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Avadhanula V, Agustinho DP, Menon VK, Chemaly RF, Shah DP, Qin X, Surathu A, Doddapaneni H, Muzny DM, Metcalf GA, Cregeen SJ, Gibbs RA, Petrosino JF, Sedlazeck FJ, Piedra PA. Inter and intra-host diversity of RSV in hematopoietic stem cell transplant adults with normal and delayed viral clearance. Virus Evol 2023; 10:vead086. [PMID: 38361816 PMCID: PMC10868550 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in immunocompromised individuals often leads to prolonged illness, progression to severe lower respiratory tract infection, and even death. How the host immune environment of the hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) adults can affect viral genetic variation during an acute infection is not understood well. In the present study, we performed whole genome sequencing of RSV/A or RSV/B from samples collected longitudinally from HCT adults with normal (<14 days) and delayed (≥14 days) RSV clearance who were enrolled in a ribavirin trial. We determined the inter-host and intra-host genetic variation of RSV and the effect of mutations on putative glycosylation sites. The inter-host variation of RSV is centered in the attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoprotein genes followed by polymerase (L) and matrix (M) genes. Interestingly, the overall genetic variation was constant between normal and delayed clearance groups for both RSV/A and RSV/B. Intra-host variation primarily occurred in the G gene followed by non-structural protein (NS1) and L genes; however, gain or loss of stop codons and frameshift mutations appeared only in the G gene and only in the delayed viral clearance group. Potential gain or loss of O-linked glycosylation sites in the G gene occurred both in RSV/A and RSV/B isolates. For RSV F gene, loss of N-linked glycosylation site occurred in three RSV/B isolates within an antigenic epitope. Both oral and aerosolized ribavirin did not cause any mutations in the L gene. In summary, prolonged viral shedding and immune deficiency resulted in RSV variation, especially in structural mutations in the G gene, possibly associated with immune evasion. Therefore, sequencing and monitoring of RSV isolates from immunocompromised patients are crucial as they can create escape mutants that can impact the effectiveness of upcoming vaccines and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vipin Kumar Menon
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roy F Chemaly
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control & Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dimpy P Shah
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiang Qin
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anil Surathu
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,USA
| | - Harshavardhan Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ginger A Metcalf
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sara Javornik Cregeen
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,USA
| | - Fritz J Sedlazeck
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,USA
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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Mitländer H, Yang Z, Krammer S, Grund JC, Zirlik S, Finotto S. Poly I:C Pre-Treatment Induced the Anti-Viral Interferon Response in Airway Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:2328. [PMID: 38140569 PMCID: PMC10747011 DOI: 10.3390/v15122328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I and III interferons are among the most important antiviral mediators. Increased susceptibility to infections has been described as being associated with impaired interferon response in asthmatic patients. In this work, we focused on the modulation of interferon dysfunction after the rhinovirus infection of airway epithelial cells. Therefore, we tested polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a TLR3 agonist, as a possible preventive pre-treatment to improve this anti-viral response. In our human study on asthma, we found a deficiency in interferon levels in the nasal epithelial cells (NEC) from asthmatics at homeostatic level and after RV infection, which might contribute to frequent airway infection seen in asthmatic patients compared to healthy controls. Finally, pre-treatment with the immunomodulatory substance poly I:C before RV infection restored IFN responses in airway epithelial cells. Altogether, we consider poly I:C pre-treatment as a promising strategy for the induction of interferon response prior to viral infections. These results might help to improve current therapeutic strategies for allergic asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Mitländer
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.K.); (J.C.G.)
| | - Zuqin Yang
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.K.); (J.C.G.)
| | - Susanne Krammer
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.K.); (J.C.G.)
| | - Janina C. Grund
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.K.); (J.C.G.)
| | - Sabine Zirlik
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.K.); (J.C.G.)
