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Brian MS, Chaudhry BA, D'Amelio M, Waite EE, Dennett JG, O'Neill DF, Feairheller DL. Post-meal exercise under ecological conditions improves post-prandial glucose levels but not 24-hour glucose control. J Sports Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38858835 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2363688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We investigated whether post-meal walking (PMW) improved post-prandial glucose and 24h glucose control under free-living conditions among physically inactive young women. METHODS Young women (Age: 20±1years; percent body fat: 28.2 ± 12%; BMI: 23.8 ± 4.2kg·m-1) completed a randomised crossover study to assess if PMW confers benefit. On the PMW day, women completed three bouts of brisk walks, and on the Control day they were instructed to follow normal habitual activities. Continuous glucose monitors captured post-prandial and 24h glucose, and physical activity monitors tracked physical activity throughout the study. RESULTS PMW walking increased total daily step count (Control = 9,159 ± 2,962 steps vs. PMW = 14,611±3,891 steps, p<0.001) and activity scores (Control=33.87±1.16 METs·h vs. PMW = 36.11±1.58 METs·h, p < 0.001). PMW led to lower 3h average post-prandial glucose (main effect of condition, p=0.011) and 3h post-prandial area under curve glucose responses (main effect of condition, p = 0.027) compared to the control condition. Post hoc analysis revealed the largest decline occurred after dinner (3h average glucose Control = 7.55±1.21 mmol/L vs. PMW = 6.71 ± 0.80mmol/L, p = 0.039), when insulin sensitivity is typically diminished. Despite improvements in post-prandial glucose control, this did not translate to improvements in 24h glucose control (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Physically inactive and metabolically healthy young women, PMW improves post-prandial glucose but not 24h glucose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Brian
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Bilal A Chaudhry
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Maison D'Amelio
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Emily E Waite
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - John G Dennett
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | | | - Deborah L Feairheller
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
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Ji LL, Fretwell VS, Escamilla A, Yao W, Zhang T, He M, Zhang JQ. An acute exercise at low to moderate intensity attenuated postprandial lipemia and insulin responses. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:14-22. [PMID: 38021207 PMCID: PMC10663685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different exercise intensities on postprandial lipemia (PHTG) and insulin resistance in healthy individuals. Methods Participants were 10 adult males with normal fasting triglyceride (TG) concentrations (age = 34 ± 2.8 y, body mass = 72.9 ± 2.4 kg, fasting plasma TG = 1.36 ± 0.18 mmol/l, VO2max = 43.7 ± 3.0 ml/kg/min, fasting glucose = 5.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l and fasting Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA2-IR) = 1.7 ± 0.3). In this study, each participant performed a control trial (Ctr, no exercise), and 3 exercise trials at 40 % (40%T), 60 % (60%T), and 70 % (70%T) of their VO2max. In the exercise trials, participant jogged on a treadmill for 1 h at a designated intensity. A fat-rich meal was consumed by each participant 12 h after exercise. Blood samples were taken at 0 h (before the meal), and 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, and 24 h after the meal. The plasma TG, area score under TG concentration curve over an 8 h-period (TG tAUC) after the meal, and HOMA2-IR were analyzed. Results Our results showed that at 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h after the meal, TG in all exercise trials were lower than Ctr (p < 0.05) but did not differ from each other. All the exercise trials were lower in TG tAUC scores than Ctr (p < 0.02), but differences were not observed among the exercise trials. In comparison to Ctr, a significant difference in HOMA2-IR in both 60 % T and 70 % T (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) was observed, but not in 40 % T. Conclusion The results suggest that exercising at low to moderate exercise intensity for 1 h sufficiently attenuates a fat meal induced PHTG. Moderate exercise intensity also effectively mitigates insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L. Ji
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Vicki S. Fretwell
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Abel Escamilla
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Wanxiang Yao
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Tianou Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Meizi He
- Department of Public Health, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - John Q. Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
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Perks J, Mcbride P, Rayt H, Payne T, Edwardson C, Rowlands AV, Messeder SJ, Yates T, Sayers R. Efficacy of a personalised activity plan for BREAKing UP sitting time in patients with intermittent claudication (the BREAK UP study). Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 204:110925. [PMID: 37774979 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the concept of an 8-week personalised activity plan, using short periods of physical activity to break up sitting time in people with Intermittent Claudication (IC), to improve walking ability, and reduce time spent sitting. METHODS The study was designed as a single centre, single arm, before and after study and is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04572737). The co-primary outcomes are time spent sitting and walking ability measured via the walking impairment questionnaire. Normally distributed data was analysed using paired samples T-tests; non-normally distributed data was analysed using related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank tests. RESULTS There was a significant improvement in both co-primary outcomes: walking ability and time spent sitting, as well as the following secondary outcomes: total bouts and time spent in prolonged sitting, time spent standing and stepping, anxiety, depression, and activity levels reported on the vascular quality of life questionnaire. CONCLUSION An 8-week personalised activity plan to break up sitting time shows promise as a treatment for people with IC, improving walking ability and reducing time spent sitting. This study supports the use of large randomised controlled trials to further develop this treatment in people with IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Perks
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, On-Call Suite OC9, Glenfield General Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
| | - Philip Mcbride
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - Harjeet Rayt
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, On-Call Suite OC9, Glenfield General Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Tanya Payne
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, On-Call Suite OC9, Glenfield General Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | | | - Alex V Rowlands
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - Sarah Jane Messeder
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, On-Call Suite OC9, Glenfield General Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Thomas Yates
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
| | - Robert Sayers
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, On-Call Suite OC9, Glenfield General Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
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Pinto AJ, Bergouignan A, Dempsey PC, Roschel H, Owen N, Gualano B, Dunstan DW. Physiology of sedentary behavior. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2561-2622. [PMID: 37326297 PMCID: PMC10625842 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedentary behaviors (SB) are characterized by low energy expenditure while in a sitting or reclining posture. Evidence relevant to understanding the physiology of SB can be derived from studies employing several experimental models: bed rest, immobilization, reduced step count, and reducing/interrupting prolonged SB. We examine the relevant physiological evidence relating to body weight and energy balance, intermediary metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the musculoskeletal system, the central nervous system, and immunity and inflammatory responses. Excessive and prolonged SB can lead to insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction, shift in substrate use toward carbohydrate oxidation, shift in muscle fiber from oxidative to glycolytic type, reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, loss of muscle mass and strength and bone mass, and increased total body fat mass and visceral fat depot, blood lipid concentrations, and inflammation. Despite marked differences across individual studies, longer term interventions aimed at reducing/interrupting SB have resulted in small, albeit marginally clinically meaningful, benefits on body weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c and HDL concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and vascular function in adults and older adults. There is more limited evidence for other health-related outcomes and physiological systems and for children and adolescents. Future research should focus on the investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning adaptations to increasing and reducing/interrupting SB and the necessary changes in SB and physical activity to impact physiological systems and overall health in diverse population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana J Pinto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paddy C Dempsey
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Diabetes Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neville Owen
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - David W Dunstan
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Zhang X, Tian XY, Miyashita M, Sun F, Huang WYJ, Zheng C, Sum MK, Wong SHS. Effects of accumulated versus continuous individualized exercise on postprandial glycemia in young adults with obesity. Eur J Sport Sci 2023:1-11. [PMID: 36738277 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2177199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated postprandial glucose (PPG) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Post-meal exercise effectively reduces PPG concentrations. However, the effect of accumulated versus continuous post-meal exercise on PPG control remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of individualized accumulated or continuous exercise on PPG in young adults with obesity. METHODS Twenty young adults with obesity (11 males) completed three 4-h randomized crossover trials with 6-14-day washout periods: (1) sitting (SIT), (2) one 30-min walking bout (CONT), and (3) three 10-min walking bouts separated by 20-min resting (ACCU). Walking was initiated 20 min before individual PPG peak after breakfast, which was predetermined by continuous glucose monitoring. Blood samples were collected at 15-30 min intervals, and the 24-h glucose was monitored via continuous glucose monitoring. RESULTS The 4-h PPG incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was 12.1%±30.9% and 21.5%±21.5% smaller after CONT (P = 0.022) and ACCU (P < 0.001), respectively, than after SIT. PPG concentrations were lower during CONT at 30-60 min and during ACCU at 30-105 min after breakfast than during SIT (all P < 0.05). The 4-h plasma insulin and C-peptide iAUC, and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions were lower after CONT and ACCU than after SIT (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both continuous and accumulated exercises reduced PPG, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations and improved glucose fluctuations. Accumulated exercise maintained lower PPG concentrations for a longer time than continuous exercise in young adults with obesity. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION Clinical trial registration No. ChiCTR 2000035064, URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=56584; (registered July 29, 2020).HIGHLIGHTS Both continuous and accumulated walking lowered post-meal glucose, insulin and C-peptide levels and improved glucose fluctuation.Postprandial glucose was kept lower for a longer time in accumulated than continuous walking.Accumulated post-meal exercise (e.g. three 10-min bouts of walking) could be recommended as a feasible and practical alternative protocol for postprandial glucose control, especially for those who have difficulty performing sufficient exercise in one session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Masashi Miyashita
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wendy Y J Huang
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Kuk Sum
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephen H S Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Ren J, Xiao H, Wang P. Acute Effects of the Interval and Duration of Intermittent Exercise on Arterial Stiffness in Young Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16847. [PMID: 36554739 PMCID: PMC9779233 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We proved the hypothesis that intermittent exercise would have a better effect on arterial stiffness by shortening the duration of intervals and increasing the number of bouts. Twenty healthy male college students (20.4 ± 0.4 years) were randomly assigned to a quiet control (CON), 30 min continuous exercise (CE), long-interval intermittent exercise with long intervals (IELL), long-interval intermittent exercise with short intervals (IELS), and short-interval intermittent exercise with short intervals (IESS). The intensity was set to 45% of the heart rate reserve. The brachial-ankle pulse wave (baPWV) was measured at baseline (BL), 0 min post-exercise, 20 min post-exercise, 40 min post-exercise, and 60 min post-exercise. BaPWV changes (⊿baPWV) from the BL in the same tests were used for the analysis. ⊿baPWV did not change significantly in the CON. ⊿baPWV decreased significantly at 0, 20, and 40 min in all exercise tests. ⊿baPWV decreased significantly at 60 min in IELS and IESS. At 60 min, the ⊿baPWV of IELS and IESS was still significantly lower than that of CON and CE, and the ⊿baPWV of IESS was still significantly lower than that of IELS. Hence, shortening the intervals of intermittent exercise and increasing the number of repetitions may enhance the effect of improving arterial stiffness.
