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Zaid SSM, Ruslee SS, Mokhtar MH. Protective Roles of Honey in Reproductive Health: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113322. [PMID: 34205972 PMCID: PMC8197897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, most people who lead healthy lifestyles tend to use natural products as supplements, complementary medicine or alternative treatments. Honey is God's precious gift to mankind. Honey has been highly appreciated and extensively used since ancient history due to its high nutritional and therapeutic values. It is also known to enhance fertility. In the last few decades, the important role of honey in modern medicine has been acknowledged due to the large body of convincing evidence derived from extensive laboratory studies and clinical investigations. Honey has a highly complex chemical and biological composition that consists of various essential bioactive compounds, enzymes, amino and organic acids, acid phosphorylase, phytochemicals, carotenoid-like substances, vitamins and minerals. Reproductive health and fertility rates have declined in the last 30 years. Therefore, this review aimed to highlight the protective role of honey as a potential therapeutic in maintaining reproductive health. The main role of honey is to enhance fertility and treat infertility problems by acting as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy for protecting the vagina and uterus from atrophy, protecting against the toxic effects of xeno-oestrogenic agents on female reproductive functions and helping in the treatment of gynaecological disorders, such as vulvovaginal candidiasis infection, that affect women's lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Sarah Mohamad Zaid
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9769-6742
| | - Siti Suraya Ruslee
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Helmy Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
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Chakraborty D, Gupta K, Biswas S. A mechanistic insight of phytoestrogens used for Rheumatoid arthritis: An evidence-based review. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111039. [PMID: 33254019 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the potential therapeutic benefits offered by naturally occurring phytoestrogens necessitate inspection of their potency and sites of action in impeding the chronic, systemic, autoimmune, joint destructing disorder Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Possessing structural and functional similarity with human estrogen, phytoestrogen promisingly replaces the use of hormone therapy in eradicating RA symptoms with their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenesis, immunomodulatory, joint protection properties abolishing the harmful side effects of synthetic drugs. Scientific evidences revealed that use of phytoestrogens from different chemical categories including flavonoids, alkaloids, stilbenoids derived from different plant species manifest beneficial effects on RA through various cellular mechanisms including suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in particular tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin(IL-6) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and destructive metalloproteinases, inhibition of oxidative stress, suppressing inflammatory signalling pathways, attenuating osteoclastogenesis ameliorating cartilage degradation and bone erosion. This review summarizes the evidences of different phytoestrogen treatment and their pharmacological mechanisms in both in vitro and in vivo studies along with discussing clinical evaluations in RA patients showing phytoestrogen as a promising agent for RA therapy. Further investigations and more clinical trials are mandatory to clarify the utility of these plant derived compounds in RA prevention and in managing oestrogen deficient diseases in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Chakraborty
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR - Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Kriti Gupta
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR - Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Sagarika Biswas
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR - Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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3
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Kauffmann P, Rau A, Seidlová-Wuttke D, Jarry H, Schminke B, Matthes S, Wiese KG. Effect of dihydrotestosterone, 17-β-estrogen, genistein and equol on remodeling and morphology of bone in osteoporotic male rats during bone healing. Bone Rep 2020; 13:100300. [PMID: 32802919 PMCID: PMC7419585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17-β-estrogen (E2), genistein (GEN) and equol (EQ) on bone remodeling and bone morphology during healing of osteoporotic male rat tibiae. Materials and methods 180 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided in 5 groups of 36 animals. After orchidectomy (ORX) and development of osteoporosis, trepanation of the tibia was performed. Until the time of trepanation all groups received soya free food (SF), then food change occurred and treatment started. At day 95, 102 and 151, samples were taken and histomorphometry was performed to analyze changes in bone structure under treatment. At day 33 and 70 all animals received calcein respective alizarin for polychrome bone labeling. Results The cortical bone was particularly affected. Treatment with DHT and E2 led to a significant long-term expansion of the thickness of the diaphyseal cortical bone, while the phytoestrogens EQ and GEN only had a positive