1
|
de Sousa PS, de Oliveira J, Ravazi A, Dos Reis YV, de Azeredo Oliveira MTV, da Rosa JA, Galvão C, Alevi KCC. Analysis of the maternal inheritance hypothesis of the exochorium in eggs from hybrids of Chagas disease vectors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:722. [PMID: 38184729 PMCID: PMC10771436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51125-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Morphological studies applied to the taxonomy of the Triatominae cover various structures (head, wing, thorax, genitalia, and eggs). Exochorial structures of hybrid eggs were characterized and compared with the parents, demonstrating that hybrids presented characteristics identical to the exochorial pattern observed in the females of the crosses, which resulted in the hypothesis that the pattern of triatomine eggs is possibly a characteristic inherited from females. Thus, we characterized the exochorium of the eggs of several triatomine hybrids and compared them with the parents, to assess the pattern of segregation and test the hypothesis of maternal inheritance. Hybrids were obtained in at least one direction from all crosses. The analysis of the exochorium of the eggs of the hybrids showed different patterns of segregation: "exclusively paternal", "predominantly maternal", "predominantly paternal", "mutual", and "differential". Curiously, none of the hybrids evaluated presented characteristics that segregated exclusively from the female parental species. Thus, we demonstrate that the hypothesis of maternal inheritance of the exochorium pattern of eggs is not valid and we emphasize the importance of alternative/combined tools (such as integrative taxonomy) for the correct identification of these insect vectors (mainly in view of possible natural hybridization events due to climate and environmental changes).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sergio de Sousa
- Institute of Biosciences (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Entomology in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health (FSP), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenue Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Amanda Ravazi
- Institute of Biosciences (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Yago Visinho Dos Reis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCFAR), Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Road Araraquara/Jau, Km 01, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Cristovao Colombo, 2265, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCFAR), Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Road Araraquara/Jau, Km 01, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Cleber Galvão
- National and International Reference Laboratory On Triatomine Taxonomy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenue Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Laboratory of Entomology in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health (FSP), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Avenue Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
- National and International Reference Laboratory On Triatomine Taxonomy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenue Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Correia N, Paschoaletto L, Reigada C, Gonçalves TCM, Moreira CJDC, Costa J. Experimental Hybrids of the Triatoma brasiliensis Species Complex Show Higher Susceptibility to the Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Than Their Parentals. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2850. [PMID: 38137994 PMCID: PMC10745812 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Triatoma brasiliensis species complex is a monophyletic group encompassing two subspecies and six species. Recently, a hybrid zone of members of this complex was recorded in the state of Pernambuco. Questions concerning the capability of the hybrids to become infected with Trypanosoma cruzi have been raised. This study aimed to compare the susceptibility of Triatoma b. brasiliensis, Triatoma juazeirensis, and their experimental hybrids to infection with T. cruzi. We infected the parentals and their experimental hybrids (obtained through reciprocal crosses) through artificial feeding with citrated rabbit blood, to which the TcI 0354 strain of T. cruzi had been added. The insects were weighed before and after feeding on the rabbit blood, and then they were dissected on the 10th, 20th, and 30th day after infection. Both the hybrids and the parentals remained infected throughout the experiment. The parasite was mostly found in the epimastigote form. The number of epimastigotes was significantly lower in the stomach and small intestine of T. juazeirensis than in the hybrids or in T. b. brasiliensis. A significantly higher percentage of metacyclic trypomastigotes was detected in the small intestine and rectum of the hybrids. Hybrids demonstrated higher susceptibility to the TcI 0354 strain than their parentals, opening up new avenues to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Correia
- Entomology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Letícia Paschoaletto
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil;
| | - Carolina Reigada
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, São Carlos University, UFSCAR, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil;
| | - Teresa Cristina Monte Gonçalves
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Entomological Surveillance of Diptera and Hemiptera, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | | | - Jane Costa
- National and International Reference Laboratory in Taxonomy of Triatomines, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mas-Coma S, Valero MA, Bargues MD. One Health for fascioliasis control in human endemic areas. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:650-667. [PMID: 37385922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica are liver flukes causing fascioliasis, a worldwide zoonotic, complex disease. Human infection/reinfection occurs in endemic areas where preventive chemotherapy is applied, because of fasciolid transmission ensured by livestock and lymnaeid snail vectors. A One Health control action is the best complement to decrease infection risk. The multidisciplinary framework needs to focus on freshwater transmission foci and their environment, lymnaeids, mammal reservoirs, and inhabitant infection, ethnography and housing. Local epidemiological and transmission knowledge furnished by previous field and experimental research offers the baseline for control design. A One Health intervention should be adapted to the endemic area characteristics. Long-term control sustainability may be achieved by prioritizing measures according to impact depending on available funds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, - Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, - Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, - Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rivas N, Martínez-Hernández F, Antonio-Campos A, Sánchez-Cordero V, Alejandre-Aguilar R. Genetic diversity in peridomiciliary populations of Triatoma mexicana (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in central Mexico. