transporters. Although the fluorescent bile salt derivatives are taken up into cells via the OATPs, the efflux transporters do not transport any of them but one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Leuenberger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (M.Le., M.Lo.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (S.H., V.H., A.E., B.S.); and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, Bern, Switzerland (M.Le., S.H., A.E., B.S., M.Lo.)
| | - Stephanie Häusler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (M.Le., M.Lo.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (S.H., V.H., A.E., B.S.); and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, Bern, Switzerland (M.Le., S.H., A.E., B.S., M.Lo.)
| | - Vera Höhn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (M.Le., M.Lo.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (S.H., V.H., A.E., B.S.); and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, Bern, Switzerland (M.Le., S.H., A.E., B.S., M.Lo.)
| | - Adriana Euler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (M.Le., M.Lo.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (S.H., V.H., A.E., B.S.); and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, Bern, Switzerland (M.Le., S.H., A.E., B.S., M.Lo.)
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (M.Le., M.Lo.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (S.H., V.H., A.E., B.S.); and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, Bern, Switzerland (M.Le., S.H., A.E., B.S., M.Lo.)
| | - Martin Lochner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (M.Le., M.Lo.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (S.H., V.H., A.E., B.S.); and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, Bern, Switzerland (M.Le., S.H., A.E., B.S., M.Lo.)
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Abstract
Clinical disorders that impair bile flow result in retention of bile acids and cholestatic liver injury, characterized by parenchymal cell death, bile duct proliferation, liver inflammation and fibrosis. However, the pathogenic role of bile acids in the development of cholestatic liver injury remains incompletely understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of this process focusing on the experimental and clinical evidence for direct effects of bile acids on each major cellular component of the liver: hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, stellate cells and immune cells. During cholestasis bile acids accumulated in the liver, causing oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury in hepatocytes. The stressed hepatocytes respond by releasing inflammatory cytokines through activation of specific signaling pathways and transcription factors. The recruited neutrophils and other immune cells then cause parenchymal cell death. In addition, bile acids also stimulate the proliferation of cholangiocytes and stellate cells that are responsible for bile duct proliferation and liver fibrosis. This review explores the evidence for bile acid involvement in these phenomena. The role of bile acid receptors, TGR5, FXR and the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 and the inflammasome are also examined. We hope that better understanding of these pathologic effects will facilitate new strategies for treating cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ying Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - James L Boyer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Cai SY, Yu D, Soroka CJ, Wang J, Boyer JL. Hepatic NFAT signaling regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines in cholestasis. J Hepatol 2021; 74:550-559. [PMID: 33039404 PMCID: PMC7897288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) plays an important role in immune responses by regulating the expression of inflammatory genes. However, it is not known whether NFAT plays any role in the bile acid (BA)-induced hepatic inflammatory response. Thus, we aimed to examine the functional role of NFATc3 in cholestatic liver injury in mice and humans. METHODS Gene and protein expression and cellular localization were assessed in primary hepatocyte cultures (mouse and human) and cholestatic liver tissues (murine models and patients with primary biliary cholangitis [PBC] or primary sclerosing cholangitis [PSC]) by quantitative PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Specific NFAT inhibitors were used in vivo and in vitro. Gene reporter assays and ChIP-PCR were used to determine promoter activity. RESULTS NFAT isoforms c1 and c3 were expressed in human and mouse hepatocytes. When treated with cholestatic levels of BAs, nuclear translocation of NFATc3 was increased in both human and mouse hepatocytes and was associated with elevated mRNA levels of IL-8, CXCL2, and CXCL10 in these cells. Blocking NFAT activation with pathway-specific inhibitors or knocking down Nfatc3 expression significantly decreased BA-driven induction of these cytokines in mouse hepatocytes. Nuclear expression of NFATc3/Nfatc3 protein was increased in cholestatic livers, both in mouse models (bile duct ligation or Abcb4-/- mice) and in patients with PBC and PSC in association with elevated tissue levels of Cxcl2 (mice) or IL-8 (humans). Gene reporter assays and ChIP-PCR demonstrated that the NFAT response element in the IL-8 promoter played a key role in BA-induced human IL-8 expression. Finally, blocking NFAT activation in vivo in Abcb4-/- mice reduced cholestatic liver injury. CONCLUSIONS NFAT plays an important role in BA-stimulated hepatic cytokine expression in cholestasis. Blocking hepatic NFAT activation may reduce cholestatic liver injury in humans. LAY SUMMARY Bile acid induces liver injury by stimulating the expression of inflammatory genes in hepatocytes through activation of the transcription factor NFAT. Blocking this activation in vitro (in hepatocyte cultures) and in vivo (in cholestatic mice) decreased the expression of inflammatory genes and reduced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ying Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.
| | - Dongke Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Carol J Soroka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - James L Boyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.
