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Dong X, Luo X, Yang X, Wang M, Xiao W, Liu Y, Xu N, Yang W, Liu G, Qiao J. Double-skeleton interpenetrating network-structured alkaline solid-state electrolyte enables flexible zinc-air batteries with enhanced power density and long-term cycle life. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 672:32-42. [PMID: 38824686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The alkaline solid-state electrolytes have received widespread attention for their good safety and electrochemical stability. However, they still suffer from low conductivity and poor mechanical properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of double-network featured hydroxide-conductive membranes fabricated by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) as the double-skeletons. Then, we implanted quaternary ammonium salt guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride (GG) as the OH- conductor for high-performance electrochemical devices. By virtue of the unique stripe-like structure shared from the double skeleton with a high degree of compatibility and stronger hydrogen bond interactions, the polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan-guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride (PCG) solid-state electrolytes achieved optimal thermal stability (> 300 °C), mechanical property (∼ 34.15 MPa), dimensional stability (at any bending angle), and high ionic conductivity (13 mS cm-1) and ion mobility number (tion ∼ 0.90) compared with chitosan-guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride (CG) and polyvinyl alcohol-guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride (PG) electrolyte membrane. As a proof-of-concept application, the "sandwich"-type zinc-air battery (ZAB) assembled using PCG membrane as the electrolyte realized a high open-circuit voltage (1.39 V) and an excellent power density (128 mW cm-2). Notably, in addition to its long-term cycle life (30 h, 2 mA cm-2) and stable discharge plateau (12 h, 5 mA cm-2), it could even enable a flexible ZAB (F-ZAB) to readily power light-emitting diodes (LED) at any bending angle. These merits afford the PCG membrane a promising electrolyte for improving the performance of solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yuyu Liu
- Institute for Sustainable Energy/College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Nengnegn Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Woochul Yang
- Department of Physics, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Guicheng Liu
- Department of Physics, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jinli Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China.
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Madhuranthakam CMR, Abudaqqa WSK, Fowler M. Advances in Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Membranes for Fuel Cells: A Comprehensive Review on Types, Synthesis, Modifications, and Performance Optimization. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1775. [PMID: 39000631 PMCID: PMC11243812 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Fuel cell technology is at the forefront of sustainable energy solutions, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes play an important role in improving performance. This article thoroughly investigates the various varieties of PVA membranes, their production processes, and the numerous modification tactics used to solve inherent problems. Various methods were investigated, including chemical changes, composite blending, and the introduction of nanocomposites. The factors impacting PVA membranes, such as proton conductivity, thermal stability, and selectivity, were investigated to provide comprehensive knowledge. By combining various research threads, this review aims to completely investigate the current state of PVA membranes in fuel cell applications, providing significant insights for both academic researchers and industry practitioners interested in efficient and sustainable energy conversion technologies. The transition from traditional materials such as Nafion to PVA membranes has been prompted by limitations associated with the former, such as complex synthesis procedures, reduced ionic conductivity at elevated temperatures, and prohibitively high costs, which have hampered their widespread adoption. As a result, modern research efforts are increasingly focused on the creation of alternative membranes that can compete with conventional technical efficacy and economic viability in the context of fuel cell technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weam S K Abudaqqa
- Chemical Engineering Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Michael Fowler
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G5, Canada
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3
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Singh R, Samuel MS, Ravikumar M, Ethiraj S, Kumar M. Graphene materials in pollution trace detection and environmental improvement. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117830. [PMID: 38056611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity is a pressing issue experienced in numerous countries and is expected to become increasingly critical in the future. Anthropogenic activities such as mining, agriculture, industries, and domestic waste discharge toxic contaminants into natural water bodies, causing pollution. Addressing these environmental crises requires tackling the challenge of removing pollutants from water. Graphene oxide (GO), a form of graphene functionalized with oxygen-containing chemical groups, has recently garnered renewed interest due to its exceptional properties. These properties include a large surface area, mechanical stability, and adjustable electrical and optical characteristics. Additionally, surface functional groups like hydroxyl, epoxy, and carboxyl groups make GO an outstanding candidate for interacting with other materials or molecules. Because of its expanded structural diversity and enhanced overall properties, GO and its composites hold significant promise for a wide range of applications in energy storage, conversion, and environmental protection. These applications encompass hydrogen storage materials, photocatalysts for water splitting, the removal of air pollutants, and water purification. Serving as electrode materials for various lithium batteries and supercapacitors. Graphene-based materials, including graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene polymer nanocomposites, and graphene nanoparticle metal hybrids, have emerged as valuable tools in energy and environmental remediation technologies. This review article provides an overview of the significant impact of graphene-based materials in various areas. Regarding energy-related topics, this article explores the applications of graphene-based materials in supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and catalysts for fuel cells. Additionally, the article investigates recent advancements in detecting and treating persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals using nanomaterials. The article also discusses recent developments in creating innovative nanomaterials, nanostructures, and treatment methods for addressing POPs and heavy metals in water. It aims to present the field's current state and will be a valuable resource for individuals interested in nanomaterials and related materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Singh
- Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
| | - Melvin S Samuel
- Department of Bioengineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical, Chennai, 602105, India.