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2875-2886. [PMID: 35930043 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Triatoma mexicana is an important vector of Trypanosoma cruzi-the etiological agent of Chagas disease. This triatomine species occurs in central Mexico, but little is known about its genetic variability. Using Cyt-b gene as a genetic marker, in this study, we determined the population genetic structure of T. mexicana collected from the States of Hidalgo, Guanajuato, and Queretaro where populations are largely peridomiciliary. A Bayesian approach was performed for the design of phylogenies, median-joining networks, and clustering among populations of T. mexicana. Our results show that the Hidalgo population was the most distinct, with the highest genetic and haplotypic variation (Hd = 0.963, π = 0.06129, and ɵ = 0.05469). Moderate gene flow (Nm) was determined among populations of Hidalgo and Queretaro. Populations from the three states showed differentiation (FST) values ranging from 0.22 to 0.3, suggesting an important genetic differentiation. The phylogenetic analysis showed the presence of five well-defined groups, as well as the haplotype network, where 24 haplotypes were observed forming five haplogroups with high mutational steps among them: 68 (Hgo-W2), 26 (Qto), 59 (Hgo-M), 44 (Hgo-W1), and 46 (Gto). Genetic isolation was apparently inferred in the Guanajuato population; however, the Mantel test did not show correlation between genetic (FST) and geographic (km) distances (p = 0.05). The STRUCTURE analyses showed seven genetic clusters and it was observed that a single cluster predominates in each sampled location. However, genetic admixture was detected in four localities. Our results show evidence that there are multiple species within the collected sampling area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Rivas
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio Y Plan de Ayala S/N Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Fernando Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Alberto Antonio-Campos
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio Y Plan de Ayala S/N Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico.,Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Copilco 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Cordero
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Copilco 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Alejandre-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio Y Plan de Ayala S/N Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pinotti H, de Oliveira J, Ravazi A, Madeira FF, dos Reis YV, de Oliveira ABB, de Azeredo-Oliveira MTV, da Rosa JA, Alevi KCC. Revisiting the hybridization processes in the Triatoma brasiliensis complex (Hemiptera, Triatominae): Interspecific genomic compatibility point to a possible recent diversification of the species grouped in this monophyletic complex. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257992. [PMID: 34653197 PMCID: PMC8519420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatomines are hematophagous insects of great epidemiological importance, since they are vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Triatoma brasiliensis complex is a monophyletic group formed by two subspecies and six species: T. b. brasiliensis, T. b. macromelasoma, T. bahiensis, T. juazeirensis, T. lenti, T. melanica, T. petrocchiae and T. sherlocki. The specific status of several species grouped in the T. brasiliensis complex was confirmed from experimental crossing and analysis of reproductive barriers. Thus, we perform interspecific experimental crosses between T. lenti and other species and subspecies of the T. brasiliensis complex and perform morphological analysis of the gonads and cytogenetic analysis in the homeologous chromosomes of the hybrids of first generation (F1). Besides that, we rescue all the literature data associated with the study of reproductive barriers in this monophyletic complex of species and subspecies. For all crosses performed between T. b. brasiliensis, T. b. macromelasoma, T. juazeirensis and T. melanica with T. lenti, interspecific copulas occurred (showing absence of mechanical isolation), hybrids were obtained, none of the male hybrids presented the phenomenon of gonadal dysgenesis and 100% pairing between the chromosomes homeologous of the hybrids was observed. Thus, we demonstrate that there are no pre-zygotic reproductive barriers installed between T. lenti and the species and subspecies of the T. brasiliensis complex. In addition, we demonstrate that the hybrids obtained between these crosses have high genomic compatibility and the absence of gonadal dysgenesis. These results point to reproductive compatibility between T. lenti and species and subspecies of the T. brasiliensis complex (confirming its inclusion in the complex) and lead us to suggest a possible recent diversification of the taxa of this monophyletic group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Pinotti
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Amanda Ravazi
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, IBB/UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Fernandez Madeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Yago Visinho dos Reis