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10
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Stoeber R. Highlight report: Imaging of bile ducts and the bile canalicular network. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:477-478. [PMID: 31423126 PMCID: PMC6694703 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Stoeber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors
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11
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Martins P, Verdelho Machado M. Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis in Critically Ill Patients: An Underdiagnosed Entity. GE-PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2019; 27:103-114. [PMID: 32266307 DOI: 10.1159/000501405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients (SSC-CIP) is a recently identified cholestatic liver disease occurring in patients without prior history of hepatobiliary disease, after receiving treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU) in different settings, including cardiothoracic surgery, infection, trauma, and burns. It is a rare entity, being estimated to occur in 1/2,000 patients in an ICU; however, it is a dismal condition, with up to half of the patients dying during the ICU stay and with rapid progression to liver cirrhosis over weeks to months. SSC-CIP should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cholestasis in the ICU, particularly when cholestasis persists after recovery from the critical event. Diagnosis is established with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showing dilations and stenoses of the intrahepatic bile ducts as well as biliary casts. No available treatment has been shown to slow the rapid progression of the disease, and liver transplant referral should be considered early after the diagnosis of SSC-CIP. Increased awareness and timely diagnosis are crucial in order to improve the current appalling outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martins
- Clínica Universitária de Gastrenterologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Verdelho Machado
- Clínica Universitária de Gastrenterologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHULN, Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b deficiency protects against hepatic fibrosis by modulating nadph oxidases. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101263. [PMID: 31299613 PMCID: PMC6624458 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is typically associated with the development of fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The key role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in inflammatory responses has focused this study in understanding its implication in liver fibrosis. Here we show that hepatic PTP1B mRNA expression increased after bile duct ligation (BDL), while BDL-induced liver fibrosis was markedly reduced in mice lacking Ptpn1 (PTP1B−/−) as assessed by decreased collagen deposition and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. PTP1B−/− mice also showed a significant increase in mRNA levels of key markers of monocytes recruitment (Cd68, Adgre1 and Ccl2) compared to their wild-type (PTP1B+/+) littermates at early stages of injury after BDL. Interestingly, the lack of PTP1B strongly increased the NADPH oxidase (NOX) subunits Nox1/Nox4 ratio and downregulated Cybb expression after BDL, revealing a pro-survival pattern of NADPH oxidase induction in response to liver injury. Chimeric mice generated by transplantation of PTP1B−/− bone marrow (BM) into irradiated PTP1B+/+ mice revealed similar hepatic expression profile of NOX subunits than PTP1B−/− mice while these animals did not show differences in infiltration of myeloid cells at 7 days post-BDL, suggesting that PTP1B deletion in other liver cells is necessary for boosting the early inflammatory response to the BDL. PTP1B−/− BM transplantation into PTP1B+/+ mice also led to a blockade of TGF-β and α-SMA induction after BDL. In vitro experiments demonstrated that deficiency of PTP1B in hepatocytes protects against bile acid-induced apoptosis and abrogates hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation, an effect ameliorated by NOX1 inhibition. In conclusion, our results have revealed that the lack of PTP1B switches NOX expression pattern in response to liver injury after BDL and reduces HSC activation and liver fibrosis. PTP1B deficiency in mice ameliorates liver damage induced by cholestasis. The increased NOX1/NOX4 ratio in livers from PTP1B-/- mice was associated with protection against BDL-induced fibrosis. The lack of PTP1B exacerbates macrophage recruitment upon BDL which is dispensable for ameliorating cholestatic liver damage. Resistance of PTP1B-/- hepatocytes against bile acid-induced apoptosis protects from HSC activation in a NOX1-dependent manner.