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3
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Grousd JA, Dresden BP, Riesmeyer AM, Cooper VS, Bomberger JM, Richardson AR, Alcorn JF. Novel Requirement for Staphylococcal Cell Wall-Anchored Protein SasD in Pulmonary Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0164522. [PMID: 36040164 PMCID: PMC9603976 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01645-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can complicate preceding viral infections, including influenza virus. A bacterial infection combined with a preceding viral infection, known as superinfection, leads to worse outcomes than a single infection. Most of the pulmonary infection literature focuses on the changes in immune responses to bacteria between homeostatic and virally infected lungs. However, it is unclear how much of an influence bacterial virulence factors have in single or superinfection. Staphylococcal species express a broad range of cell wall-anchored proteins (CWAs) that have roles in host adhesion, nutrient acquisition, and immune evasion. We screened the importance of these CWAs using mutants lacking individual CWAs in vivo in both bacterial pneumonia and influenza superinfection. In bacterial pneumonia, the lack of individual CWAs leads to various decreases in bacterial burden, lung damage, and immune infiltration into the lung. However, the presence of a preceding influenza infection partially abrogates the requirement for CWAs. In the screen, we found that the uncharacterized CWA S. aureus surface protein D (SasD) induced changes in both inflammatory and homeostatic lung markers. We further characterized a SasD mutant (sasD A50.1) in the context of pneumonia. Mice infected with sasD A50.1 have decreased bacterial burden, inflammatory responses, and mortality compared to wild-type S. aureus. Mice also have reduced levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), likely derived from macrophages. Reductions in IL-1β transcript levels as well as increased macrophage viability point at differences in cell death pathways. These data identify a novel virulence factor for S. aureus that influences inflammatory signaling within the lung. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is a common commensal bacterium that can cause severe infections, such as pneumonia. In the lung, viral infections increase the risk of staphylococcal pneumonia, leading to combined infections known as superinfections. The most common virus associated with S. aureus pneumonia is influenza, and superinfections lead to worse patient outcomes than either infection alone. While there is much known about how the immune system differs between healthy and virally infected lungs, the role of bacterial virulence factors in single and superinfection is less understood. The significance of our research is identifying bacterial components that play a role in the initiation of lung injury, which could lead to future therapies to prevent pulmonary single or superinfection with S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Grousd
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brooke P. Dresden
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail M. Riesmeyer
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vaughn S. Cooper
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony R. Richardson
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John F. Alcorn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Higgins E, Gupta A, Cummins NW. Polymicrobial Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: The COVID-19 Realm and Beyond. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 10:medsci10040060. [PMID: 36278530 PMCID: PMC9589947 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression changes both susceptibility to and presentation of infection. Infection with one pathogen can also alter host response to a different, unrelated pathogen. These interactions have been seen across multiple infection domains where bacteria, viruses or fungi act synergistically with a deleterious impact on the host. This phenomenon has been well described with bacterial and fungal infections complicating influenza and is of particular interest in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Modulation of the immune system is a crucial part of successful solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Herein, we present three cases of polymicrobial infection in transplant recipients. These case examples highlight complex host–pathogen interactions and the resultant clinical syndromes.
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5
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Neugebauer F, Bergs S, Liebert UG, Hönemann M. Human Rhinoviruses in Pediatric Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Germany: Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Significance. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081829. [PMID: 36016451 PMCID: PMC9415293 DOI: 10.3390/v14081829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) constitute a substantial public health burden. To evaluate their abundance and genetic diversity in pediatric patients, RV RNA in respiratory samples was assessed using real-time RT-PCR and partial nucleic acid sequencing of viral genomes. Additionally, clinical data were retrieved from patient charts to determine the clinical significance of pediatric RV infections. In total, the respiratory specimens of 776 patients (<18 years), collected from 2013 to 2017, were analyzed. Infections occurred throughout the entire year, with peaks occurring in fall and winter, and showed remarkably high intra- and interseasonal diversity for RV genotypes. RV species were detected in the following frequencies: 49.1% RV-A, 5.9% RV-B, and 43.6% RV-C. RV-C was found to be more frequently associated with asthma (p = 0.04) and bronchiolitis (p < 0.001), while RV-A was more frequently associated with fever (p = 0.001) and pneumonia (p = 0.002). Additionally, 35.3% of the patients had co-infections with other pathogens, which were associated with a longer hospital stay (p < 0.001), need for ventilation (p < 0.001), and pneumonia (p < 0.001). Taken together, this study shows pronounced RV genetic diversity in pediatric patients and indicates differences in RV-associated pathologies, as well as an important role for co-infections.