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Dillon K, Morava A, Prapavessis H, Grigsby-Duffy L, Novic A, Gardiner PA. Total Sedentary Time and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:127. [PMID: 36224459 PMCID: PMC9556686 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background An estimated 47 million people have dementia globally, and around 10 million new cases are diagnosed each year. Many lifestyle factors have been linked to cognitive impairment; one emerging modifiable lifestyle factor is sedentary time. Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of peer-reviewed literature examining the association between total sedentary time with cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults under the moderating conditions of (a) type of sedentary time measurement; (b) the cognitive domain being assessed; (c) looking at sedentary time using categorical variables (i.e., high versus low sedentary time); and (d) the pattern of sedentary time accumulation (e.g., longer versus shorter bouts). We also aimed to examine the prevalence of sedentary time in healthy versus cognitively impaired populations and to explore how experimental studies reducing or breaking up sedentary time affect cognitive function. Lastly, we aimed to conduct a quantitative pooled analysis of all individual studies through meta-analysis procedures to derive conclusions about these relationships. Methods Eight electronic databases (EMBASE; Web of Science; PsycINFO; CINAHL; SciELO; SPORTDiscus; PubMed; and Scopus) were searched from inception to February 2021. Our search included terms related to the exposure (i.e., sedentary time), the population (i.e., middle-aged and older adults), and the outcome of interest (i.e., cognitive function). PICOS framework used middle-aged and older adults where there was an intervention or exposure of any sedentary time compared to any or no comparison, where cognitive function and/or cognitive impairment was measured, and all types of quantitative, empirical, observational data published in any year were included that were published in English. Risk of bias was assessed using QualSyst. Results Fifty-three studies including 83,137 participants met the inclusion criteria of which 23 studies had appropriate data for inclusion in the main meta-analysis. The overall meta-analysis suggested that total sedentary time has no association with cognitive function (r = −0.012 [95% CI − 0.035, 0.011], p = 0.296) with marked heterogeneity (I2 = 89%). Subgroup analyses demonstrated a significant negative association for studies using a device to capture sedentary time r = −0.035 [95% CI − 0.063, − 0.008], p = 0.012). Specifically, the domains of global cognitive function (r = −0.061 [95% CI − 0.100, − 0.022], p = 0.002) and processing speed (r = −0.067, [95% CI − 0.103, − 0.030], p < 0.001). A significant positive association was found for studies using self-report (r = 0.037 [95% CI − 0.019, 0.054], p < 0.001). Specifically, the domain of processing speed showed a significant positive association (r = 0.057 [95% CI 0.045, 0.069], p < 0.001). For prevalence, populations diagnosed with cognitive impairment spent significantly more time sedentary compared to populations with no known cognitive impairments (standard difference in mean = −0.219 [95% CI − 0.310, − 0.128], p < 0.001). Conclusions The association of total sedentary time with cognitive function is weak and varies based on measurement of sedentary time and domain being assessed. Future research is needed to better categorize domains of sedentary behaviour with both a validated self-report and device-based measure in order to improve the strength of this relationship. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018082384. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-022-00507-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Dillon
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, Kinesiology, London, ON Canada
| | - Anisa Morava
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, Kinesiology, London, ON Canada
| | - Harry Prapavessis
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, Kinesiology, London, ON Canada
| | - Lily Grigsby-Duffy
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ,grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Adam Novic
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ,grid.1022.10000 0004 0437 5432School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul A. Gardiner
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, Kinesiology, London, ON Canada ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ,grid.1048.d0000 0004 0473 0844Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, The University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW. A potent physiological method to magnify and sustain soleus oxidative metabolism improves glucose and lipid regulation. iScience 2022; 25:104869. [PMID: 36034224 PMCID: PMC9404652 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow oxidative muscle, most notably the soleus, is inherently well equipped with the molecular machinery for regulating blood-borne substrates. However, the entire human musculature accounts for only ∼15% of the body’s oxidative metabolism of glucose at the resting energy expenditure, despite being the body’s largest lean tissue mass. We found the human soleus muscle could raise local oxidative metabolism to high levels for hours without fatigue, during a type of soleus-dominant activity while sitting, even in unfit volunteers. Muscle biopsies revealed there was minimal glycogen use. Magnifying the otherwise negligible local energy expenditure with isolated contractions improved systemic VLDL-triglyceride and glucose homeostasis by a large magnitude, e.g., 52% less postprandial glucose excursion (∼50 mg/dL less between ∼1 and 2 h) with 60% less hyperinsulinemia. Targeting a small oxidative muscle mass (∼1% body mass) with local contractile activity is a potent method for improving systemic metabolic regulation while prolonging the benefits of oxidative metabolism. We developed a method to capitalize upon the unique phenotype of the soleus “A high quality versus large quantity perspective” for muscle activation Singular movement targeting the 1 kg soleus easily sustains oxidative metabolism This method provides a distinct muscular activity stimulus for metabolic control
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T. Hamilton
- Department Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Deborah G. Hamilton
- Department Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Theodore W. Zderic
- Department Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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Acute effects of low-volume intermittent versus higher-volume continuous exercise on arterial stiffness in healthy young men. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1749. [PMID: 35110636 PMCID: PMC8810920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare the acute effects of low-volume intermittent and higher-volume continuous exercise on arterial stiffness, 20 healthy men (22.4 ± 0.4 years) were randomized to non-exercise control (CON), high-volume Continuous Exercise (CE), lower-volume Intermittent exercise of Long bouts with Long interval (ILL), of Long bouts with Short interval (ILS), and of Short bouts with Short interval trial (ISS). Exercise intensity was 35% heart rate reserve. Arterial stiffness in Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) was measured at baseline (BL), immediately (0 min) and 40 min after exercise. CAVI changes from BL in the same trial (⊿CAVI) were used for analysis. There was no significant ⊿CAVI change in CON. ⊿CAVI decreased significantly at 0 min in all exercise trials, and reverted to baseline at 40 min only in CE and ILL. At 40 min, ⊿CAVI in ILS and ISS remained significantly lower than that of CON and CE. When ILS and ISS were compared with CON at 40 min, only ⊿CAVI in ISS remained significantly lower than that of CON. Despite low volume, the effect of intermittent exercise on arterial stiffness could be either equal or superior to that of higher-volume continuous exercise.
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Kanaley JA, Colberg SR, Corcoran MH, Malin SK, Rodriguez NR, Crespo CJ, Kirwan JP, Zierath JR. Exercise/Physical Activity in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:353-368. [PMID: 35029593 PMCID: PMC8802999 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This consensus statement is an update of the 2010 American College of Sports Medicine position stand on exercise and type 2 diabetes. Since then, a substantial amount of research on select topics in exercise in individuals of various ages with type 2 diabetes has been published while diabetes prevalence has continued to expand worldwide. This consensus statement provides a brief summary of the current evidence and extends and updates the prior recommendations. The document has been expanded to include physical activity, a broader, more comprehensive definition of human movement than planned exercise, and reducing sedentary time. Various types of physical activity enhance health and glycemic management in people with type 2 diabetes, including flexibility and balance exercise, and the importance of each recommended type or mode are discussed. In general, the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans apply to all individuals with type 2 diabetes, with a few exceptions and modifications. People with type 2 diabetes should engage in physical activity regularly and be encouraged to reduce sedentary time and break up sitting time with frequent activity breaks. Any activities undertaken with acute and chronic health complications related to diabetes may require accommodations to ensure safe and effective participation. Other topics addressed are exercise timing to maximize its glucose-lowering effects and barriers to and inequities in physical activity adoption and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Sheri R Colberg
- Human Movement Sciences Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
| | | | - Steven K Malin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Nancy R Rodriguez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Carlos J Crespo
- Oregon Health and Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR
| | - John P Kirwan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN
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Zhang X, Zheng C, Ho RST, Miyashita M, Wong SHS. The Effects of Accumulated Versus Continuous Exercise on Postprandial Glycemia, Insulin, and Triglycerides in Adults with or Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:14. [PMID: 35072806 PMCID: PMC8786998 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial dysmetabolism, an important cardiovascular disease risk factor, can be improved by exercise. Further systematic review and meta-analysis is needed to compare the effects of accumulated exercise with a single session of energy-matched continuous exercise on postprandial glucose (PPG), insulin, and triglycerides in adults with or without diabetes. METHODS Eight electronic databases were searched on August 28, 2020, and updated on April 27, 2021. Eligible studies were randomized, quasi-randomized, or non-randomized controlled or crossover trials that evaluated the acute or longitudinal effects of accumulated exercise compared with a single session of energy-matched continuous exercise on PPG, postprandial insulin, and triglycerides in diabetic and non-diabetic adults. Same-day and second-morning effects were assessed separately for acute intervention studies. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the number of exercise bouts (2-3 bouts or frequent brief bouts (e.g., 1-6 min) throughout the day at 20-60-min intervals (known as physical activity [PA] breaks, ≥ 5 bouts)), exercise intensity, and populations. Risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Pooled effects were reported as standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% CI using a random effects model. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies (635 participants) were included. A significant difference was found for same-day PPG control, which favored accumulated exercise over one bout of energy-matched continuous exercise (SMD - 0.36 [95%CI: (- 0.56, - 0.17)], P = 0.0002, I2 = 1%), specifically in accumulated exercise with PA breaks (SMD - 0.36 [95%CI: (- 0.64, - 0.08)], P = 0.01, I2 = 30%), low-moderate intensity exercise (SMD - 0.38 [(95%CI: (- 0.59, - 0.17)], P = 0.0005, I2 = 0%), and in non-diabetic populations (SMD - 0.36 [95%CI: (- 0.62, - 0.10)], P = 0.007, I2 = 16%). No differences were found for same-day postprandial insulin and triglycerides, and second-morning effects (postprandial or fasting glucose, insulin, and triglycerides) between different exercise patterns. CONCLUSION Compared with one session of continuous exercise, accumulated exercise-specifically in subgroups of PA breaks, low-moderate intensity exercises-produced greater acute effects on same-day PPG control for non-diabetic adults. There were no differences between continuous and accumulated patterns of exercise in terms of same-day postprandial insulin and triglycerides, and second-morning effects on all previously mentioned markers. The findings provide additional PA options for PPG control for individuals with limited time or exercise capacity to engage in PA in one session. Registration: PROSPERO (identification code: CRD42021251325).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Physical Education, Peking University, Bejing, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robin S T Ho
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Stephen Heung Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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De Jong NP, Rudolph MC, Jackman MR, Sharp RR, Jones K, Houck J, Pan Z, Reusch JEB, MacLean PS, Bessesen DH, Bergouignan A. Short-Term Adaptations in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity and Metabolic Pathways to Breaking up Sedentary Behaviors in Overweight or Obese Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030454. [PMID: 35276813 PMCID: PMC8838620 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Breaking up sedentary behavior with short-frequent bouts of physical activity (PA) differentially influences metabolic health compared with the performance of a single-continuous bout of PA matched for total active time. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We compared skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration (high-resolution respirometry) and molecular adaptations (RNA sequencing) following 4-day exposure to breaks vs. energy-matched single-continuous PA bout in inactive adults with overweight/obesity. Participants (9M/10F, 32.2 ± 6.4 years, 30.3 ± 3.0 kg/m2) completed three 4-day interventions of a randomized cross-over study: SED, sedentary control; MICRO, 5 min brisk walking each hour for 9 h; ONE: 45 min/d continuous brisk walking bout. Fasted muscle biopsies were collected on day 5. Mitochondrial coupling in the presence of lipid-associated substrates was higher after ONE (4.8 ± 2.5) compared to MICRO (3.1 ± 1.1, p = 0.02) and SED (2.3 ± 1.0, p = 0.001). Respiratory rates did not differ across groups with carbohydrate-associated substrates. In pathways associated with muscle contraction transcription signaling, ONE and MICRO similarly enhanced Oxidative Phosphorylation and Sirtuin Signaling expression (p < 0.0001, for both). However, ONE (p < 0.001, for all), but not MICRO, had greater pathway enrichment, including Ca++, mTOR, AMPK, and HIF1α signaling, than SED. Although breaking up sedentary behavior triggered skeletal muscle molecular adaptations favoring oxidative capacity, it did not improve mitochondrial function over the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P. De Jong
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (N.P.D.J.); (D.H.B.)