| | | | - Selvarajan Ethiraj
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohanraj Kumar
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 413310, Taiwan
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4
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Das A, Peu SD, Hossain MS, Akanda MAM, Salah MM, Akanda MMH, Rahman M, Das BK. Metal Oxide Nanosheet: Synthesis Approaches and Applications in Energy Storage Devices (Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1066. [PMID: 36985960 PMCID: PMC10057665 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing energy requirement and consumption necessitates further improvement in energy storage technologies to obtain high cycling stability, power and energy density, and specific capacitance. Two-dimensional metal oxide nanosheets have gained much interest due to their attractive features, such as composition, tunable structure, and large surface area which make them potential materials for energy storage applications. This review focuses on the establishment of synthesis approaches of metal oxide nanosheets (MO nanosheets) and their advancements over time, as well as their applicability in several electrochemical energy storage systems, such as fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of different synthesis approaches of MO nanosheets, as well their suitability in several energy storage applications. Among recent improvements in energy storage systems, micro-supercapacitors, and several hybrid storage systems are rapidly emerging. MO nanosheets can be employed as electrode and catalyst material to improve the performance parameters of energy storage devices. Finally, this review outlines and discusses the prospects, future challenges, and further direction for research and applications of metal oxide nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnob Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh
| | - Susmita Datta Peu
- Department of Agriculture, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sanowar Hossain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Mannan Akanda
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Mostafa M. Salah
- Electrical Engineering Department, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | | | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Barun K. Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh
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Abdulsada FM, Hussein NN, Sulaiman GM, Al Ali A, Alhujaily M. Evaluation of the Antibacterial Properties of Iron Oxide, Polyethylene Glycol, and Gentamicin Conjugated Nanoparticles against Some Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030138. [PMID: 36135573 PMCID: PMC9503097 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance is observed as a public health issue around the world. Every day, new resistance mechanisms appear and spread over the world. For that reason, it is imperative to improve the treatment schemes that have been developed to treat infections caused by wound infections, for instance, Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis), and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). In this case, we proposed a method that involves mixing the Gentamicin (Gen) with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) and a polymer (polyethylene glycol (PEG)) with Fe3O4 NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to characterize Fe3O4 NPs. Zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were also assessed. The antibacterial activity of Fe3O4 NPs, Fe3O4 NPs+PEG, Fe3O4 NPs+Gen, and Fe3O4 NPs+PEG+Gen composites was investigated. The results showed a significant improvement in the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles against bacterial isolates, especially for the Fe3O4 NPs+PEG+Gen as the diameter of the inhibition zone reached 26.33 ± 0.57 mm for A. baumannii, 25.66 ± 0.57 mm for P. mirabilis, and 23.66 ± 0.57 mm for S. epidermidis. The Fe3O4 NPs, Fe3O4 NPs+PEG, Fe3O4+Gen, and Fe3O4+PEG+Gen also showed effectiveness against the biofilm produced by these isolated bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Fe3O4 NPs for S. epidermidis was 25 µg mL−1 and for P. mirabilis and A. baumannii was 50 µg mL−1. The findings suggest that the prepared nanoparticles could be potential therapeutic options for treating wound infections caused by S. epidermidis, P. mirabilis, and A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah M. Abdulsada
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Nehia N. Hussein
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Ghassan M. Sulaiman
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
- Correspondence:
| | - Amer Al Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhanad Alhujaily