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Kingella kingae and Viral Infections. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020230. [PMID: 35208685 PMCID: PMC8878226 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kingella kingae (K. kingae) is an oropharyngeal commensal agent of toddlers and the primary cause of osteoarticular infections in 6–23-month-old children. Knowing that the oropharynx of young children is the reservoir and the portal of entry of K. kingae, these results suggested that a viral infection may promote K. kingae infection. In this narrative review, we report the current knowledge of the concomitance between K. kingae and viral infections. This hypothesis was first suggested because some authors described that symptoms of viral infections were frequently concomitant with K. kingae infection. Second, specific viral syndromes, such as hand, foot and mouth disease or stomatitis, have been described in children experiencing a K. kingae infection. Moreover, some clusters of K. kingae infection occurring in daycare centers were preceded by viral outbreaks. Third, the major viruses identified in patients during K. kingae infection were human rhinovirus or coxsackievirus, which both belong to the Picornaviridae family and are known to facilitate bacterial infections. Finally, a temporal association was observed between human rhinovirus circulation and K. kingae infection. Although highly probable, the role of viral infection in the K. kingae pathophysiology remains unclear and is based on case description or temporal association. Molecular studies are needed.
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Thakkar P, Banks JM, Rahat R, Brandini DA, Naqvi AR. Viruses of the oral cavity: Prevalence, pathobiology and association with oral diseases. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2311. [PMID: 34854161 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The human oral cavity contains a plethora of habitats and tissue environments, such as teeth, tongue, and gingiva, which are home to a rich microbial flora including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Given the exposed nature of the mouth, oral tissues constantly encounter infectious agents, forming a complex ecological community. In the past, the discussion of microbiological aspects of oral disease has traditionally focused on bacteria and fungi, but viruses are attracting increasing attention as pathogens in oral inflammatory diseases. Therefore, understanding viral prevalence, pathogenicity, and preference regarding oral tissues is critical to understanding the holistic effects of viruses on oral infections. Recent investigations have demonstrated the abundance of certain viruses in oral inflammatory diseases, suggesting an association between viruses and disease. Human herpesviruses are the most extensively studied viruses in different oral inflammatory diseases. However, challenges in viral detection and the lack of reproducible in vitro and in vivo infection models have limited our progress in understanding viruses and their contribution to oral diseases. This review presents a summary of major mammalian viruses and associated diseases in the human oral cavity. The emergence of a recent pathogen SARS-CoV-2 and its tropism for salivary and periodontal tissues further highlights the relevance of the oral cavity in host-pathogen interaction. Understanding how these different viruses present clinically and influence oral health will advance our understanding of multifactorial oral diseases and their association with viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pari Thakkar
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan M Banks
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rani Rahat
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniela A Brandini
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Afsar R Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Yang Z, Mitländer H, Vuorinen T, Finotto S. Mechanism of Rhinovirus Immunity and Asthma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731846. [PMID: 34691038 PMCID: PMC8526928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of asthma exacerbations in children are caused by Rhinovirus (RV), a positive sense single stranded RNA virus of the Picornavirus family. The host has developed virus defense mechanisms that are mediated by the upregulation of interferon-activated signaling. However, the virus evades the immune system by inducing immunosuppressive cytokines and surface molecules like programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) on immunocompetent cells. Initially, RV infects epithelial cells, which constitute a physiologic mucosal barrier. Upon virus entrance, the host cell immediately recognizes viral components like dsRNA, ssRNA, viral glycoproteins or CpG-DNA by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of toll like receptors (TLR) 3, 7 and 8 within the endosome and through MDA-5 and RIG-I in the cytosol leads to the production of interferon (IFN) type I and other antiviral agents. Every cell type expresses IFNAR1/IFNAR2 receptors thus allowing a generalized antiviral activity of IFN type I resulting in the inhibition of viral replication in infected cells and preventing viral spread to non-infected cells. Among immune evasion mechanisms of the virus, there is downregulation of IFN type I and its receptor as well as induction of the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β. TGF-β promotes viral replication and is associated with induction of the immunosuppression signature markers LAP3, IDO and PD-L1. This article reviews the recent advances on the regulation of interferon type I expression in association with RV infection in asthmatics and the immunosuppression induced by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqin Yang
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hannah Mitländer
