1
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Rominger L, Hackbarth M, Jung T, Scherzinger M, Rosa LFM, Horn H, Kaltschmitt M, Picioreanu C, Gescher J. Efficiency and process development for microbial biomass production using oxic bioelectrosynthesis. Trends Biotechnol 2025; 43:673-695. [PMID: 39672765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 11/01/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 12/15/2024]
Abstract
Autotrophic microbial electrosynthesis (MES) processes are mainly based on organisms that rely on carbon dioxide (CO2) as an electron acceptor and typically have low biomass yields. However, there are few data on the process and efficiencies of oxic MES (OMES). In this study, we used the knallgas bacterium Kyrpidia spormannii to investigate biomass formation and energy efficiency of cathode-dependent growth. The study revealed that the process can be carried out with the same electron efficiency as conventional gas fermentation, but overcomes disadvantages, such as the use of explosive gas mixtures. When accounting only for the electron input via electrical energy, a solar energy demand of 67.89 kWh kg-1 dry biomass was determined. While anaerobic MES is ideally suited to produce methane, short-chain alcohols, and carboxylic acids, its aerobic counterpart could extend this important range of applications to not only protein for use in the food and feed sector, but also further complex products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Rominger
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstraße 12 (F), 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Max Hackbarth
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Jung
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marvin Scherzinger
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Eissendorfer Str. 40 (N), 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luis F M Rosa
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Harald Horn
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltschmitt
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Eissendorfer Str. 40 (N), 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cristian Picioreanu
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes Gescher
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstraße 12 (F), 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Wurst R, Klein E, Gescher J. Magnetic, conductive nanoparticles as building blocks for steerable micropillar-structured anodic biofilms. Biofilm 2024; 8:100226. [PMID: 39830520 PMCID: PMC11740803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
In bioelectrochemical systems (BES), biofilm formation and architecture are of crucial importance, especially for flow-through applications. The interface between electroactive microorganisms and the electrode surface plays an important and often limiting role, as the available surface area influences current generation, especially for poor biofilm forming organisms. To overcome the limitation of the available electrode surface, nanoparticles (NPs) with a magnetic iron core and a conductive, hydrophobic carbon shell were used as building blocks to form conductive, magnetic micropillars on the anode surface. The formation of this dynamic three-dimensional electrode architecture was monitored and quantified in situ using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in conjunction with microfluidic BES systems. By cyclic voltammetry the assembled three-dimensional anode extensions were found to be electrically conductive and increased the available electroactive surface area. The NPs were used as controllable carriers for the electroactive model organisms Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter sulfurreducens, resulting in a 5-fold increase in steady-state current density for S. oneidensis, which could be increased 22-fold when combined with Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) aggregates. In the case of G. sulfurreducens, the steady-state current density was not increased, but was achieved four times faster. The study presents a controllable, scalable and easy-to-use method to increase the electrode surface area in existing BES by applying a magnetic field and adding conductive magnetic NPs. These findings can most likely also be transferred to other electroactive microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Wurst
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, University of Technology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edina Klein
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, University of Technology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Gescher
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, University of Technology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Klein EM, Heintz H, Wurst R, Schuldt S, Hähl H, Jacobs K, Gescher J. Comparative analysis of the influence of BpfA and BpfG on biofilm development and current density in Shewanella oneidensis under oxic, fumarate- and anode-respiring conditions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23174. [PMID: 39369013 PMCID: PMC11455927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation by Shewanella oneidensis has been extensively studied under oxic conditions; however, relatively little is known about biofilm formation under anoxic conditions and how biofilm architecture and composition can positively influence current generation in bioelectrochemical systems. In this study, we utilized a recently developed microfluidic biofilm analysis setup with automated 3D imaging to investigate the effects of extracellular electron acceptors and synthetic modifications to the extracellular polymeric matrix on biofilm formation. Our results with the wild type strain demonstrate robust biofilm formation even under anoxic conditions when fumarate is used as the electron acceptor. However, this pattern shifts when a graphite electrode is employed as the electron acceptor, resulting in biofilm formation falling below the detection limit of the optical coherence tomography imaging system. To manipulate biofilm formation, we aimed to express BpfG with a single amino acid substitution in the catalytic center (C116S) and to overexpress bpfA. Our analyses indicate that, under oxic conditions, overarching mechanisms predominantly influence biofilm development, rather than the specific mutations we investigated. Under anoxic conditions, the bpfG mutation led to a quantitative increase in biofilm formation, but both strains exhibited significant qualitative changes in biofilm architecture compared to the controls. When an anode was used as the sole electron acceptor, both the bpfA and bpfG mutations positively impacted mean current density, yielding a 1.8-fold increase for each mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Marlen Klein
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, University of Technology Hamburg, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Heintz
- Experimental Physics, Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - René Wurst
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, University of Technology Hamburg, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schuldt
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, University of Technology Hamburg, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Hähl
- Experimental Physics, Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics, Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Gescher
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, University of Technology Hamburg, 21073, Hamburg, Germany.
