Occurrence of rare earth elements (REEs) and trace elements (TEs) in feathers of adult and young Gentoo penguins from King George Island, Antarctica

Age-related bioaccumulation of rare earth elements in feathers of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from the Chilean Patagonia

The presence of rare earth elements (REE) in the southern hemisphere, particularly marine ecosystems of Patagonia, have received little attention. The Magellanic penguin, which is also known as the Patagonian penguin, inhabits only in austral regions of South America. Although seabird feathers have been used extensively as a bio-monitoring tool, no studies have addressed the effect of age on REE accumulation in Magellanic penguins. In this study, the concentrations of REE were determined by ICP-MS to detect La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Sc, Lu and Y in the feathers of Magellanic penguins from Magdalena Island, an important rookery in the Strait of Magallan. Age-related differences were studied to investigate the different patterns of REE bioaccumulation between adults and juveniles. The data showed that juvenile penguins exhibit higher REE-levels than adult individuals (p < 0.05). Mean REE-values (μg g-1 d.w) differed several orders of magnitude, ranging from 0.002 for Lu in adults to 1.15 for Ce in juvenile individuals. The results are useful to understand the bioaccumulation of REE in fauna from remote and cold regions of the southern hemisphere.

Mercury and rare earth elements (REEs) show different spatial trends in feathers of Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) breeding along the Adriatic Sea coast, Italy

Feather analysis is an ethical and effective method for assessing the exposure of wild birds to environmental contamination due to trace elements and organic pollutants. We used feather to monitor the exposure to three toxic and non-essential metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) and rare earth elements (REEs) of Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) breeding in different coastal areas (Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Marche, Abruzzo, and Apulia) along the Italian coast of the Adriatic Sea. Feathers (n = 113) were collected from April to June. Feather concentrations evidenced a significant exposure to Hg (13.05 ± 1.71 mg kg-1 dw) and REEs (447.3 ± 52.8 ng g-1 dw) in the Kentish plover breeding in Veneto (n = 21) compared to the other coastal areas, with several individuals showing Hg concentrations above the adverse effect (5 mg kg-1 dw) and high-risk (9.14 mg kg-1 dw) thresholds reported for birds. Higher REE concentrations compared to Marche (n = 29), Abruzzo (n = 11) and Apulia (n = 13) were also reported for birds breeding in Emilia-Romagna (474.9 ± 41.9 ng g-1 dw; n = 29). The exposure to Cd and Pb was low in all the coastal areas, and only a few samples (n = 6 and n = 4 for Cd and Pb, respectively) exceeded the adverse effect thresholds (0.1 and 4 mg kg-1 for Cd and Pb, respectively). A significant sex-related difference was observed for REE-concentrations, with females showing higher concentration than males. These data highlight the need to monitor the exposure of the Kentish plover to Hg and REEs, especially in the northern basin of the Adriatic Sea, since these elements might negatively affect species' reproductive success and threaten its conservation.

Effects of rare earth element samarium doped zinc oxide nanoparticles on Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819): Filtration rates and histopathology

BACKGROUND

Doping was reported to improve the photo catalytic performance, antioxidant, antibacterial and other biological properties of nanoparticles. While, improving the nanoparticle properties, doping could change toxicity profile to living organism. Hence, the aim of this work was to assess the effects of samarium doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Sm doped ZnO NPs) on the edible mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.

METHODS

Sm doped ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. 156 mussels were exposed during 7 days to a low, intermediate and high concentration of Sm doped ZnO NPs (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L, respectively). The filtration rates were assessed after 1 and 2 h. Histopathological alterations were determined in gills, digestive glands and gonads using a quantitative analysis.

RESULTS

The filtration rates decreased in all individuals exposed to Sm doped ZnO NPs, a significant decrease was noted with the low and intermediate concentration (0.5 and 1 mg/L) of Sm doped ZnO NPs after 1 and 2 h, respectively. The histopathological index (Ih) estimated for gills, digestive glands and gonads showed differences depending on the organ and the nanoparticle concentration. The highest Ih were reported for digestive glands and female gonads exposed to the intermediate concentration (1 mg/L) of Sm doped ZnO NPs. As for gills and male gonads, the highest Ih were noted with the high concentration (1.5 mg/L) of Sm doped ZnO NPs.

CONCLUSION

Results from this study revealed the toxicity of Sm doped ZnO NPs in Mytilus galloprovincialis gills, digestive glands and gonads. The toxicity induced by this nanoparticle varies depending on the organ and the concentration.

Burden of rare earth elements and trace elements in feathers of magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from the southern Chilean Patagonia

Patagonia is one of the last pristine regions on the southern hemisphere. The impact of rare earth element (REEs) and trace elements (TEs) in this region have received little attention. The main goal was to assess REEs burden in feathers of adult magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Sampling was performed at Magdalena Island of the Chilean Patagonia during the austral summer of 2011. Multi-elemental determination of 16 REEs and 24 TEs was performed with ICP-MS. The levels of REEs, TEs, and stable isotopes (δ15N, δ13C, and δ34S) were measured to assess the factors that condition the avian exposure to environmental contaminants. The results showed an increase of the levels of REEs and TEs from the calamus to the feather's tip. In the whole feather, the highest levels corresponded to Ce, which exhibited more than two order of magnitude than Lu and Tm levels. Similar to other penguin species, magellanic penguins can be vectors of REEs and metals in remote regions. Stable isotopes revealed that trophic ecology may influence some of the element concentrations in feathers of magellanic penguins, an issue that requires deeper attention.

Concentration of fifty-six elements in excreta of penguins from the Antarctic Peninsula area

Seabird feces as indicators of the exposure to environmental contaminants have been studied worldwide. Penguins are indicator species for marine pollution, but their role as biovectors of rare earth elements (REEs) to ecosystems have been little studied. The present study quantified the concentration of REEs and trace elements (TEs) in feces of gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua). Adult penguin excreta from Fildes Bay (King George Island) and Yelcho Base (Palmer Archipelago) were collected and then analyzed by ICP-MS. Among REEs, levels ranged from 0.0038 to 1.02 μg g^-1 d.w. for Lu and Ce, respectively. For TEs, the levels varied widely through the sample set, with Al, Fe, Sr, Zn and Ti as the highest mean levels, particularly at Fildes Bay. The data show that gentoo penguins act as a biovector organism by transporting TEs and REEs from the sea to land via excreta, reaffirming that this species acts as an important biovector organism in Antarctic ecosystems. The potential impacts of this process on Antarctic ecosystems needs further research.