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Medical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Institut of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Bizot E, Bousquet A, Charpié M, Coquelin F, Lefevre S, Le Lorier J, Patin M, Sée P, Sarfati E, Walle S, Visseaux B, Basmaci R. Rhinovirus: A Narrative Review on Its Genetic Characteristics, Pediatric Clinical Presentations, and Pathogenesis. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:643219. [PMID: 33829004 PMCID: PMC8019700 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.643219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the leading cause of common colds. With the development of new molecular methods since the 2000s, HRVs have been increasingly involved among severe clinical infections. Recent knowledge of the HRV genetic characteristics has also improved the understanding of their pathogenesis. This narrative review aims to provide a current comprehensive knowledge about this virus in the pediatric community. HRVs represent a main cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children. HRV is the second virus involved in bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children, and HRV bronchiolitis has a higher risk of recurrent wheezing episode or asthma. Some recent findings described HRVs in stools, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid, thanks to new molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by detecting HRVs with high sensibility. However, the high rate of asymptomatic carriage and the prolonged excretion in postsymptomatic patients complicate interpretation. No sufficient data exist to avoid antibiotic therapy in pediatric high-risk population with HRV detection. Severe clinical presentations due to HRVs can be more frequent in specific population with chronic pathology or genetic particularity. Inflammatory response is mediated by the nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B pathway and production of interferon (IFN)-beta and IFN-gamma, interleukin 8 (IL8), and IL1b. No specific treatment or antiviral therapy exists, although research is still ongoing. Nowadays, in addition to benign diseases, HRVs are recognized to be involved in some severe clinical presentations. Recent advances in genetic knowledge or specific inflammatory response may lead to specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Bizot
- Department of Microbiology, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Anais Bousquet
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Maelle Charpié
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Florence Coquelin
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Servane Lefevre
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Justin Le Lorier
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Margaux Patin
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Perrine Sée
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Eytan Sarfati
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Servane Walle
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- Department of Virology, Bichat Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Inserm, IAME, UMR1137, Paris, France
| | - Romain Basmaci
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France.,University of Paris, Inserm, IAME, UMR1137, Paris, France
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Abstract
Viral respiratory infections are very common and they are frequently eliminated from the body without any detrimental consequences. Secondary serious bacterial infection has been an apprehension expressed by health care providers, and this fear has been exacerbated in the era of Covid-19. Several published studies have shown an association between Covid-19 illness and secondary bacterial infection. However, the proposed mechanism by which a virus can develop a secondary bacterial infection is not well delineated. The aim of this commentary is to update the current evidence of the risk of bacterial infection in patients with Covid-19. We present several clinical studies related to the topic as well as a brief review of the potential pathophysiology of secondary infections that could present with Covid-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hendaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Sidra Medicine and Research Center, Doha, Qatar.,Weill Cornell Medicine, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
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Schippa S, Frassanito A, Marazzato M, Nenna R, Petrarca L, Neroni B, Bonfiglio G, Guerrieri F, Frasca F, Oliveto G, Pierangeli A, Midulla F. Nasal Microbiota in RSV Bronchiolitis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050731. [PMID: 32414211 PMCID: PMC7284514 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis, and the severity may be influenced by the bacterial ecosystem. Our aim was to analyze the nasal microbiota from 48 infants affected by bronchiolitis from RSV virus and 28 infants with bronchiolitis but negative for the virus. Results showed a significantly lower biodiversity in the RSV-positive group with respect to the RSV-negative group, a specific microbial profile associated with the RSV-positive group different from that observed in the negative group, and significant modifications in the relative abundance of taxa in the RSV-positive group, as well as in the RSV-A group, with respect to the negative group. Furthermore, microbial network analyses evidenced, in all studied groups, the presence of two predominant sub-networks characterized by peculiar inter- and intra-group correlation patterns as well as a general loss of connectivity among microbes in the RSV-positive group, particularly in the RSV-A group. Our results indicated that infants with more severe bronchiolitis disease, caused by RSV-A infection, present significant perturbations of both the nasal microbiota structure and the microbial relationships. Patients with a milder bronchiolitis course (RSV-B-infected and patients who have cleared the virus) presented less severe alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Schippa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (B.N.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Antonella Frassanito
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.N.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Massimiliano Marazzato
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (B.N.); (G.B.)