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4
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Liu J, Zhang K, Liu X, Xu Q, Li W. Improved in-situ characterization for the scaling-induced wetting in membrane distillation: Unraveling the role of crystalline morphology. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 268:122561. [PMID: 39393181 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Despite being recognized as a promising technique for treating high salinity water, membrane distillation (MD) has been plagued by the scaling of sparingly soluble salts. The growth of crystals can not only create additional resistance to evaporating water at the feed-membrane interface, but also alter the hydrophobic network to bridge the feed and distillate (i.e., result in the phenomenon of wetting). When recognizing the uncertain behaviors of calcium sulfate (CaSO4) scaling in MD, this study was motivated to ascertain whether the crystal-membrane interactions could be dependent on the variation in crystalline morphology. In particular, optical coherence tomography (OCT) was employed to characterize the scaling-induced wetting via a direct-observation-through-the-membrane (DOTM) mode, which mitigated the effects of developing an external scaling layer on resolving the crystal-membrane interactions. The improved in-situ characterization suggests that the crystalline morphology of CaSO4 could be effectively regulated by varying the stoichiometry of crystallizing ions; the richness of calcium in the aqueous environment for crystallization would be in favor of weakening the crystal-membrane interactions. The stoichiometry-dependent growth of CaSO4 crystals can be exploited to develop an effective strategy for preventing the hydrophobic network from being wetted or irreversibly damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, PR China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, PR China; Guangdong Nantian Institute of Forensic Science, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Qiyong Xu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, PR China.
| | - Weiyi Li
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, PR China.
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5
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Klein E, Wurst R, Rehnlund D, Gescher J. Elucidating the development of cooperative anode-biofilm-structures. Biofilm 2024; 7:100193. [PMID: 38601817 PMCID: PMC11004076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial electrochemical systems are a highly versatile platform technology with a particular focus on the interplay of chemical and electrical energy conversion and offer immense potential for a sustainable bioeconomy. The industrial realization of this potential requires a critical focus on biofilm optimization if performance is to be controlled over a long period of time. Moreover, the aspect and influence of cooperativity has to be addressed as many applied anodic bioelectrochemical systems will most likely be operated with a diversity of interacting microbial species. Hence, the aim of this study was to analyze how interspecies dependence and cooperativity of a model community influence the development of anodic biofilms. To investigate biofilm activity in a spatially resolved manner, a microfluidic bioelectrochemical flow cell was developed that can be equipped with user-defined electrode materials and operates under laminar flow conditions. With this infrastructure, the development of single and co-culture biofilms of the two model organisms Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter sulfurreducens on graphite electrodes was monitored by optical coherence tomography analysis. The interdependence in the co-culture biofilm was achieved by feeding the community with lactate, which is converted by S. oneidensis into acetate, which in turn serves as substrate for G. sulfurreducens. The results show that co-cultivation resulted in the formation of denser biofilms than in single culture. Moreover, we hypothesize that S. oneidensis in return utilizes the conductive biofilm matrix build by G. sulfurreducens for direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) to the anode. FISH analysis revealed that the biofilms consisted of approximately two-thirds G. sulfurreducens cells, which most likely formed a conductive 3D network throughout the biofilm matrix, in which evenly distributed tubular S. oneidensis colonies were embedded without direct contact to the anode surface. Live/dead staining shows that the outermost biofilm contained almost exclusively dead cells (98 %), layers near the anode contained 45-56 % and the entire biofilm contained 82 % live cells. Our results exemplify how the architecture of the exoelectrogenic biofilm dynamically adapts to the respective process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Klein
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, University of Technology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - René Wurst
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, University of Technology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Rehnlund
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johannes Gescher
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, University of Technology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Liang S, Fu K, Li X, Wang Z. Unveiling the spatiotemporal dynamics of membrane fouling: A focused review on dynamic fouling characterization techniques and future perspectives. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 328:103179. [PMID: 38754212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Membrane technology has emerged as a crucial method for obtaining clean water from unconventional sources in the face of water scarcity. It finds wide applications in wastewater treatment, advanced treatment, and desalination of seawater and brackish water. However, membrane fouling poses a huge challenge that limits the development of membrane-based water treatment technologies. Characterizing the dynamics of membrane fouling is crucial for understanding its development, mechanisms, and effective mitigation. Instrumental techniques that enable in situ or real-time characterization of the dynamics of membrane fouling provide insights into the temporal and spatial evolution of fouling, which play a crucial role in understanding the fouling mechanism and the formulation of membrane control strategies. This review consolidates existing knowledge about the principal advanced instrumental analysis technologies employed to characterize the dynamics of membrane fouling, in terms of membrane structure, morphology, and intermolecular forces. Working principles, applications, and limitations of each technique are discussed, enabling researchers to select appropriate methods for their specific studies. Furthermore, prospects for the future development of dynamic characterization techniques for membrane fouling are discussed, underscoring the need for continued research and innovation in this field to overcome the challenges posed by membrane fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kunkun Fu
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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7
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Kogler A, Sharma N, Tiburcio D, Gong M, Miller DM, Williams KS, Chen X, Tarpeh WA. Long-Term Robustness and Failure Mechanisms of Electrochemical Stripping for Wastewater Ammonia Recovery. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2024; 4:89-105. [PMID: 38525023 PMCID: PMC10958661 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen in wastewater has negative environmental, human health, and economic impacts but can be recovered to reduce the costs and environmental impacts of wastewater treatment and chemical production. To recover ammonia/ammonium (total ammonia nitrogen, TAN) from urine, we operated electrochemical stripping (ECS) for over a month, achieving 83.4 ± 1.5% TAN removal and 73.0 ± 2.9% TAN recovery. With two reactors, we recovered sixteen 500-mL batches (8 L total) of ammonium sulfate (20.9 g/L TAN) approaching commercial fertilizer concentrations (28.4 g/L TAN) and often having >95% purity. While evaluating the operation and maintenance needs, we identified pH, full-cell voltage, product volume, and water flux into the product as informative process monitoring parameters that can be inexpensively and rapidly measured. Characterization of fouled cation exchange and omniphobic membranes informs cleaning and reactor modifications to reduce fouling with organics and calcium/magnesium salts. To evaluate the impact of urine collection and storage on ECS, we conducted experiments with urine at different levels of dilution with flush water, extents of divalent cation precipitation, and degrees of hydrolysis. ECS effectively treated urine under all conditions, but minimizing flush water and ensuring storage until complete hydrolysis would enable energy-efficient TAN recovery. Our experimental results and cost analysis motivate a multifaceted approach to improving ECS's technical and economic viability by extending component lifetimes, decreasing component costs, and reducing energy consumption through material, reactor, and process engineering. In summary, we demonstrated urine treatment as a foothold for electrochemical nutrient recovery from wastewater while supporting the applicability of ECS to seven other wastewaters with widely varying characteristics. Our findings will facilitate the scale-up and deployment of electrochemical nutrient recovery technologies, enabling a circular nitrogen economy that fosters sanitation provision, efficient chemical production, and water resource protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kogler
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Neha Sharma
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94205, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Diana Tiburcio
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Meili Gong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dean M. Miller
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kindle S. Williams
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A. Tarpeh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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8
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Chang H, Zhu Y, Huang L, Yan Z, Qu F, Liang H. Mineral scaling induced membrane wetting in membrane distillation for water treatment: Fundamental mechanism and mitigation strategies. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120807. [PMID: 37924685 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The scaling-induced wetting phenomenon seriously affects the application of membrane distillation (MD) technology in hypersaline wastewater treatment. Unlike the large amount of researches on membrane scaling and membrane wetting, scaling-induced wetting is not sufficiently studied. In this work, the current research evolvement of scaling-induced wetting in MD was systematically summarized. Firstly, the theories involving scaling-induced wetting were discussed, including evaluation of scaling potential of specific solutions, classical and non-classical crystal nucleation and growth theories, observation and evolution of scaling-induced processes. Secondly, the primary pretreatment methods for alleviating scaling-induced wetting were discussed in detail, focusing on adding agents composed of coagulation, precipitation, oxidation, adsorption and scale inhibitors, filtration including granular filtration, membrane filtration and mesh filtration and application of external fields including sound, light, heat, electromagnetism, magnetism and aeration. Then, the roles of operation conditions and cleaning conditions in alleviating scaling-induced wetting were evaluated. The main operation parameters included temperature, flow rate, pressure, ultrasound, vibration and aeration, while different types of cleaning reagents, cleaning frequency and a series of assisted cleaning measures were summarized. Finally, the challenges and future needs in the application of nucleation theory to scaling-induced wetting, the speculation, monitoring and mitigation of scaling-induced wetting were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China.