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13
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Adam L, Zoldan K, Hofmann M, Schultheiss M, Bettinger D, Neumann-Haefelin C, Thimme R, Böettler T. Follicular T Helper Cell Signatures in Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:1051-1063. [PMID: 30202820 PMCID: PMC6128229 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are the most common cholestatic liver diseases. While PBC is generally accepted to be an autoimmune disorder characterized by pathognomonic autoantibodies against mitochondrial antigens, the pathogenesis of PSC is less precisely defined; however, some degree of altered immunity toward autoantigens has been suggested. Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells, a distinct clusters of differentiation (CD)4 T‐cell subset specialized in facilitating antibody responses, have been shown to contribute to humoral autoimmunity in various disorders; yet, there is only limited information on possible alterations of Tfh cells in the context of cholestatic liver diseases. Thus, we addressed this important question by analyzing the frequency, activation status, and function of Tfh cells and frequencies of regulatory follicular T helper (Tfr) cells in well‐defined cohorts of patients with PBC and patients with PSC. Interestingly, we observed a significant increase in circulating chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) receptor 5 (CXCR5)+programmed death 1 (PD‐1) +CD4+ Tfh cells in patients with PBC but not in those with PSC. Although the frequency of potentially pathogenic chemokine (C‐C motif) receptor 7 (CCR7)lowCXCR5+PD‐1+CD4+ Tfh cells was increased in both disorders compared to healthy donors, the increase was significantly more pronounced in PBC. Furthermore, in patients with PBC, Tfh cells displayed stronger expression of the activation markers OX40 and inducible costimulator of T cells, correlated with anti‐anti‐mitochondrial antibody M2 and immunoglobulin M titers, and were most significantly increased in patients with cirrhosis. Tfr cell numbers were similarly increased; however, Tfh/Tfr ratios were unaltered in PSC and PBC. These alterations did not correlate with increased secretion of the Tfh signature cytokine interleukin‐21 in sorted CD4 T cells. Conclusion: Significant alterations occur in the Tfh cell compartment in cholestatic liver diseases, suggesting that Tfh cells influence the pathogenesis of PBC and to a lesser extend PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Adam
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Cewnter, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Katharina Zoldan
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Cewnter, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Cewnter, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Schultheiss
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Cewnter, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Dominik Bettinger
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Cewnter, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein Program, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Cewnter, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Cewnter, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Tobias Böettler
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Cewnter, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
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14
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Addante A, Roncero C, Almalé L, Lazcanoiturburu N, García-Álvaro M, Fernández M, Sanz J, Hammad S, Nwosu ZC, Lee SJ, Fabregat I, Dooley S, ten Dijke P, Herrera B, Sánchez A. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 as a key regulator of liver progenitor cells in DDC-induced cholestatic liver injury. Liver Int 2018; 38:1664-1675. [PMID: 29751359 PMCID: PMC6693351 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) interferes with liver regeneration upon acute injury, while promoting fibrosis upon carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic injury. We have now addressed the role of BMP9 in 3,5 diethoxicarbonyl-1,4 dihydrocollidine (DDC)-induced cholestatic liver injury, a model of liver regeneration mediated by hepatic progenitor cell (known as oval cell), exemplified as ductular reaction and oval cell expansion. METHODS WT and BMP9KO mice were submitted to DDC diet. Livers were examined for liver injury, fibrosis, inflammation and oval cell expansion by serum biochemistry, histology, RT-qPCR and western blot. BMP9 signalling and effects in oval cells were studied in vitro using western blot and transcriptional assays, plus functional assays of DNA synthesis, cell viability and apoptosis. Crosslinking assays and short hairpin RNA approaches were used to identify the receptors mediating BMP9 effects. RESULTS Deletion of BMP9 reduces liver damage and fibrosis, but enhances inflammation upon DDC feeding. Molecularly, absence of BMP9 results in overactivation of PI3K/AKT, ERK-MAPKs and c-Met signalling pathways, which together with an enhanced ductular reaction and oval cell expansion evidence an improved regenerative response and decreased damage in response to DDC feeding. Importantly, BMP9 directly targets oval cells, it activates SMAD1,5,8, decreases cell growth and promotes apoptosis, effects that are mediated by Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 2 (ALK2) type I receptor. CONCLUSIONS We identify BMP9 as a negative regulator of oval cell expansion in cholestatic injury, its deletion enhancing liver regeneration. Likewise, our work further supports BMP9 as an attractive therapeutic target for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Addante
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Almalé
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Lazcanoiturburu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Álvaro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Fernández
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Sanz
- Department Pathology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department Medicine II, Heidelberg University, Manhheim, Germany
| | - Zeribe C. Nwosu
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department Medicine II, Heidelberg University, Manhheim, Germany
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven Dooley
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department Medicine II, Heidelberg University, Manhheim, Germany
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Fagonia indica Repairs Hepatic Damage through Expression Regulation of Toll-Like Receptors in a Liver Injury Model. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7967135. [PMID: 30057922 PMCID: PMC6051044 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7967135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fagonia indica is a traditionally used phytomedicine to cure hepatic ailments. However, efficient validation of its hepatoprotective effect and molecular mechanisms involved are not yet well established. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Fagonia indica and to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the reversal of hepatic injury. The liver injury mouse model was established by thioacetamide followed by oral administration of plant extract. Serum biochemical and histological analyses were performed to assess the level of hepatic injury. Expression analysis of proinflammatory, hepatic, and immune regulatory genes was performed with RT-PCR. Results of serological and histological analyses described the restoration of normal liver function and architecture in mice treated with plant extract. In addition, altered expression of proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β) and hepatic (krt-18 and albumin) markers further strengthens the liver injury reversal effects of Fagonia indica. Furthermore, a significant expression regulation of innate immunity components such as toll-like receptors 4 and 9 and MyD-88 was observed suggesting an immune regulatory role of the plant in curing liver injury. In conclusion, the current study not only proposes Fagonia indica, a strong hepatoprotective candidate, but also recommends an immune regulatory toll-like receptor pathway as an important therapeutic target in liver diseases.
