1
|
Su M, Liu X, Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Wu M, Liu K, Yang G, Liu W, Wang L. In Silico and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of 84-B10, a Novel Drug Candidate against Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease. Molecules 2023; 29:159. [PMID: 38202741 PMCID: PMC10780175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have become public health problems due to high morbidity and mortality. Currently, drugs recommended for patients with AKI or CKD are extremely limited, and candidates based on a new mechanism need to be explored. 84-B10 is a novel 3-phenylglutaric acid derivative that can activate the mitochondrial protease, Lon protease 1 (LONP1), and may protect against cisplatin-induced AKI and unilateral ureteral obstruction- or 5/6 nephrectomy [5/6Nx]-induced CKD model. Preclinical studies have shown that 84-B10 has a good therapeutic effect, low toxicity, and is a good prospect for further development. In the present study, the UHPLC-MS/MS method was first validated then applied to the pharmacokinetic study and tissue distribution of 84-B10 in rats. Physicochemical properties of 84-B10 were then acquired in silico. Based on these physicochemical and integral physiological parameters, a physiological based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed using the PK-Sim platform. The fitting accuracy was estimated with the obtained experimental data. Subsequently, the validated model was employed to predict the pharmacokinetic profiles in healthy and chronic kidney injury patients to evaluate potential clinical outcomes. Cmax in CKD patients was about 3250 ng/mL after a single dose of 84-B10 (0.41 mg/kg), and Cmax,ss was 1360 ng/mL after multiple doses. This study may serve in clinical dosage setting in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (M.S.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xianru Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (M.S.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Yuru Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (M.S.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Yatong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (M.S.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Mengqiu Wu
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China;
| | - Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (M.S.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Gangqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (M.S.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Wanhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (M.S.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (M.S.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.L.); (G.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ghosh Dastidar R, Banerjee S, Lal PB, Ghosh Dastidar S. Multifaceted Roles of AFG3L2, a Mitochondrial ATPase in Relation to Neurological Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03768-z. [PMID: 38012514 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
AFG3L2 is a zinc metalloprotease and an ATPase localized in an inner mitochondrial membrane involved in mitochondrial quality control of several nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded proteins. Mutations in AFG3L2 lead to diseases like slow progressive ataxia, which is a neurological disorder. This review delineates the cellular functions of AFG3L2 and its dysfunction that leads to major clinical outcomes, which include spinocerebellar ataxia type 28, spastic ataxia type 5, and optic atrophy type 12. It summarizes all relevant AFG3L2 mutations associated with the clinical outcomes to understand the detailed mechanisms attributable to its structure-related multifaceted roles in proteostasis and quality control. We face early diagnostic challenges of ataxia and optic neuropathy due to asymptomatic parents and variable clinical manifestations due to heterozygosity/homozygosity of AFG3L2 mutations. This review intends to promote AFG3L2 as a putative prognostic or diagnostic marker. Functions, mutations, and clinical manifestations in AFG3L2, a mitochondrial AAA + ATPases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Ghosh Dastidar
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Madhava Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Saradindu Banerjee
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Madhava Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Piyush Behari Lal
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Madhava Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Somasish Ghosh Dastidar
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Madhava Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bai M, Wu M, Jiang M, He J, Deng X, Xu S, Fan J, Miao M, Wang T, Li Y, Yu X, Wang L, Zhang Y, Huang S, Yang L, Jia Z, Zhang A. LONP1 targets HMGCS2 to protect mitochondrial function and attenuate chronic kidney disease. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16581. [PMID: 36629048 PMCID: PMC9906428 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria comprise the central metabolic hub of cells and their imbalance plays a pathogenic role in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here, we studied Lon protease 1 (LONP1), a major mitochondrial protease, as its role in CKD pathogenesis is unclear. LONP1 expression was decreased in human patients and mice with CKD, and tubular-specific Lonp1 overexpression mitigated renal injury and mitochondrial dysfunction in two different models of CKD, but these outcomes were aggravated by Lonp1 deletion. These results were confirmed in renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro. Mechanistically, LONP1 downregulation caused mitochondrial accumulation of the LONP1 substrate, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), which disrupted mitochondrial function and further accelerated CKD progression. Finally, computer-aided virtual screening was performed, which identified a novel LONP1 activator. Pharmacologically, the LONP1 activator attenuated renal fibrosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Collectively, these results imply that LONP1 is a promising therapeutic target for treating CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Bai