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Ostermann M, Velicsanyi P, Bilotto P, Schodl J, Nadlinger M, Fafilek G, Lieberzeit PA, Valtiner M. Development and Up-Scaling of Electrochemical Production and Mild Thermal Reduction of Graphene Oxide. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:4639. [PMID: 35806768 PMCID: PMC9267235 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the global emissions of CO2, the aviation industry largely relies on new light weight materials, which require multifunctional coatings. Graphene and its derivatives are particularly promising for combining light weight applications with functional coatings. Although they have proven to have outstanding properties, graphene and its precursor graphene oxide (GO) remain far from application at the industrial scale since a comprehensive protocol for mass production is still lacking. In this work, we develop and systematically describe a sustainable up-scaling process for the production of GO based on a three-step electrochemical exfoliation method. Surface characterization techniques (XRD, XPS and Raman) allow the understanding of the fast exfoliation rates obtained, and of high conductivities that are up to four orders of magnitude higher compared to GO produced via the commonly used modified Hummers method. Furthermore, we show that a newly developed mild thermal reduction at 250 °C is sufficient to increase conductivity by another order of magnitude, while limiting energy requirements. The proposed GO powder protocol suggests an up-scaling linear relation between the amount of educt surface and volume of electrolyte. This may support the mass production of GO-based coatings for the aviation industry, and address challenges such as low weight, fire, de-icing and lightning strike protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ostermann
- Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology, CEST GmbH, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; (P.V.); (J.S.); (M.N.); (M.V.)
| | - Peter Velicsanyi
- Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology, CEST GmbH, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; (P.V.); (J.S.); (M.N.); (M.V.)
| | - Pierluigi Bilotto
- Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology, CEST GmbH, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; (P.V.); (J.S.); (M.N.); (M.V.)
| | - Juergen Schodl
- Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology, CEST GmbH, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; (P.V.); (J.S.); (M.N.); (M.V.)
| | - Markus Nadlinger
- Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology, CEST GmbH, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; (P.V.); (J.S.); (M.N.); (M.V.)
| | - Guenter Fafilek
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Peter A. Lieberzeit
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Markus Valtiner
- Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology, CEST GmbH, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; (P.V.); (J.S.); (M.N.); (M.V.)
- Applied Interface Physics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Zirconyl chloride and its uses in phosphorus chemistry. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Swelling-Resistant, Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes with High ZIF-8 Nanofiller Loadings as Effective Solid Electrolytes for Alkaline Fuel Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050865. [PMID: 35269354 PMCID: PMC8912677 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigates the direct mixing of aqueous zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) suspension into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to form swelling-resistant, mechanically robust and conductivity retentive composite membranes. This drying-free nanofiller incorporation method enhances the homogeneous ZIF-8 distributions in the PVA/ZIF-8/GA composites to overcome the nanofiller aggregation problem in the mixed matrix membranes. Various ZIF-8 concentrations (25.4, 40.5 and 45.4 wt.%) are used to study the suitability of the resulting GA-crosslinked composites for direct alkaline methanol fuel cell (DAMFC). Surface morphological analysis confirmed homogeneous ZIF-8 particle distribution in the GA-crosslinked composites with a defect- and crack-free structure. The increased ionic conductivity (21% higher than the ZIF-free base material) and suppressed alcohol permeability (94% lower from the base material) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA resulted in the highest selectivity among the prepared composites. In addition, the GA-crosslinked composites’ selectivity increased to 1.5−2 times that of those without crosslink. Moreover, the ZIF-8 nanofillers improved the mechanical strength and alkaline stability of the composites. This was due to the negligible volume swelling ratio (<1.4%) of high (>40%) ZIF-8-loaded composites. After 168 h of alkaline treatment, the PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite had almost negligible ionic conductivity loss (0.19%) compared with the initial material. The maximum power density (Pmax) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite was 190.5 mW cm−2 at 60 °C, an increase of 181% from the PVA/GA membrane. Moreover, the Pmax of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA was 10% higher than that without GA crosslinking. These swelling-resistant and stable solid electrolytes are promising in alkaline fuel cell applications.