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16
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Yu D, Cai SY, Mennone A, Vig P, Boyer JL. Cenicriviroc, a cytokine receptor antagonist, potentiates all-trans retinoic acid in reducing liver injury in cholestatic rodents. Liver Int 2018; 38:1128-1138. [PMID: 29356312 PMCID: PMC6032984 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholestatic liver injury is mediated by bile acid-induced inflammatory responses. We hypothesized that superior therapeutic effects might be achieved by combining treatments that reduce the bile acid pool size with one that blocks inflammation. METHODS Bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats and Mdr2(Abcb4)-/- mice were treated with all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), a potent inhibitor of bile acid synthesis, 5 mg/kg/d by gavage, or Cenicriviroc (CVC), a known antagonist of CCR2 and CCR5, 50 mg/kg/d alone or in combination for 14 days and 1 month respectively. RESULTS All-trans retinoic acid alone reduced bile acid pool size and liver necrosis in BDL rats. However, the combination with CVC further reduced liver to body weight ratio, bile acid pool size, plasma liver enzyme, bilirubin, liver necrosis and fibrosis when compared to the atRA treatment. The assessment of hepatic hydroxyproline content further confirmed the reduced liver injury concurrent with reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines emphasizing the synergistic effects of these two agents. Profiling of hepatic inflammatory cells revealed that combination therapy reduced neutrophils and T cells but not macrophages. The superior therapeutic effects of combination treatment were also confirmed in Mdr2-/- mice where a significant reduction in plasma liver enzymes, bilirubin, liver fibrosis, bile duct proliferation and hepatic infiltration of neutrophils and T cells and expression of cytokines were found. CONCLUSIONS Multitargeted therapy is an important paradigm for treating cholestatic liver injury. The combination of CVC with atRA or other FXR activators may warrant a clinical trial in patients with cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongke Yu
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Shi-Ying Cai
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Albert Mennone
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Pamela Vig
- Allergan plc, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - James L. Boyer
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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17
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Durchschein F, Krones E, Pollheimer MJ, Zollner G, Wagner M, Raufman JP, Fickert P. Genetic loss of the muscarinic M 3 receptor markedly alters bile formation and cholestatic liver injury in mice. Hepatol Res 2018. [PMID: 28635176 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatic innervation represents a potentially underestimated regulator of liver function and regeneration. The muscarinic 3 receptor (M3 -R) is the primary cholangiocyte receptor for the afferent parasympathetic innervation of bile ducts. We aimed to determine the specific role of the M3 -R in bile formation and models for cholestatic liver disease in mice. METHODS We compared bile flow and composition in M3 -R knock-out mice (M3 -R-/- ) and wild type littermates (WT). Furthermore, we compared liver inury of M3 -R-/- and WT mice after 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) feeding, a well-characterized preclinical model of cholestatic liver disease. To analyze the possible role of the M3 -R as a therapeutic target, we treated 4-week-old Mdr2-/- mice, a preclinical model for sclerosing cholangitis, with the M3 -R agonist bethanechol for 4 weeks. RESULTS M3 -R-/- mice showed significantly reduced bile flow compared to WT mice, most likely due to decreased biliary HCO3- secretion. However, even aged M3 -R-/- mice did not spontaneously develop liver injury or cholestasis. Challenging M3 -R-/- and WT littermates with DDC feeding showed substantially aggravated liver injury in M3 -R-/- mice. After 4 weeks bethanechol treatment, Mdr2-/- mice showed less liver injury compared to controls. CONCLUSION Our experimental findings suggest that M3 -R-signalling significantly influences bile formation. Loss of the M3 -R increases susceptibility to cholestatic injury in DDC-fed mice. Since treatment of Mdr2-/- mice with a M3 -R agonist decreases liver injury, M3-R signaling may represent a therapeutic target in specific cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Durchschein
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Krones
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gernot Zollner
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Fickert
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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18