| | - Raffaella Nenna
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.N.); (L.P.)
| | - Laura Petrarca
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.N.); (L.P.)
| | - Bruna Neroni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (B.N.); (G.B.)
| | - Giulia Bonfiglio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (B.N.); (G.B.)
| | - Francesca Guerrieri
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), UMR Inserm U1052/CNRS 5286, 69008 Lyon, France;
| | - Federica Frasca
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Giuseppe Oliveto
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (G.O.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.N.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.P.); (F.M.)
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12
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Smith ME, Wilson PT. Human Rhinovirus/Enterovirus in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2020; 9:81-86. [PMID: 32351760 PMCID: PMC7186013 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/HEV) in severe lower respiratory tract infections remains unclear. We characterized the respiratory status of children admitted to a large academic pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) who tested positive for only HRV/HEV. One hundred and fifty-five children met inclusion criteria with 62% requiring positive pressure respiratory support of 5 cm of water pressure or more within the first 24 hours of admission. Among them, 34% had SaO
2
to FiO
2
ratios of 264 or less with 22 patients (14%) meeting criteria for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. HRV/HEV is associated with significant respiratory disease in children admitted to the PICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele E Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Children's Hospital, New York, United States
| | - Patrick T Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Children's Hospital, New York, United States
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13
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Millette G, Langlois JP, Brouillette E, Frost EH, Cantin AM, Malouin F. Despite Antagonism in vitro, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enhances Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in a Murine Lung Infection Model. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2880. [PMID: 31921058 PMCID: PMC6923662 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are prevalent lung pathogens in cystic fibrosis (CF). Whereas co-infection worsens the clinical outcome, prototypical strains are usually antagonistic in vitro. We sought to resolve the discrepancy between these in vitro and in vivo observations. In vitro, growth kinetics for co-cultures of co-isolates from CF patients showed that not all P. aeruginosa strains affected S. aureus viability. On solid media, S. aureus slow-growing colonies were visualized around some P. aeruginosa strains whether or not S. aureus viability was reduced in liquid co-cultures. The S. aureus-P. aeruginosa interactions were then characterized in a mouse lung infection model. Lung homogenates were plated on selective media allowing colony counts of either bacterium. Overall, 35 P. aeruginosa and 10 S. aureus strains (clinical, reference, and mutant strains), for a total of 200 co-infections, were evaluated. We observed that S. aureus colonization of lung tissues was promoted by P. aeruginosa and even by strains showing antagonism in vitro. Promotion was proportional to the extent of P. aeruginosa colonization, but no correlation was found with the degree of myeloperoxidase quantification (as marker of inflammation) or with specific virulence-associated factors using known mutant strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, P. aeruginosa significantly increased the expression of two possible cell receptors for S. aureus, i.e., ICAM-1 and ITGA-5 (marker for integrin α5β1) in lung tissue, while mono-infections by S. aureus did not. This study provides insights on polymicrobial interactions that may influence the progression of CF-associated pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Millette
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Langlois
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Brouillette
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eric H Frost
- Département de Microbiologie et d'Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - André M Cantin
- Service de Pneumologie, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - François Malouin
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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14
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Morgene MF, Maurin C, Pillet S, Berthelot P, Morfin F, Pozzetto B, Botelho-Nevers E, Verhoeven PO. HaCaT epithelial cells as an innovative novel model of rhinovirus infection and impact of clarithromycin treatment on infection kinetics. Virology 2018; 523:27-34. [PMID: 30077071 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro propagation of human rhinoviruses (RVs) is difficult because only few continuous human cell lines are permissive to these agents. We propose an innovative model of epithelial cell infection using a non-transformed continuous keratinocyte line from human origin (HaCaT cells). After infection with RV-A13, RV-A16 or RV-A19, HaCaT cells produced infectious particles without showing any observable cytopathic effect and overexpressed ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1), the major entry receptor of RVs. Furthermore, the treatment of HaCaT cells with 10 µM clarithromycin reduced the viral titer by 93% and 60% during the first and second days following viral infection, respectively, probably by down-regulating ICAM-1 expression. This original model of epithelial cell infection by RV could be useful to study chronic viral infection and bacterium-virus interactions at the cell level. These results also suggest that clarithromycin may be evaluated for treating in vivo infections associating RV to a susceptible bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fedy Morgene
