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Yuan D, Long Y, Liu D, Zhou F, Liu C, Chen L, Pan Y. Ecological impact of surfactant Tween-80 on plankton: High-scale analyses reveal deeper hazards. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169176. [PMID: 38086477 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The ecological risks of surfactants have been largely neglected because of their low toxicity. Multiscale studies have indicated that even if a pollutant causes no acute toxicity in a test species, it may alter interspecific interactions and community characteristics through sublethal impacts on test organisms. Therefore, we investigated the lethal and sublethal responses of the plankton species Scenedesmus quadricauda, Chlorella vulgaris, and Daphnia magna, to surfactant Tween-80. Then, high-scale responses in grazer life-history traits and stability of the D. magna-larval damselfly system were further explored. The results showed that discernible adverse effects on the growth or survival of the three plankton species were evident only at exceptionally high concentrations (≥100 mg L-1). However, 10 mg L-1 of Tween-80 notably affected the MDA concentration in grazer species, simultaneously displaying a tendency to diminish grazer's heartbeat and swimming frequency. Furthermore, Tween-80 reduced the grazer reproductive capacity and increased its predation risk by larval damselflies, which ultimately jeopardized the stability of the D. magna-larval damselfly system at much lower concentrations (10-100 fold lower) than the individual-scale responses. This study provides evidence that high-scale traits are far more sensitive to Tween-80, compared with individual-scale traits for plankton organisms, suggesting that the ecological risks of Tween-80 demand careful reassessment. SYNOPSIS: The concentration of Tween-80 needed to induce changes in community characteristics is markedly lower than that needed to produce individual-scale consequences. Thus, high-scale analyses have broad implications for understanding the hazardous effects of surfactants compared with an individual-scale analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanyang Yuan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Yaoyue Long
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Fangjie Zhou
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Change Liu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Liqiang Chen
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Ying Pan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China.
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Wang H, Wang X, Wang M, Zhang C, Li J, Xue M, Xia W, Xie H. Degradation and transformation of linear alkyl-benzene sulfonates (LAS) in integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138135. [PMID: 36796524 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) are the most commonly-used anionic surfactants in cleaning agents and detergents. Taking sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) as the target LAS, this study investigated the degradation and transformation of LAS in integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) systems. Results showed that, SDBS was able to improve the power output and reduce the internal resistance of CW-MFCs by reducing transmembrane transfer resistance of organics and electrons because of the amphiphilicity and solubilization, however, SDBS with relatively high concentration had a great potential to inhibit electricity generation and organics biodegradation of CW-MFCs because of the toxic effects on microorganisms. C atoms on alkyl group and O atoms on sulfonic acid group of SDBS had greater electronegativity and were prone to oxidation reaction. The biodegradation of SDBS in CW-MFCs was a process of alkyl chain degradation, desulfonation and benzene ring cleavage in sequence via ω, β and/or α-oxidations and radical attacks under the action of coenzymes and oxygen, in which 19 intermediates were produced, including four anaerobic degradation products (toluene, phenol, cyclohexanone and acetic acid). Especially, for the first time cyclohexanone was detected during the biodegradation of LAS. The bioaccumulation potential of SDBS was greatly reduced through the degradation by CW-MFCs, and thus the environmental risk of SDBS was effectively reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control in Tianjin, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, China
| | - Xiaoou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control in Tianjin, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, China.
| | - Meiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control in Tianjin, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, China
| | - Changping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control in Tianjin, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, China
| | - Jiayin Li
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control in Tianjin, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, China
| | - Ming Xue
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control in Tianjin, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, China
| | - Weiyi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control in Tianjin, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, China
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co., Ltd, Y2, 2nd Floor, Building 2, Xixi Legu Creative Pioneering Park, No. 712 Wen'er West Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
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3
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Gray AD, Miller JA, Weinstein JE. Are Green Household Consumer Products Less Toxic than Conventional Products? An Assessment Involving Grass Shrimp (Palaemon pugio) and Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2444-2453. [PMID: 36073187 PMCID: PMC9826148 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although it is generally assumed that green household consumer products (HCPs) contain individual compounds that are less toxic and/or more degradable than conventional HCPs, little research on this topic has been conducted. In our assessments, larval grass shrimp (Palaemon pugio) were used in a biodegradation study and juvenile freshwater cladocerans, Daphnia magna, were used in a photodegradation study. In each study, organisms were exposed to nondegraded and degraded treatments consisting of one green HCP and two conventional HCPs in six different categories (laundry detergent, dish detergent, mouthwash, insecticide, dishwasher gel, and all-purpose cleaner). Sensitivity to these products were assessed using 48-h static acute toxicity tests, and the median lethal concentrations (LC50s) then compared using an LC50 ratio test. For grass shrimp, only one green HCP (insecticide) was less toxic than both conventional HCPs. In one category (laundry detergent), the green HCP was the more toxic than either conventional HCP. Following a biodegradation treatment, none of the green product formulations became less toxic, whereas 44.4% of the conventional HCPs demonstrated decreased toxicity. For daphnids, green HCPs in three categories (dish detergent, insecticide, and all-purpose cleaner) were less toxic than both conventional products tested. Following a photodegradation treatment, two green product formulations (dish detergent and dishwasher gel) became less toxic (33.3%), whereas 87.5% of the conventional HCPs demonstrated decreased toxicity. The present study demonstrates that green HCPs are not necessarily less toxic and/or more degradable than their conventional counterparts. These results also suggest that the toxicity and degradability of end-product formulations need to be considered in the overall framework for green product evaluation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2444-2453. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin D. Gray
- Department of Biological ScienceVirginia Polytechnical Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
- Department of BiologyThe Citadel, Military College of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jonté A. Miller
- Department of BiologyThe Citadel, Military College of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - John E. Weinstein
- Department of BiologyThe Citadel, Military College of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
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4
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Arora J, Ranjan A, Chauhan A, Biswas R, Rajput VD, Sushkova S, Mandzhieva S, Minkina T, Jindal T. Surfactant Pollution, an Emerging Threat to Ecosystem: Approaches for Effective Bacterial Degradation. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1229-1244. [PMID: 35598183 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of surfactants in households and industries is inevitable and so is their discharge into the environment, especially into the water bodies as effluents. Being surface-active agents, their utilization is mostly seen in soaps, detergents, personal care products, emulsifiers, wetting agents, etc. Anionic surfactants are the most used class. These surfactants are responsible for the foam and froth in the water bodies and cause potential adverse effects to both biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Surfactants are capable of penetrating the cell membrane and thus cause toxicity to living organisms. Accumulation of these compounds has been known to cause significant gill damage and loss of sight in fish. Alteration of physiological and biochemical parameters of water decreases the amount of dissolved oxygen and thus affecting the entire ecosystem. Microbes utilizing surfactants as substrates for energy form the basis of the biodegradation of these compounds. The main organisms for surfactant biodegradation, both in sewage and natural waters, are bacteria. Several Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. have shown efficient degradation of anionic surfactants namely: sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate (SDBS). Also, several microbial consortia constituting Alcaligenes spp., Citrobacter spp., etc. have shown efficacy in the degradation of surfactants. The biodegradation efficiency studies of these microbes/microbial consortia would be of immense help in formulating better solutions for the bioremediation of surfactants and help to reduce their potential environmental hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Arora
- Amity Institute of Environmental Science, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuj Ranjan
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rima Biswas
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Saglara Mandzhieva
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tanu Jindal
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Martín J, Hidalgo F, Alonso E, García-Corcoles MT, Vílchez JL, Zafra-Gómez A. Assessing bioaccumulation potential of personal care, household and industrial products in a marine echinoderm (Holothuria tubulosa). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137668. [PMID: 32325598 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A bioaccumulation study of 16 emerging contaminants including preservatives, UV-filters, biocides, alkylphenols, anionic surfactants and plasticizers, in Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1791 specimens was developed. Water and sediments from their coastal habitat were also analyzed. Sediment-water distribution coefficients (log Kd) were in the range 0.78 to 2.95. A rapid uptake and bioaccumulation of pollutants was found. Compounds were detected in intestine and gonads of H. tubulosa after only eight days of exposure. Field-based bioconcentration (BCF) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) were calculated. Log BCF > 1 were obtained for most of the compounds studied, indicating their tendency to accumulate in tissue of H. Tubulosa. BCF values decrease as follow: Triclocarban > anionic surfactants > benzophenone 3 > non-ionic surfactants > bisphenol A > parabens. These data provide a detailed accounting of the distribution patterns of some emerging contaminants in organisms at the lower trophic level, representing a potential source of contaminants for organisms in higher levels of the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain.