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Wu JS, Li YF, Li YY, Dai Y, Li WK, Zheng M, Shi ZC, Shi R, Wang TM, Ma BL, Liu P, Ma YM. Huangqi Decoction Alleviates Alpha-Naphthylisothiocyanate Induced Intrahepatic Cholestasis by Reversing Disordered Bile Acid and Glutathione Homeostasis in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:938. [PMID: 29311939 PMCID: PMC5742571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis is a serious symptom of liver disorders with limited therapies. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of Huangqi decoction (HQD), a two-herb classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), in the treatment of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced intrahepatic cholestasis in mice. HQD treatment ameliorated impaired hepatic function and tissue damage. A metabolomics study revealed that the endogenous metabolites significantly affected by HQD were related to bile acid (BA) biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism pathways. HQD treatment decreased the intrahepatic accumulation of cytotoxic BAs, normalized serum BA levels, and increased biliary and urinary BA excretion. Additionally, HQD restored the hepatic glutathione content and suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cholestatic mice. Protein and gene analysis revealed that HQD increased the expression of the hepatic metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B10 and UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1 (UGT1A1), as well as multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2), Mrp3, and Mrp4, which play crucial roles in BA homeostasis. Further, HQD increased the protein expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase, which is involved in the synthesis of glutathione. Importantly, HQD increased the nuclear expression of nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). In conclusion, HQD protects against intrahepatic cholestasis by reversing the disordered homeostasis of BAs and glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Kai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Chun Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Ming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Liang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Li X, Liu R, Zhang L, Jiang Z. The emerging role of AMP-activated protein kinase in cholestatic liver diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:105-113. [PMID: 28889972 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), recognized as an energy sensor with three heterotrimeric subunits (α, β and γ), not only maintains basal intracellular adenosine triphosphate levels but also regulates energy-intensive pathological responses, such as neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases, through multiple signaling pathways. Recent studies open a new direction for AMPK research and demonstrate that AMPK is a critical player in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver injury and plays paradoxical roles in the regulation of different pathological processes, including the disruption of bile acid homeostasis and the regulation of hepatic polarity, inflammation and fibrosis. In the present review, we summarize recent findings that implicate AMPK-mediated signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver injury. These findings provide novel insight regarding the potential use of AMPK as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiaoyang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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20
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Fickert P, Wagner M. Biliary bile acids in hepatobiliary injury - What is the link? J Hepatol 2017; 67:619-631. [PMID: 28712691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The main trigger for liver injury in acquired cholestatic liver disease remains unclear. However, the accumulation of bile acids (BAs) undoubtedly plays a role. Recent progress in deciphering the pathomechanisms of inborn cholestatic liver diseases, decoding mechanisms of BA-induced cell death, and generating modern BA-derived drugs has improved the understanding of the regulation of BA synthesis and transport. Now is the appropriate time to reassess current knowledge about the specific role of BAs in hepatobiliary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fickert
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Austria.
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Austria
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21
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Model Systems for Studying the Role of Canalicular Efflux Transporters in Drug-Induced Cholestatic Liver Disease. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2295-2301. [PMID: 28385542 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile formation is a key function of the liver. Disturbance of bile flow may lead to liver disease and is called cholestasis. Cholestasis may be inherited, for example, in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis or acquired, for example, by drug-mediated inhibition of bile salt export from hepatocytes into the canaliculi. The key transport system for exporting bile salts into the canaliculi is the bile salt export pump. Inhibition of the bile salt export pump by drugs is a well-established cause of drug-induced cholestasis. Investigation of the role of the multidrug resistance protein 3, essential for biliary phospholipid secretion, is emerging now. This overview summarizes current concepts and methods with an emphasis on in vitro model systems for the investigation of drug-induced cholestasis in the general context of drug-induced liver injury.