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Nanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Mengqiu Wu
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Nanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Mingzhu Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jia He
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xu Deng
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shuang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiaojiao Fan
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Mengqiu Miao
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Nanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug EvaluationYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Songming Huang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Li Yang
- Renal DivisionPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Nanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Nanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roles of LonP1 in Oral-Maxillofacial Developmental Defects and Tumors: A Novel Insight. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113370. [PMID: 36362158 PMCID: PMC9657610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated a central role for LonP1 in mitochondrial function. Its physiological functions include proteolysis, acting as a molecular chaperone, binding mitochondrial DNA, and being involved in cellular respiration, cellular metabolism, and oxidative stress. Given its vital role in energy metabolism, LonP1 has been suggested to be associated with multi-system neoplasms and developmental disorders. In this study, we investigated the roles, possible mechanisms of action, and therapeutic roles of LonP1 in oral and maxillofacial tumor development. LonP1 was highly expressed in oral-maxillofacial cancers and regulated their development through a sig-naling network. LonP1 may therefore be a promising anticancer therapy target. Mutations in LONP1 have been found to be involved in the etiology of cerebral, ocular, dental, auricular, and skeletal syndrome (CODAS). Only patients carrying specific LONP1 mutations have certain dental abnormalities (delayed eruption and abnormal morphology). LonP1 is therefore a novel factor in the development of oral and maxillofacial tumors. Greater research should therefore be conducted on the diagnosis and therapy of LonP1-related diseases to further define LonP1-associated oral phenotypes and their underlying molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jin P, Jiang J, Zhou L, Huang Z, Nice EC, Huang C, Fu L. Mitochondrial adaptation in cancer drug resistance: prevalence, mechanisms, and management. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:97. [PMID: 35851420 PMCID: PMC9290242 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance represents a major obstacle in cancer management, and the mechanisms underlying stress adaptation of cancer cells in response to therapy-induced hostile environment are largely unknown. As the central organelle for cellular energy supply, mitochondria can rapidly undergo dynamic changes and integrate cellular signaling pathways to provide bioenergetic and biosynthetic flexibility for cancer cells, which contributes to multiple aspects of tumor characteristics, including drug resistance. Therefore, targeting mitochondria for cancer therapy and overcoming drug resistance has attracted increasing attention for various types of cancer. Multiple mitochondrial adaptation processes, including mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial metabolism, and mitochondrial apoptotic regulatory machinery, have been demonstrated to be potential targets. However, recent increasing insights into mitochondria have revealed the complexity of mitochondrial structure and functions, the elusive functions of mitochondria in tumor biology, and the targeting inaccessibility of mitochondria, which have posed challenges for the clinical application of mitochondrial-based cancer therapeutic strategies. Therefore, discovery of both novel mitochondria-targeting agents and innovative mitochondria-targeting approaches is urgently required. Here, we review the most recent literature to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial stress adaptation and their intricate connection with cancer drug resistance. In addition, an overview of the emerging strategies to target mitochondria for effectively overcoming chemoresistance is highlighted, with an emphasis on drug repositioning and mitochondrial drug delivery approaches, which may accelerate the application of mitochondria-targeting compounds for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kalvala AK, Yerra VG, Sherkhane B, Gundu C, Arruri V, Kumar R, Kumar A. Chronic hyperglycemia impairs mitochondrial unfolded protein response and precipitates proteotoxicity in experimental diabetic neuropathy: focus on LonP1 mediated mitochondrial regulation. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1627-1644. [PMID: 32720218 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbed mitochondrial homeostasis has been identified to contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy (DN). However, the role of Mitochondrial Lon peptidase 1 (Lonp1) and Heat shock proteins (HSP's) in DN remains elusive. Here we studied the role of these proteins in experimental DN. METHODS Rats were injected with STZ (55 mg/kg, ip) to induce diabetes. After confirmation of diabetes, animals were maintained for 8 weeks to develop neuropathy. Resveratrol was administered at two dose levels 10 and 20 mg/kg for last 2 weeks. Neuronal PC12 cells was challenged with 30 mM of β-D glucose to evaluate the molecular changes. RESULTS Diabetic rats showed reduced expression of various mitochondrial proteases in dorsal root ganglions (DRG). This effect may increase proteotoxicity and diminish electron transport chain (ETC) activity as evident by increased protein oxidation and reduced ETC complexes activities under diabetic condition. In particular, we focused on our efforts to characterize the expression pattern of Lonp1 which was found to be significantly (p < 0.01 vs. control group) under expressed in DRG of diabetic rats. We used Resveratrol to characterize the importance of Lonp1 in regulation of mitochondrial function. High glucose (HG) (30 mM) exposed PC12 cells suggested that Resveratrol treatment attenuated the HG induced mitochondrial damage via induction of mitochondrial proteases. Moreover, siRNA directed against Lonp1 has impaired the activity of Resveratrol in attenuating the HG induced mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSION These results would signify the importance of modulating mitochondrial proteases for the therapeutic management of DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Kalvala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Bala Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Veera Ganesh Yerra
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bhoomika Sherkhane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Bala Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Chayanika Gundu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Bala Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Bala Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Bala Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Bala Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kalvala AK, Khan I, Gundu C, Kumar A. An Overview on ATP Dependent and Independent Proteases Including an Anterograde to Retrograde Control on Mitochondrial Function; Focus on Diabetes and Diabetic Complications. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2584-2594. [PMID: 31317835 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190718153901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the central power stations of the cell involved with a myriad of cell signalling pathways that contribute for whole health status of the cell. It is a well known fact that not only mitochondrial genome encodes for mitochondrial proteins but there are several other mitochondrial specific proteins encoded by nuclear genome which regulate plethora of cell catabolic and anabolic process. Anterograde pathways include nuclear gene encoded proteins and their specific transport into the mitochondria and regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis. The retrograde pathways include crosstalk between the mitochondria and cytoplasmic proteins. Indeed, ATP dependent and independent proteases are identified to be very critical in balancing anterograde to retrograde signalling and vice versa to maintain the cell viability or cell death. Different experimental studies conducted on silencing the genes of these proteases have shown embryonic lethality, cancer cells death, increased hepatic glucose output, insulin tolerance, increased protein exclusion bodies, mitochondrial dysfunction, and defect in mitochondrial biogenesis, increased inflammation, Apoptosis etc. These experimental studies included from eubacteria to eukaryotes. Hence, many lines of theories proposed these proteases are conservative from eubacteria to eukaryotes. However, the regulation of these proteases at gene level is not clearly understood and still research is warranted. In this review, we articulated the origin and regulation of these proteases and the cross talk between the nucleus and mitochondria vice versa, and highlighted the role of these proteases in diabetes and diabetic complications in human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Kalvala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Bala Nagar, India
| | - Islauddin Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Bala Nagar, India