| | - Yingyuan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Lin Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Zhongsen Yan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Fangshu Qu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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9
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Wan H, Li X, Luo Y, Shi D, Gong T, An AK, Shao S. Early monitoring of pore wetting in membrane distillation using ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR). WATER RESEARCH 2023; 240:120081. [PMID: 37224667 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pore wetting induced by surfactants and salt scaling is a major obstacle to the industrial application of membrane distillation (MD). Identifying the transition of wetting stages and achieving early monitoring of pore wetting are crucial for wetting control. Herein, we made a pioneering attempt to use ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR) technique to non-invasively detect the pore wetting in a direct contact MD, and explain the UTDR waveform with the help of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. The results showed that the water-vapor interface had a strong reflection to ultrasound (reflection coefficient = 0.9995), while the water-membrane and water-scaling layer interfaces showed relatively weak reflection. Therefore, UTDR could effectively detect the movement of water-vapor interface with the low interference from the signals generated by the membrane and scaling layer. For the surfactant-induced wetting, the occurrence of wetting could be successfully detected by the right-shift in phase and the reduction in amplitude of the UTDR waveform. Moreover, the wetting depth could be accurately calculated by the time of flight (ToF) and ultrasonic velocity. For scaling-induced wetting, the waveform slightly shifted to the left at the beginning due to the growth of scaling layer, then to the right because the left-shift was surpassed by the right-shift of the waveform caused by pore wetting. Both for the surfactant- and scaling-induced wetting, the variation of the UTDR waveform was sensitive to wetting dynamics, and the right-shift of phase and the reduction in amplitude of the waveform could act as early monitoring signals to the occurrence of wetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Wan
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xianhui Li
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yusen Luo
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Danting Shi
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tengjing Gong
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Alicia Kyoungjin An
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Senlin Shao
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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10
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Lee S, Cho H, Choi Y, Lee S. Application of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to Analyze Membrane Fouling under Intermittent Operation. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:392. [PMID: 37103819 PMCID: PMC10141615 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in membrane systems powered by renewable energy sources, including solar and wind, that are suitable for decentralized water supply in islands and remote regions. These membrane systems are often operated intermittently with extended shutdown periods to minimize the capacity of the energy storage devices. However, relatively little information is available on the effect of intermittent operation on membrane fouling. In this work, the fouling of pressurized membranes under intermittent operation was investigated using an approach based on optical coherence tomography (OCT), which allows non-destructive and non-invasive examination of membrane fouling. In reverse osmosis (RO), intermittently operated membranes were investigated by OCT-based characterization. Several model foulants such as NaCl and humic acids were used, as well as real seawater. The cross-sectional OCT images of the fouling were visualized as a three-dimensional volume using Image J. The OCT images were used to quantitatively measure the thickness of foulants on the membrane surfaces under different operating conditions. The results showed that intermittent operation retarded the flux decrease due to fouling compared to continuous operation. The OCT analysis showed that the foulant thickness was significantly reduced by the intermittent operation. The decrease in foulant layer thickness was found to occur when the RO process was restarted in intermittent operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookmin University, 77, Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongrak Cho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookmin University, 77, Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Choi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookmin University, 77, Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookmin University, 77, Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