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22
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Kim JY, An HJ, Kim WH, Park YY, Park KD, Park KK. Apamin suppresses biliary fibrosis and activation of hepatic stellate cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1188-1194. [PMID: 28405682 PMCID: PMC5403474 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disease is characterized by the progressive destruction of biliary epithelial cells (BECs) followed by fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver failure. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and portal fibroblasts are the major cellular effectors of enhanced collagen deposition in biliary fibrosis. Apamin, an 18 amino acid peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin (bee venom), is known to block Ca2+-activated K+ channels and prevent carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. In the present study, we aimed to ascertain whether apamin inhibits biliary fibrosis and the proliferation of HSCs. Cholestatic liver fibrosis was established in mouse models with 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) feeding. Cellular assays were performed on HSC-T6 cells (rat immortalized HSCs). DDC feeding led to increased hepatic damage and proinflammtory cytokine levels. Notably, apamin treatment resulted in decreased liver injury and proinflammatory cytokine levels. Moreover, apamin suppressed the deposition of collagen, proliferation of BECs and expression of fibrogenic genes in the DDC-fed mice. In HSCs, apamin suppressed activation of HSCs by inhibiting the Smad signaling pathway. These data suggest that apamin may be a potential therapeutic target in cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin An
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Hae Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Yub Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Duck Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
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23
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Jansen PLM, Ghallab A, Vartak N, Reif R, Schaap FG, Hampe J, Hengstler JG. The ascending pathophysiology of cholestatic liver disease. Hepatology 2017; 65:722-738. [PMID: 27981592 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we develop the argument that cholestatic liver diseases, particularly primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), evolve over time with anatomically an ascending course of the disease process. The first and early lesions are in "downstream" bile ducts. This eventually leads to cholestasis, and this causes bile salt (BS)-mediated toxic injury of the "upstream" liver parenchyma. BS are toxic in high concentration. These concentrations are present in the canalicular network, bile ducts, and gallbladder. Leakage of bile from this network and ducts could be an important driver of toxicity. The liver has a great capacity to adapt to cholestasis, and this may contribute to a variable symptom-poor interval that is often observed. Current trials with drugs that target BS toxicity are effective in only about 50%-60% of primary biliary cholangitis patients, with no effective therapy in PSC. This motivated us to develop and propose a new view on the pathophysiology of primary biliary cholangitis and PSC in the hope that these new drugs can be used more effectively. These views may lead to better stratification of these diseases and to recommendations on a more "tailored" use of the new therapeutic agents that are currently tested in clinical trials. Apical sodium-dependent BS transporter inhibitors that reduce intestinal BS absorption lower the BS load and are best used in cholestatic patients. The effectiveness of BS synthesis-suppressing drugs, such as farnesoid X receptor agonists, is greatest when optimal adaptation is not yet established. By the time cytochrome P450 7A1 expression is reduced these drugs may be less effective. Anti-inflammatory agents are probably most effective in early disease, while drugs that antagonize BS toxicity, such as ursodeoxycholic acid and nor-ursodeoxycholic acid, may be effective at all disease stages. Endoscopic stenting in PSC should be reserved for situations of intercurrent cholestasis and cholangitis, not for cholestasis in end-stage disease. These are arguments to consider a step-wise pathophysiology for these diseases, with therapy adjusted to disease stage. An obstacle in such an approach is that disease stage-defining biomarkers are still lacking. This review is meant to serve as a call to prioritize the development of biomarkers that help to obtain a better stratification of these diseases. (Hepatology 2017;65:722-738).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Research Network of Liver Systems Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Research Network of Liver Systems Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Nachiket Vartak
- Research Network of Liver Systems Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Raymond Reif
- Research Network of Liver Systems Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frank G Schaap
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Research Network of Liver Systems Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine 1, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Research Network of Liver Systems Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Cells need to strictly control their internal milieu, a function which is performed by the plasma membrane. Selective passage of molecules across the plasma membrane is controlled by transport proteins. As the liver is the central organ for drug metabolism, hepatocytes are equipped with numerous drug transporters expressed at the plasma membrane. Drug disposition includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a drug and hence multiple passages of drugs and their metabolites across membranes. Consequently, understanding the exact mechanisms of drug transporters is essential both in drug development and in drug therapy. While many drug transporters are expressed in hepatocytes, and some of them are well characterized, several transporters have only recently been identified as new drug transporters. Novel powerful tools to deorphanize (drug) transporters are being applied and show promising results. Although a large set of tools are available for studying transport in vitro and in isolated cells, tools for studying transport in living organisms, including humans, are evolving now and rely predominantly on imaging techniques, e.g. positron emission tomography. Imaging is an area which, certainly in the near future, will provide important insights into "transporters at work" in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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25
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Role of Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress, Cytochrome P450 2E1, and Bile Acid Disturbance in Rat Liver Injury Induced by Isoniazid and Lipopolysaccharide Cotreatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5285-93. [PMID: 27324775 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00854-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH) remains the core drug in tuberculosis management, but serious hepatotoxicity and potentially fatal liver injury continue to accompany INH consumption. Among numerous theories that have been established to explain INH-induced liver injury, an inflammatory stress theory has recently been widely used to explain the idiosyncrasy. Inflammatory stress usually sensitizes tissues to a drug's toxic consequences. Therefore, the present study was conducted to verify whether bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation may have a role in enhancing INH hepatotoxicity. While single INH or LPS administration showed no major toxicity signs, INH-LPS cotreatment intensified liver toxicity. Both blood biomarkers and histological evaluations clearly showed positive signs of severe liver damage accompanied by massive necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, elevated serum levels of bile acid associated with the repression of bile acid synthesis and transport regulatory parameters were observed. Moreover, the principal impact of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) on INH toxicity could be anticipated, as its protein expression showed enormous increases in INH-LPS-cotreated animals. Furthermore, the crucial role of CYP2E1 in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was clearly obvious in the repression of hepatic antioxidant parameters. In summary, these results confirmed that this LPS-induced inflammation model might prove valuable in revealing the hepatotoxic mechanisms of INH and the crucial role played by CYP2E1 in the initiation and propagation of INH-induced liver damage, information which could be very useful to clinicians in understanding the pathogenesis of drug-induced liver injury.