| | - Chayanika Gundu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Bala Nagar, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Bala Nagar, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gibellini L, De Gaetano A, Mandrioli M, Van Tongeren E, Bortolotti CA, Cossarizza A, Pinti M. The biology of Lonp1: More than a mitochondrial protease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 354:1-61. [PMID: 32475470 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Initially discovered as a protease responsible for degradation of misfolded or damaged proteins, the mitochondrial Lon protease (Lonp1) turned out to be a multifaceted enzyme, that displays at least three different functions (proteolysis, chaperone activity, binding of mtDNA) and that finely regulates several cellular processes, within and without mitochondria. Indeed, LONP1 in humans is ubiquitously expressed, and is involved in regulation of response to oxidative stress and, heat shock, in the maintenance of mtDNA, in the regulation of mitophagy. Furthermore, its proteolytic activity can regulate several biochemical pathways occurring totally or partially within mitochondria, such as TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, steroid and heme biosynthesis and glutamine production. Because of these multiple activities, Lon protease is highly conserved throughout evolution, and mutations occurring in its gene determines severe diseases in humans, including a rare syndrome characterized by Cerebral, Ocular, Dental, Auricular and Skeletal anomalies (CODAS). Finally, alterations of LONP1 regulation in humans can favor tumor progression and aggressiveness, further highlighting the crucial role of this enzyme in mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna De Gaetano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Mauro Mandrioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elia Van Tongeren
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Mitochondrial Lon Protease: Novel Functions off the Beaten Track? Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020253. [PMID: 32046155 PMCID: PMC7072132 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain organellar function, mitochondria contain an elaborate endogenous protein quality control system. As one of the two soluble energy-dependent proteolytic enzymes in the matrix compartment, the protease Lon is a major component of this system, responsible for the degradation of misfolded proteins, in particular under oxidative stress conditions. Lon defects have been shown to negatively affect energy production by oxidative phosphorylation but also mitochondrial gene expression. In this review, recent studies on the role of Lon in mammalian cells, in particular on its protective action under diverse stress conditions and its relationship to important human diseases are summarized and commented.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kalvala AK, Yerra VG, Kumar A. LONP1 induction by SRT1720 attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction against high glucose induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
11
|
Wang X, Jin L, Jiang S, Wang D, Lu Y, Zhu L. Transcription regulation of NRF1 on StAR reduces testosterone synthesis in hypoxemic murine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105370. [PMID: 31028793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Male chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and sleep apnea patients are associated with serum testosterone level decline because of hypoxemia, resulting in male sexual dysfunction and lower reproductive capacity. Although testosterone replacement therapy used in clinic achieves good results, the side effects indicates that understanding the mechanism followed with targeted treatments are more meaningful. The known mechanism of Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) mediated steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) repression did not well explain the reason of hypoxia induced testosterone decline. Our primary results indicated Nuclear respiratory factor 1(NRF1) might be participate in StAR transcription regulation. The study aims to identify the mechanism of the regulation of StAR by NRF1, providing an explanation for the decrease of testosterone induced by hypoxemia. Testosterone level and StAR were determined in COPD model rats, sleep apnea model mice and hypoxia rats (10%O2). Results indicated NRF1, StAR and testosterone decreased in testis and ovary and increased in adrenal. Regulation of NRF1 expression under normoxia or hypoxia induced synchronous changes of both StAR and testosterone, indicating the decrease of NRF1 induced StAR repression in hypoxemia were the main cause of serum testosterone decline. The results were confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assays, regulation of NRF1 synchronously altered the transcriptional activity of StAR. By ChIP, EMSA supershift, NRF1 was found to bind to the Star promoter region. Mutation assays identified two NRF1-binding sites on mouse Star promoter. These findings indicated that NRF1 positivly regulated Star transcription through directly binding to the Star promoter at -1445/-1422 and -44/-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China
| | - Liuhan Jin
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China