- Desalination Technologies Research Institute (DTRI), Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC), WQ36+XJP, Al Jubayl 35417, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Shi D, Gong T, Qing W, Li X, Shao S. Unique Behaviors and Mechanism of Highly Soluble Salt-Induced Wetting in Membrane Distillation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14788-14796. [PMID: 36154007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Scaling-induced wettinggreatly limits the application of membrane distillation (MD) for the desalination of high-salinity feed. Although highly soluble salts (e.g., NaCl) have high concentrations in this water, their scaling-induced wetting remains overlooked. To unravel the elusive wetting behaviors of highly soluble salts, in this study, we systematically investigated the scaling formation and wetting progress by in situ observation with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Through examining the influence of salt type and vapor flux on the wetting behavior, we revealed that highly soluble salt-induced wetting, especially under high vapor flux, shared several unique features: (1) occurring before the bulk feed reached saturation, (2) no scale layer formation observed, and (3) synchronized wetting progress on the millimeter scale. We demonstrated that a moving scale layer caused these interesting phenomena. The initial high vapor flux induced high concentration and temperature polarizations, which led to crystallization at the gas-liquid interface and the formation of an initial scale layer. On the one hand, this scale layer bridged the water into the hydrophobic pores; on the other hand, it blocked the membrane pores and reduced the vapor flux. In this way, the decreased vapor flux mitigated the concentration/temperature polarizations, and consequently led to the dissolution of the feed-facing side of the scale layer. This dissolution prevented the membrane pores from being completely blocked, facilitating the transportation and crystallization of salts at the distillate-facing side of the scale layer (i.e., the gas-liquid interface), thus the proceeding of the wetting layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danting Shi
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Tengjing Gong
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Qing
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Xianhui Li
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Senlin Shao
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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12
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Pratofiorito G, Horn H, Saravia F. Differentiating fouling on the membrane and on the spacer in low-pressure reverse-osmosis under high organic load using optical coherence tomography. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Membrane distillation as a second stage treatment of hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater after ultrafiltration. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Enrichment of phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in a microfluidic model biofilm system by mimicking a typical aerobic granular sludge feast/famine regime. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1313-1324. [PMID: 35032186 PMCID: PMC8816403 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Wastewater treatment using aerobic granular sludge has gained increasing interest due to its advantages compared to conventional activated sludge. The technology allows simultaneous removal of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in a single reactor system and is independent of space-intensive settling tanks. However, due to the microscale, an analysis of processes and microbial population along the radius of granules is challenging. Here, we introduce a model system for aerobic granular sludge on a small scale by using a machine-assisted microfluidic cultivation platform. With an implemented logic module that controls solenoid valves, we realized alternating oxic hunger and anoxic feeding phases for the biofilms growing within. Sampling during ongoing anoxic cultivation directly from the cultivation channel was achieved with a robotic sampling device. Analysis of the biofilms was conducted using optical coherence tomography, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and amplicon sequencing. Using this setup, it was possible to significantly enrich the percentage of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO) belonging to the family Rhodocyclaceae in the community compared to the starting inoculum. With the aid of this miniature model system, it is now possible to investigate the influence of a multitude of process parameters in a highly parallel way to understand and efficiently optimize aerobic granular sludge-based wastewater treatment systems.Key points• Development of a microfluidic model to study EBPR.• Feast-famine regime enriches polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs).• Microfluidics replace sequencing batch reactors for aerobic granular sludge research.