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Zakaria Z, Kamarudin SK, Kudus MHA, Wahid KAA. κ‐carrageenan/polyvinyl alcohol‐graphene oxide biopolymer composite membrane for application of air‐breathing passive direct ethanol fuel cells. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Siti Kartom Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Malaysia
- Research Center of Sustainable Process Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Malaysia
| | | | - Khairul Anuar Abd Wahid
- Additive Design & Manufacturing System (ADAMS), Mechanical Engineering Section Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia France Institute Bangi Malaysia
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10
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Narducci R, Sgreccia E, Knauth P, Di Vona ML. Anion Exchange Membranes with 1D, 2D and 3D Fillers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3887. [PMID: 34833189 PMCID: PMC8622584 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFC) are clean energy conversion devices that are an attractive alternative to the more common proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), because they present, among others, the advantage of not using noble metals like platinum as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. The interest in this technology has increased exponentially over the recent years. Unfortunately, the low durability of anion exchange membranes (AEM) in basic conditions limits their use on a large scale. We present in this review composite AEM with one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional fillers, an approach commonly used to enhance the fuel cell performance and stability. The most important filler types, which are discussed in this review, are carbon and titanate nanotubes, graphene and graphene oxide, layered double hydroxides, silica and zirconia nanoparticles. The functionalization of the fillers is the most important key to successful property improvement. The recent progress of mechanical properties, ionic conductivity and FC performances of composite AEM is critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Narducci
- Department Industrial Engineering and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy; (E.S.); (M.L.D.V.)
| | - Emanuela Sgreccia
- Department Industrial Engineering and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy; (E.S.); (M.L.D.V.)
| | - Philippe Knauth
- CNRS, Madirel (UMR 7246) and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, Aix Marseille University, F-13013 Marseille, France;
| | - Maria Luisa Di Vona
- Department Industrial Engineering and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy; (E.S.); (M.L.D.V.)
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Laschuk NO, Ebralidze II, Easton EB, Zenkina OV. Post-Synthetic Color Tuning of the Ultra-Effective and Highly Stable Surface-Confined Electrochromic Monolayer: Shades of Green for Camouflage Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39573-39583. [PMID: 34378920 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report here on the strategy for the preparation of a series of electrochromic (EC) materials in green shades designed for camouflage purposes. This top-down post-synthetic modification provides access to new EC materials by fine modulation of the color of the surface-confined metalorganic monolayer pre-deposited on indium tin oxide screen-printed supports. Selective on-surface N-quaternization of the outer pyridine unit of the EC metal complex covalently embedded onto an enhanced surface area electrode results in a bathochromic shift of the absorbance signal as well as visual color change from blue to different shades of green. When assembled into solid-state EC devices (ECDs), the materials demonstrate high color differences between colored and bleached states and significant differences in optical density. Upon electrochemical switching, the ECDs initially featuring different shades of green become yellowish or clay. The accessible gamut of colors, fulfilling the requirements for chameleon-like camouflage materials, is able to mimic conditions of various natural environments including forests and sands. Notably, ECDs demonstrate high long-term durability (95% retention of the performance after 3300 cycles), fast coloration (0.6-1.1 s), and bleaching (1.2-3.3 s) times and outstanding coloration efficiencies of 1018-1513 cm2/C. Importantly, post-synthetic N-quaternization/color tuning does not deteriorate the performance of the resulting EC materials and devices as judged by cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This work adds to the limited number of reports that explore color tuning of EC molecular layers via on-surface modification with the aim to access new non-symmetric materials. Notably, the facile and straightforward technology presented here allows the creation of green-colored EC materials that are difficult to prepare in other ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia O Laschuk
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech. University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Iraklii I Ebralidze
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech. University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - E Bradley Easton
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech. University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Olena V Zenkina
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech. University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa L1G 0C5, Canada
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12
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13