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26
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Chen Y, Qing W, Sun M, Lv L, Guo D, Jiang Y. Melatonin protects hepatocytes against bile acid-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress via the AMPK-SIRT3-SOD2 pathway. Free Radic Res 2016; 49:1275-84. [PMID: 26118716 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1067806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative damage is hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic cholestatic liver diseases. Melatonin, an indolamine synthesized in the pineal gland, shows a wide range of physiological functions, and is under clinical investigation for expanded applications. Melatonin has demonstrated efficient protective effects against various types of oxidative damage in the liver system. This study investigates the protective effects of melatonin pretreatment on glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA)-induced hepatotoxicity and elucidates the potential mechanism of melatonin-mediated protection. Melatonin markedly decreased mitochondrial ROS (mROS) production in L02 cells treated with 100 μM GCDCA, and inhibited GCDCA-stimulated cytotoxicity. Notably, melatonin exerted its hepatoprotective effects by upregulating sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) activity and its expression level, thus regulating superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) acetylation and inhibiting the production of mROS induced by GCDCA. Moreover, siRNA targeting SIRT3 blocked the melatonin-mediated elevation in mitochondrial function by inhibiting SIRT3/SOD2 signaling. Importantly, melatonin-activated SIRT3 activity was completely abolished by AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit (AMPK) siRNA transfection. Similar results were obtained in rat with bile duct ligation or BDL. In summary, our findings indicate that melatonin is a novel hepatoprotective small molecule that functions by elevating SIRT3, stimulating SOD2 activity, and suppressing mitochondrial oxidative stress at least through AMPK, and that SIRT3 may be of therapeutic value in liver cell protection for GCDCA-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- a Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Fuzhou General Hospital , Fuzhou , China
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27
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Abstract
The animal model of common bile duct ligation is very toxic; therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a new model of obstructive jaundice in rats with partial common bile duct obstruction. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a sham operation or partial ligation of bile duct procedure. Serum biochemistry, liver histology, and expression of bile salt transporters were examined after surgery. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and bile acids were significantly increased in the partial bile duct ligation group 3 days after surgery. However, these changes spontaneously normalized within 14 days after surgery in the partial bile duct ligation group compared with the sham group. Bile infarcts, ductular reaction, and abundant hepatocyte turnover were detected exclusively in the partial bile duct ligation group on postoperative day 3. However, these changes dramatically reversed 14 days after surgery. Bile salt transporter expression was significantly decreased at day 3 and gradually recovered in the following 2 weeks. In conclusion, the current rat model of obstructive cholestasis is reversible, representing the clinical characteristics of partial biliary obstruction, and may be used to investigate the effects of various therapeutic strategies on reversible acute cholestasis.
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28
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Mahdi ZM, Synal-Hermanns U, Yoker A, Locher KP, Stieger B. Role of Multidrug Resistance Protein 3 in Antifungal-Induced Cholestasis. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:23-34. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.103390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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29
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Lu J, Zhou Y, Hu T, Zhang H, Shen M, Cheng P, Dai W, Wang F, Chen K, Zhang Y, Wang C, Li J, Zheng Y, Yang J, Zhu R, Wang J, Lu W, Zhang H, Wang J, Xia Y, De Assuncao TM, Jalan-Sakrikar N, Huebert RC, Bin Zhou, Guo C. Notch Signaling Coordinates Progenitor Cell-Mediated Biliary Regeneration Following Partial Hepatectomy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22754. [PMID: 26951801 PMCID: PMC4782135 DOI: 10.1038/srep22754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant transcriptional regulation contributes to the pathogenesis of both congenital and adult forms of liver disease. Although the transcription factor RBPJ is essential for liver morphogenesis and biliary development, its specific function in the differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) has not been investigated, and little is known about its role in adult liver regeneration. HPCs are bipotent liver stem cells that can self-replicate and differentiate into hepatocytes or cholangiocytes in vitro. HPCs are thought to play an important role in liver regeneration and repair responses. While the coordinated repopulation of both hepatocyte and cholangiocyte compartment is pivotal to the structure and function of the liver after regeneration, the mechanisms coordinating biliary regeneration remain vastly understudied. Here, we utilized complex genetic manipulations to drive liver-specific deletion of the Rbpj gene in conjunction with lineage tracing techniques to delineate the precise functions of RBPJ during biliary development and HPC-associated biliary regeneration after hepatectomy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that RBPJ promotes HPC differentiation toward cholangiocytes in vitro and blocks hepatocyte differentiation through mechanisms involving Hippo-Notch crosstalk. Overall, this study demonstrates that the Notch-RBPJ signaling axis critically regulates biliary regeneration by coordinating the fate decision of HPC and clarifies the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junshan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Thiago M De Assuncao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nidhi Jalan-Sakrikar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert C Huebert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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30