short-term effect in this area. Only E2 preserved the trabecular bone for a limited time. In all groups, periosteal and endosteal bone areas showed the highest bone formation activity. The osteoporotic male injured bone shows a shift in mineral apposition rate (MAR) from periosteal to endosteal bone in the SF, DHT and E2 groups but not in the GEN and EQ phytohormones groups. An MAR decrease in trabecular bone formation was observed at day 70 in all groups except the E2 group. Conclusion We conclude from our results that healing of cortical bone defects in a rat model of male osteoporosis are mainly influenced by the estrogen pathway. Nevertheless, effects via purely androgenic mechanisms can also be demonstrated. The role of a phytohormone therapy is only marginal and if only useful for a short-term supportive approach. The role of the periosteal to endosteal shift during male osteoporotic bone healing needs to be further examined. The estrogen pathway is leading in the healing osteoporotic male rat bone. Osteoporotic rat bone has the highest apposition rate in the periosteal area. Healing increases periosteal, endosteal and decreases trabecular bone formation. The highest apposition rate shifts from periosteal to endosteal bone during healing. Testosterone as a drug could harness positive estrogenic and androgenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kauffmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37099 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anna Rau
- Department of Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37099 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dana Seidlová-Wuttke
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37099 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hubertus Jarry
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37099 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Boris Schminke
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37099 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Swantje Matthes
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37099 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Karl Günter Wiese
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37099 Goettingen, Germany
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Song H, Hughes JR, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT, Doerge DR, Helferich WG. (±)-Equol does not interact with genistein on estrogen-dependent breast tumor growth. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:110979. [PMID: 31786350 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Equol (EQ) is a prominent microbial metabolite of the soy isoflavone, daidzein, with estrogen-like properties. The major soy isoflavone, genistein (GEN), stimulated growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancer (EDBC) cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo but EQ did not. To understand possible interactions of EQ and GEN on EDBC, EQ was used with GEN in combination in vitro and in vivo. Effects of EQ, GEN and EQ + GEN were evaluated using MCF-7 and T47D EDBC. Ovariectomized athymic mice were used as a model for in vivo tumor growth. Dietary EQ had no effect on MCF-7 tumor growth and the absence of effect was confirmed using a T47D EDBC in vivo model. EQ alone or in combination with GEN increased EDBC cell proliferation in vitro. EQ alone neither stimulated EDBC tumor growth in vivo at various doses nor suppressed tumor growth induced by dietary GEN. In summary, EQ has similar estrogenic effect as GEN in vitro but does not interact with GEN on EDBC tumor growth. Based on the evidence presented here, dietary EQ is unlikely to have estrogenic effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Song
- School of Nursing, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
| | - Jennifer R Hughes
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Science, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Science, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Daniel R Doerge
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - William G Helferich
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA.
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Zheng X, Lee SK, Chun OK. Soy Isoflavones and Osteoporotic Bone Loss: A Review with an Emphasis on Modulation of Bone Remodeling. J Med Food 2016; 19:1-14. [PMID: 26670451 PMCID: PMC4717511 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder that affects both women and men, although estrogen deficiency induced by menopause accelerates bone loss in older women. As the demographic shifts to a more aged population, a growing number of men and women will be afflicted with osteoporosis. Since the current drug therapies available have multiple side effects, including increased risk of developing certain types of cancer or complications, a search for potential nonpharmacologic alternative therapies for osteoporosis is of prime interest. Soy isoflavones (SI) have demonstrated potential bone-specific effects in a number of studies. This article provides a systematic review of studies on osteoporotic bone loss in relation to SI intake from diet or supplements to comprehensively explain how SI affect the modulation of bone remodeling. Evidence from epidemiologic studies supports that dietary SI attenuate menopause-induced osteoporotic bone loss by decreasing bone resorption and stimulating bone formation. Other studies have also illustrated that bone site-specific trophic and synergistic effects combined with exercise intervention might contribute to improve the bioavailability of SI or strengthen the bone-specific effects. To date, however, the effects of dietary SI on osteoporotic bone loss remain inconclusive, and study results vary from study to study. The current review will discuss the potential factors that result in the conflicting outcomes of these studies, including dosages, intervention materials, study duration, race, and genetic differences. Further well-designed studies are needed to fully understand the underlying mechanism and evaluate the effects of SI on osteoporosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zheng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sun-Kyeong Lee
