1
|
Kammann U, Nogueira P, Siegmund M, Schmidt N, Schmolke S, Kirchgeorg T, Hasenbein M, Wysujack K. Temporal trends of mercury levels in fish (dab, Limanda limanda) and sediment from the German Bight (North Sea) in the period 1995-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:73. [PMID: 36334139 PMCID: PMC9637065 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a toxic and harmful global pollutant, mercury (Hg) enters the marine environment through natural sources, and human activities. It bioaccumulates through the food chain and therefore, Hg is of great importance for environmental monitoring. This study aims to answer the question if Hg contamination in fish and sediment from the German Bight follows temporal trends. Therefore, 496 individual female dab (Limanda limanda) were analyzed. The Hg concentrations in the muscle of dab from the German Bight showed significant increase in function of time with an annual percental change of 1.4%, leading to a 41% increase in Hg contamination level within 25 years of monitoring. At the same time, Hg concentrations in sediment-analyzed in 86 samples-significantly decreased in the nearby North Sea environment. This surprising contradiction is shown in the present study and possible causes are discussed. It could be clearly shown that contamination in sediment and biota can follow completely different time courses and therefore, different environmental matrices should be considered in future monitoring studies. Age of the fish turned out to be a biological factor of particular importance for temporal trend analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kammann
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Pedro Nogueira
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Maike Siegmund
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nicole Schmidt
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmolke
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Wüstland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torben Kirchgeorg
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Wüstland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hasenbein
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Wüstland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Wysujack
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kammann U, Aust MO, Siegmund M, Schmidt N, Straumer K, Lang T. Deep impact? Is mercury in dab (Limanda limanda) a marker for dumped munition? Results from munition dump site Kolberger Heide (Baltic Sea). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:788. [PMID: 34757592 PMCID: PMC8580933 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dumped munitions contain various harmful substances which can affect marine biota like fish. One of them is mercury (Hg), included in the common explosive primer Hg fulminate. There is still a lack of knowledge whether dumped munitions impact the Hg concentrations in the Baltic Sea environment. This study aims to answer the question if dab caught at the dump site Kolberger Heide show higher Hg concentrations released from munition sources and whether Hg in fish is a usable marker for munition exposure. Therefore, a total of 251 individual dab (Limanda limanda) were analysed including 99 fish from the dump site. In fish from the Kolberger Heide, no elevated Hg concentrations were found compared to reference sites when age-dependent bioaccumulation of mercury was considered. Therefore we conclude that Hg in fish is no suitable indicator for exposure to munition dumping, e.g. in the frame of possible future monitoring studies as Hg exposure originating from dumped munition is only a small contributor to overall Hg exposure of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kammann
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, Bremerhaven, 27572, Germany.
| | - Marc-Oliver Aust
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, Bremerhaven, 27572, Germany
| | - Maike Siegmund
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, Bremerhaven, 27572, Germany
| | - Nicole Schmidt
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, Bremerhaven, 27572, Germany
| | - Katharina Straumer
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, Bremerhaven, 27572, Germany
| | - Thomas Lang
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, Bremerhaven, 27572, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pinzone M, Cransveld A, Tessier E, Bérail S, Schnitzler J, Das K, Amouroux D. Contamination levels and habitat use influence Hg accumulation and stable isotope ratios in the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 281:117008. [PMID: 33813195 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hg accumulation in marine organisms depends strongly on in situ water or sediment biogeochemistry and levels of Hg pollution. To predict the rates of Hg exposure in human communities, it is important to understand Hg assimilation and processing within commercially harvested marine fish, like the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax. Previously, values of Δ199Hg and δ202Hg in muscle tissue successfully discriminated between seven populations of European seabass. In the present study, a multi-tissue approach was developed to assess the underlying processes behind such discrimination. We determined total Hg content (THg), the proportion of monomethyl-Hg (%MeHg), and Hg isotopic composition (e.g. Δ199Hg and δ202Hg) in seabass liver. We compared this to the previously published data on muscle tissue and local anthropogenic Hg inputs. The first important finding of this study showed an increase of both %MeHg and δ202Hg values in muscle compared to liver in all populations, suggesting the occurrence of internal MeHg demethylation in seabass. This is the first evidence of such a process occurring in this species. Values for mass-dependent (MDF, δ202Hg) and mass-independent (MIF, Δ199Hg) isotopic fractionation in liver and muscle accorded with data observed in estuarine fish (MDF, 0-1‰ and MIF, 0-0.7‰). Black Sea seabass stood out from other regions, presenting higher MIF values (≈1.5‰) in muscle and very low MDF (≈-1‰) in liver. This second finding suggests that under low Hg bioaccumulation, Hg isotopic composition may allow the detection of a shift in the habitat use of juvenile fish, such as for first-year Black Sea seabass. Our study supports the multi-tissue approach as a valid tool for refining the analysis of Hg sourcing and metabolism in a marine fish. The study's major outcome indicates that Hg levels of pollution and fish foraging location are the main factors influencing Hg species accumulation and isotopic fractionation in the organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Pinzone
- Freshwater and Oceanic Sciences Unit of Research (FOCUS), Laboratory of Oceanology, University of Liège, B6c Allée du 6 Août, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alice Cransveld