| | - Yapeng Lu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tugaeva KV, Sluchanko NN. Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein: Structure, Functioning, and Regulation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:S233-S253. [PMID: 31213205 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenesis takes place mainly in adrenal and gonadal cells that produce a variety of structurally similar hormones regulating numerous body functions. The rate-limiting stage of steroidogenesis is cholesterol delivery to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it is converted by cytochrome P450scc into pregnenolone, a common precursor of all steroid hormones. The major role of supplying mitochondria with cholesterol belongs to steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STARD1). STARD1, which is synthesized de novo as a precursor containing mitochondrial localization sequence and sterol-binding domain, significantly accelerates cholesterol transport and production of pregnenolone. Despite a tremendous interest in STARD1 fueled by its involvement in hereditary diseases and extensive efforts of numerous laboratories worldwide, many aspects of STARD1 structure, functioning, and regulation remain obscure and debatable. This review presents current concepts on the structure of STARD1 and other lipid transfer proteins, the role of STARD1 in steroidogenesis, and the mechanism of its functioning, as well as identifies the most controversial and least studied questions related to the activity of this protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K V Tugaeva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - N N Sluchanko
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Department of Biophysics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lebeau J, Rainbolt TK, Wiseman RL. Coordinating Mitochondrial Biology Through the Stress-Responsive Regulation of Mitochondrial Proteases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 340:79-128. [PMID: 30072094 PMCID: PMC6402875 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are localized throughout mitochondria and function as critical regulators of all aspects of mitochondrial biology. As such, the activities of these proteases are sensitively regulated through transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms to adapt mitochondrial function to specific cellular demands. Here, we discuss the stress-responsive mechanisms responsible for regulating mitochondrial protease activity and the implications of this regulation on mitochondrial function. Furthermore, we describe how imbalances in the activity or regulation of mitochondrial proteases induced by genetic, environmental, or aging-related factors influence mitochondria in the context of disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which cells regulate mitochondrial function through alterations in protease activity provide insights into the contributions of these proteases in pathologic mitochondrial dysfunction and reveals new therapeutic opportunities to ameliorate this dysfunction in the context of diverse classes of human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Lebeau
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - T Kelly Rainbolt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lon in maintaining mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1913-1923. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
15
|
Baljinnyam E, Venkatesh S, Gordan R, Mareedu S, Zhang J, Xie LH, Azzam EI, Suzuki CK, Fraidenraich D. Effect of densely ionizing radiation on cardiomyocyte differentiation from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/15/e13308. [PMID: 28801517 PMCID: PMC5555881 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of human cardiac development can be faithfully recapitulated in a culture dish with human pluripotent stem cells, where the impact of environmental stressors can be evaluated. The consequences of ionizing radiation exposure on human cardiac differentiation are largely unknown. In this study, human-induced pluripotent stem cell cultures (hiPSCs) were subjected to an external beam of 3.7 MeV α-particles at low mean absorbed doses of 0.5, 3, and 10 cGy. Subsequently, the hiPSCs were differentiated into beating cardiac myocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Pluripotent and cardiac markers and morphology did not reveal differences between the irradiated and nonirradiated groups. While cell number was not affected during CM differentiation, cell number of differentiated CMs was severely reduced by ionizing radiation in a dose-responsive manner. β-adrenergic stimulation causes calcium (Ca2+) overload and oxidative stress. Although no significant increase in Ca2+ transient amplitude was observed in any group after treatment with 1 μmol/L isoproterenol, the incidence of spontaneous Ca2+ waves/releases was more frequent in hiPSC-CMs of the irradiated groups, indicating arrhythmogenic activities at the single cell level. Increased transcript expression of mitochondrial biomarkers (LONP1, TFAM) and mtDNA-encoded genes (MT-CYB, MT-RNR1) was detected upon differentiation of hiPSC-CMs suggesting increased organelle biogenesis. Exposure of hiPSC-CM cultures to 10 cGy significantly upregulated MT-CYB and MT-RNR1 expression, which may reflect an adaptive response to ionizing radiation. Our results indicate that important aspects of differentiation of hiPSCs into cardiac myocytes may be affected by low fluences of densely ionizing radiations such as α-particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erdene Baljinnyam
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Sundararajan Venkatesh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Richard Gordan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Satvik Mareedu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Carolyn K Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Diego Fraidenraich
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mitohormesis, an Antiaging Paradigm. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 340:35-77. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
17
|