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ock K. Chun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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6
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Tousen Y, Ishiwata H, Ishimi Y, Ikegami S. Equol, a Metabolite of Daidzein, Is More Efficient than Daidzein for Bone Formation in Growing Female Rats. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1349-1354. [PMID: 26096577 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the effects of isoflavones and particularly equol, a metabolite of the isoflavone daidzein, on bone formation during the growth period in animals. The present study investigated the effects of orally administered daidzein or equol on bone formation and bone mineral density in growing female rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 3 weeks, were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) as follows: rats were orally administered a corn oil, 8 mg/day of daidzein, 4 mg/day of equol or 8 mg/day of equol in corn oil for 4 weeks. Daidzein and equol increased the bone mineral density of growing female rats by stimulating bone formation without exhibiting a substantial effect on the weight of their reproductive organs. Bone growth caused by increased bone mineralizing surface and bone formation rate in rats administered with equol was approximately twice that of rats administered with daidzein. These results suggest that equol might be more efficient than daidzein for bone formation in growing female rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tousen
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Hajimu Ishiwata
- Department of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University, 550 Iwase, Mastudo, Chiba, 271-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ishimi
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Sachie Ikegami
- Department of Home Economics, Otsuma Woman's University, 12 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8357, Japan
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Li C, Li Q, Liu R, Niu Y, Pan Y, Zhai Y, Mei Q. Medicinal herbs in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:1-22. [PMID: 24467532 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease with wide prevalence, especially in the elderly population. Osteoporosis induced fractures not only decrease the patient's life quality, but also cause heavy financial burden to the society. Although current medications for osteoporosis are effective, numerous adverse effects have been observed accompanying their clinical applications. Effective prevention and therapy strategies with high safety are critical, which benefit both individual patients and the whole society. Traditional Chinese medicines have been used for thousands of years to treat bone related diseases in China and a number of modern preparations have been developed that are currently commercially available. In addition, several medicinal herbs demonstrated therapeutic effects against osteoporosis in animal models. This paper reviewed the anti-osteoporotic effects of traditional Chinese formulas, medicinal herbs and bioactive constituents based on clinical trials and in vivo animal studies. Due to the lack of rigorous studies to compare the effectiveness with conventional interventions, traditional formulas are recommended as alternative medications or supplements to treat osteoporosis at the current stage. Although there are abundant natural resources with anti-osteoporotic effects, either in the form of medicinal herbs or bioactive components, much work need to be accomplished before they are developed into potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenrui Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
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Legette L, Prasain J, King J, Arabshahi A, Barnes S, Weaver CM. Pharmacokinetics of equol, a soy isoflavone metabolite, changes with the form of equol (dietary versus intestinal production) in ovariectomized rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1294-300. [PMID: 24446705 PMCID: PMC3983397 DOI: 10.1021/jf400097m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that soy isoflavones and their metabolites may play a role in mitigating postmenopausal bone loss. Equol, a metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein produced by intestinal bacteria, has shown some potential, but only 30-50% of the U.S. population is capable of converting dietary daidzein to equol. There are limited data on the pharmacokinetics of dietary racemic equol and its metabolites. This study was conducted to assess the levels of equol and its conjugates in plasma for a 24 h period resulting from oral administration of dietary daidzein and racemic equol in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Plasma samples were analyzed for conjugated and free forms of equol using LC-MS/MS. The maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and time to reach it (t(max)) for total equol (conjugated and unconjugated) were 8815 ± 2988 nmol/L and 2.17 ± 2.91 h and 3682 ± 2675 nmol/L and 20.67 ± 4.67 h, for dietary equol and daidzein, respectively. Although the majority of equol metabolites present were glucuronide conjugates (≥99%), there were low levels of equol monosulfate present. The changes in equol metabolism, specifically equol conjugates, due to the form of equol may play a role in the potential health benefits of equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeCole
L. Legette
- Department
of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeevan Prasain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Jennifer King
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Ali Arabshahi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Connie M. Weaver
- Department
of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- (C.M.W.) Phone: (765) 494-8237. Fax: (765) 494-0674. E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflavones are an alternative to hormonal therapy for the relief of menopausal symptoms. Since isoflavones interact with estrogen receptors it has been hypothesized that such substances may have an effect on bone health. OBJECTIVE To clarify the effect of isoflavones on bone at experimental and clinical level, and to identify areas that require further clarification and research. METHOD A systematic review of studies involving isoflavones and bone health was performed, and a specific search on isoflavone's mechanism of action and the importance of equol production was made based on Internet search engines, MEDLINE (1966-October 2012) and the Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register. This search was supplemented by a handsearch of reference lists of selected papers. RESULTS In vitro and animal studies show a positive effect of isoflavones on bone which has not been clearly confirmed by long-term human trials. Equol producers seem to present a more positive response to isoflavone intervention. Isoflavone rich diets could help maintain peak bone mass in premenopausal women. The effect of isoflavones in perimenopausal women is insufficiently studied but it seems to attenuate bone loss in the menopausal transition. In postmenopause, isoflavones may present a modest benefit but its clinical relevance in preventing osteoporotic fractures remains to be determined. CONCLUSIONS The present review suggests that isoflavone increase bone mineral density and decrease the bone turnover resorption markers. The effect of soy isoflavones on BMD is mediated by equol production, reproductive status, supplement type, isoflavone dose and intervention duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camil Castelo-Branco
- Institut Clinic of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, and Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biome` diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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Chiang SS, Pan TM. Beneficial effects of phytoestrogens and their metabolites produced by intestinal microflora on bone health. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:1489-500. [PMID: 23318837 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are a class of bioactive compounds derived from plants and exert various estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. Estrogen deficiency osteoporosis has become a serious problem in elderly women. The use of ovariectomized (OVX) rat or mice models to simulate the postmenopausal condition is well established. This review aimed to clarify the sources, biochemistry, absorption, metabolism, and mode of action of phytoestrogens on bone health in intervention studies. In vitro, phytoestrogens promote protein synthesis, osteoprotegerin/receptor activation of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand ratio, and mineralization by osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1). In the OVX murine model, administration of phytoestrogens can inhibit differentiation and activation of osteoclasts, expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and secretion of pyridinoline compound. Phytoestrogens also enhance bone formation and increase bone mineral density and levels of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and α1(I) collagen. Results of mechanistic studies have indicated that phytoestrogens suppress the rate of bone resorption and enhance the rate of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Shih Chiang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Kelly MJ, Rønnekleiv OK. Membrane-initiated actions of estradiol that regulate reproduction, energy balance and body temperature. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:376-87. [PMID: 22871514 PMCID: PMC3618441 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that many of the actions of estrogens in the central nervous system are mediated via intracellular receptor/transcription factors that interact with steroid response elements on target genes. However, there now exists compelling evidence for membrane estrogen receptors in hypothalamic and other brain neurons. But, it is not well understood how estrogens signal via membrane receptors, and how these signals impact not only membrane excitability but also gene transcription in neurons. Indeed, it has been known for sometime that estrogens can rapidly alter neuronal activity within seconds, indicating that some cellular effects can occur via membrane delimited events. In addition, estrogens can affect second messenger systems including calcium mobilization and a plethora of kinases to alter cell signaling. Therefore, this review will consider our current knowledge of rapid membrane-initiated and intracellular signaling by estrogens in the hypothalamus, the nature of receptors involved and how they contribute to homeostatic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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12