- Freshwater and Oceanic Sciences Unit of Research (FOCUS), Laboratory of Oceanology, University of Liège, B6c Allée du 6 Août, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Tessier
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), Technopôle Helioparc, 2 Avenue Pierre Angot, 64053, Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Sylvain Bérail
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), Technopôle Helioparc, 2 Avenue Pierre Angot, 64053, Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Joseph Schnitzler
- Freshwater and Oceanic Sciences Unit of Research (FOCUS), Laboratory of Oceanology, University of Liège, B6c Allée du 6 Août, 4000, Liège, Belgium; Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine of Hannover, Foundation, Werftstraße 6, 25761, Büsum, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Krishna Das
- Freshwater and Oceanic Sciences Unit of Research (FOCUS), Laboratory of Oceanology, University of Liège, B6c Allée du 6 Août, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - David Amouroux
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), Technopôle Helioparc, 2 Avenue Pierre Angot, 64053, Pau Cedex 09, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Koske D, Straumer K, Goldenstein NI, Hanel R, Lang T, Kammann U. First evidence of explosives and their degradation products in dab (Limanda limanda L.) from a munition dumpsite in the Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 155:111131. [PMID: 32310096 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Corrosion and disintegration of munition shells from the World Wars increase the risk that explosives are released into the marine environment, exposing a variety of organisms. Only few studies investigated contamination of fish with explosives in the field under environmental conditions. Here we present a comprehensive study on the contamination status of dab (Limanda limanda) from a munition dumpsite and from reference sites in the Baltic Sea. Bile of 236 dab from four different study sites, including a dumpsite for conventional munitions, was investigated and explosive compounds were detected by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Five explosive compounds were identified, including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrolouene, and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine. 48% of the samples from the dumpsite contained at least one explosive compound. The results prove that toxic explosive compounds from a dumpsite in the Baltic Sea are accumulated by flatfish and may therefore pose a risk to fish health and human food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Koske
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Katharina Straumer
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nadine I Goldenstein
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Reinhold Hanel
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Thomas Lang
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kammann
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu C, Chen L, Liang S, Li Y. Distribution of total mercury and methylmercury and their controlling factors in the East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113667. [PMID: 31810718 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is among contaminants of public concern due to its prevalent existence, high toxicity, and bioaccumulation through food chains. Elevated Hg has been detected in seafood from the East China Sea (ECS), which is one of the largest marginal seas and an important fishing region in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the distribution of Hg species and their controlling factors in the ECS water column, thus preventing the understanding of Hg cycling and the assessment of Hg risks in the ECS. In this study, two cruises were conducted in October 2014 and June 2015 in order to investigate the distribution of total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) and their controlling factors in the ECS. The concentrations of THg and MeHg were determined to be 4.2 ± 2.8 ng/L (THg) and 0.25 ± 0.13 ng/L (MeHg) in water from the ECS. The level of Hg in the ECS occupied the higher rank among the marginal seas, thus indicating significant Hg contamination in this system. Both the THg and MeHg presented complicated spatial distribution patterns in the ECS, with high concentration areas located in both the nearshore and offshore areas. Statistical analyses suggest that temperature (T) and Hg in sediment may be the controlling factors for THg distribution, while dissolved organic matter (DOM), T, and MeHg in the sediment may be the controlling factors for MeHg distribution in the seawater of the ECS. The relative importance of these environmental factors in Hg distribution depends on the water depth. T-salinity (S) diagram analyses showed that water mass mixing may also play an important role in controlling THg and MeHg distribution in the coastal ECS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Lufeng Chen
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Shengkang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yanbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Giltrap M, Ronan J, Bignell JP, Lyons BP, Collins E, Rochford H, McHugh B, McGovern E, Bull L, Wilson J. Integration of biological effects, fish histopathology and contaminant measurements for the assessment of fish health: A pilot application in Irish marine waters. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 129:113-132. [PMID: 28501102 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the use of a weight of evidence (WOE) approach to evaluate fish health status and biological effects (BEs) of contaminants for assessment of ecosystem health and discusses its potential application in support of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). External fish disease, liver histopathology and several BEs of contaminant exposure including 7-ethoxy resorufin O-de-ethylase (EROD), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), bile metabolites, vitellogenin (VTG) and alkali labile phosphates (ALP) were measured in two flatfish species from four locations in Ireland. Contaminant levels in fish were generally low with PCBs in fish liver below OSPAR environmental assessment criteria (EAC). There were consistencies with low PCB levels, EROD and PAH bile metabolite levels detected in fish. Dab from Cork, Dublin and Shannon had the highest relative prevalence of liver lesions associated with the carcinogenic pathway. An integrated biomarker response (IBR) showed promise to be useful for evaluation of environmental risk, although more contaminant parameters in liver are required for a full assessment with the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Giltrap
- Zoology Department, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Nanolab, FOCAS Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Jenny Ronan