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Choudhury RR, Gohil JM, Dutta K. Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based membranes for fuel cell and water treatment applications: A review on recent advancements. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikarani R. Choudhury
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals—Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (SARP: LARPM) Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology (CIPET) Bhubaneswar India
| | - Jaydevsinh M. Gohil
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals—Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (SARP: LARPM) Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology (CIPET) Bhubaneswar India
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals—Advanced Polymer Design & Development Research Laboratory (SARP: APDDRL) Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology (CIPET) Bengaluru India
| | - Kingshuk Dutta
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals—Advanced Polymer Design & Development Research Laboratory (SARP: APDDRL) Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology (CIPET) Bengaluru India
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14
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Gorgieva S, Osmić A, Hribernik S, Božič M, Svete J, Hacker V, Wolf S, Genorio B. Efficient Chitosan/Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Membranes for Direct Alkaline Ethanol Fuel Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1740. [PMID: 33572312 PMCID: PMC7916145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we prepared a series of nanocomposite membranes based on chitosan (CS) and three compositionally and structurally different N-doped graphene derivatives. Two-dimensional (2D) and quasi 1D N-doped reduced graphene oxides (N-rGO) and nanoribbons (N-rGONRs), as well as 3D porous N-doped graphitic polyenaminone particles (N-pEAO), were synthesized and characterized fully to confirm their graphitic structure, morphology, and nitrogen (pyridinic, pyrrolic, and quaternary or graphitic) group contents. The largest (0.07%) loading of N-doped graphene derivatives impacted the morphology of the CS membrane significantly, reducing the crystallinity, tensile properties, and the KOH uptake, and increasing (by almost 10-fold) the ethanol permeability. Within direct alkaline ethanol test cells, it was found that CS/N rGONRs (0.07 %) membrane (Pmax. = 3.7 mWcm-2) outperformed the pristine CS membrane significantly (Pmax. = 2.2 mWcm-2), suggesting the potential of the newly proposed membranes for application in direct ethanol fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selestina Gorgieva
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Azra Osmić
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Silvo Hribernik
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Mojca Božič
- Dravske Elektrarne Maribor d.o.o., Obrežna ulica 170, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Jurij Svete
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Viktor Hacker
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria; (V.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Sigrid Wolf
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria; (V.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Boštjan Genorio
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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15
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Ion transfer channel network formed by flower and rod shape crystals of hair hydrolysate in poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix and its application as anion exchange membrane in fuel cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 587:214-228. [PMID: 33360894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ion transfer phenomena occurring in nature are known to be most efficient. Many efforts have been made to mimic such phenomena, especially in the area of energy transfer. Proteins consisting of various amino acids are known to be the fundamental materials behind these phenomena. In the current study, an effort was made to extract proteinaceous material from human hair bio-waste by a green chemical-free thermal hydrolysis process. A simple heat treatment of the human hairs in presence of water led to the formation of a water soluble material, which was called hair hydrolysate (HH), contains 70 wt% proteinaceous material. It was utilized for the fabrication of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix-based anion exchange membrane (AEM). Presence of 27 wt% charged amino acids and 19 wt% polarizable amino acids in the HH provided effective charge transfer sites. 7 wt% arginine present in the HH, having continuous delocalized net positive charge helped the membrane to be stable in highly alkaline conditions, which was confirmed by an indirect analysis of alkaline stability. Formation of rod and flower shaped crystal morphology by the HH in glutaraldehyde crosslinked PVA matrix, created a continuous channel network at higher loadings, which provided a simple path for ion transfer, achieving OH- conductivity of 7.46 mS/cm at 70 °C. Swelling of the PVA matrix was minimized by annealing of the HH loaded sample, which resulted in reduction of ionic conductivity to 6.16 mS/cm (at 70 °C). At the same time, improvement in the properties like increase in thermal, mechanical and thermo-mechanical stability, reduction in water uptake, %swelling and methanol permeability was observed. The selectivity of the membrane was increased to almost a decimal place. Thus, the HH obtained from simple green thermal hydrolysis of human hair bio-waste is a cheap material, which is found to be suitable as ion conductive material for alkaline fuel cells.