| | - Michael C. Rudolph
- Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.C.R.); (R.R.S.)
| | - Matthew R. Jackman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.R.J.); (J.H.); (P.S.M.)
| | - Rachel R. Sharp
- Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.C.R.); (R.R.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometric Research, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Ken Jones
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometric Research, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Julie Houck
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.R.J.); (J.H.); (P.S.M.)
| | - Zhaoxing Pan
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Jane E. B. Reusch
- Center for Women’s Health Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paul S. MacLean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.R.J.); (J.H.); (P.S.M.)
| | - Daniel H. Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (N.P.D.J.); (D.H.B.)
- Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (N.P.D.J.); (D.H.B.)
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: or
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Griffiths TD, Crone D, Stembridge M, Lord RN. Co-Production at Work: The Process of Breaking Up Sitting Time to Improve Cardiovascular Health. A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:361. [PMID: 35010622 PMCID: PMC8744924 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged sitting negatively affects several cardiovascular disease biomarkers. Current workplace physical activity interventions to reduce sitting result in inconsistent uptake and adherence rates. Co-production attempts to improve the translation of evidence to practice through engaging the participants within the intervention design, improving the context sensitivity and acceptability of the intervention. A needs analysis questionnaire was initially conducted (n = 157) to scope workplace behaviours and attitudes. A development group (n = 11) was consulted in focus groups around the needs analysis findings and asked to comment on the feasibility of a proposed intervention. A pilot intervention was then carried out (n = 5). The needs analysis indicated that only 1.8% (n = 4) engaged in occupational physical activity, and 68.7% (n = 103) sat for ≥6 h during their working day. Through the focus groups, an intervention breaking up sitting time hourly with five-minute walking breaks was co-produced. Cultural and pragmatic issues concerning the implementation of frequent physical activity breaks from sitting and the subsequent impact on work productivity were highlighted. The pilot intervention increased the number of breaks from sedentary behaviour from 2 to 11. The co-production methodology resulted in a research- and stakeholder-guided compromise. Large-scale intervention implementation is required before firm effectiveness conclusions can be made.
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Quan M, Xun P, Wu H, Wang J, Cheng W, Cao M, Zhou T, Huang T, Gao Z, Chen P. Effects of interrupting prolonged sitting on postprandial glycemia and insulin responses: A network meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:419-429. [PMID: 33359636 PMCID: PMC8343076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of physical activity (PA) interrupting prolonged sitting (PS) on postprandial glycemia and insulin responses among adults. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched through September 30, 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effect of all forms of PA interrupting PS on postprandial glycemia and/or insulin responses among adults without chronic diseases were included in this study. The risk of bias of included studies was evaluated based on the Cochrane tool. A network meta-analysis was performed to estimate the summary standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) with random effects. RESULTS Thirty crossover RCTs were included in our review. These RCTs included 9 types of interventions that interrupted PS. When compared to PS by itself, light-intensity PA intermittent interrupting (LPA-INT) PS and moderate-intensity PA intermittent interrupting (MPA-INT) PS significantly lowered postprandial glycemia (SMD = -0.46, 95%CI: -0.70 to -0.21; SMD = -0.69, 95%CI: -1.00 to -0.37, respectively) and significantly reduced postprandial insulin response (SMD = -0.46, 95%CI: -0.66 to -0.26; SMD = -0.47, 95%CI: -0.77 to -0.17, respectively). Results of the clustered ranking plot indicated that MPA-INT was the most effective intervention in lowering postprandial glycemia and insulin responses. CONCLUSION Replacing PS with MPA-INT or LPA-INT has a positive effect in reducing postprandial glycemia and insulin responses, with MPA-INT being the optimal intervention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Quan
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Pengcheng Xun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Hua Wu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Sports Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Yangpu Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Institute of Physical Education, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China
| | - Tang Zhou
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zan Gao
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peijie Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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15
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Saunders DH, Mead GE, Fitzsimons C, Kelly P, van Wijck F, Verschuren O, Backx K, English C. Interventions for reducing sedentary behaviour in people with stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 6:CD012996. [PMID: 34184251 PMCID: PMC8238669 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012996.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke survivors are often physically inactive as well as sedentary,and may sit for long periods of time each day. This increases cardiometabolic risk and has impacts on physical and other functions. Interventions to reduce or interrupt periods of sedentary time, as well as to increase physical activity after stroke, could reduce the risk of secondary cardiovascular events and mortality during life after stroke. OBJECTIVES To determine whether interventions designed to reduce sedentary behaviour after stroke, or interventions with the potential to do so, can reduce the risk of death or secondary vascular events, modify cardiovascular risk, and reduce sedentary behaviour. SEARCH METHODS In December 2019, we searched the Cochrane Stroke Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Conference Proceedings Citation Index, and PEDro. We also searched registers of ongoing trials, screened reference lists, and contacted experts in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials comparing interventions to reduce sedentary time with usual care, no intervention, or waiting-list control, attention control, sham intervention or adjunct intervention. We also included interventions intended to fragment or interrupt periods of sedentary behaviour. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies and performed 'Risk of bias' assessments. We analyzed data using random-effects meta-analyses and assessed the certainty of the evidence with the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included 10 studies with 753 people with stroke. Five studies used physical activity interventions, four studies used a multicomponent lifestyle intervention, and one study used an intervention to reduce and interrupt sedentary behaviour. In all studies, the risk of bias was high or unclear in two or more domains. Nine studies had high risk of bias in at least one domain. The interventions did not increase or reduce deaths (risk difference (RD) 0.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.02 to 0.03; 10 studies, 753 participants; low-certainty evidence), the incidence of recurrent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events (RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.01; 10 studies, 753 participants; low-certainty evidence), the incidence of falls (and injuries) (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.02; 10 studies, 753 participants; low-certainty evidence), or incidence of other adverse events (moderate-certainty evidence). Interventions did not increase or reduce the amount of sedentary behaviour time (mean difference (MD) +0.13 hours/day, 95% CI -0.42 to 0.68; 7 studies, 300 participants; very low-certainty evidence). There were too few data to examine effects on patterns of sedentary behaviour. The effect of interventions on cardiometabolic risk factors allowed very limited meta-analysis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Sedentary behaviour research in stroke seems important, yet the evidence is currently incomplete, and we found no evidence for beneficial effects. Current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend reducing the amount of sedentary time in people with disabilities, in general. The evidence is currently not strong enough to guide practice on how best to reduce sedentariness specifically in people with stroke. More high-quality randomised trials are needed, particularly involving participants with mobility limitations. Trials should include longer-term interventions specifically targeted at reducing time spent sedentary, risk factor outcomes, objective measures of sedentary behaviour (and physical activity), and long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Saunders
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gillian E Mead
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire Fitzsimons
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Kelly
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frederike van Wijck
- Institute for Applied Health Research and the School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Karianne Backx
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Coralie English
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health & Hunter Medical Research Institute, Melbourne and Newcastle, Australia
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16
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Hatamoto Y, Yoshimura E, Takae R, Komiyama T, Matsumoto M, Higaki Y, Tanaka H. The effects of breaking sedentary time with different intensity exercise bouts on energy metabolism: A randomized cross-over controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1879-1889. [PMID: 33992509 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Breaking up sedentary periods, particularly with light activity, increases total energy expenditure (EE), and helps provide better glycemic control. However, the effects of activities of various intensities to interrupt prolonged sedentary time are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to examine potential differences in glycemic control and EE from breaking up sedentary time with short exercise bouts of different intensities. METHODS AND RESULTS Nine overweight/obesity young men underwent whole body indirect calorimetry at 19:00 on day 1 and stayed overnight. After awakening on day 2, they performed short duration jogging every 30 min over 8 h (16-time bouts in total) under 3 different conditions with the same running distance: (1) lactate threshold (LT) for 2 min, (2) 60% LT for 200 s, and (3) onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) for 75 s. The 24-h EE and interstitial glucose concentration (from 8:00 to 19:00 on day 2) was continuously measured throughout the trials. The standard deviation during intervention and indexes of postprandial of the interstitial glucose concentration was significantly lower at LT and OBLA than at 60% LT (p < 0.05). The 24-h EE was not significantly different among conditions, but EE at OBLA during intervention was slightly but significantly higher than at 60% LT and LT. CONCLUSION Breaking up sedentary time with short-duration jogging at LT and with OBLA intensities may have better glycemic control and increased use of carbohydrate as a fuel, while short-duration a jogging at OBLA intensity may increase EE. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN000041361.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Hatamoto
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Eiichi Yoshimura
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Rie Takae
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan; Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishi-Sonogi-gun, Nagasaki, 851-2195, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Komiyama
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, 1-17 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Mai Matsumoto
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
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Remchak MME, Piersol KL, Bhatti S, Spaeth AM, Buckman JF, Malin SK. Considerations for Maximizing the Exercise "Drug" to Combat Insulin Resistance: Role of Nutrition, Sleep, and Alcohol. Nutrients 2021; 13:1708. [PMID: 34069950 PMCID: PMC8157556 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a key etiological factor in promoting not only type 2 diabetes mellitus but also cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exercise is a first-line therapy for combating chronic disease by improving insulin action through, in part, reducing hepatic glucose production and lipolysis as well as increasing skeletal muscle glucose uptake and vasodilation. Just like a pharmaceutical agent, exercise can be viewed as a "drug" such that identifying an optimal prescription requires a determination of mode, intensity, and timing as well as consideration of how much exercise is done relative to sitting for prolonged periods (e.g., desk job at work). Furthermore, proximal nutrition (nutrient timing, carbohydrate intake, etc.), sleep (or lack thereof), as well as alcohol consumption are likely important considerations for enhancing adaptations to exercise. Thus, identifying the maximal exercise "drug" for reducing insulin resistance will require a multi-health behavior approach to optimize type 2 diabetes and CVD care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Margaret E. Remchak
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (M.-M.E.R.); (K.L.P.); (A.M.S.); (J.F.B.)
| | - Kelsey L. Piersol
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (M.-M.E.R.); (K.L.P.); (A.M.S.); (J.F.B.)
| | - Sabha Bhatti
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Andrea M. Spaeth
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (M.-M.E.R.); (K.L.P.); (A.M.S.); (J.F.B.)
| | - Jennifer F. Buckman
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (M.-M.E.R.); (K.L.P.); (A.M.S.); (J.F.B.)