| | - Felix Hidalgo
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - María Teresa García-Corcoles
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Vílchez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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6
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Metian M, Renaud F, Oberhänsli F, Teyssié JL, Temara A, Warnau M. Biokinetics of the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in the marine fish Sparus aurata: Investigation via seawater and food exposure pathways. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 216:105316. [PMID: 31600609 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and depuration kinetics of [14C]C12-6-linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in the fish Sparus aurata were determined during experimental exposure via seawater or food separately under laboratory conditions. The fish concentrated LAS from seawater (using realistic contaminant concentrations) with a mean BCF value of 20 ± 2 L kg-1 reached within 3 days and following a one-compartment exponential model. High differences in BCF were noted among organs, with values ranking in the order gall bladder (1400 ± 600 L kg-1) >> digestive tract (52 ± 9 L kg-1) > liver (38 ± 4 L kg-1) > gills (16 ± 3 L kg-1) > skin (13 ± 2 L kg-1) > head (9 ± 1 L kg-1) > muscles (4 ± 1 L kg-1). After three days of exposure, 14C activity decreased in gall bladder while it remained constant in other organs. Biotransformation and elimination processes could explain this phenomenon observed in gall bladder. LAS depuration was rapid in all organs (with up to 90% elimination within 2 days) and depuration kinetics was best fitted by a two-compartment exponential-model. When fish were fed with radiolabeled food, ingested LAS was transferred to organs within the first hours following the feeding. Model best describing depuration kinetics of LAS in the whole fish indicated that the contaminant can be considered as not assimilated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Metian
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Environment Laboratories, Radioecology Laboratory, 4a, Quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000, Principality of Monaco, Monaco.
| | - Florent Renaud
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Environment Laboratories, Radioecology Laboratory, 4a, Quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000, Principality of Monaco, Monaco; Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 6250, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042, La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - François Oberhänsli
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Environment Laboratories, Radioecology Laboratory, 4a, Quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000, Principality of Monaco, Monaco
| | - Jean-Louis Teyssié
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Environment Laboratories, Radioecology Laboratory, 4a, Quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000, Principality of Monaco, Monaco
| | - Ali Temara
- Procter & Gamble, The Procter & Gamble Company, Temselaan 100, 1853, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Michel Warnau
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Environment Laboratories, Radioecology Laboratory, 4a, Quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000, Principality of Monaco, Monaco
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7
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Sobrino-Figueroa A. Toxic effect of commercial detergents on organisms from different trophic levels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13283-13291. [PMID: 27757746 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of four powder detergents: two laundry detergents (A and B), one household detergent (C), one dishwashing detergent (D), and the surfactant alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) were analyzed in this study on organisms from different trophic levels (microalgae, cladocerans, ostracods, amphipods, macrophytes, and fish). LC50 and EC50 values obtained in the toxicity bioassays varied between 0.019 and 116.9 mg L-1. The sensitivity of the organisms to the detergents was (from most sensitive to least sensitive) Ostracods > microalgae > amphipods > cladocerans > fishes > macrophytes. The toxicity of the commercial products (from most toxic to least toxic) was LAS > D (dishwashing detergent) > A (laundry detergent) > B (laundry detergent) > C (household detergent). When comparing the sensitivity of organisms that inhabit temperate zones (T = 18 °C) to those that are found in tropical zones (T > 25 °C), it was clear that the species that inhabit the tropics are more sensitive to detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sobrino-Figueroa
- Laboratorio Alejandro Villalobos, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186 Colonia Vicentina, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México.