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Evanson KW, Stone AJ, Samraj E, Benson T, Prisby R, Kluess HA. Influence of estradiol supplementation on neuropeptide Y neurotransmission in skeletal muscle arterioles of F344 rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R651-7. [PMID: 22832533 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00072.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of estradiol on neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurotransmission in skeletal muscle resistance vessels have not been described. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of long-term estradiol supplementation on NPY overflow, degradation, and vasoconstriction in gastrocnemius first-order arterioles of adult female rats. Female rats (4 mo; n = 34) were ovariectomized (OVX) with a subset (n = 17) receiving an estradiol pellet (OVE; 17β-estradiol, 4 μg/day). After conclusion of the treatment phase (8 wk), arterioles were excised, placed in a physiological saline solution (PSS) bath, and cannulated with micropipettes connected to albumin reservoirs. NPY-mediated vasoconstriction via a Y(1)-agonist [Leu31Pro34]NPY decreased vessel diameter 44.54 ± 3.95% compared with baseline; however, there were no group differences in EC(50) (OVE: -8.75 ± 0.18; OVX: -8.63 ± 0.10 log M [Leu31Pro34]NPY) or slope (OVE: -1.11 ± 0.25; OVX: -1.65 ± 0.34% baseline/log M [Leu31Pro34]NPY). NPY did not potentiate norepinephrine-mediated vasoconstriction. NPY overflow experienced a slight increase following field stimulation and significantly increased (P < 0.05) over control conditions in the presence of a DPPIV inhibitor (diprotin A). Estradiol status did not affect DPPIV activity. These data suggest that NPY can induce a moderate decrease in vessel diameter in skeletal muscle first-order arterioles, and DPPIV is active in mitigating NPY overflow in young adult female rats. Long-term estradiol supplementation did not influence NPY vasoconstriction, overflow, or its enzymatic breakdown in skeletal muscle first-order arterioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk W Evanson
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA
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Wolff RB, Teixeira Gomes RC, Verna C, Cristofani Maioral GCC, Rampazo TC, Simões RS, Baracat EC, Soares Júnior JM. Aspectos moleculares dos esteroides sexuais sobre a cartilagem e os ossos. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-42302012000400023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Bastos Wolff R, Teixeira Gomes RC, Verna C, Cristofani Maioral GCC, Cristina Rampazo T, Santos Simões R, Chada Baracat E, Soares Júnior JM. Molecular features of sexual steroids on cartilage and bone. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0104-4230(12)70235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Keiler AM, Papke A, Kretzschmar G, Zierau O, Vollmer G. Long-term effects of the rhapontic rhubarb extract ERr 731® on estrogen-regulated targets in the uterus and on the bone in ovariectomized rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 128:62-8. [PMID: 21946530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of ERr 731(®), a commercially available extract isolated from Rheum rhaponticum, in terms of menopausal complaints like hot flushes, depression, anxiety and vaginal dryness has been proven in a two-year clinical study. Further a recent preclinical study excluded unwanted side effects on the endometrium by showing a lack of stimulation of proliferation marker genes by ERr 731(®) or its constituents in the 3-day uterotrophic assay. The present study aimed at further substantiating the safety of ERr 731(®) in terms of endometrial hyperplasia and at the same time test for potential estrogenic effects in the bone. Therefore, ovariectomized (ovx) rats were treated in a dietary long-term administration for 90 days. Hence, the modulation of proliferation in the uterus was investigated by examining the effects on the mRNA expression of proliferation marker genes (Mki67, Pcna), on the estrogen-responsive gene C3 and on the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ. We additionally performed densitometry analysis of the proximal tibia metaphysis using peripheral computed tomography (pQCT) and quantified bone homeostasis markers in the serum to examine potential effects on the bone. In this study design, neither an uterotrophic response nor a modulation of proliferation marker genes on mRNA level has been observed as response to the long-term application of the rhapontic extract. Furthermore, no impact of the two administered ERr 731(®) doses on the E2 deprivation-induced bone loss has been evident at the end of the study. In conclusion, the observations from previous trials regarding the endometrial safety of ERr 731(®) have been supported by our experimental findings that exclude a stimulatory activity on proliferation in the uterus in a long-term administration in the young adult rat but no effect on the bone mineral density could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annekathrin Martina Keiler