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Steven K. Malin
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (M.-M.E.R.); (K.L.P.); (A.M.S.); (J.F.B.)
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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English C, Weerasekara I, Carlos A, Chastin S, Crowfoot G, Fitzsimons C, Forster A, Holliday E, Janssen H, Mackie P, Mead G, Dunstan D. Investigating the rigour of research findings in experimental studies assessing the effects of breaking up prolonged sitting - extended scoping review. Braz J Phys Ther 2021; 25:4-16. [PMID: 32439303 PMCID: PMC7817869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sedentary behaviour research is a relatively new field, much of which has emerged since the widespread acceptance of clinical trial registration. The aim of this study was to investigate the trial registration and related issues in studies investigating the effect of frequent activity interruptions to prolonged sitting-time. METHODS Secondary analysis of a scoping review including systematic searches of databases and trial registries. We included experimental studies investigating the effects of frequent activity interruptions to prolonged sitting-time. RESULTS We identified 32 trials published in 45 papers. Only 16 (50%) trials were registered, with all 16 trials being completed and published. Of the unregistered trials, we identified three (19%) for which similarities in the sample size and participant demographics across papers was suggestive of duplicate publication. Identification of potential duplicate publications was difficult for the remaining 13 (81%). Results from 53 (76%) of the 70 registered outcomes were published, but 11 (69%) registered trials reported results from additional outcomes not prospectively registered. A total of 46 different outcomes (out of 53 reported outcome measures, similar measures were collated) were reported across all trials, 31 (67%) of which were collected in ≤2 trials. CONCLUSIONS We found direct evidence of trial registration issues in experimental trials of breaking up sitting-time. The lack of prospective registration of all trials, and the large number of outcomes measured per trial are key considerations for future research in this field. These issues are unlikely to be confined to the field of sedentary behaviour research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie English
- School of Health Sciences and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Centre for Research Excellence in Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.
| | - Ishanka Weerasekara
- School of Health Sciences and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Anjelica Carlos
- School of Health Sciences and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Stroke Service, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Sebastien Chastin
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; School of Health and Life Science, Institute of Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gary Crowfoot
- School of Health Sciences and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Centre for Research Excellence in Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation, Florey Institute of Neuroscience, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire Fitzsimons
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, Institute of Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Anne Forster
- Academic Unit of Elderly Care and Rehabilitation, University of Leeds, Bradford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Holliday
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Heidi Janssen
- School of Health Sciences and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Stroke Service, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, Australia; Centre for Research Excellence in Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation, Florey Institute of Neuroscience, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Mackie
- School of Health Sciences and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Centre for Research Excellence in Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation, Florey Institute of Neuroscience, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gillian Mead
- Geriatric Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Dunstan
- Physical Activity Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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Wheeler MJ, Green DJ, Cerin E, Ellis KA, Heinonen I, Lewis J, Naylor LH, Cohen N, Larsen R, Dempsey PC, Kingwell BA, Owen N, Dunstan DW. Combined effects of continuous exercise and intermittent active interruptions to prolonged sitting on postprandial glucose, insulin, and triglycerides in adults with obesity: a randomized crossover trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:152. [PMID: 33308235 PMCID: PMC7734727 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial glucose, insulin, and triglyceride metabolism is impaired by prolonged sitting, but enhanced by exercise. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a continuous exercise bout with and without intermittent active interruptions to prolonged sitting on postprandial glucose, insulin, and triglycerides. METHODS Sedentary adults who were overweight to obese (n = 67; mean age 67 yr SD ± 7; BMI 31.2 kg∙m- 2 SD ± 4.1), completed three conditions: SIT: uninterrupted sitting (8-h, control); EX+SIT: sitting (1-h), moderate-intensity walking (30-min), uninterrupted sitting (6.5-h); EX+BR: sitting (1-h), moderate-intensity walking (30- min), sitting interrupted every 30-min with 3-min of light-intensity walking (6.5 h). Participants consumed standardized breakfast and lunch meals and blood was sampled at 13 time-points. RESULTS When compared to SIT, EX+SIT increased total area under the curve (tAUC) for glucose by 2% [0.1-4.1%] and EX+BR by 3% [0.6-4.7%] (all p < 0.05). Compared to SIT, EX+SIT reduced insulin and insulin:glucose ratio tAUC by 18% [11-22%] and 21% [8-33%], respectively; and EX+BR reduced values by 25% [19-31%] and 28% [15-38%], respectively (all p < 0.001 vs SIT, all p < 0.05 EX+SIT-vs-EX+BR). Compared to SIT, EX+BR reduced triglyceride tAUC by 6% [1-10%] (p = 0.01 vs SIT), and compared to EX+SIT, EX+BR reduced this value by 5% [0.1-8.8%] (p = 0.047 vs EX+SIT). The magnitude of reduction in insulin tAUC from SIT-to-EX+BR was greater in those with increased basal insulin resistance. No reduction in triglyceride tAUC from SIT-to-EX+BR was apparent in those with high fasting triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS Additional reductions in postprandial insulin-glucose dynamics and triglycerides may be achieved by combining exercise with breaks in sitting. Relative to uninterrupted sitting, this strategy may reduce postprandial insulin more in those with high basal insulin resistance, but those with high fasting triglycerides may be resistant to such intervention-induced reductions in triglycerides. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN12614000737639 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wheeler
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Daniel J Green
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ester Cerin
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathryn A Ellis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, ETN, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Jaye Lewis
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Louise H Naylor
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Neale Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Robyn Larsen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Paddy C Dempsey
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Bronwyn A Kingwell
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Neville Owen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - David W Dunstan
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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Ma SX, Zhu Z, Zhang L, Liu XM, Lin YY, Cao ZB. Metabolic Effects of Three Different Activity Bouts during Sitting in Inactive Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:851-858. [PMID: 31764465 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether interrupting prolonged sitting with three different walking-bout schedules improves glycemic metabolism relative to continuous prolonged sitting in sedentary adults. METHODS In a randomized, crossover trial, 16 inactive healthy adults (7 men, 24 ± 3 yr old) completed four 26-h laboratory sessions, including 22.5 h in an energy expenditure (EE)-testing calorimeter chamber. The four 9-h intervention periods were as follows: 9-h uninterrupted sitting (SIT), 30-min sitting/3-min brisk (60% V˙O2max) treadmill walk (WALK3), 45-min sitting/5-min (WALK5), or 60-min sitting/8-min (WALK8). Coprimary outcomes included the difference in the mean interstitial glucose concentration, total area under the curve (tAUC), and incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for the entire 26 and 9 h (intervention period) during three activity-bout conditions compared with SIT. RESULTS Compared with SIT, the 26-h mean glucose concentration was attenuated in WALK8 (Δmean -0.22 mmol·L [95% confidence interval = -0.43 to -0.001], P = 0.048) without adjustment for EE and attenuated in WALK3 (Δ-0.47 mmol·L [-0.75 to -0.10]), WALK5 (Δ-0.47 mmol·L [-0.83 to -0.10]), and WALK8 (Δ-0.53 mmol·L [-0.92 to -0.13]) after adjustment for EE (all P < 0.01). The 26-h tAUC was reduced in WALK3 (Δ-11.18 mmol·L per 26 h [-20.07 to -2.29]), WALK5 (2.12.67 mmol·L per 26 h [-22.54 to -2.79]), and WALK8 (Δ-13.85 mmol·L per 26 h [-24.60 to -3.10]) (all P < 0.01), as well as the iAUC (all P < 0.05), only after adjustment for EE. The 9-h mean glucose concentration, tAUC, and iAUC decreased in the three activity-break conditions regardless of EE adjustment (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS All three walking-bout conditions improved glycemic metabolism compared with SIT, independent of EE, in inactive, healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Xia Ma
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, CHINA
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21
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Chang CR, Russell BM, Dempsey PC, Christie HE, Campbell MD, Francois ME. Accumulating Physical Activity in Short or Brief Bouts for Glycemic Control in Adults With Prediabetes and Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2020; 44:759-767. [PMID: 33279098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical practice guidelines on physical activity and diabetes currently stipulate physical activity can be accumulated in bouts of ≥10 minutes to meet recommendations for health benefits. Individuals are also encouraged to interrupt prolonged sitting with brief activity breaks of ∼1 to 5 minutes in duration. Growing research highlights accumulating activity in shorter bouts across the day as a potential strategy to improve glycemic control and to help those who are largely sedentary meet physical activity guidelines. Research has shown favourable glycemic benefits for postprandial glucose and glycated hemoglobin with either 3 short (10 to 15 minutes) or frequent brief (1 to 5 minutes) bouts of activity spread around meals or throughout the day. To date, most studies examining accumulated activity were done with people with type 2 diabetes compared with sedentary conditions, were short term and measured various indices of glycemic control using continuous glucose monitoring. The 7 trials comparing accumulating 3 short bouts to a single bout showed comparable benefits for glycemic control (i.e. fasting glucose, 24 h mean glucose and postprandial hyperglycemia). Furthermore, timing short bouts around meals may improve postprandial glucose and hyperglycemia more than a single bout. It is unknown whether a threshold for the duration of accumulated bouts exists---that is, "how much is enough?" In this narrative review, we focus on the glycemic effects of physical activity accumulated in short or brief bouts for people with prediabetes and diabetes as compared with a single continuous bout. Given that poor adherence to physical activity recommendations and that fewer opportunities exist in modern societies for incidental (nonexercise) physical activity, accumulating activity may be a choice strategy for improving glycemic control in those with and at risk of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Chang
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brooke M Russell
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paddy C Dempsey
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Metabolic Science, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah E Christie
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew D Campbell
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom
| | - Monique E Francois
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
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22