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15
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El-badawy T, Othman MHD, Matsuura T, Bilad MR, Adam MR, Tai ZS, Ravi J, Ismail A, Rahman MA, Jaafar J, Usman J, Kurniawan TA. Progress in treatment of oilfield produced water using membrane distillation and potentials for beneficial re-use. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Dammak L, Fouilloux J, Bdiri M, Larchet C, Renard E, Baklouti L, Sarapulova V, Kozmai A, Pismenskaya N. A Review on Ion-Exchange Membrane Fouling during the Electrodialysis Process in the Food Industry, Part 1: Types, Effects, Characterization Methods, Fouling Mechanisms and Interactions. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:789. [PMID: 34677555 PMCID: PMC8539029 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) was first established for water desalination and is still highly recommended in this field for its high water recovery, long lifetime and acceptable electricity consumption. Today, thanks to technological progress in ED processes and the emergence of new ion-exchange membranes (IEMs), ED has been extended to many other applications in the food industry. This expansion of uses has also generated several problems such as IEMs' lifetime limitation due to different ageing phenomena (because of organic and/or mineral compounds). The current commercial IEMs show excellent performance in ED processes; however, organic foulants such as proteins, surfactants, polyphenols or other natural organic matters can adhere on their surface (especially when using anion-exchange membranes: AEMs) forming a colloid layer or can infiltrate the membrane matrix, which leads to the increase in electrical resistance, resulting in higher energy consumption, lower water recovery, loss of membrane permselectivity and current efficiency as well as lifetime limitation. If these aspects are not sufficiently controlled and mastered, the use and the efficiency of ED processes will be limited since, it will no longer be competitive or profitable compared to other separation methods. In this work we reviewed a significant amount of recent scientific publications, research and reviews studying the phenomena of IEM fouling during the ED process in food industry with a special focus on the last decade. We first classified the different types of fouling according to the most commonly used classifications. Then, the fouling effects, the characterization methods and techniques as well as the different fouling mechanisms and interactions as well as their influence on IEM matrix and fixed groups were presented, analyzed, discussed and illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasâad Dammak
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (J.F.); (M.B.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Julie Fouilloux
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (J.F.); (M.B.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Myriam Bdiri
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (J.F.); (M.B.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Christian Larchet
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (J.F.); (M.B.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Estelle Renard
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (J.F.); (M.B.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Lassaad Baklouti
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts at Al Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Veronika Sarapulova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149, Stavropol’skaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (V.S.); (A.K.); (N.P.)
| | - Anton Kozmai
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149, Stavropol’skaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (V.S.); (A.K.); (N.P.)
| | - Natalia Pismenskaya
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149, Stavropol’skaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (V.S.); (A.K.); (N.P.)
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17
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Miehle M, Hackbarth M, Gescher J, Horn H, Hille-Reichel A. Biological biogas upgrading in a membrane biofilm reactor with and without organic carbon source. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 335:125287. [PMID: 34034065 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biogas upgrading is a necessary step to minimize the CO2 of raw biogas and to make it suitable for gas liquefaction or introduction into the national gas grid. Biomethanation is a promising approach since it converts the CO2 to more methane on site, while taking advantage of the organisms responsible for biogas production in the first place. This study investigates the suitability of a pseudo-dead-end membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) for ex-situ biogas upgrading using biogas as sole carbon source as well as for additional acetoclastic methanation when an organic carbon source is provided. Results prove that the concept of MBfR is especially advantageous for ex-situ hydrogenotrophic methanation of biogas CO2, yielding high product gas qualities of up to 99% methane. It is discussed that cross-flow membrane operation could reduce mass flux of inert methane through membranes, attached biofilms, and reactor liquid, and, thus, improve methanation space time yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Miehle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Max Hackbarth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany; DVGW Research Centre at Engler-Bunte-Institut of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Water Chemistry, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Johannes Gescher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Biology (IAB), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Harald Horn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany; DVGW Research Centre at Engler-Bunte-Institut of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Water Chemistry, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Andrea Hille-Reichel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
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18
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Flux decline induced by scaling of calcium sulfate in membrane distillation: Theoretical analysis on the role of different mechanisms. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Operation conditions affecting scale formation in membrane distillation - An in situ scale study based on optical coherence tomography. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Liu J, Li Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Tu G, Li W. Analyzing scaling behavior of calcium sulfate in membrane distillation via optical coherence tomography. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 191:116809. [PMID: 33454650 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Deepening the understanding of scaling processes would facilitate the improvement of membrane distillation (MD) as a promising technique for sustainable development. This study investigated the scaling of calcium sulfate in MD via an approach based on optical coherence tomography (OCT). The OCT-based characterization enabled an analysis that correlated the flux decline with the morphological evolution of the scaling layer. It was revealed by this analysis that the reduction in the evaporation rate could be dominated by different mechanisms as the crystalline particles grew and deposited on the membrane surface; the striping phenomenon visualized by mapping the local growth rates provided evidence for the hydrodynamic instability induced by the coupled mass and heat transfer in MD. Moreover, the OCT-based characterization was exploited to unravel the interplay between the crystallization and the porous structure by quantifying the membrane deformation as a function of time; the varied precipitation kinetics in the boundary layer was confirmed by comparing the temporal variations in the OCT signals at different depths. All these results shed light on mechanisms underlying complex scaling processes, which are the basis for optimizing the design of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yewei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Guoquan Tu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Weiyi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China.