- Institute for Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Yoneda T, Ueno T, Uchiyama S. S-equol and the fermented soy product SE5-OH containing S-equol similarly decrease ovariectomy-induced increase in rat tail skin temperature in an animal model of hot flushes. Menopause 2011; 18:814-20. [PMID: 21451423 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318208fb0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the effect of SE5-OH, a fermented soy product containing S-equol, with purified S-equol on hot flushes in an ovariectomized rat model. METHODS Eleven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to either the sham group (vehicle; n = 30) or one of four ovariectomized groups: control (vehicle; n = 30), conjugated equine estrogens (CEE; 6.0 mg kg(-1) d(-1) CEE; n = 10), SE5-OH (2,000 mg kg(-1) d(-1) SE5-OH containing 11.7 mg kg(-1) d(-1) as S-equol; n = 30), and S-equol (11.7 mg kg(-1) d(_1) S-equol; n = 30). Three days after sham operation or ovariectomy, animals were treated once daily for 38 days. Tail skin temperature (TST) was assessed on days 21, 28, and 35 after surgery. Plasma estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels and uterine weight and uteri histology were evaluated at the end of treatment. RESULTS The rise in TST resulting from ovariectomy was inhibited by CEE, SE5-OH, and S-equol. Compared with the control, TST was decreased by 68.9% and 86.2% in SE5-OH group on days 21 and 28, respectively (P = 0.014, 0.020), and by 60.1% and 89.1% in S-equol group, respectively (P = 0.038, 0.016). Unlike in the CEE group, plasma estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, uterine weight, epithelial height, stromal expansion, and myometrial thickness were not affected in SE5-OH and S-equol groups. CONCLUSIONS The results of this animal model of hot flushes suggest that S-equol is one of the primary components of SE5-OH and that both SE5-OH and S-equol represent promising alternatives for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Clinical research is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yoneda
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saga, Japan.
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17
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Natural S-equol decreases bone resorption in postmenopausal, non-equol-producing Japanese women. Menopause 2011; 18:563-74. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181f85aa7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Roepke TA, Bosch MA, Rick EA, Lee B, Wagner EJ, Seidlova-Wuttke D, Wuttke W, Scanlan TS, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. Contribution of a membrane estrogen receptor to the estrogenic regulation of body temperature and energy homeostasis. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4926-37. [PMID: 20685867 PMCID: PMC2946146 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key region of the central nervous system involved in the control of homeostasis, including energy and core body temperature (Tc). 17β-Estradiol (E2) regulates Tc, in part, via actions in the basal hypothalamus and preoptic area. E2 primarily controls hypothalamic functions via the nuclear steroid receptors, estrogen receptor α/β. However, we have previously described an E2-responsive, Gq-coupled membrane receptor that reduces the postsynaptic inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic tone and attenuates postovariectomy body weight gain in female guinea pigs through the administration of a selective Gq-mER ligand, STX. To determine the role of Gq-mER in regulating Tc, energy and bone homeostasis, ovariectomized female guinea pigs, implanted ip with temperature probes, were treated with STX or E2 for 7-8 wk. Tc was recorded for 4 wk, whereas food intake and body weight were monitored daily. Bone density and fat accumulation were determined postmortem. Both E2 and STX significantly reduced Tc in the females compared with controls. STX, similar to E2, reduced food intake and fat accumulation and increased tibial bone density. Therefore, a Gq-mER-coupled signaling pathway appears to be involved in maintaining homeostatic functions and may constitute a novel therapeutic target for treatment of hypoestrogenic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Roepke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mail Code L334, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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19
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de Almeida Jackix E, Cúneo F, Amaya-Farfan J, de Assunção JV, Quintaes KD. A food supplement of hydrolyzed collagen improves compositional and biodynamic characteristics of vertebrae in ovariectomized rats. J Med Food 2010; 13:1385-90. [PMID: 20874246 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen hydrolysates (CHs) are mixtures of peptides obtained by partial hydrolysis of gelatins that are receiving scientific attention as potential oral supplements for the recovery of osteoarticular tissues. The effect of supplementing the diets with a CH was assessed in 48 ovariectomized rats by analyzing the compositional and biomechanical characteristics of the bone. Six groups of rats (three ovariectomized, one sham-operated, and two intact) were fed a standard diet, supplemented with either CH or gelatin (Control), at two levels: a dose equivalent to five times the amount suggested for humans (10 g/day) or another 10 times greater. After 8 weeks, the femora and vertebrae were excised, the blood was collected, and serum alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were determined. Bone weight, total protein, and biomechanical strength were also determined. The vertebrae of the ovariectomized group that received the higher dosage of CH withstood a load four times greater and exhibited higher levels of protein and osteocalcin content than those receiving either gelatin or no supplement. CH supplementation at the higher level in the ovariectomized rat had an unequivocal contribution in the conservation or preservation of vertebral mass, protein content, and mechanical strength not seen when gelatin was used as a supplement. Similar treatment of the intact rat with the CH, however, appeared to have the opposite effect.