- Group for Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP EA3064), Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, France
| | - Corantin Maurin
- Group for Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP EA3064), Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Pillet
- Group for Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP EA3064), Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, France; Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Philippe Berthelot
- Group for Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP EA3064), Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, France; Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Florence Morfin
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute for Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon and National Reference Centre for Respiratory Viruses, Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- Group for Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP EA3064), Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, France; Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers
- Group for Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP EA3064), Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, France; Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul O Verhoeven
- Group for Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP EA3064), Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, France; Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
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15
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Morgene MF, Botelho-Nevers E, Grattard F, Pillet S, Berthelot P, Pozzetto B, Verhoeven PO. Staphylococcus aureus colonization and non-influenza respiratory viruses: Interactions and synergism mechanisms. Virulence 2018; 9:1354-1363. [PMID: 30058450 PMCID: PMC6177244 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1504561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of the respiratory tract can be complicated by bacterial superinfection, resulting in a significantly longer duration of illness and even a fatal outcome. In this review, we focused on interactions between S. aureus and non-influenza viruses. Clinical data evidenced that rhinovirus infection may increase the S. aureus carriage load in humans and its spread. In children, respiratory syncytial virus infection is associated with S. aureus carriage. The mechanisms by which some non-influenza respiratory viruses predispose host cells to S. aureus superinfection can be summarized in three categories: i) modifying expression levels of cellular patterns involved in S. aureus adhesion and/or internalization, ii) inducing S. aureus invasion of epithelial cells due to the disruption of tight junctions, and iii) decreasing S. aureus clearance by altering the immune response. The comprehension of pathways involved in S. aureus-respiratory virus interactions may help developing new strategies of preventive and curative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Fedy Morgene
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Florence Grattard
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sylvie Pillet
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Philippe Berthelot
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul O. Verhoeven
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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16
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Passariello C, Gigola P, Testarelli L, Puttini M, Schippa S, Petti S. Evaluation of microbiota associated with Herpesviruses in active sites of generalized aggressive periodontitis. ANNALI DI STOMATOLOGIA 2017; 8:59-70. [PMID: 29299190 DOI: 10.11138/ads/2017.8.2.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aims The present study aimed to investigate microbial patterns associated with disease progression and coinfection by different Herpesviruses in generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP). Methods Microbiological samples were obtained from active (AS) and non-active (n-AS) sites in 165 subjects affected by GAP and were analyzed for 40 bacterial species by the Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization technique and for Herpes simplex 1 (HSV-1), Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein Bar virus (EBV) by PCR.Common Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis were applied to disclose specific microbial patterns associated with the three viruses. Results Herpesviruses were detected in 37.6% of subjects. Detection of each of the searched viruses was associated with specific patterns of subgingival biofilm in AS. Logistic regression analyses evidenced several virus/bacteria associations: i) EBV with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; ii) CMV with A. actinomycetemcomitans, Veillonella parvula, Parvimonas micra and Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum; iii) HSV-1 with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium periodonticum and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions Microbiological data suggest that Herpesviruses are probably not mere spectators of disease progression and that specific patterns of subgingival plaque are correlated with the presence of different Herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Passariello
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, " Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Gigola
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiologic and Public Health Sciences University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Testarelli