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, IBB/UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Beatriz Bortolozo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, IBB/UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Costa J, Dale C, Galvão C, Almeida CE, Dujardin JP. Do the new triatomine species pose new challenges or strategies for monitoring Chagas disease? An overview from 1979-2021. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e210015. [PMID: 34076075 PMCID: PMC8186471 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease persists as one of the most important, and yet most neglected, diseases in the world, and several changes in its epidemiological aspects have been recorded since its discovery. Currently, some of the most relevant changes are related to: (i) the reduction in the incidence of the endemic due to the control of the most important vectors, Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus, in many countries; (ii) the migration of human populations spreading cases of the disease throughout the world, from endemic to non-endemic areas, transforming Chagas disease into a global threat; and (iii) new acute cases and deaths caused by oral transmission, especially in the north of Brazil. Despite the reduction in the number of cases, new challenges need to be responded to, including monitoring and control activities aiming to prevent house infestation by the secondary vectors from occurring. In 1979, Lent & Wygodzinsky(1) published the most complete review of the subfamily Triatominae, encompassing 111 recognised species in the taxon. Forty-two years later, 46 new species and one subspecies have been described or revalidated. Here we summarise the new species and contextualise them regarding their ecology, epidemiologic importance, and the obstacles they pose to the control of Chagas disease around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Carolina Dale
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Abad-Franch F, de Almeida MR, Obara MT, de Souza RDCM, Batista JADS, Rocha DDA. TriatoDex, an electronic identification key to the Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease: Development, description, and performance. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248628. [PMID: 33886550 PMCID: PMC8061935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct identification of triatomine bugs is crucial for Chagas disease surveillance, yet available taxonomic keys are outdated, incomplete, or both. Here we present TriatoDex, an Android app-based pictorial, annotated, polytomous key to the Triatominae. TriatoDex was developed using Android Studio and tested by 27 Brazilian users. Each user received a box with pinned, number-labeled, adult triatomines (33 species in total) and was asked to identify each bug to the species level. We used generalized linear mixed models (with user- and species-ID random effects) and information-theoretic model evaluation/averaging to investigate TriatoDex performance. TriatoDex encompasses 79 questions and 554 images of the 150 triatomine-bug species described worldwide up to 2017. TriatoDex-based identification was correct in 78.9% of 824 tasks. TriatoDex performed better in the hands of trained taxonomists (93.3% vs. 72.7% correct identifications; model-averaged, adjusted odds ratio 5.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.09–11.48). In contrast, user age, gender, primary job (including academic research/teaching or disease surveillance), workplace (including universities, a reference laboratory for triatomine-bug taxonomy, or disease-surveillance units), and basic training (from high school to biology) all had negligible effects on TriatoDex performance. Our analyses also suggest that, as TriatoDex results accrue to cover more taxa, they may help pinpoint triatomine-bug species that are consistently harder (than average) to identify. In a pilot comparison with a standard, printed key (370 tasks by seven users), TriatoDex performed similarly (84.5% correct assignments, CI 68.9–94.0%), but identification was 32.8% (CI 24.7–40.1%) faster on average–for a mean absolute saving of ~2.3 minutes per bug-identification task. TriatoDex holds much promise as a handy, flexible, and reliable tool for triatomine-bug identification; an updated iOS/Android version is under development. We expect that, with continuous refinement derived from evolving knowledge and user feedback, TriatoDex will substantially help strengthen both entomological surveillance and research on Chagas disease vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Área de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Fernando Abad-Franch
- Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Takashi Obara
- Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Douglas de Almeida Rocha
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Área de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pinotti H, Alevi KCC, de Oliveira J, Ravazi A, Madeira FF, Dos Reis YV, de Oliveira ABB, de Azeredo-Oliveira MTV, da Rosa JA. Segregation of phenotypic characteristics in hybrids of Triatoma brasiliensis species complex (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104798. [PMID: 33676012 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There are currently 156 species, grouped into 18 genera and five tribes included in the subfamily Triatominae. All of them are potential vectors of Chagas disease. Triatoma is paraphyletic and the species of this genus have been grouped into complexes and subcomplexes. Triatoma brasiliensis complex is a monophyletic group composed of eight taxa: T. b. brasiliensis, T. b. macromelanosoma, T. juazeirensis, T. sherlocki, T. petrocchiae, T. lenti, T. bahiensis, T. melanica. Experimental crosses have helped in systematic, taxonomic and evolutionary issues of these vectors. Based on this, we carried out experimental crosses between T. lenti and four other species of the T. brasiliensis complex and analyzed the segregation pattern of phenotypic characteristics of T. lenti, T. b. brasiliensis, T. b. macromelasoma, T. juazeirensis and T. melanica in the hybrids. The hybrids resulting from the crosses between T. b. brasiliensis ♀ x T. lenti ♂, T. juazeirensis ♀ x T. lenti ♂, and T. melanica ♀ x T. lenti ♂ showed segregation of characteristics of both parental species. On the other hand, the hybrids between T. lenti ♀ x T. juazeirensis ♂, T. b. macromelasoma ♀ x T. lenti ♂, and T. lenti ♀ x T. melanica ♂ showed a specific pattern of T. lenti, T. lenti and T. melanica, respectively. Thus, the pattern of segregation of morphological characteristics between species of the T. brasiliensis complex was characterized. These results highlight the importance of integrative taxonomy for the correct identification of Chagas disease vectors grouped in the T. brasiliensis complex if natural hybridization events occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Pinotti
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Ravazi
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fernandez Madeira
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Letras e Ciências Exatas, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Yago Visinho Dos Reis