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Charlett OP, Morari V, Bailey DP. Impaired postprandial glucose and no improvement in other cardiometabolic responses or cognitive function by breaking up sitting with bodyweight resistance exercises: a randomised crossover trial. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:792-800. [PMID: 33213284 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1847478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of breaking up sitting with resistance exercise on cardiometabolic health and cognitive function in young healthy adults are unknown. This study evaluated the acute effects of breaking up sitting with bodyweight resistance exercise on postprandial glucose, lipids, blood pressure and cognitive function. A randomised crossover design was used. Twelve normal-weight participants aged 25 ± 6 years took part in two, 5 h conditions: (1) uninterrupted sitting (SIT), and (2) sitting with 3 min of bodyweight resistance exercise breaks every 30 min (REX). Dietary intake was standardised across conditions. Linear mixed models were used to compare outcomes between conditions. Postprandial glucose was significantly higher in the REX condition than in SIT (incremental area under the curve 346.3 [95% confidence interval: 233.9, 458.7] and 256.9 [144.4, 369.3] mmol/L∙5 h, respectively, p = 0.045). Blood pressure, lipids and cognitive function outcomes were not different between conditions (p ≥ 0.05). This study suggests that breaking up sitting with bodyweight resistance exercise does not benefit cardiometabolic health or cognitive function acutely in young healthy adults. The longer-term effects of breaking up sitting with resistance exercise warrants investigation to appropriately inform public health guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opie P Charlett
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - Victoria Morari
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - Daniel P Bailey
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK.,Sedentary Behaviour, Health and Disease Research Group, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.,Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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23
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Gouldrup H, Ma T. Why are physical activity breaks more effective than a single session of isoenergetic exercise in reducing postprandial glucose? A systemic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:212-218. [PMID: 32835621 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1812196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that interrupting sitting time with short, frequent physical activity (PA) breaks were more effective than a single session of isoenergetic exercise in reducing postprandial glucose. However, in those studies, the expected glucose-lowering effects of single-session exercises were diminished or even eliminated by exercise-induced glucose counterregulation as evidenced by the higher glucose levels during or after exercise compared to uninterrupted sitting. This study was aimed to investigate whether glucose counterregulation is a potential explanation of PA breaks being more effective than a single session of isoenergetic exercise in reducing postprandial glucose. We meta-analysed the standardized mean differences (SMD) of glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC). PA breaks were more effective than single-session exercise in reducing glucose iAUC (5 studies, SMD = -0.581; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.777 to -0.385; P < 0.0001) when exercise-induced glucose counterregulation occurred. There was no significant difference in glucose iAUC between PA breaks and single-session exercises (2 studies, SMD = 0.302; 95% CI, -0.107 to 0.711; P = 0.451) when glucose counterregulation did not occur. We concluded that the exercise-induced glucose counterregulation was a potential explanation of PA breaks being more effective than a single session of isoenergetic exercise in reducing postprandial glucose responses. (PROSPERO ID: CRD42020175737).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Gouldrup
- Health Sciences Department, Franklin Pierce University , Rindge, NH, USA
| | - Tongyu Ma
- Health Sciences Department, Franklin Pierce University , Rindge, NH, USA
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24
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Loh R, Stamatakis E, Folkerts D, Allgrove JE, Moir HJ. Effects of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting with Physical Activity Breaks on Blood Glucose, Insulin and Triacylglycerol Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:295-330. [PMID: 31552570 PMCID: PMC6985064 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) breaks in sitting time might attenuate metabolic markers relevant to the prevention of type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this paper was to systematically review and meta-analyse trials that compared the effects of breaking up prolonged sitting with bouts of PA throughout the day (INT) versus continuous sitting (SIT) on glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol (TAG) measures. A second aim was to compare the effects of INT versus continuous exercise (EX) on glucose, insulin and TAG measures. METHODS The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Eligibility criteria consisted of trials comparing INT vs. SIT or INT vs. one bout of EX before or after sitting, in participants aged 18 or above, who were classified as either metabolically healthy or impaired, but not with other major health conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or peripheral arterial disease. RESULTS A total of 42 studies were included in the overall review, whereas a total of 37 studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was a standardised mean difference (SMD) of - 0.54 (95% CI - 0.70, - 0.37, p = 0.00001) in favour of INT compared to SIT for glucose. With respect to insulin, there was an SMD of - 0.56 (95% CI - 0.74, - 0.38, p = 0.00001) in favour of INT. For TAG, there was an SMD of - 0.26 (95% CI - 0.44, - 0.09, p = 0.002) in favour of INT. Body mass index (BMI) was associated with glucose responses (β = - 0.05, 95% CI - 0.09, - 0.01, p = 0.01), and insulin (β = - 0.05, 95% CI - 0.10, - 0.006, p = 0.03), but not TAG (β = 0.02, 95% CI - 0.02, 0.06, p = 0.37). When energy expenditure was matched, there was an SMD of - 0.26 (95% CI - 0.50, - 0.02, p = 0.03) in favour of INT for glucose, but no statistically significant SMDs for insulin, i.e. 0.35 (95% CI - 0.37, 1.07, p = 0.35), or TAG i.e. 0.08 (95% CI - 0.22, 0.37, p = 0.62). It is worth noting that there was possible publication bias for TAG outcomes when PA breaks were compared with sitting. CONCLUSION The use of PA breaks during sitting moderately attenuated post-prandial glucose, insulin, and TAG, with greater glycaemic attenuation in people with higher BMI. There was a statistically significant small advantage for PA breaks over continuous exercise for attenuating glucose measures when exercise protocols were energy matched, but no statistically significant differences for insulin and TAG. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42017080982. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42017080982.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Loh
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dirk Folkerts
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK.,Faculty of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Judith E Allgrove
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Hannah J Moir
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK.
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25
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Teo SYM, Kanaley JA, Guelfi KJ, Fairchild TJ. Response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1236. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Thorsen IK, Johansen MY, Pilmark NS, Jespersen NZ, Brinkløv CF, Benatti FB, Dunstan DW, Karstoft K, Pedersen BK, Ried-Larsen M. The effect of frequency of activity interruptions in prolonged sitting on postprandial glucose metabolism: A randomized crossover trial. Metabolism 2019; 96:1-7. [PMID: 30954561 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to test the hypothesis that increased frequency of interruptions in prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glycemia independent of energy intake and expenditure. MATERIALS/METHODS Healthy, sedentary, centrally obese men (n = 14; age*, 28.2 (23.4; 38.3) years; BMI, 31.9 ± 6.7 kg/m2; VO2max*, 39.5 (38.8; 40.9) ml/min/kg; HbA1c, 5.3 ± 0.4% (34.1 ± 4.2 mmol/mol); mean ± SD (*median (25th; 75th percentile)) completed four 8-h interventions in randomized order: 1) uninterrupted sitting (SIT), 2) sitting interrupted by 2 min of walking (~30% of VO2max) every 20th minute (INT20), 3) sitting interrupted by 6 min of walking every hour (INT60), and 4) sitting interrupted by 12 min of walking every second hour (INT120). A standardized test drink was served at the beginning of and 4 h into the intervention (total of 2310 ± 247 kcal; 50% energy from carbohydrate, 50% energy from fat). Outcomes included the difference in the 8-h total area under the curve (tAUC) for primarily plasma glucose, and secondarily plasma insulin and C-peptide during INT20, INT60, and INT120 compared to SIT. RESULTS No difference [95% CI] was observed in the primary outcome, the 8-h tAUC for the plasma glucose, during INT20, INT60, and INT120 compared to SIT (-65.3 mmol/l∗min [-256.3; 125.7], +53.8 mmol/l∗min [-143.1; 250.8], and +18.6 mmol/l∗min [-172.4; 209.6], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Interrupting sitting with increasing frequency did not reduce the postprandial plasma glucose response to prolonged sitting in healthy, sedentary, centrally obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida K Thorsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and the Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mette Y Johansen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and the Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna S Pilmark
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and the Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naja Z Jespersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and the Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish PhD School of Molecular Metabolism, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cecilie F Brinkløv
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and the Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabiana B Benatti
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - David W Dunstan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristian Karstoft
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and the Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and the Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Ried-Larsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and the Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mackie P, Weerasekara I, Crowfoot G, Janssen H, Holliday E, Dunstan D, English C. What is the effect of interrupting prolonged sitting with frequent bouts of physical activity or standing on first or recurrent stroke risk factors? A scoping review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217981. [PMID: 31194799 PMCID: PMC6563984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review was to ascertain the scope of the available literature on the effects of interrupting prolonged sitting time with frequent bouts of physical activity or standing on stroke and recurrent stroke risk factors. Databases Medline, Embase, AMED, CINAHL and Cochrane library were comprehensively searched from inception until 21st February 2018. Experimental trials which interrupted sitting time with frequent bouts of physical activity or standing in adults (≥ 18 years) were included. Comparison to a bout of prolonged sitting and a measure of at least one first or recurrent stroke risk factor was required to be included. Overall, 30 trials (35 articles) were identified to meet the inclusion criteria. Fifteen trials were completed in participants at an increased risk of having a first stroke and one trial in participants at risk of a recurrent stroke. Outcomes of hypertension and dysglycemia were found to be more favourable following predominately light- to moderate-intensity bouts of physical activity or standing compared to sitting in the majority of trials in participants at risk of having a first stroke. In the one trial of stroke survivors, only outcomes of hypertension were significantly improved. These findings are of significant importance taking into consideration hypertension is the leading risk factor for first and recurrent stroke. However, trials primarily focused on measuring outcomes of dysglycemia and without assessing a dose-response effect. Additional research is required on the dose-response effect of interrupting sitting with frequent bouts of physical activity or standing on first and recurrent stroke risk factors, in those high risk population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mackie
- School of Health Sciences and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Centre for Research Excellence in Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation, Florey Institute of Neuroscience, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ishanka Weerasekara
- School of Health Sciences and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Gary Crowfoot
- School of Health Sciences and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Centre for Research Excellence in Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation, Florey Institute of Neuroscience, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heidi Janssen
- School of Health Sciences and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Centre for Research Excellence in Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation, Florey Institute of Neuroscience, Melbourne, Australia
- Hunter Stroke Service, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Holliday