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16
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Kobyliukh A, Olszowska K, Szeluga U, Pusz S. Iron oxides/graphene hybrid structures - Preparation, modification, and application as fillers of polymer composites. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 285:102285. [PMID: 33070104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The current status of knowledge regarding magnetic hybrid structures based on graphene or carbon nanotubes with various forms of iron oxides is reviewed. The paper starts with a summary of the preparation and properties of iron oxide nanoparticles, both untreated and coated with silica or polymer layers. In the next section, organic-inorganic hybrid materials obtained as a result of a combination of graphene or carbon nanotubes and iron chemical compounds are characterized and discussed. These hybrids constitute an increasing percentage of all consumable high performance biomedical, electronic, and energy materials due to their valuable properties and low production costs. The potential of their application as components of materials used in corrosion protection, catalysis, spintronics, biomedicine, photoelectrochemical water splitting and groundwater remediation, as well as magnetic nanoparticles in polymer matrices, are also presented. The last part of this review article is focused on reporting the most recent developments in design and the understanding of the properties of polymer composites reinforced with nanometer-sized iron oxide/graphene and iron oxide/carbon nanotubes hybrid fillers. The discussion presents comparative analysis of the magnetic, electromagnetic shielding, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of polymer composites with various iron oxide/graphene structures. It is shown that the introduction of hybrid filler nanoparticles into polymer matrices enhances both the macro- and microproperties of final composites as a result of synergistic effects of individual components and the simultaneous formation of an oriented filler network in the polymer. The reinforcing effect is related to the structure and geometry of hybrid nanoparticles applied as a filler, the interactions between the filler particles, their concentration in a composite, and the method of composite processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Kobyliukh
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Karolina Olszowska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Urszula Szeluga
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Sławomira Pusz
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, Zabrze, Poland
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17
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Albayrak Arı G, Şimşek Ö. Imidazolium functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes for direct methanol alkaline fuel cell applications. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gülşen Albayrak Arı
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIstanbul University‐Cerrahpasa Istanbul Turkey
| | - Öykü Şimşek
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIstanbul University‐Cerrahpasa Istanbul Turkey
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18
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Serrano-Luján L, Víctor-Román S, Toledo C, Sanahuja-Parejo O, Mansour AE, Abad J, Amassian A, Benito AM, Maser WK, Urbina A. Environmental impact of the production of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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19
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Zakaria Z, Kamarudin SK, Timmiati SN. Influence of Graphene Oxide on the Ethanol Permeability and Ionic Conductivity of QPVA-Based Membrane in Passive Alkaline Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:28. [PMID: 30659414 PMCID: PMC6338673 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Passive alkaline-direct ethanol fuel cells (alkaline-DEFCs) appear to be suitable for producing sustainable energy for portable devices. However, ethanol crossover is a major challenge for passive alkaline-DEFC systems. This study investigated the performance of a crosslinked quaternized poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide (QPVA/GO) composite membrane to reduce ethanol permeability, leading in enhancement of passive alkaline-DEFC performance. The chemical and physical structure, morphology, ethanol uptake and permeability, ion exchange capacity, water uptake, and ionic conductivity of the composite membranes were characterized and measured to evaluate their applicability in fuel cells. The transport properties of the membrane were affected by GO loading, with an optimal loading of 15 wt.% and doped with 1 M of KOH showing the lowest ethanol permeability (1.49 × 10-7 cm2 s-1 and 3.65 × 10-7 cm2 s-1 at 30 °C and 60 °C, respectively) and the highest ionic conductivity (1.74 × 10-2 S cm-1 and 6.24 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 30 °C and 60 °C, respectively). In the passive alkaline-DEFCs, the maximum power density was 9.1 mW cm-2, which is higher than commercial Nafion 117/KOH (7.68 mW cm-2) at 30 °C with a 2 M ethanol + 2 M KOH solution. For the 60 °C, the maximum power density of composite membrane achieved was 11.4 mW cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zakaria
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. K. Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
- Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. N. Timmiati
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