- Department of Odontostomatologic and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Serena Schippa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, " Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Petti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, " Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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17
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Bellinghausen C, Rohde GGU, Savelkoul PHM, Wouters EFM, Stassen FRM. Viral-bacterial interactions in the respiratory tract. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3089-3102. [PMID: 27902340 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the respiratory tract, viruses and bacteria can interact on multiple levels. It is well known that respiratory viruses, particularly influenza viruses, increase the susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections. Numerous mechanisms, including compromised physical and immunological barriers, and changes in the microenvironment have hereby been shown to contribute to the development of secondary bacterial infections. In contrast, our understanding of how bacteria shape a response to subsequent viral infection is still limited. There is emerging evidence that persistent infection (or colonization) of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) with potential pathogenic bacteria, as observed in diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis, modulates subsequent viral infections by increasing viral entry receptors and modulating the inflammatory response. Moreover, recent studies suggest that even healthy lungs are not, as had long been assumed, sterile. The composition of the lung microbiome may thus modulate responses to viral infections. Here we summarize the current knowledge on the co-pathogenesis between viruses and bacteria in LRT infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bellinghausen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gernot G U Rohde
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H M Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank R M Stassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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18
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Hewitt R, Farne H, Ritchie A, Luke E, Johnston SL, Mallia P. The role of viral infections in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2016; 10:158-74. [PMID: 26611907 PMCID: PMC5933560 DOI: 10.1177/1753465815618113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are major causes of global morbidity and mortality worldwide. The clinical course of both asthma and COPD are punctuated by the occurrence of exacerbations, acute events characterized by increased symptoms and airflow obstruction. Exacerbations contribute most of the morbidity, mortality and excess healthcare costs associated with both asthma and COPD. COPD and asthma exacerbations are frequently associated with respiratory virus infections and this has led to an intense research focus into the mechanisms of virus-induced exacerbations over the past decade. Current therapies are effective in reducing chronic symptoms but are less effective in preventing exacerbations, particularly in COPD. Understanding the mechanisms of virus-induced exacerbation will lead to the development of new targeted therapies that can reduce the burden of virus-induced exacerbations. In this review we discuss current knowledge of virus-induced exacerbations of asthma and COPD with a particular focus on mechanisms, human studies, virus-bacteria interactions and therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hewitt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Hugo Farne
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Andrew Ritchie
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Emma Luke
- Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Patrick Mallia
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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19
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Pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications of human rhinovirus infection in critically ill patients. J Clin Virol 2016; 77:85-91. [PMID: 26921740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinovirus (HRV) is frequently detected in patients with respiratory tract infection. However, the full clinical spectrum of HRV infection in critically ill patients is not well characterized. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical and virological characteristics of critically ill patients with HRV infection. STUDY DESIGN HRV-specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) specimens from 294 adult patients who required admission into the intensive care unit (ICU). Clinical characteristics were analyzed. HRV genotyping using the 5'UTR-VP4-VP2 region was performed. RESULTS HRV was detected in NPA specimens of 22 patients (7.5%) by RT-PCR. Dyspnea was the most common presenting symptom (16/22; 72.7%), but seizure also occurred in 5 (22.7%) patients. Exacerbation of underlying disease occurred in 12 (54.5%) patients. Four (18.2%) patients died, and HRV was considered to play a role as the cause of death in 3 patients. Thirteen (59.1%) patients had pneumonia, and the most common radiological finding was consolidation (6/13; 46.2%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common co-pathogen among patients with pneumonia. Among the 9 patients without pneumonia, 3 patients had exacerbation of underlying lung diseases, 3 patients had acute pulmonary edema, 2 patients with diabetes mellitus had acute complications from poor glycemic control, and 1 patient had status epilepticus. HRV-A was the most common species (64.3%), but there was no clear relationship between HRV species and clinical presentation. CONCLUSION Both pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications of HRV were common in critically ill patients.