Lee J, Yamazaki T, Dong H, Jefcoate C. A single cell level measurement of StAR expression and activity in adrenal cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:22-30. [PMID: 27521960 PMCID: PMC5896326 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) directs mitochondrial cholesterol uptake through a C-terminal cholesterol binding domain (CBD) and a 62 amino acid N-terminal regulatory domain (NTD) that contains an import sequence and conserved sites for inner membrane metalloproteases. Deletion of the NTD prevents mitochondrial import while maintaining steroidogenesis but with compromised cholesterol homeostasis. The rapid StAR-mediated cholesterol transfer in adrenal cells depends on concerted mRNA translation, p37 StAR phosphorylation and controlled NTD cleavage. The NTD controls this process with two cAMP-inducible modulators of, respectively, transcription and translation SIK1 and TIS11b/Znf36l1. High-resolution fluorescence in situ hybridization (HR-FISH) of StAR RNA resolves slow RNA splicing at the gene loci in cAMP-induced Y-1 cells and transfer of individual 3.5 kB mRNA molecules to mitochondria. StAR transcription depends on the CREB coactivator CRTC2 and PKA inhibition of the highly inducible suppressor kinase SIK1 and a basal counterpart SIK2. PKA-inducible TIS11b/Znf36l1 binds specifically to highly conserved elements in exon 7 thereby suppressing formation of mRNA and subsequent translation. Co-expression of SIK1, Znf36l1 with 3.5 kB StAR mRNA may limit responses to pulsatile signaling by ACTH while regulating the transition to more prolonged stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Takeshi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Colin Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bota DA, Davies KJA. Mitochondrial Lon protease in human disease and aging: Including an etiologic classification of Lon-related diseases and disorders. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:188-198. [PMID: 27387767 PMCID: PMC5183306 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Mitochondrial Lon protease, also called LonP1 is a product of the nuclear gene LONP1. Lon is a major regulator of mitochondrial metabolism and response to free radical damage, as well as an essential factor for the maintenance and repair of mitochondrial DNA. Lon is an ATP-stimulated protease that cycles between being bound (at the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane) to the mitochondrial genome, and being released into the mitochondrial matrix where it can degrade matrix proteins. At least three different roles or functions have been ascribed to Lon: 1) Proteolytic digestion of oxidized proteins and the turnover of specific essential mitochondrial enzymes such as aconitase, TFAM, and StAR; 2) Mitochondrial (mt)DNA-binding protein, involved in mtDNA replication and mitogenesis; and 3) Protein chaperone, interacting with the Hsp60-mtHsp70 complex. LONP1 orthologs have been studied in bacteria, yeast, flies, worms, and mammals, evincing the widespread importance of the gene, as well as its remarkable evolutionary conservation. In recent years, we have witnessed a significant increase in knowledge regarding Lon's involvement in physiological functions, as well as in an expanding array of human disorders, including cancer, neurodegeneration, heart disease, and stroke. In addition, Lon appears to have a significant role in the aging process. A number of mitochondrial diseases have now been identified whose mechanisms involve various degrees of Lon dysfunction. In this paper we review current knowledge of Lon's function, under normal conditions, and we propose a new classification of human diseases characterized by a either over-expression or decline or loss of function of Lon. Lon has also been implicated in human aging, and we review the data currently available as well as speculating about possible interactions of aging and disease. Finally, we also discuss Lon as potential therapeutic target in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Bota
- Department of Neurology and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Irvine School of Medicine, 200 S. Manchester Ave., Suite 206, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, & Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bohovych I, Khalimonchuk O. Sending Out an SOS: Mitochondria as a Signaling Hub. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:109. [PMID: 27790613 PMCID: PMC5061732 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal cellular physiology is critically dependent on numerous mitochondrial activities including energy conversion, cofactor and precursor metabolite synthesis, and regulation of ion and redox homeostasis. Advances in mitochondrial research during the last two decades provide solid evidence that these organelles are deeply integrated with the rest of the cell and multiple mechanisms are in place to monitor and communicate functional states of mitochondria. In many cases, however, the exact molecular nature of various mitochondria-to-cell communication pathways is only beginning to emerge. Here, we review various signals emitted by distressed or dysfunctional mitochondria and the stress-responsive pathways activated in response to these signals in order to restore mitochondrial function and promote cellular survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Bohovych