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - John P Bignell
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Brett P Lyons
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Evelyn Collins
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Brendan McHugh
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - Evin McGovern
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Bull
- Zoology Department, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - James Wilson
- Zoology Department, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Covaci E, Senila M, Ponta M, Darvasi E, Petreus D, Frentiu M, Frentiu T. Methylmercury determination in seafood by photochemical vapor generation capacitively coupled plasma microtorch optical emission spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 170:464-472. [PMID: 28501197 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A non-chromatographic method based on double liquid-liquid extraction and measurements by UV photochemical vapor generation capacitively coupled plasma microtorch optical emission spectrometry was developed and characterized for methylmercury determination in seafood. Samples were prepared following the procedure recommended in JRC Technical Report of European Commission formerly proposed for the determination of methylmercury in seafood by thermal decomposition atomic absorption spectrometry, namely confinement of Hg species in 47% HBr solution, extraction of CH3Hg+ in toluene and back-extraction in 1% l-cysteine aqueous solution. Mercury cold vapor was generated by flow injection UV photo-reduction from CH3Hg+ in 0.6molL-1 HCOOH, while quantification was performed against external Hg2+ aqueous standards and measuring Hg 253.652nm emission using a low power/Ar consumption plasma microtorch (15W, 100mLmin-1) and a low resolution microspectrometer (Ocean Optics). The figures of merit and analytical capability were assessed by analyzing certified reference materials and test samples of fish fillet and discussed in relation with requirements for Hg determination in seafood in European legislation (Decisions 2007/333/EC and 2002/657/EC) as well as compared to performances achieved in thermal decomposition atomic absorption spectrometry. The limit of detection and quantification of 2µgkg-1 and 6µgkg-1 respectively, precision of 2.7-9.4% and accuracy of 99±8% of the proposed method for the determination of CH3Hg+ fulfill the demands of European legislation for Hg quantification. The limit of detection and quantification were better than those in the used reference method or other non-/chromatographic methods taken for comparison. The analysis of certified reference materials and the Bland and Altman test performed on 12 test samples confirmed trueness of the proposed method and its reliability for the determination of traces of CH3Hg+ with 95% confidence level. The proposed method fulfills several demands of the eco-scale concept, is sensitive, simple and safe related to sample preparation through elimination of classical, harmful reductants and attractive by using economical miniaturized instrumentation incorporating a low power and low Ar consumption plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Covaci
- Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marin Senila
- National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, Donath 67, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Michaela Ponta
- Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eugen Darvasi
- Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dorin Petreus
- Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Gh. Baritiu 26-28, 40002 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Frentiu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, Donath 67, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Frentiu
- Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lang T, Feist SW, Stentiford GD, Bignell JP, Vethaak AD, Wosniok W. Diseases of dab (Limanda limanda): Analysis and assessment of data on externally visible diseases, macroscopic liver neoplasms and liver histopathology in the North Sea, Baltic Sea and off Iceland. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 124:61-69. [PMID: 26790353 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the framework of the ICON project (Integrated Assessment of Contaminant Impacts on the North Sea), common dab (Limanda limanda) from seven offshore sampling areas in the North Sea, Icelandic waters and the western Baltic Sea were examined in 2008 for the presence of externally visible diseases and parasites (EVD), macroscopic liver neoplasms (tumours) (MLN) and histopathological liver lesions (LH). Methodologies applied followed standardised ICES and BEQUALM protocols. The EDV results revealed pronounced spatial variation, with dab from the central and northern North Sea sampling areas showing the highest disease prevalence. MLN were recorded only in North Sea dab from the German Bight, Firth of Forth and Ekofisk at a low prevalence. LH results revealed a dominant prevalence of non-specific, mostly inflammatory, lesions and a low prevalence of early toxicopathic non-neoplastic lesions, tumour pre-stages (foci of cellular alteration) and liver tumours. For the analysis and assessment of spatial variation of EVD, a Fish Disease Index (FDI) was calculated for individual dab, summarising data on the presence/absence of EDV, their severity grades, effects on the host and compensating for effects of length, sex and season. FDI data confirmed that the health status of North Sea dab from the offshore areas Dogger Bank, Ekofisk and Firth of Forth was significantly worse than in dab from the German Bight, Icelandic areas and the western Baltic Sea. An assessment of the disease data following ICES/OSPAR criteria was accomplished by applying established numeric background (BAC) and ecological assessment criteria (EAC) for EDV, MLN and LH. The combined assessment of the three disease categories indicated that health effects classified as unacceptable were rare and mainly affected dab from the North Sea. Based on the findings of the present study, it is recommended to monitor wild fish diseases in the context of assessing the impact of hazardous substances and other stressors on the marine environment. The Fish Disease Index (FDI) is regarded as a strong tool for disease data analysis and assessment, suitable as ecosystem health indicator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lang
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Deichstr. 12, Cuxhaven 27472, Germany.
| | - Stephen W Feist
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - John P Bignell
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - A Dick Vethaak
- Deltares, Marine and Coastal Systems, P.O. Box 177, Delft 2600 MH, The Netherlands; VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Werner Wosniok
- Institute of Statistics, University of Bremen, Linzer Str. 4, Bremen 28359, Germany
| |
Collapse
|