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Bortolozo de Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Letras e Ciências Exatas, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo-Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Letras e Ciências Exatas, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kamimura EH, Viana MC, Lilioso M, Fontes FHM, Pires-Silva D, Valença-Barbosa C, Carbajal-de-la-Fuente AL, Folly-Ramos E, Solferin VN, Thyssen PJ, Costa J, Almeida CE. Drivers of molecular and morphometric variation in Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Triatominae): the resolution of geometric morphometrics for populational structuring on a microgeographical scale. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:455. [PMID: 32894173 PMCID: PMC7487581 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi circulates in semiarid areas of northeastern Brazil in distinct ecotopes (sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic) where Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 is the most important Chagas disease vector. In this study, we analyzed microevolutionary and demographic aspects of T. brasiliensis populations at the ecotypic, micro and macro-geographic scales by combining morphometrics and molecular results. Additionally, we aimed to address the resolution of both markers for delimiting populations in distinct scales. Methods We sampled populations of T. brasiliensis from distinct ecotypic and geographic sites in the states Rio Grande do Norte (RN) and Paraíba (PB). The geometric morphometry was carried out with 13 landmarks on the right wings (n = 698) and the genetic structure was assessed by sequencing a region of cytochrome b mitochondrial gene (n = 221). Mahalanobis distance (MD) and coefficient of molecular differentiation (ΦST) were calculated among all pairs of populations. The results of comparisons generated MD and ΦST dendrograms, and graphics of canonical variate analysis (CVA). Results Little structure was observed for both markers for macro-geographic scales. Mantel tests comparing geographic, morphometric and genetic matrices showed low correlation (all R2 < 0.35). The factorial graphics built with the CVA evidenced population delimitation for the morphometric data at micro-geographic scales. Conclusions We believe that T. brasiliensis carries in its genotype a source of information to allow the phenotypical plasticity across its whole distribution for shaping populations, which may have caused a lack of population delimitation for CVAs in morphometric analysis for macro-geographic scale analysis. On the other hand, the pattern of morphometric results in micro-geographic scales showed well-defined groups, highlighting the potential of this tool to inferences on the source for infestation.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgard H Kamimura
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Viana
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lilioso
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda H M Fontes
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dayane Pires-Silva
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Ana L Carbajal-de-la-Fuente
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Vera N Solferin
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patricia J Thyssen
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Almeida
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Oliveira J, Chaboli Alevi KC, Almeida CE, Mendonça VJ, Costa J, da Rosa JA. Triatoma brasiliensis species complex: characterization of the external female genitalia. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2020; 45:57-68. [PMID: 32492272 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Triatoma brasiliensis complex is composed of six species (Triatoma bahiensis, T. juazerensis, T. lenti, T. melanica, T. petrocchiae, and T. sherlocki) and two subspecies (T. brasiliensis brasiliensis and T. b. macromelasoma). Phylogenetic studies have shown that it is a monophyletic group, but the morphological relationships among the members can be better understood. We applied a tool of high resolution based on morphology to identify details that characterize the female genitals for each member of this group. The external genital structures of five to fifteen females of each taxon were analyzed. Insects had their abdomen transversely cut to separate the last abdominal segments, and representative illustrations obtained via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are shown. Observations were performed in the dorsal and the ventral views. The morphological characterization of female external genitalia allowed a differentiation of each species/subspecies. The subspecies T. b. brasiliensis and T. b. macromelasoma were the most similar. On the other hand, dorsal view of structures evidenced some unique characteristics for T. petrocchiae and T. sherlocki. Regarding these structures for T. petrocchiae, the differentiation was in accordance with molecular studies, since this species exhibits the highest genetic distances in relation to other species of T. brasiliensis complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jader de Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), FIOCRUZ, Brasil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Carmona-Galindo VD, Marín Recinos MF, Gámez Hidalgo SA, Recinos Paredes G, Posada Vaquerano EE, Romero Magaña AL, Castillo Ayala AK. Morphological variability and ecological characterization of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in El Salvador. Acta Trop 2020; 205:105392. [PMID: 32061627 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There are 8 million people with Chagas disease worldwide and in El Salvador approximately 39% of the population is at risk of contracting the disease. One of the principal challenges in mitigating Chagas is evaluating the role of the vector ecology of triatomine species in the transmission of the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite in anthropogenically modified habitats, where new patterns of transmission frequently arise. Field studies of triatomine vector ecology in El Salvador have largely focused on describing parameters that contribute to infestation patterns, which may themselves be rooted in the morphological variability that exists in triatomine populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphology of the vector species Triatoma dimidiata with respect to the characteristics of the ecological landscape the vector inhabits throughout El Salvador. We used image analyses to evaluate T. dimidiata morphological variability and then used Geographic Information Systems to intersect the morphological point-data with map layers containing different environmental characteristics. Our study found that the variation in the size, shape, and coloration of T. dimidiata varied in relation to elevation, Holdridge life zone, soil type and land use. We further characterize the local morphological adaptations of T. dimidiata with respect to the local ecological, biological, and geographical conditions in El Salvador. We suggest that future studies consider a molecular exploration of local T. dimidiata species complex in El Salvador, especially since morphological studies of triatomine species complex have found that variability correlate with the genetic variability of the population.