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Quirós PM, Mottis A, Auwerx J. Mitonuclear communication in homeostasis and stress. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:213-26. [PMID: 26956194 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria participate in crucial cellular processes such as energy harvesting and intermediate metabolism. Although mitochondria possess their own genome--a vestige of their bacterial origins and endosymbiotic evolution--most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus. The expression of the mitochondrial proteome hence requires tight coordination between the two genomes to adapt mitochondrial function to the ever-changing cellular milieu. In this Review, we focus on the pathways that coordinate the communication between mitochondria and the nucleus during homeostasis and mitochondrial stress. These pathways include nucleus-to-mitochondria (anterograde) and mitochondria-to-nucleus (retrograde) communication, mitonuclear feedback signalling and proteostasis regulation, the integrated stress response and non-cell-autonomous communication. We discuss how mitonuclear communication safeguards cellular and organismal fitness and regulates lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Quirós
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Mottis
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ciesielski SJ, Schilke B, Marszalek J, Craig EA. Protection of scaffold protein Isu from degradation by the Lon protease Pim1 as a component of Fe-S cluster biogenesis regulation. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1060-8. [PMID: 26842892 PMCID: PMC4814215 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-12-0815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fe–S clusters are built on and transferred from the scaffold Isu. Isu is a substrate of Lon protease. Binding Nfs1, the sulfur donor for cluster assembly, or Jac1, the protein initiating cluster transfer, protects Isu from degradation. Such protection increases Isu levels, likely serving to rapidly up-regulate cellular Fe–S cluster biogenesis capacity. Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters, essential protein cofactors, are assembled on the mitochondrial scaffold protein Isu and then transferred to recipient proteins via a multistep process in which Isu interacts sequentially with multiple protein factors. This pathway is in part regulated posttranslationally by modulation of the degradation of Isu, whose abundance increases >10-fold upon perturbation of the biogenesis process. We tested a model in which direct interaction with protein partners protects Isu from degradation by the mitochondrial Lon-type protease. Using purified components, we demonstrated that Isu is indeed a substrate of the Lon-type protease and that it is protected from degradation by Nfs1, the sulfur donor for Fe–S cluster assembly, as well as by Jac1, the J-protein Hsp70 cochaperone that functions in cluster transfer from Isu. Nfs1 and Jac1 variants known to be defective in interaction with Isu were also defective in protecting Isu from degradation. Furthermore, overproduction of Jac1 protected Isu from degradation in vivo, as did Nfs1. Taken together, our results lead to a model of dynamic interplay between a protease and protein factors throughout the Fe–S cluster assembly and transfer process, leading to up-regulation of Isu levels under conditions when Fe–S cluster biogenesis does not meet cellular demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon J Ciesielski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Brenda Schilke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jaroslaw Marszalek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80307, Poland
| | - Elizabeth A Craig
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee J, Tong T, Duan H, Foong YH, Musaitif I, Yamazaki T, Jefcoate C. Regulation of StAR by the N-terminal Domain and Coinduction of SIK1 and TIS11b/Znf36l1 in Single Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:107. [PMID: 27531991 PMCID: PMC4969582 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol transfer function of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) is uniquely integrated into adrenal cells, with mRNA translation and protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation occurring at the mitochondrial outer membrane (OMM). The StAR C-terminal cholesterol-binding domain (CBD) initiates mitochondrial intermembrane contacts to rapidly direct cholesterol to Cyp11a1 in the inner membrane (IMM). The conserved StAR N-terminal regulatory domain (NTD) includes a leader sequence targeting the CBD to OMM complexes that initiate cholesterol transfer. Here, we show how the NTD functions to enhance CBD activity delivers more efficiently from StAR mRNA in adrenal cells, and then how two factors hormonally restrain this process. NTD processing at two conserved sequence sites is selectively affected by StAR PKA phosphorylation. The CBD functions as a receptor to stimulate the OMM/IMM contacts that mediate transfer. The NTD controls the transit time that integrates extramitochondrial StAR effects on cholesterol homeostasis with other mitochondrial functions, including ATP generation, inter-organelle fusion, and the major permeability transition pore in partnership with other OMM proteins. PKA also rapidly induces two additional StAR modulators: salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) and Znf36l1/Tis11b. Induced SIK1 attenuates the activity of CRTC2, a key mediator of StAR transcription and splicing, but only as cAMP levels decline. TIS11b inhibits translation and directs the endonuclease-mediated removal of the 3.5-kb