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Sehmisch S, Erren M, Kolios L, Tezval M, Seidlova-Wuttke D, Wuttke W, Stuermer KM, Stuermer EK. Effects of isoflavones equol and genistein on bone quality in a rat osteopenia model. Phytother Res 2010; 24 Suppl 2:S168-74. [PMID: 20013821 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens might be an alternative medication in prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. In this study, the osteoprotective effects of genistein (GEN) and equol (EQO) were evaluated. After ovariectomy, 44 rats received soy-free food (Control, C) and developed substantial osteoporosis over the course of two months. After that period, the rats were divided into different groups and fed estradiol (E), GEN or EQO for 35 days. To analyze the osteoprotective effects of the tested substances, bone biomechanical properties and histomorphometric changes of the lumbar vertebrae were evaluated. In analyzing the vertebral body compression strength, we found that the EQO (103.8%) and GEN (96.8%) groups reached similar levels relative to the E group, while the C group reached 77.7% of the biomechanical properties of the E group. EQO was significantly superior to C. The histomorphometric evaluation demonstrated an increased number of nodes in EQO- and E-treated rats compared to GEN- and C-treated rats. E led to an improvement of cortical as well as trabecular bone, an advantage that was only partly seen in the other groups. Treatment with phytoestrogens induced improved bone quality. EQO and GEN might be alternatives for hormone replacement therapy, although further studies are needed to elucidate possible side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Equol [7-hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-chroman], an isoflavan produced by intestinal bacteria in response to soy isoflavone intake in some but not all humans, exhibits a wide range of biological properties. It exists as the diastereoisomers S-(-)equol and R-(+)equol. Intestinal bacteria produce exclusively S-(-)equol, which has selective affinity for estrogen receptor (ER)-beta. The evidence is conflicting on whether there is an advantage to producing S-(-)equol in response to soy isoflavone intakes, but the ability to now synthesize these diastereoisomers opens the way for future clinical trials to directly examine their potential in a number of hormone-dependent conditions. In this review, the plasma and urinary pharmacokinetics of S-(-)equol and R-(+)equol are reviewed and summarized, and some of the more recent evidence supporting potential biological effects of S-(-)equol is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D. R. Setchell
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and Clinica di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy University of Perugia, Perugia 06156, Italy,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Carlo Clerici
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and Clinica di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy University of Perugia, Perugia 06156, Italy
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Sehmisch S, Uffenorde J, Maehlmeyer S, Tezval M, Jarry H, Stuermer KM, Stuermer EK. Evaluation of bone quality and quantity in osteoporotic mice--the effects of genistein and equol. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:424-430. [PMID: 20036112 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The technology of gene manipulation is often used in mice. A crucial point for osteoporosis research is the evaluation of biomechanical and morphologic parameters. These parameters, however, are difficult to measure in mice. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates the capability of using techniques for the evaluation of bone quality and quantity after various treatments in osteopenic mice. After ovariectomy, 60 C57BL/6J mice were divided into 4 groups and were fed a soy-free diet (C) supplemented with estradiol, genistein or equol for 3 months. To analyze the osteoprotective effects of the tested supplements, we evaluated the bone biomechanical properties, histomorphometric changes and bone mineral density of the proximal tibiae metaphysis. The biomechanical parameters of genistein (GEN) were shown to be similar to those levels observed with estradiol (E). The biomechanical parameters of both GEN and E were significantly superior to those observed with C. Supplementation with equol (EQO) demonstrated higher mean biomechanical values than those observed with C. The histomorphometric evaluation demonstrated an increased number of nodes in mice treated with GEN and E as compared to the mice treated with EQO and C. Treatment with E and EQO led to improved cortical bone, which was only partly seen with the mice treated with GEN. The analysis of the bone mineral density (BMD) demonstrated that treatment with GEN and E resulted in a significant improvement as compared to the mice treated with C, while the cancellous density was significantly increased in all of the supplementation groups. This study conclusively demonstrated that bone quality and quantity parameters can be measured in mice. Furthermore, biomechanical and morphologic evaluations were shown to be reliable for use in mice. Further studies may combine these techniques with gene manipulation technology to better understand osteoporosis. Treatment with GEN resulted in improved biomechanical results and enhancement of morphologic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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23