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bargues MD, Artigas P, Angles R, Osca D, Duran P, Buchon P, Gonzales-Pomar RK, Pinto-Mendieta J, Mas-Coma S. Genetic uniformity, geographical spread and anthropogenic habitat modifications of lymnaeid vectors found in a One Health initiative in the highest human fascioliasis hyperendemic of the Bolivian Altiplano. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:171. [PMID: 32252808 PMCID: PMC7137187 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fascioliasis is a snail-borne zoonotic trematodiasis emerging due to climate changes, anthropogenic environment modifications, and livestock movements. Many areas where Fasciola hepatica is endemic in humans have been described in Latin America altitude areas. Highest prevalences and intensities were reported from four provinces of the northern Bolivian Altiplano, where preventive chemotherapy is ongoing. New strategies are now incorporated to decrease infection/re-infection risk, assessment of human infection sources to enable efficient prevention measures, and additionally a One Health initiative in a selected zone. Subsequent extension of these pilot interventions to the remaining Altiplano is key. Methods To verify reproducibility throughout, 133 specimens from 25 lymnaeid populations representative of the whole Altiplano, and 11 used for population dynamics studies, were analyzed by rDNA ITS2 and ITS1 and mtDNA cox1 and 16S sequencing to assess their classification, variability and geographical spread. Results Lymnaeid populations proved to belong to a monomorphic group, Galba truncatula. Only a single cox1 mutation was found in a local population. Two cox1 haplotypes were new. Comparisons of transmission foci data from the 1990’s with those of 2018 demonstrated an endemic area expansion. Altitudinal, northward and southward expansions suggest movements of livestock transporting G. truncatula snails, with increasing temperatures transforming previously unsuitable habitats into suitable transmission areas. Transmission foci appear to be stable when compared to past field observations, except for those modified by human activities, including construction of new roads or control measures undertaken in relation to fascioliasis. Conclusions For a One Health initiative, the control of only one Fasciola species and snail vector species simplifies efforts because of the lower transmission complexity. Vector monomorphism suggests uniformity of vector population responses after control measure implementation. Hyperendemic area outer boundary instability suggests a climate change impact. All populations outside previously known boundaries were close to villages, human dwellings and/or schools, and should therefore be considered during disease control planning. The remarkable southward expansion implies that a fifth province, Aroma, should now be included within preventive chemotherapy programmes. This study highlights the need for lymnaeid molecular identification, transmission foci stability monitoring, and potential vector spread assessment.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rene Angles
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Av. Saavedra, Miraflores, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - David Osca
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pamela Duran
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paola Buchon
- Unidad de Limnología, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Campus Universitario de Cota Cota, Calle 27, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - R Karina Gonzales-Pomar
- Unidad de Limnología, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Campus Universitario de Cota Cota, Calle 27, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Julio Pinto-Mendieta
- Unidad de Limnología, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Campus Universitario de Cota Cota, Calle 27, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prezygotic isolation confirms the exclusion of Triatoma melanocephala, T. vitticeps and T. tibiamaculata of the T. brasiliensis subcomplex (Hemiptera, Triatominae). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 79:104149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
14
|
Lilioso M, Pires-Silva D, von Hertwig Mascarenhas Fontes F, Oliveira J, da Rosa JA, Vilela RV, Folly-Ramos E, Almeida CE. Triatoma petrocchiae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): A Chagas disease vector of T. brasiliensis species complex associated to reptiles. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 82:104307. [PMID: 32240799 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In semi-arid areas of northeastern Brazil, Chagas disease vectors of Triatoma brasiliensis species complex comprise a monophyletic group of kissing bugs that inhabit rock outcrops. Most of them exhibit allopatric or parapatric distribution; the exception is T. petrocchiae, which is found in cohabitation with T. brasiliensis in rock outcrops. We used vertebrate mitochondrial gene sequencing applied to DNA isolated from bug midgut to identify the insect blood meal sources via BLAST procedure. Fourteen sylvatic insects from four geographic districts in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba had their blood meal sources detected. While T. brasiliensis is recorded to be associated mainly (52-71%) with rodents, T. petrocchiae samples were strongly associated (86%) with reptiles of Tropidurus and Hemidactylus genera. We suggest that T. petrocchiae is the single member within this complex to be associated with reptiles, indicating a distinct niche occupation related to the trophic resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Lilioso
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Brazil.