StAR mRNA. Removal of either of these functions individually enhances cAMP-mediated induction of StAR. High-resolution fluorescence in situ hybridization (HR-FISH) of StAR RNA reveals asymmetric transcription at the gene locus and slow RNA splicing that delays mRNA formation, potentially to synchronize with cholesterol import. Adrenal cells may retain slow transcription to integrate with intermembrane NTD activation. HR-FISH resolves individual 3.5-kb StAR mRNA molecules via dual hybridization at the 3'- and 5'-ends and reveals an unexpectedly high frequency of 1:1 pairing with mitochondria marked by the matrix StAR protein. This pairing may be central to translation-coupled cholesterol transfer. Altogether, our results show that adrenal cells exhibit high-efficiency StAR activity that needs to integrate rapid cholesterol transfer with homeostasis and pulsatile hormonal stimulation. StAR NBD, the extended 3.5-kb mRNA, SIK1, and Tis11b play important roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tiegang Tong
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Haichuan Duan
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yee Hoon Foong
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ibrahim Musaitif
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Takeshi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Colin Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- *Correspondence: Colin Jefcoate,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Graham A. Mitochondrial regulation of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:982-92. [PMID: 26416507 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the relationship between mitochondrial structure and function in the regulation of macrophage cholesterol metabolism and proposes that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to loss of the elegant homeostatic mechanisms which normally maintain cellular sterol levels within defined limits. Mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) can generate oxysterol activators of liver X receptors which heterodimerise with retinoid X receptors, enhancing the transcription of ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCA1, ABCG1, and ABCG4), that can remove excess cholesterol via efflux to apolipoproteins A-1, E, and high density lipoprotein, and inhibit inflammation. The activity of CYP27A1 is regulated by the rate of supply of cholesterol substrate to the inner mitochondrial membrane, mediated by a complex of proteins. The precise identity of this dynamic complex remains controversial, even in steroidogenic tissues, but may include steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and the 18 kDa translocator protein, together with voltage-dependent anion channels, ATPase AAA domain containing protein 3A, and optic atrophy type 1 proteins. Certainly, overexpression of StAR and TSPO proteins can enhance macrophage cholesterol efflux to apoA-I and/or HDL, while perturbations in mitochondrial function, or changes in the expression of mitochondrial fusion proteins, alter the efficiency of cholesterol efflux. Molecules which can sustain or improve mitochondrial function or increase the activity of the protein complex involved in cholesterol transfer may have utility in resolving the problem of dysregulated macrophage cholesterol homeostasis, a condition which may contribute to inflammation, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, osteoblastic bone resorption, and some disorders of the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Graham
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, and Institute for Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pinti M, Gibellini L, Liu Y, Xu S, Lu B, Cossarizza A. Mitochondrial Lon protease at the crossroads of oxidative stress, ageing and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4807-24. [PMID: 26363553 PMCID: PMC11113732 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lon protease is a nuclear DNA-encoded mitochondrial enzyme highly conserved throughout evolution, involved in the degradation of damaged and oxidized proteins of the mitochondrial matrix, in the correct folding of proteins imported in mitochondria, and in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Lon expression is induced by various stimuli, including hypoxia and reactive oxygen species, and provides protection against cell stress. Lon down-regulation is associated with ageing and with cell senescence, while up-regulation is observed in tumour cells, and is correlated with a more aggressive phenotype of cancer. Lon up-regulation contributes to metabolic reprogramming observed in cancer, favours the switch from a respiratory to a glycolytic metabolism, helping cancer cell survival in the tumour microenvironment, and contributes to epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Silencing of Lon, or pharmacological inhibition of its activity, causes cell death in various cancer cells. Thus, Lon can be included in the growing class of proteins that are not responsible for oncogenic transformation, but that are essential for survival and proliferation of cancer cells, and that can be considered as a new target for development of anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Yongzhang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial Biomedicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial Biomedicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial Biomedicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|