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Legette LL, Martin BR, Shahnazari M, Lee WH, Helferich WG, Qian J, Waters DJ, Arabshahi A, Barnes S, Welch J, Bostwick DG, Weaver CM. Supplemental dietary racemic equol has modest benefits to bone but has mild uterotropic activity in ovariectomized rats. J Nutr 2009; 139:1908-13. [PMID: 19710157 PMCID: PMC2744611 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.108225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavones and their metabolites, with estrogenic activity, have been considered candidates for reducing postmenopausal bone loss. In this study, we examined the effect of dietary equol, a bioactive metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein, on equol tissue distribution, bone parameters, and reproductive tissue activity using an adult ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. An 8-wk feeding study was conducted to compare 4 dietary treatments of equol (0, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg diet) in 6-mo-old OVX female Sprague-Dawley rats. A dose response increase in tissue equol concentrations was observed for serum, liver, kidney, and heart, and a plateau occurred at 100 mg equol/kg diet for intestine. In OVX rats receiving 200 mg equol/kg diet, femoral calcium concentration was greater than those receiving lower doses but was still less than SHAM (P < 0.05), and other bone measures were not improved. Tibia calcium concentrations were lower in OVX rats receiving 100 and 200 mg equol/kg diet compared with the OVX control rats. Trabecular bone mineral density of tibia was also lower in equol-fed OVX rats. At this dietary equol intake, uterine weight was higher (P < 0.05) than in other OVX groups but lower than the SHAM-operated intact rats. The 200 mg/kg diet dose of dietary equol significantly increased proliferative index in the uterine epithelium. Dietary equol had no stimulatory effect on mammary gland epithelium. We conclude that in OVX rats, a dietary equol dose that had modest effect on bone also exerts mild uterotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeCole L. Legette
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Berdine R. Martin
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Mohammad Shahnazari
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Wang-Hee Lee
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - William G. Helferich
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Junqi Qian
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - David J. Waters
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Alireza Arabshahi
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jo Welch
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - David G. Bostwick
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Connie M. Weaver
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. J Toxicol 2008; 2009:307618. [PMID: 20107584 PMCID: PMC2809433 DOI: 10.1155/2009/307618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of the isoflavones daidzein, genistein, glycitein, and their structural analogues is generally considered beneficial to human health. Equol is not found in soy, but is converted from daidzein by human gut bacterial flora. Research indicates that between 30-50% of the population is capable of converting daidzein to equol; therefore, there has been recent development of a new equol-rich functional food that relies on bacterial conversion of daidzein to equol under strictly controlled conditions. Therefore, a new equol-rich soy product (SE5-OH) has been developed, based on the bacterial conversion of daidzein; and its reproductive and developmental toxicity has been evaluated in a two-generation study and a developmental toxicity study with Sprague-Dawley rats at dose levels of 200, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day by gavage. SE5-OH contains approximately 0.65% equol, 0.024% daidzein, 0.022% genistein, and 0.30% glycitein. From the reproductive study, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for SE5-OH determined for both male and female rats is 1000 mg/kg/day (6.5 mg equol/kg/day). In the developmental toxicity phase of the study, no effects by SE5-OH were found in the embryo-fetus at any of the doses tested. The NOAEL for developmental effects of SE5-OH is 2000 mg/kg/day (13 mg equol/kg/day).
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