- School of Medicine and Public Health University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - David Dunstan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Coralie English
- School of Health Sciences and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Centre for Research Excellence in Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation, Florey Institute of Neuroscience, Melbourne, Australia
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Homer AR, Owen N, Dunstan DW. Too much sitting and dysglycemia: Mechanistic links and implications for obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Rodriguez-Hernandez MG, Wadsworth DW. The effect of 2 walking programs on aerobic fitness, body composition, and physical activity in sedentary office employees. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210447. [PMID: 30695080 PMCID: PMC6350957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study examined changes in body composition, maximum oxygen uptake, and physical activity in sedentary office employees prescribed with two different walking programs during a 10-week intervention. Methods 68 sedentary employees were randomly assigned to one of three groups: multiple bouts of walking (n = 24 (5 male, 19 female) Age = 46±9, BMI = 30.5±5.78 kg/m2), continuous walking (n = 22 (6 male, 16 female) Age = 48±9, BMI = 30.6±6.2 kg/m2) and the control group (n = 22 (5 male, 17 female) Age = 42±10, BMI = 27.5±5.23 kg/m2). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (iDXA) assessed body composition and a Bruce protocol treadmill test assessed aerobic fitness at baseline and week 11. At baseline, week 6 and week 11 a waist worn accelerometer measured physical activity and sedentary behavior. Physical activity was measured throughout the program with a wrist worn accelerometer. Results The results from the mixed-design ANOVA show that fat mass (p < .000) and fat percentage (p < .000) decreased for all three groups as a main effect of time. Sedentary behavior did not change (p>0.05) for all three groups. Moderate intensity physical activity increased significantly from pre-test to week 6 (p<0.05), then decreased from week 6 to post-test (p<0.05), with no significant changes observed from pre-test to post-test (p>0.05) for all groups. No changes in VO2 were observed (p>0.05) for all groups. Conclusions Continuous or intermittent walking activity produce similar benefits on body weight, fat mass and body fat percentage in sedentary employees. Meanwhile, intermittent walking allowed these sedentary employees to increase lean mass and fat free mass. Intermittent walking could provide at least similar benefits on body composition compared to a continuous walking program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mynor G. Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Education Department, University of Costa Rica, San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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De Jong NP, Rynders CA, Goldstrohm DA, Pan Z, Lange AH, Mendez C, Melanson EL, Bessesen DH, Bergouignan A. Effect of frequent interruptions of sedentary time on nutrient metabolism in sedentary overweight male and female adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:984-992. [PMID: 30629473 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00632.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared 24-h nutrient oxidation responses between a sedentary condition (SED) and a condition in which short 5-min bouts of moderate-intensity physical activity were performed hourly for nine consecutive hours over 4 days (MICRO). To determine whether any shifts in fuel use were due solely to increases in energy expenditure, we also studied a condition consisting of a single isoenergetic 45-min bout of moderate-intensity exercise (ONE). Twenty sedentary overweight or obese adults (10 men/10 women; 32.4 ± 6.3 yr; BMI, 30.6 ± 2.9 kg/m2) completed all three conditions (MICRO, SED, and ONE) in a randomized order. Each condition consisted of a 3-day free-living run-in followed by a 24-h stay in a whole-room calorimeter to measure total energy expenditure (TEE) and substrate utilization. Dietary fat oxidation was also assessed during the chamber stay by administering a [1-13C] oleic acid tracer at breakfast. Energy intake was matched across conditions. Both MICRO and ONE increased TEE relative to SED, resulting in a negative energy balance. HOMA-IR improved in both activity conditions. MICRO increased 24-h carbohydrate oxidation compared with both ONE and SED ( P < 0.01 for both). ONE was associated with higher 24-h total fat oxidation compared with SED, and higher 24-h dietary fat oxidation compared with both SED and MICRO. Differences in substrate oxidation remained significant after adjusting for energy balance. In overweight and obese men and women, breaking up sitting time increased reliance upon carbohydrate as fuel over 24 h, while a single energy-matched continuous bout of exercise preferentially relies upon fat over 24 h. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Insulin sensitivity, as assessed by HOMA-IR, was improved after 4 days of physical activity, independent of frequency and duration of activity bouts. Temporal patterns of activity across the day differentially affect substrate oxidation. Frequent interruptions of sedentary time with short bouts of walking primarily increase 24-h carbohydrate oxidation, whereas an energy-matched single continuous bout of moderate intensity walking primarily increased 24-h fat oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P De Jong
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Corey A Rynders
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - David A Goldstrohm
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Zhaoxing Pan
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrew H Lange
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carlos Mendez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Edward L Melanson
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado , Aurora, Colorado.,Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center , Denver, Colorado
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado.,Denver Health Medical Center , Denver, Colorado
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado.,Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Strasbourg , France.,UMR 7178, CNRS, Strasbourg , France
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms, meals, and exercise modulate energy metabolism. This review explores the novel hypothesis that there is an optimal time of day to exercise to improve 24 h glycemia and lipemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Heden
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, and
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO
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Maylor BD, Zakrzewski-Fruer JK, Orton CJ, Bailey DP. Beneficial postprandial lipaemic effects of interrupting sedentary time with high-intensity physical activity versus a continuous moderate-intensity physical activity bout: A randomised crossover trial. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1250-1255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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TEO SHAUNYM, KANALEY JILLA, GUELFI KYMJ, COOK SUMMERB, HEBERT JEFFREYJ, FORREST MITCHELLRL, FAIRCHILD TIMOTHYJ. Exercise Timing in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:2387-2397. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Breaking up Sedentary Time in Overweight/Obese Adults on Work Days and Non-Work Days: Results from a Feasibility Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112566. [PMID: 30453553 PMCID: PMC6266976 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Office workers are vulnerable to the adverse health effects of sedentary behavior (i.e., sitting time). Increasing physical activity and preventing time spent sitting is an occupational health priority. This randomized crossover design study compared the short-term (3-days) effects of hourly interruptions of sedentary time with 5-min micrrobouts of activity for 9 hours (MICRO) to a sedentary control condition (SED) and a duration-matched continuous single bout of physical activity (45-min/d, ONE) condition on inclinometer-derived sitting-time on work and non-work days in sedentary overweight/obese adults. Differences in sitting/lying, standing, stepping, number of sit/stand transitions, time spent in moderate and vigorous activity (MVPA), energy expenditure, self-perceived vigor and fatigue, and insulin sensitivity were also examined. Twenty-two participants (10M/12F; 31.7 ± 1.3 year old BMI 30.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2) completed all conditions. No between-condition effects were observed in sitting-time and sit/stand transitions. Both interventions increased daily steps, MVPA and energy expenditure with increases being greater in ONE than MICRO. Feelings of vigor and fasting insulin sensitivity were also improved. Participants reported less fatigue with MICRO than SED and ONE. Both interventions increase physical activity and energy expenditure in occupational and leisure-time contexts. The sustainability of these effects over the long term and on health outcomes will need to be tested in future studies.
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Gay JL, Buchner DM, Erickson ML, Lauture A. Effect of short bouts of high intensity activity on glucose among adults with prediabetes: A pilot randomized crossover study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 141:168-174. [PMID: 29746878 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Few data exist on the effects of vigorous-intensity activity on blood glucose. The study aim was to determine the effects of 2-min and 4-min bouts of vigorous-intensity stair climbing on glucose levels. METHODS Nine overweight/obese adults with prediabetes (40-64 years, HbA1C 5.7%-6.4%) participated in a randomized cross-over design with three conditions on consecutive days: control; 2-min bouts of stair climbing once per hour for 8 h; and 4-min bouts of stair climbing once every 2 h for 8 h, with the two activity days randomized in order. Continuous glucose monitoring estimated five-minute average interstitial glucose values. RESULTS Total physical activity and 12-h AUC did not differ significantly by condition. The 4-min bout caused a significant decrease in glucose after 30 min (Cohen's d = -0.91) compared to the control condition, while the 2-min bout did not (Cohen's d = -0.13). Post-exercise change in glucose varied by pre-exercise glucose and by condition. No significant change in post-exercise glucose with stair climbing was found when pre-exercise glucose was <90 mg/dl, but when pre-exercise glucose was ≥90 mg/dl, the 4-min condition caused significant reductions in glucose. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest short, intermittent bouts of vigorous-intensity exercise can be substituted for an equivalent volume of lower-intensity lifestyle activity when glucose is over 90 mg/dl. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials NCT02827383.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gay
- Department of Health Promotion & Behavior, University of Georgia, 251E Wright Hall, Athens, GA, United States.
| | - David M Buchner
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.
| | - Melissa L Erickson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
| | - Adolphia Lauture
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, United States.
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Blough J, Loprinzi PD. Randomized controlled trial investigating the experimental effects of reduced habitual physical activity on cardiometabolic profile. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:48-55. [PMID: 29723592 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous work suggests that reduced habitual physical activity is unfavorably associated with cardiometabolic health. Fewer lifestyle-based, experimental studies on this topic have been conducted. Thus, the purpose of this study was to experimentally reduce habitual physical activity over a one-week period to evaluate its potential effects on cardiometabolic profile. METHODS Young physically active adults (Mage = 21 yrs) were randomized into a Reduced Activity Group (N = 19) or a Control Group (N = 20). The Reduced Activity group engaged in baseline week of normal activity, then reduced their activity for one week (from approximately 9000 steps/day to approximately 6000 steps/day), followed by resumption of habitual activity for a week. The Control Group maintained their normal active lifestyle for two-weeks. At all time points, the following cardiometabolic parameters were assessed: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, non-HDL-C, and glucose. RESULTS The Reduced Activity Group, compared to the Control Group, had an unfavorable change in TG/HDL-C (FInteraction = 4.995, P = 0.03, η2p = 0.14). No other biomarkers were altered CONCLUSION: A one-week period of reduced activity among a young adult, active population, increased TG/HDL-C levels, with no changes observed in any of the other evaluated cardiometabolic parameters. Thus, a temporary lapse in habitual physical activity does not considerably change cardiometabolic outcomes in young, healthy physically active adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Blough
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, United States
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, United States.