| | - Dayane Pires-Silva
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Brazil
| | | | - Jader Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", FCFAR/UNESP, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto V Vilela
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
| | - Elaine Folly-Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Paraíba- UFPB, Campus IV, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nattero J, Carbajal de la Fuente AL, Piccinali RV, Cardozo M, Rodríguez CS, Crocco LB. Characterization of melanic and non-melanic forms in domestic and peridomestic populations of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:47. [PMID: 32014037 PMCID: PMC6998255 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanic (dark) morphs have been barely reported in peridomestic and sylvatic conditions for Triatoma infestans, the most important vector of Chagas disease in the Southern Cone of South America. Adults with dark and small yellow markings on the connexivum were collected after manual searches conducted by technical personnel in 62 domiciliary units in Cruz del Eje, Córdoba Province, Argentina. The last community-wide insecticide spraying campaign before the study had been conducted three years earlier. We investigated if there was a measurable color morph variation (melanic and non-melanic) in wings and connexivum; we determined infestation, distribution of melanic and non-melanic forms, and correspondence of colorimetric variation with variations in morphology (wing size and shape and body length), development (wing fluctuating asymmetry), physiology (nutritional status) or behaviour (flight initiation). RESULTS Forty-nine females, 54 males and 217 nymphs were collected in 24 domiciliary units. House infestation and colonization were 53% and 47%, respectively. Most of the T. infestans individuals (83.2%) were collected in chicken coops; intradomicile infestation was recorded in only one case. The chromatic cluster analysis showed two well-defined groups: melanic and non-melanic. The melanic group included 17 (35%) females and 25 (46%) males. Peridomestic infestation was lower for melanic than for non-melanic adults. Melanic morphs were collected in houses from several localities. Sexual dimorphisms were confirmed by morphometric measurements. Body length was large in melanic adults (P < 0.01 only for males). Differences between groups were significant for wing size and shape, but not for weight or weight/body length ratio. Melanic females and males showed significantly higher fluctuating asymmetry (FA) indices than their non-melanic counterparts. CONCLUSIONS This is the second report of melanic forms of T. infestans in domestic and peridomestic habitats in the Dry Chaco region of Argentina. Although non-melanic adults exhibited a higher infestation rate, melanic adults were widespread in the area and were collected in the infested domicile and in most types of peridomestic annexes. Differences in morphometric variables between groups might be due to different ecological adaptations. The higher FA levels observed in melanic individuals suggest a higher developmental instability and a selective advantage of non-melanic individuals in domestic and peridomestic habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Nattero
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución/Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ana Laura Carbajal de la Fuente
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución/Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Valeria Piccinali
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución/Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miriam Cardozo
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Susana Rodríguez
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Beatriz Crocco
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Viviani A, Bernardi R, Cavallini A, Rossi E. Genotypic Characterization of Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) After Its Introduction in Tuscany (Italy) for the Biological Control of Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5550985. [PMID: 31422419 PMCID: PMC6698180 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) is an alien parasitoid that is used in many areas of the world for biological control the Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). In Italy, this parasitoid was imported from Japan in 2003 and subsequently multiplied and released throughout the country. In this study, a phylogenetic investigation was carried out on insects from three different sites in northern Tuscany (Italy). Moreover, the possible hybridization between T. sinensis and some native Torymus species was evaluated. The conserved region 18S rRNA gene and the hypervariable ITS2 (Internal Transcribed Spacer 2) region of the ribosomal cistrone were selected as molecular markers. Sequencing the amplified products, after cloning, ruled out any hybridization between T. sinensis and the native Torymus species, and also confirmed the presence of two haplotypes for the Tuscan population of T. sinensis both for the region of the 18S rRNA gene as well as for the ITS2 region. These results confirm that the environmental impact of the alien parasitoid T. sinensis in the study site is acceptable, although an extensive and repeated monitoring would be desirable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Viviani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavallini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rossi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guerra AL, Borsatto KC, Teixeira NPD, Madeira FF, de Oliveira J, da Rosa JA, Azeredo-Oliveira MTV, Alevi KCC. Revisiting the Homoploid Hybrid Speciation Process of the Triatoma brasiliensis macromelasoma Galvão, 1956 (Hemiptera, Triatominae) Using Cytogenetic and Molecular Markers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:911-913. [PMID: 30793690 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatomines are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. Although the evolutionary process in triatomine is considered as disruptive, cryptic speciation and homoploid hybridization also are possible modes of speciation. Several analyses suggested Triatoma brasiliensis macromelasoma as a product of hybridization between T. brasiliensis and Triatoma juazeirensis. Thus, we analyzed genetic characteristics (chromosomal analysis, genetic distance for the mitochondrial ND1 gene, and the pattern of bands of internal transcribed spacer [ITS]-1) of these species, with emphasis on the phenomenon of homoploid hybridization. All species showed the same cytogenetic characteristics, low genetic distance for ND1 gene, and the same pattern of ITS-1 bands. We consider that these genetic characteristics, together with the large chromatic polymorphism and the viability of experimental crosses possibly are due to the processes of introgression that these species suffered during the process of homoploid hybridization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Letícia Guerra