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8
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Jackson M, Eadsforth C, Schowanek D, Delfosse T, Riddle A, Budgen N. Comprehensive review of several surfactants in marine environments: Fate and ecotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1077-86. [PMID: 26526979 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are a commercially important group of chemicals widely used on a global scale. Despite high removal efficiencies during wastewater treatment, their high consumption volumes mean that a certain fraction will always enter aquatic ecosystems, with marine environments being the ultimate sites of deposition. Consequently, surfactants have been detected within marine waters and sediments. However, aquatic environmental studies have mostly focused on the freshwater environment, and marine studies are considerably underrepresented by comparison. The present review aims to provide a summary of current marine environmental fate (monitoring, biodegradation, and bioconcentration) and effects data of 5 key surfactant groups: linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, alcohol ethoxysulfates, alkyl sulfates, alcohol ethoxylates, and ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride. Monitoring data are currently limited, especially for alcohol ethoxysulfates and alkyl sulfates. Biodegradation was shown to be considerably slower under marine conditions, whereas ecotoxicity studies suggest that marine species are approximately equally as sensitive to these surfactants as freshwater species. Marine bioconcentration studies are almost nonexistent. Current gaps within the literature are presented, thereby highlighting research areas where additional marine studies should focus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nigel Budgen
- AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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9
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Trevisan R, Mello DF, Delapedra G, Silva DGH, Arl M, Danielli NM, Metian M, Almeida EA, Dafre AL. Gills as a glutathione-dependent metabolic barrier in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas: Absorption, metabolism and excretion of a model electrophile. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 173:105-119. [PMID: 26859778 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The mercapturic acid pathway (MAP) is a major phase II detoxification route, comprising the conjugation of electrophilic substances to glutathione (GSH) in a reaction catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. In mammals, GSH-conjugates are exported from cells, and the GSH-constituent amino acids (Glu/Gly) are subsequently removed by ectopeptidases. The resulting Cys-conjugates are reabsorbed and, finally, a mercapturic acid is generated through N-acetylation. This pathway, though very well characterized in mammals, is poorly studied in non-mammalian biological models, such as bivalve mollusks, which are key organisms in aquatic ecosystems, aquaculture activities and environmental studies. In the present work, the compound 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was used as a model electrophile to study the MAP in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas. Animals were exposed to 10μM CDNB and MAP metabolites were followed over 24h in the seawater and in oyster tissues (gills, digestive gland and hemolymph). A rapid decay was detected for CDNB in the seawater (half-life 1.7h), and MAP metabolites peaked in oyster tissues as soon as 15min for the GSH-conjugate, 1h for the Cys-conjugate, and 4h for the final metabolite (mercapturic acid). Biokinetic modeling of the MAP supports the fast CDNB uptake and metabolism, and indicated that while gills are a key organ for absorption, initial biotransformation, and likely metabolite excretion, hemolymph is a possible milieu for metabolite transport along different tissues. CDNB-induced GSH depletion (4h) was followed by increased GST activity (24h) in the gills, but not in the digestive gland. Furthermore, the transcript levels of glutamate-cysteine ligase, coding for the rate limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, and two phase II biotransformation genes (GSTpi and GSTo), presented a fast (4h) and robust (∼6-70 fold) increase in the gills. Waterborne exposure to electrophilic compounds affected gills, but not digestive gland, while intramuscular exposure was able to modulate biochemical parameters in both tissues. This study is the first evidence of a fully functional and interorgan MAP pathway in bivalves. Hemolymph was shown to be responsible for the metabolic interplay among tissues, and gills, acting as a powerful GSH-dependent metabolic barrier against waterborne electrophilic substances, possibly also participating in metabolite excretion into the sea water. Altogether, experimental and modeled data fully agree with the existence of a classical mechanism for phase II xenobiotic metabolism and excretion in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Trevisan
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil; Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88034-001 Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Danielle F Mello
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Delapedra
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Danilo G H Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Miriam Arl
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Naissa M Danielli
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marc Metian
- International Atomic Energy Agency-Environment Laboratories (IAEA-EL), 4a Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000 Principality of Monaco, Monaco
| | - Eduardo A Almeida
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Alcir L Dafre
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
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10
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Cochran RE, Laskina O, Jayarathne T, Laskin A, Laskin J, Lin P, Sultana C, Lee C, Moore KA, Cappa CD, Bertram TH, Prather KA, Grassian VH, Stone EA. Analysis of Organic Anionic Surfactants in Fine and Coarse Fractions of Freshly Emitted Sea Spray Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2477-86. [PMID: 26828238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of organic compounds in freshly emitted sea spray aerosol (SSA) has been shown to be size-dependent, with an increasing organic fraction in smaller particles. Here we have used electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry in negative ion mode to identify organic compounds in nascent sea spray collected throughout a 25 day mesocosm experiment. Over 280 organic compounds from ten major homologous series were tentatively identified, including saturated (C8-C24) and unsaturated (C12-C22) fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives (including saturated oxo-fatty acids (C5-C18) and saturated hydroxy-fatty acids (C5-C18), organosulfates (C2-C7, C12-C17) and sulfonates (C16-C22). During the mesocosm, the distributions of molecules within some homologous series responded to variations among the levels of phytoplankton and bacteria in the seawater. The average molecular weight and carbon preference index of saturated fatty acids significantly decreased within fine SSA during the progression of the mesocosm, which was not observed in coarse SSA, sea-surface microlayer or in fresh seawater. This study helps to define the molecular composition of nascent SSA and biological processes in the ocean relate to SSA composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Cochran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Olga Laskina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Thilina Jayarathne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Peng Lin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Camille Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kathryn A Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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