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21
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Pratofiorito G, Hackbarth M, Mandel C, Madlanga S, West S, Horn H, Hille-Reichel A. A membrane biofilm reactor for hydrogenotrophic methanation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 321:124444. [PMID: 33285505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biomethanation of CO2 has been proven to be a feasible way to produce methane with the employment of H2 as electron source. Subject of the present study is a custom-made membrane biofilm reactor for hydrogenotrophic methanation by archaeal biofilms cultivated on membrane surfaces. Reactor layout was adapted to allow for in situ biofilm analysis via optical coherence tomography. At a feeding ratio of H2/CO2 of 3.6, and despite the low membrane surface to reactor volume ratio of 57.9 m2 m-3, the maximum methane production per reactor volume reached up to 1.17 Nm3 m-3 d-1 at a methane content of the produced gas above 97% (v/v). These results demonstrate that the concept of membrane bound biofilms enables improved mass transfer by delivering substrate gases directly to the biofilm, thus, rendering the bottleneck of low solubility of hydrogen in water less drastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Pratofiorito
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Max Hackbarth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; DVGW Research Centre at Engler-Bunte-Institut of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Water Chemistry, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Carmen Mandel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Siyavuya Madlanga
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; DVGW Research Centre at Engler-Bunte-Institut of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Water Chemistry, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Stephanie West
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Harald Horn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; DVGW Research Centre at Engler-Bunte-Institut of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Water Chemistry, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Andrea Hille-Reichel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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22
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Jung T, Hackbarth M, Horn H, Gescher J. Improving the Cathodic Biofilm Growth Capabilities of Kyrpidia spormannii EA-1 by Undirected Mutagenesis. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010077. [PMID: 33396703 PMCID: PMC7823960 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotechnological usage of carbon dioxide has become a relevant aim for future processes. Microbial electrosynthesis is a rather new technique to energize biological CO2 fixation with the advantage to establish a continuous process based on a cathodic biofilm that is supplied with renewable electrical energy as electron and energy source. In this study, the recently characterized cathodic biofilm forming microorganism Kyrpidia spormannii strain EA-1 was used in an adaptive laboratory evolution experiment to enhance its cathodic biofilm growth capabilities. At the end of the experiment, the adapted cathodic population exhibited an up to fourfold higher biofilm accumulation rate, as well as faster substratum coverage and a more uniform biofilm morphology compared to the progenitor strain. Genomic variant analysis revealed a genomically heterogeneous population with genetic variations occurring to various extends throughout the community. Via the conducted analysis we identified possible targets for future genetic engineering with the aim to further optimize cathodic growth. Moreover, the results assist in elucidating the underlying processes that enable cathodic biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Jung
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Max Hackbarth
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Harald Horn
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Gescher
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Choudhury MR, Anwar N, Jassby D, Rahaman MS. Fouling and wetting in the membrane distillation driven wastewater reclamation process - A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 269:370-399. [PMID: 31129338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fouling and wetting of membranes are significant concerns that can impede the widespread application of the membrane distillation (MD) process during high-salinity wastewater reclamation. Fouling, caused by the accumulation of undesirable materials on the membrane surface and pores, causes a decrease in permeate flux. Membrane wetting, the direct permeation of the feed solution through the membrane pores, results in reduced contaminant rejection and overall process failure. Lately, the application of MD for water recovery from various types of wastewaters has gained increased attention among researchers. In this review, we discuss fouling and wetting phenomena observed during the MD process, along with the effects of various mitigation strategies. In addition, we examine the interactions between contaminants and different types of MD membranes and the influence of different operating conditions on the occurrence of fouling and wetting. We also report on previously investigated feed pre-treatment options before MD, application of integrated MD processes, the performance of fabricated/modified MD membranes, and strategies for MD membrane maintenance during water reclamation. Energy consumption and economic aspects of MD for wastewater recovery is also discussed. Throughout the review, we engage in dialogues highlighting research needs for furthering the development of MD: the incorporation of MD in the overall wastewater treatment and recovery scheme (including selection of appropriate membrane material, suitable pre-treatment or integrated processes, and membrane maintenance strategies) and the application of MD in long-term pilot-scale studies using real wastewater.
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