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20
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Zakaria Z, Kamarudin SK. Performance of quaternized poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based electrolyte membrane in passive alkaline DEFCs application: RSM optimization approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zakaria
- Fuel Cell InstituteUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. K. Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell InstituteUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built EnvironmentUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia
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21
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Bai Y, Yuan Y, Miao L, Lü C. Functionalized rGO as covalent crosslinkers for constructing chemically stable polysulfone-based anion exchange membranes with enhanced ion conductivity. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Ma WT, Kumar SR, Hsu CT, Shih CM, Tsai SW, Yang CC, Liu YL, Lue SJ. Magnetic field-assisted alignment of graphene oxide nanosheets in a polymer matrix to enhance ionic conduction. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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23
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Zakaria Z, Kamarudin SK, Timmiati SN, Masdar MS. New composite membrane poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide for direct ethanol-proton exchange membrane fuel cell. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zakaria
- Fuel Cell Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. K. Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. N. Timmiati
- Fuel Cell Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - M. S. Masdar
- Fuel Cell Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
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24
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Graphene oxide-cation interaction: Inter-layer spacing and zeta potential changes in response to various salt solutions. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Zhou T, He X, Lu Z. Studies on a novel anion-exchange membrane based on chitosan and ionized organic compounds with multiwalled carbon nanotubes for alkaline fuel cells. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Zhou
- YanCheng Institute of Technology; 9 Ying'bing Road Yancheng 224051 China
- Yancheng Vocational Institute of Industry Technology; 285 Jiefang South Road Yancheng 224005 China
| | - Xuemei He
- YanCheng Institute of Technology; 9 Ying'bing Road Yancheng 224051 China
| | - Zhenqian Lu
- YanCheng Institute of Technology; 9 Ying'bing Road Yancheng 224051 China
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26
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Liao GM, Yang CC, Hu CC, Teng LW, Hsieh CH, Lue SJ. Optimal loading of quaternized chitosan nanofillers in functionalized polyvinyl alcohol polymer membrane for effective hydroxide ion conduction and suppressed alcohol transport. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Hsu PY, Hu TY, Kumar SR, Chang CH, Wu KCW, Tung KL, Lue SJ. Highly Zeolite-Loaded Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Membranes for Alkaline Fuel-Cell Electrolytes. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E102. [PMID: 30966138 PMCID: PMC6415070 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Having a secure and stable energy supply is a top priority for the global community. Fuel-cell technology is recognized as a promising electrical energy generation system for the twenty-first century. Polyvinyl alcohol/zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (PVA/ZIF-8) composite membranes were successfully prepared in this work from direct ZIF-8 suspension solution (0⁻45.4 wt %) and PVA mixing to prevent filler aggregation for direct methanol alkaline fuel cells (DMAFCs). The ZIF-8 fillers were chosen for the appropriate cavity size as a screening aid to allow water and suppress methanol transport. Increased ionic conductivities and suppressed methanol permeabilities were achieved for the PVA/40.5% ZIF-8 composites, compared to other samples. A high power density of 173.2 mW cm-2 was achieved using a KOH-doped PVA/40.5% ZIF-8 membrane in a DMAFC at 60 °C with 1⁻2 mg cm-2 catalyst loads. As the filler content was raised beyond 45.4 wt %, adverse effects resulted and the DMAFC performance (144.9 mW cm-2) was not improved further. Therefore, the optimal ZIF-8 content was approximately 40.5 wt % in the polymeric matrix. The specific power output was higher (58 mW mg-1) than most membranes reported in the literature (3⁻18 mW mg-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ya Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Yu Hu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
| | - Selvaraj Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hao Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da-an, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da-an, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Lun Tung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da-an, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Shingjiang Jessie Lue
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming-Chi University of Technology, Taishan District, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan.
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28
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Experimental and One-Dimensional Mathematical Modeling of Different Operating Parameters in Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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