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Saunders DH, Mead GE, Fitzsimons C, Kelly P, van Wijck F, Verschuren O, English C. Interventions for reducing sedentary behaviour in people with stroke. Hippokratia 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David H Saunders
- University of Edinburgh; Physical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC); St Leonards Land Holyrood Road Edinburgh Midlothian UK EH8 8AQ
| | - Gillian E Mead
- University of Edinburgh; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences; Room S1642, Royal Infirmary Little France Crescent Edinburgh UK EH16 4SA
| | - Claire Fitzsimons
- University of Edinburgh; Physical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC); St Leonards Land Holyrood Road Edinburgh Midlothian UK EH8 8AQ
| | - Paul Kelly
- University of Edinburgh; Physical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC); St Leonards Land Holyrood Road Edinburgh Midlothian UK EH8 8AQ
| | - Frederike van Wijck
- Glasgow Caledonian University; Institute for Applied Health Research and the School of Health and Life Sciences; Glasgow UK
| | - Olaf Verschuren
- Rehabilitation Centre de Hoogstraat; Rembrandtkade 10 Utrecht Netherlands 3583 TM
| | - Coralie English
- University of Newcastle; School of Health Sciences and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury; University Dr Callaghan NSW Australia 2308
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery; Melbourne and Newcastle Australia
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Kobayashi R, Hashimoto Y, Hatakeyama H, Okamoto T. Acute effects of repeated bouts of aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness after glucose ingestion. Clin Exp Hypertens 2018; 41:123-129. [PMID: 29565685 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2018.1451535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the acute repeated bouts of aerobic exercise decrease leg arterial stiffness. However, the influence of repeated bouts of aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness after glucose ingestion is unknown. The present study investigates the acute effects of repeated bouts of aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness after the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Ten healthy young men (age, 23.2 ± 0.9 years) performed repeated bouts of aerobic exercise trial (RE, 65% peak oxygen uptake; two 15 min bouts of cycling performed 20 min apart) and control trial (CON, seated and resting in a quiet room) at 80 min before the 75-g OGTT on separate days in a randomized, controlled crossover fashion. Carotid-femoral (aortic) and femoral-ankle (leg) pulse wave velocity, carotid augmentation index, brachial and ankle blood pressure, heart rate and blood glucose and insulin levels were measured before (baseline) and 30, 60 and 120 min after the 75-g OGTT. Leg pulse wave velocity, ankle systolic blood pressure and blood glucose levels increased from baseline after the 75-g OGTT in the CON trial, but not in the RE trial. The present findings indicate that acute repeated bouts of aerobic exercise before glucose ingestion suppress increases in leg arterial stiffness following glucose ingestion. Abbreviations: RE trial repeated bouts of aerobic exercise trial; CON trial control trial; BG blood glucose; VO2peak peak oxygen uptake; PWV Pulse wave velocity; AIx carotid augmentation index; BP blood pressure; HR heart rate; CVs coefficients of variation; RPE Ratings of perceived exertion; SE standard error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kobayashi
- a Center for Fundamental Education, Teikyo University of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yuto Hashimoto
- b Department of Health and Sport Science , Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hatakeyama
- b Department of Health and Sport Science , Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takanobu Okamoto
- c Department of Exercise Physiology , Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
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Segregating the Distinct Effects of Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity on Older Adults' Cardiovascular Structure and Function: Part 1-Linear Regression Analysis Approach. J Phys Act Health 2018; 15:499-509. [PMID: 29485928 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2017-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical behavior [PB, physical activity (PA), and sedentary behavior (SB)] can adjust cardiovascular mortality risk in older adults. The aim of this study was to predict cardiovascular parameters (CVPs) using 21 parameters of PB. METHODS Participants [n = 93, 73.8 (6.23) y] wore a thigh-mounted accelerometer for 7 days. Phenotype of the carotid, brachial, and popliteal arteries was conducted using ultrasound. RESULTS Sedentary behavior was associated with one of the 19 CVPs. Standing and light-intensity PA was associated with 3 and 1 CVP, respectively. Our prediction model suggested that an hourly increase in light-intensity PA would be negatively associated with popliteal intima-media thickness [0.09 mm (95% confidence interval, 0.15 to 0.03)]. sMVPA [moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA), accumulated in bouts <10 min] was associated with 1 CVP. 10MVPA (MVPA accumulated in bouts ≥10 min) had no associations. W50% had associations with 3 CVP. SB%, alpha, true mean PA bout, daily sum of PA bout time, and total week 10MVPA each were associated with 2 CVP. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of PB are more robust predictors of CVP than PB (hours per day). The prediction that popliteal intima-media thickness would be negatively associated with increased standing and light-intensity PA engagement suggests that older adults could obtain health benefits without MVPA engagement.
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Bhammar DM, Sawyer BJ, Tucker WJ, Gaesser GA. Breaks in Sitting Time: Effects on Continuously Monitored Glucose and Blood Pressure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 49:2119-2130. [PMID: 28514264 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effects of interrupting prolonged sitting with multiple 2-min walking breaks or one 30-min continuous walking session on glucose control and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP). METHODS Ten overweight/obese, physically inactive participants (five men; 32 ± 5 yr; BMI, 30.3 ± 4.6 kg·m) participated in this randomized four-trial crossover study, with each trial performed on a separate, simulated workday lasting 9 h: 1) 30 min of continuous moderate-intensity (30-min MOD) walking at 71% ± 4% HRmax; 2) 21 × 2 min bouts of moderate-intensity (2-min MOD) walking at 53% ± 5% HRmax, each performed every 20 min (42 min total); 3) 8 × 2 min bouts of vigorous-intensity (2-min VIG) walking at 79% ± 4% HRmax, each performed every hour (16 min total); 4) 9 h of prolonged sitting (SIT). Participants underwent continuous interstitial glucose monitoring and ABP monitoring during and after the simulated workday spent in the laboratory, with primary data analysis from 12:30 h to 07:00 h the next morning. RESULTS Compared with SIT (5.6 ± 1.1 mmol·L), mean 18.7-h glucose was lower during the 2-min MOD (5.2 ± 1.1 mmol·L) and 2-min VIG (5.4 ± 0.9 mmol·L) trials and mean 18.7-h glucose during the 30-min MOD trial (5.1 ± 0.8 mmol·L) was lower than all other trials (P < 0.001). Postprandial glucose was approximately 7% to 13% lower during all trials compared with SIT (P < 0.001), with 30-min MOD having the greatest effect. Only the 30-min MOD trial was effective in reducing systolic ABP from 12:30 to 07:00 h (119 ± 15 mm Hg) when compared with SIT (122 ± 16 mm Hg; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Replacing sitting with 2-min MOD walking every 20 min or 2 min of vigorous-intensity walking every hour during a simulated workday reduced 18.7 h and postprandial glucose, but only 30-min MOD walking was effective for reducing both glucose and systolic ABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharini M Bhammar
- 1Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ; 2College of Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA; 3Departments of Kinesiology and Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA; and 4Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
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41
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to determine the effect of multiple walking breaks from sedentary behavior (SED) on glucose responses in sedentary obese women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten women [aged = 36 (5) y, body mass index = 38.0 (1.6) kg/m2, body fat = 49.6 (1.4)%] completed 3 conditions (48-h "washout" in-between conditions) following a standardized meal in random order: 4-hour SED, 4-hour SED with 2 minutes of moderate-intensity walking every 30 minutes (SED + 2 min), and 4-hour SED with 5 minutes of moderate-intensity walking every 30 minutes (SED + 5 min). Measurements included continuous interstitial glucose concentration monitoring immediately before and during standardized conditions and accelerometry for physical activity patterns during and in-between the standardized conditions. Repeated-measures 1-way analyses of variance (α = .05) with Bonferroni correction for post hoc comparisons were performed. Effect sizes (d [95% confidence interval]) were calculated as mean difference from SED/pooled standard deviation. RESULTS Sedentary time was similar in the 48 hours preceding each condition (P > .05). By design, sedentary time was different between conditions (P < .001). Compared with SED, 2-hour postprandial glucose positive incremental area under the curve was lower for SED + 5 minutes (P = .005; d = - 0.57 [-1.48, 0.40]), but not for SED + 2 minutes (P = .086; d = - 0.71 [-1.63, 0.27]). Four-hour postprandial glucose area under the curve was similar between conditions (P > .05). CONCLUSION In sedentary obese women, 5 minutes of moderate-intensity walking breaks from SED each 30 minutes attenuate 2-hour postprandial glucose excursions.
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Mete EM, Perry TL, Haszard JJ, Homer AR, Fenemor SP, Rehrer NJ, Skeaff CM, Peddie MC. Interrupting Prolonged Sitting with Regular Activity Breaks does not Acutely Influence Appetite: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10:E125. [PMID: 29373503 PMCID: PMC5852701 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular activity breaks increase energy expenditure; however, this may promote compensatory eating behaviour. The present study compared the effects of regular activity breaks and prolonged sitting on appetite. In a randomised, cross-over trial, 36 healthy adults (BMI (Body Mass Index) 23.9 kg/m² (S.D. = 3.9)) completed four, two-day interventions: two with prolonged sitting (SIT), and two with sitting and 2 min of walking every 30 min (RAB). Standardized meals were provided throughout the intervention, with an ad libitum meal at the end of Day 2. Appetite and satiety were assessed throughout both days of each intervention using five visual analogue scales. The five responses were combined into a single appetite response at each time point. The area under the appetite response curve (AUC) was calculated for each day. Intervention effects for appetite response AUC and ad libitum meal intake were tested using linear mixed models. Appetite AUC did not differ between interventions (standardised effect of RAB compared to SIT: Day 1: 0.11; 95% CI: -0.28, 0.06; p = 0.212; Day 2: 0.04; 95% CI: -0.15, 0.24; p = 0.648). There was no significant difference in energy consumed at the ad libitum lunch meal on Day 2 between RAB and SIT. Interrupting prolonged sitting with regular activity breaks does not acutely influence appetite or volume of food consumed, despite inferred increases in energy expenditure. Longer-term investigation into the effects of regular activity breaks on energy balance is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Mete
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Tracy L Perry
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Jillian J Haszard
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Ashleigh R Homer
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Stephen P Fenemor
- School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Nancy J Rehrer
- School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - C Murray Skeaff
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Meredith C Peddie
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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Luo B, Zhang J, Hu Z, Gao F, Zhou Q, Song S, Qin L, Xu H. Diabetes-related behaviours among elderly people with pre-diabetes in rural communities of Hunan, China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e015747. [PMID: 29362243 PMCID: PMC5786133 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore diabetes-related behaviours and their influencing factors among elderly individuals with pre-diabetes in rural areas of China. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among elderly individuals (≥60 years) in rural communities in Yiyang City of China. Multistaged cluster random sampling was carried out to select 42 areas, and interviews were conducted among 434 elderly individuals with pre-diabetes (fasting plasma glucose 6.1-7.0 mmol/L and/or 2-hour post-glucose load of 7.8-11.1 mmol/L) using questionnaires on diabetes-related behaviours. The diabetes-related behaviours included eight categories: average daily sedentary time; frequency of physical activities per week; regular or irregular diet; whether paying attention to diet control or not; daily dietary preferences; frequency of physical examinations per year; current smoking status; and current consumption of alcohol. Each of the risky behaviours was scored -1 and each of the healthy behaviours was scored +1. Each individual's score of diabetes-related behaviours was the sum of the score for all behaviours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants were asked about general information (age, gender, marital status, history of hyperglycaemia, family history of diabetes mellitus, presence of other diseases, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and education) and their diabetes-related behaviours. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors for diabetes-related behaviour among elderly individuals with pre-diabetes. RESULTS The average score of diabetes-related behaviours of elderly individuals with pre-diabetes in rural China was 2.7. The prevalences of risky diabetes-related behaviours were as follows: <1 physical examination per year (57.6%), insufficient physical activities (55.3%), lack of attention paid to diet control (51.4%), high-salt and high-fat diets (41.0%), sedentary lifestyle (35.9%), smoking (22.8%), regular alcohol uptake (15.0%) and irregular diet (3.9%). Gender and a history of hyperglycaemia were found to be influencing factors of the diabetes-related behaviour score. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of risky diabetes-related behaviours was high among pre-diabetic elderly individuals in rural China. More effort should be made to promote the prevention and control of diabetes in rural China. Future studies should be undertaken on diabetes prevention strategies tailored specially for this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR-IOR-15007033; Results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangan Luo