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"-São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly Cristine Borsatto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"-São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolle Pagliusi Damiano Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"-São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fernandez Madeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"-São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"-Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"-Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Tercília Vilela Azeredo-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"-São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"-São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dale C, Almeida CE, endonça VJ, Oliveira J, da osa JA, Galvão C, Costa J. An updated and illustrated dichotomous key for the Chagas disease vectors of Triatomabrasiliensis species complex and their epidemiologic importance. Zookeys 2018; 805:33-43. [PMID: 30588153 PMCID: PMC6300697 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.805.25559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the subfamily Triatominae, Triatoma exhibits the largest number of species, which are arranged in complexes. For the T.brasiliensis species complex, recent investigations based on results of geometric morphometrics combined with phylogeny have provided evidence that it should be composed of seven species: T.brasiliensis, T.bahiensis, T.juazeirensis, T.lenti, T.melanica, T.petrocchiae, and T.sherlocki, in which T.brasiliensis is divided in two subspecies: T.b.brasiliensis and T.b.macromelasoma. A taxonomic key is presented to identify each taxon. Among members of this complex, T.b.brasiliensis is the most important in an epidemiologic context, due to its high prevalence in natural infection by Trypanosomacruzi combined with a pronounced adaptation to domiciliary habitats. However, some members may be currently invading and colonizing homes, a process known as domiciliation. Therefore, the key presented here may be potentially useful for researchers as well as those involved in vector control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dale
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), FIOCRUZ, BrazilLaboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo CruzRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de CampinasCamínasBrazil
| | - Vagner José endonça
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, UFPI, BrazilUniversidade Federal do PiauíPiauíBrazil
| | - Jader Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, FCFAR/UNESP, BrazilUniversidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”São PauloBrazil
| | - João Aristeu da osa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, FCFAR/UNESP, BrazilUniversidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”São PauloBrazil
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), FIOCRUZ, BrazilInstituto Oswaldo CruzRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), FIOCRUZ, BrazilLaboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo CruzRio de JaneiroBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Flores-Ferrer A, Marcou O, Waleckx E, Dumonteil E, Gourbière S. Evolutionary ecology of Chagas disease; what do we know and what do we need? Evol Appl 2017; 11:470-487. [PMID: 29636800 PMCID: PMC5891055 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aetiological agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is a key human pathogen afflicting most populations of Latin America. This vectorborne parasite is transmitted by haematophageous triatomines, whose control by large‐scale insecticide spraying has been the main strategy to limit the impact of the disease for over 25 years. While those international initiatives have been successful in highly endemic areas, this systematic approach is now challenged by the emergence of insecticide resistance and by its low efficacy in controlling species that are only partially adapted to human habitat. In this contribution, we review evidences that Chagas disease control shall now be entering a second stage that will rely on a better understanding of triatomines adaptive potential, which requires promoting microevolutionary studies and –omic approaches. Concomitantly, we show that our knowledge of the determinants of the evolution of T. cruzi high diversity and low virulence remains too limiting to design evolution‐proof strategies, while such attributes may be part of the future of Chagas disease control after the 2020 WHO's target of regional elimination of intradomiciliary transmission has been reached. We should then aim at developing a theory of T. cruzi virulence evolution that we anticipate to provide an interesting enrichment of the general theory according to the specificities of transmission of this very generalist stercorarian trypanosome. We stress that many ecological data required to better understand selective pressures acting on vector and parasite populations are already available as they have been meticulously accumulated in the last century of field research. Although more specific information will surely be needed, an effective research strategy would be to integrate data into the conceptual and theoretical framework of evolutionary ecology and life‐history evolution that provide the quantitative backgrounds necessary to understand and possibly anticipate adaptive responses to public health interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alheli Flores-Ferrer
- UMR 228, ESPACE-DEV-IMAGES, 'Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en Géo-Environnement et Santé'Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France.,UMR 5096 'Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes' Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France
| | - Olivier Marcou
- UMR 228, ESPACE-DEV-IMAGES, 'Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en Géo-Environnement et Santé'Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi" Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida Mexico
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Department of Tropical Medicine School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine Tulane University New Orleans LA USA
| | - Sébastien Gourbière
- UMR 228, ESPACE-DEV-IMAGES, 'Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en Géo-Environnement et Santé'Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France.,UMR 5096 'Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes' Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oliveira J, Marcet PL, Takiya DM, Mendonça VJ, Belintani T, Bargues MD, Mateo L, Chagas V, Folly-Ramos E, Cordeiro-Estrela P, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Costa J, da Rosa JA, Almeida CE. Combined phylogenetic and morphometric information to delimit and unify the Triatoma brasiliensis species complex and the Brasiliensis subcomplex. Acta Trop 2017; 170:140-148. [PMID: 28219669 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