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Noor F. A shift in paradigm towards human biology-based systems for cholestatic-liver diseases. J Physiol 2015; 593:5043-55. [PMID: 26417843 DOI: 10.1113/jp271124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic-liver diseases (CLDs) arise from diverse causes ranging from genetic factors to drug-induced cholestasis. The so-called diseases of civilization (obesity, diabetes, metabolic disorders, non-alcoholic liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, etc.) are intricately implicated in liver and gall bladder diseases. Although CLDs have been extensively studied, there seem to be important gaps in the understanding of human disease. Despite the fact that many animal models exist and substantial clinical data are available, translation of this knowledge towards therapy has been disappointingly limited. Recent advances in liver cell culture such as in vivo-like 3D cultivation of human primary hepatic cells, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes; and cutting-edge analytical techniques such as 'omics' technologies and high-content screenings could play a decisive role in deeper mechanistic understanding of CLDs. This Topical Review proposes a roadmap to human biology-based research using omics technologies providing quantitative information on mechanisms in an adverse outcome/disease pathway framework. With modern sensitive tools, a shift in paradigm in human disease research seems timely and even inevitable to overcome species barriers in translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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31
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Wei D, Liao S, Wang J, Yang M, Kong L. Cholestatic liver injury model of bile duct ligation and the protection of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction by NMR metabolomic profiling. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12224d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile duct ligation (BDL) induced cholestasis in rats and the treatment effects of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction (HLJDD) were investigated by NMR-based metabolomics approach: biphasic feature of BDL model and bilateral adjustment of HLJDD were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Shanting Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Junsong Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism
- Nanjing University of Science & Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- PR China
| | - Minghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
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32
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Xu JY, Li ZP, Zhang L, Ji G. Recent insights into farnesoid X receptor in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:13493-13500. [PMID: 25309079 PMCID: PMC4188900 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is one of the most prevalent liver disorders worldwide. NAFLD can gradually progress to liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex, and no efficient pharmaceutic treatments have yet been established for NAFLD. Accumulating data have shown that the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays important roles not only in bile acid metabolism, but also in lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis, inflammatory responses, among others. In this review, we aim to highlight the role of FXR in the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD.
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33
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Stieger B, Unadkat JD, Prasad B, Langer O, Gali H. Role of (drug) transporters in imaging in health and disease. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:2007-15. [PMID: 25249691 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This report is the summary of presentations at the symposium sponsored by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, April 26-30, at Experimental Biology 2014 in San Diego, CA. The presentations focused on the role of transporters in imaging in health and disease and on assessing transporter function in vivo. Imaging is an important diagnostic tool in clinics and is a novel tool for in vivo visualization of transporter function. Many imaging substrates and endogenous markers for organ function are organic anions. In this symposium, the bile salt transporter sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide and the liver organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) as well as the renal organic anion transporters (OATs) were addressed in detail; e.g., OATPs mediate transport of contrast agents used for magnetic resonance imaging of the liver or transport agents used for hepatobiliary scintigraphy, and OATs transport substances used in renography. In addition, the symposium also focused on the multidrug-resistance transporter 1 (MDR1 or P-gp), which is the most important gatekeeper in epithelial or endothelial barriers for preventing entry of potentially harmful substances into organs. Novel substrates suitable for positron emission tomography (PET) allow the study of such transporters at the blood-brain barrier or while they are mediating uptake of drugs into hepatocytes, and, importantly, PET tracers also now allow renography. Finally, quantitative data on transporter expression in human organs allow the development of improved physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for drug disposition. Hence, the combined efforts using novel substrates for in vivo visualization of transporters and quantification of transporters will lead to a deeper understanding of transporter function in disease and allow development of novel PBPK models for disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (B.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.D.U., B.P.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (O.L.); and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (H.G.)
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (B.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.D.U., B.P.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (O.L.); and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (H.G.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (B.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.D.U., B.P.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (O.L.); and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (H.G.)
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (B.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.D.U., B.P.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (O.L.); and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (H.G.)
| | - Hariprasad Gali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (B.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.D.U., B.P.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (O.L.); and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (H.G.)
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