- Department of Mental Health, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jianglin Zhang
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao Hu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuhong Zhou
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Song
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lulu Qin
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Huilan Xu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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McCarthy M, Edwardson CL, Davies MJ, Henson J, Rowlands A, King JA, Bodicoat DH, Khunti K, Yates T. Breaking up sedentary time with seated upper body activity can regulate metabolic health in obese high-risk adults: A randomized crossover trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1732-1739. [PMID: 28544202 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the impact of performing short bouts of seated upper body activity on postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels during prolonged sitting. METHODS Participants undertook two 7.5-hour experimental conditions in randomized order: (1) prolonged sitting only and (2) sitting, interspersed with 5 minutes of seated arm ergometry every 30 minutes. Blood samples were obtained while fasting and throughout the postprandial period after ingestion of two standardized meals. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated for glucose and insulin throughout each experimental condition. A paired samples t-test was used to assess the difference in iAUC data between conditions for glucose (primary outcome) and insulin (secondary outcome). RESULTS Thirteen obese adults (7 women, 6 men; mean ± standard deviation [s.d.] age: 66 ± 6 years; body mass index 33.8 ± 3.8 kg/m2 ) completed this investigation. Compared with the prolonged sitting-only condition, the implementation of seated arm ergometry every 30 minutes significantly reduced mean blood glucose iAUC (from 7.4 mmol/L/h [95% confidence interval {CI} 5.2, 9.5] to 3.1 mmol/L/h [95% CI 1.3, 5.0]; P = .001). Significant reductions in mean insulin iAUC (from 696 mU/L/h [95% CI 359, 1032] to 554 mU/L/h [95% CI 298, 811]; P = .047) were also observed. CONCLUSION Performing short bouts of arm ergometry during prolonged sitting attenuated postprandial glycaemia despite maintaining a seated posture. This may have clinical significance for those with weight-bearing difficulty who may struggle with postural change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McCarthy
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester, Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, UK
- Department of Health Sciences, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Charlotte L Edwardson
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester, Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Melanie J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester, Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Joseph Henson
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester, Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Alex Rowlands
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester, Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - James A King
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester, Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Danielle H Bodicoat
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester, Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care - East Midlands, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care - East Midlands, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Thomas Yates
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester, Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, UK
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Abbott L, Hooke MC. Energy Through Motion©: An Activity Intervention for Cancer-Related Fatigue in an Ambulatory Infusion Center. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2017; 21:618-626. [DOI: 10.1188/17.cjon.618-626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Rynders CA, Blanc S, DeJong N, Bessesen DH, Bergouignan A. Sedentary behaviour is a key determinant of metabolic inflexibility. J Physiol 2017; 596:1319-1330. [PMID: 28543022 DOI: 10.1113/jp273282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility is defined as the ability to adapt substrate oxidation rates in response to changes in fuel availability. The inability to switch between the oxidation of lipid and carbohydrate appears to be an important feature of chronic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Laboratory assessment of metabolic flexibility has traditionally involved measurement of the respiratory quotient (RQ) by indirect calorimetry during the fasted to fed transition (e.g. mixed meal challenge) or during a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp. Under these controlled experimental conditions, 'metabolic inflexibility' is characterized by lower fasting fat oxidation (higher fasting RQ) and/or an impaired ability to oxidize carbohydrate during feeding or insulin-stimulated conditions (lower postprandial or clamp RQ). This experimental paradigm has provided fundamental information regarding the role of substrate oxidation in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. However, the key determinants of metabolic flexibility among relevant clinical populations remain unclear. Herein, we propose that habitual physical activity levels are a primary determinant of metabolic flexibility. We present evidence demonstrating that high levels of physical activity predict metabolic flexibility, while physical inactivity and sedentary behaviours trigger a state of metabolic 'inflexibility', even among individuals who meet physical activity recommendations. Furthermore, we describe alternative experimental approaches to studying the concept of metabolic flexibility across a range of activity and inactivity. Finally, we address the promising use of strategies that aim to reduce sedentary behaviours as therapy to improve metabolic flexibility and reduce weight gain risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Rynders
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephane Blanc
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.,UMR 7178 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathan DeJong
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.,UMR 7178 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Strasbourg, France.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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47
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Sedentary behavior: Is it time to break up with your chair? J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:855-857. [PMID: 28662933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Homer AR, Fenemor SP, Perry TL, Rehrer NJ, Cameron CM, Skeaff CM, Peddie MC. Regular activity breaks combined with physical activity improve postprandial plasma triglyceride, nonesterified fatty acid, and insulin responses in healthy, normal weight adults: A randomized crossover trial. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:1268-1279.e1. [PMID: 28673802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with prolonged sitting, regular activity breaks immediately lower postprandial glucose and insulin, but not triglyceride responses. Postprandial triglycerides can be lowered by physical activity but the effect is often delayed by ∼12 to 24 hours. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine whether regular activity breaks affect postprandial triglyceride response in a delayed manner similar to physical activity. METHODS In a randomized crossover trial, 36 adults (body mass index 23.9 kg/m2 [standard deviation 3.9]) completed four 2-day interventions: (1) prolonged sitting (SIT); (2) prolonged sitting with 30 minutes of continuous walking (60% VO2max), at the end of Day 1 (SIT + PAD1); (3) Sitting with 2 minutes of walking (60% VO2max) every 30 minutes (RAB); (4) A combination of the continuous walking and regular activity breaks in 2 and 3 above (RAB + PAD1). Postprandial plasma triglyceride, nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, and insulin responses were measured in venous blood over 5 hours on Day 2. RESULTS Compared with SIT, both RAB (difference: -43.61 mg/dL·5 hours; 95% confidence interval [CI] -83.66 to -2.67; P = .035) and RAB + PAD1 (-65.86 mg/dL·5 hours; 95% CI -112.14 to -19.58; P = .005) attenuated triglyceride total area under the curve (tAUC). RAB + PAD1 produced the greatest reductions in insulin tAUC (-23%; 95% CI -12% to -31%; P < .001), whereas RAB resulted in the largest increase in nonesterified fatty acids (tAUC, 10.08 mg/dL·5 hours; 95% CI 5.60-14.84; P < .001). There was no effect on glucose tAUC (P = .290). CONCLUSIONS Postprandial triglyceride response is attenuated by regular activity breaks, when measured ∼24 hours after breaks begin. Combining regular activity breaks with 30 minutes of continuous walking further improves insulinemic and lipidemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R Homer
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen P Fenemor
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tracy L Perry
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nancy J Rehrer
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Claire M Cameron
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - C Murray Skeaff
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Meredith C Peddie
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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49
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Dempsey PC, Owen N, Yates TE, Kingwell BA, Dunstan DW. Sitting Less and Moving More: Improved Glycaemic Control for Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Management. Curr Diab Rep 2016; 16:114. [PMID: 27699700 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-016-0797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates that excessive time spent in sedentary behaviours (too much sitting) is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we highlight findings of experimental studies corroborating and extending the epidemiological evidence and showing the potential benefits for T2D of reducing and breaking up sitting time across the whole day. We also discuss future research opportunities and consider emerging implications for T2D prevention and management. This new evidence is stimulating an expansion of diabetes-related physical activity guidelines-suggesting that in addition to moderate-vigorous physical activity, reducing and regularly interrupting prolonged sitting time is likely to have important and varied benefits across the spectrum of diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paddy C Dempsey
- Physical Activity, Behavioural Epidemiology, and Metabolic & Vascular Physiology Laboratories, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Neville Owen
- Physical Activity, Behavioural Epidemiology, and Metabolic & Vascular Physiology Laboratories, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas E Yates
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - Bronwyn A Kingwell
- Physical Activity, Behavioural Epidemiology, and Metabolic & Vascular Physiology Laboratories, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David W Dunstan
- Physical Activity, Behavioural Epidemiology, and Metabolic & Vascular Physiology Laboratories, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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50
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Miles MP, Horrigan LC, Jay SE, Brown KM, Porter JW, Steward AN. Concentric and eccentric exercise, glycemic responses to a postexercise meal, and inflammation in women with high versus low waist circumference. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1262-1270. [PMID: 27841026 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate ingestion and level of concentric versus eccentric muscle activity may alter exercise-induced health benefits for individuals who have high waist circumference as a metabolic risk factor. The purpose of this study was to determine whether metabolic and inflammation responses to an exercise recovery meal differ between women with lower (Lo-WC, <80 cm) compared with higher (Hi-WC) waist circumference when the exercise is primarily concentric (uphill walking; UPHILL) versus primarily eccentric (downhill walking; DOWNHILL). Recreationally active women (age, 18-39 years; body mass index, 19-35.4 m·kg-2; Lo-WC, n = 13; Hi-WC, n = 10) completed UPHILL, DOWNHILL, and resting (CONTROL) conditions followed 30 min later by a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) with carbohydrates to protein ratio of 4:1, and blood glucose, insulin, and inflammation markers were compared across conditions. Compared with Lo-WC, the Hi-WC group had higher (p < 0.05) (i) insulin during the MMTT in CONTROL (mean ± SE; 48.5 ± 8.2 vs 22.9 ± 2.8 pmol·L-1), (ii) baseline (0.7 ± 0.4 vs 2.0 ± 1.7 pg·mL-1) interleukin-6 (IL-6), and (iii) IL-6 responses 8 h after UPHILL and CONTROL. Both groups had (i) increases in IL-6 at 0 h after UPHILL and at 8 h after DOWNHILL, and (ii) lower glycemic responses in UPHILL. Women with Hi-WC had higher IL-6 at rest and delayed increases in IL-6 after a high-carbohydrate meal in all conditions. This is consistent with an inflammation response to the meal and or uphill walking exercise. However, both concentrically and eccentrically biased exercises offered benefits to insulin responses to a high carbohydrate meal for Hi-WC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Miles
- Montana State University, Dept. of Health and Human Development, Bozeman, MT 59171, USA.,Montana State University, Dept. of Health and Human Development, Bozeman, MT 59171, USA
| | - Laura C Horrigan
- Montana State University, Dept. of Health and Human Development, Bozeman, MT 59171, USA.,Montana State University, Dept. of Health and Human Development, Bozeman, MT 59171, USA
| | - Sara E Jay
- Montana State University, Dept. of Health and Human Development, Bozeman, MT 59171, USA.,Montana State University, Dept. of Health and Human Development, Bozeman, MT 59171, USA
| | - Karen M Brown
- Montana State University, Dept. of Health and Human Development, Bozeman, MT 59171, USA.,Montana State University, Dept. of Health and Human Development, Bozeman, MT 59171, USA
| | - Jay W Porter
- Montana State University, Dept. of Health and Human Development, Bozeman, MT 59171, USA.,Montana State University, Dept. of Health and Human Development, Bozeman, MT 59171, USA
| | - Andrea N Steward
- Montana State University, Dept. of Health and Human Development, Bozeman, MT 59171, USA.,Montana State University, Dept. of Health and Human Development, Bozeman, MT 59171, USA
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