"Triatoma brasiliensis species complex" was defined as a monophyletic group of the species: T. brasiliensis, T. juazeirensis, T. melanica, and T. sherlocki. An alternative grouping scheme proposed the concept of "Brasiliensis subcomplex" which included the former species together with T. melanocephala, T. petrocchiae, T. lenti, T. tibiamaculata, and T. vitticeps. To evaluate the relationship among these taxa we combined the results obtained with four mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, COI and Cytb, adding to 1811bp) and geometric morphometric analysis of wings and heads. Panstrongylus megistus was included in the analysis as it was previously found related to T. tibiamaculata, T. melanocephala and T. vitticeps. The results of both molecular and morphometric approaches clearly grouped the species analyzed into two monophyletic units, supported by both genetic and wing variability. The first one (G1) comprises the four species originally included in the T. brasiliensis species complex plus T. lenti and T. petrocchiae. The second group (G2) was composed by T. melanocephala, T. tibiamaculata and T. vitticeps, and remarkably, P. megistus if considering wing variability and phylogenetic results. Nevertheless, geometric morphometrics of heads provided a quantitative measurement that discriminates Panstrongylus from the Triatoma species based on the position of the antennal insertion relative to eyes, as it is used as the generic distinctive character. The discrepancy among approaches questions the validity of this character to define Panstrongylus genus. Independently of the chosen group definition -"T. brasiliensis species complex" or "Brasiliensis subcomplex"-we propose to delimit it to species of G1 that are all associated with the Caatinga biome in the Brazilian Northeast. G2 are the ones associated with the Atlantic Forest biome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jader Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Brazil
| | - Paula L Marcet
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, USA
| | | | | | - Tiago Belintani
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Brazil
| | - João A da Rosa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Almeida
- Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Baffa AF, Camara DCP, Santos-Mallet JR, DA Silva ER, Costa J, Freitas SPC. Sperm dimorphism in the Triatoma brasiliensis species complex and its applications. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:192-199. [PMID: 28117911 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Morphological and structural features of the sperm of the Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) species complex were examined in this first study investigating the sperm of Heteroptera and the genus Triatoma. Males were dissected and their seminal vesicles removed. For measurement, seminal vesicles were squashed on glass slides, spread, fixed and observed under a photomicroscope. The images were analysed and measures of sperm were made. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test to detect differentiation among taxa. Furthermore, seminal vesicles were prepared for studies of transmission electron microscopy. All taxa studied showed polymorphic (short and long) sperm. The sperm of Triatoma brasiliensis macromelasoma was significantly longer (in total length) than that of the other four members of the complex, which supports the hypothesis of hybrid speciation of this member of the complex as an increase in the size of typical hybrids under heterosis was previously shown. The sperm cells of the five taxa have similar ultrastructural morphology. The ultrastructural features observed confirm the hypothesis, raised by previous studies, that they are synapomorphic to the suborder Heteroptera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Baffa
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Insetos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D C P Camara
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J R Santos-Mallet
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E R DA Silva
- Laboratório de Insetos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S P C Freitas
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Campos-Soto R, Panzera F, Pita S, Lages C, Solari A, Botto-Mahan C. Experimental crosses between Mepraia gajardoi and M. spinolai and hybrid chromosome analyses reveal the occurrence of several isolation mechanisms. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:205-212. [PMID: 27600593 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematophagous insects of the subfamily Triatominae include several species with a large variety of shapes, behavior and distribution. They have great epidemiological importance since most of them transmit the flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. In this subfamily several cases of species hybridization have been reported under experimental and natural conditions. Mepraia is a genus of Triatominae endemic in Chile, responsible for transmitting T. cruzi in the sylvatic cycle. This genus includes three species, M. gajardoi, M. spinolai and M. parapatrica; however, the differentiation of M. parapatrica as a separate species remains controversial considering the possible occurrence of introgression/hybridization processes in some populations of this putative species. Mepraia species show conspicuous wing polymorphism, and it has been proposed that the genes related to wings are linked to the Y chromosome, thus wingless males could not engender winged progeny. In order to determine the degree of reproductive isolation and to assess the wing phenotype in the offspring, we performed experimental crosses between the two most divergent Mepraia species (M. gajardoi and M. spinolai) together with chromosome analyses of hybrid progenies. Although fertile F1 hybrids were obtained in only one direction of crossing, we verified the existence of different isolation mechanisms between parental species, including hybrid breakdown. The occurrence of winged males in the offspring of wingless parental males suggests that the wing character is not linked to the Y chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Campos-Soto
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile.
| | - Francisco Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastian Pita
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carol Lages
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Aldo Solari
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Carezza Botto-Mahan
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|