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20
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Thibaut HJ, Lacroix C, De Palma AM, Franco D, Decramer M, Neyts J. Toward antiviral therapy/prophylaxis for rhinovirus-induced exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: challenges, opportunities, and strategies. Rev Med Virol 2016; 26:21-33. [PMID: 26388447 PMCID: PMC7169185 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a life-threatening lung illness characterized by persistent and progressive airflow limitation. Exacerbations of COPD contribute to the severity of this pathology and accelerate disease progression. To date, pharmacological treatment of both stable COPD patients and patients experiencing exacerbations is mainly symptomatic with bronchodilators and steroids as the mainstay of therapy. Bacteria trigger such exacerbations in a number of cases; hence, antibiotics might be included in the treatment as well. Several respiratory viruses are frequently detected in sputum from patients during COPD exacerbations. These include influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and, most often, rhinoviruses. In this review, we discuss the potential use of an anti-rhinovirus drug for the treatment and prophylaxis of rhinovirus-induced COPD exacerbations and the path forward toward the development and use of such a drug. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- Laboratory for Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Céline Lacroix
- Laboratory for Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Armando M De Palma
- Laboratory for Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Franco
- Laboratory for Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Decramer
- Respiratory Division, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory for Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Hendaus MA, Jomha FA, Alhammadi AH. Virus-induced secondary bacterial infection: a concise review. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:1265-71. [PMID: 26345407 PMCID: PMC4554399 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s87789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are a very common source of morbidity and mortality among children. Health care providers often face a dilemma when encountering a febrile infant or child with respiratory tract infection. The reason expressed by many clinicians is the trouble to confirm whether the fever is caused by a virus or a bacterium. The aim of this review is to update the current evidence on the virus-induced bacterial infection. We present several clinical as well in vitro studies that support the correlation between virus and secondary bacterial infections. In addition, we discuss the pathophysiology and prevention modes of the virus–bacterium coexistence. A search of the PubMed and MEDLINE databases was carried out for published articles covering bacterial infections associated with respiratory viruses. This review should provide clinicians with a comprehensive idea of the range of bacterial and viral coinfections or secondary infections that could present with viral respiratory illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hendaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic General Pediatrics Division, Weill-Cornell Medical College, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatima A Jomha
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Khiara, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed H Alhammadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic General Pediatrics Division, Weill-Cornell Medical College, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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22
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Jacobs SE, Lamson DM, Soave R, Guzman BH, Shore TB, Ritchie EK, Zappetti D, Satlin MJ, Leonard JP, van Besien K, Schuetz AN, Jenkins SG, George KS, Walsh TJ. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of human rhinovirus infections in patients with hematologic malignancy. J Clin Virol 2015; 71:51-8. [PMID: 26370315 PMCID: PMC4750469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.07.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are common causes of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in hematologic malignancy (HM) patients. Predictors of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) including the impact of HRV species and types are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES This study aims to describe the clinical and molecular epidemiology of HRV infections among HM patients. STUDY DESIGN From April 2012-March 2013, HRV-positive respiratory specimens from symptomatic HM patients were molecularly characterized by analysis of partial viral protein 1 (VP1) or VP4 gene sequence. HRV LRTI risk-factors and outcomes were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS One hundred and ten HM patients presented with HRV URTI (n=78) and HRV LRTI (n=32). Hypoalbuminemia (OR 3.0; 95% CI, 1.0-9.2; p=0.05) was independently associated with LRTI, but other clinical and laboratory markers of host immunity did not differ between patients with URTI versus LRTI. Detection of bacterial co-pathogens was common in LRTI cases (25%). Among 92 typeable respiratory specimens, there were 58 (64%) HRV-As, 12 (13%) HRV-Bs, and 21 (23%) HRV-Cs, and one Enterovirus 68. LRTI rates among HRV-A (29%), HRV-B (17%), and HRV-C (29%) were similar. HRV-A infections occurred year-round while HRV-B and HRV-C infections clustered in the late fall and winter. CONCLUSIONS HRVs are associated with LRTI in HM patients. Illness severity is not attributable to specific HRV species or types. The frequent detection of bacterial co-pathogens in HRV LRTIs further substantiates the hypothesis that HRVs predispose to bacterial superinfection of the lower airways, similar to that of other community-acquired respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Jacobs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Daryl M Lamson
- Virology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Rosemary Soave
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Tsiporah B Shore
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen K Ritchie
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dana Zappetti
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital/ Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Satlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John P Leonard
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Koen van Besien
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Audrey N Schuetz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen G Jenkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirsten St George
- Virology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Thomas NM, Brook I. Otitis media: an update on current pharmacotherapy and future perspectives. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:1069-83. [PMID: 24793547 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.903920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common childhood bacterial infection and also the leading cause of conductive hearing loss in children. Currently, there is an urgent need for developing novel therapeutic agents for treating AOM. AREAS COVERED Structured search of current literature. PubMed was searched for published literature in areas of pharmacotherapeutics, preventive therapies and complementary treatments for OM. The intent of this review is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of therapeutics for AOM, including preventive modalities and complementary medicine. EXPERT OPINION the management of AOM in young children is still evolving and depends on patterns of bacterial colonization and antimicrobial resistance in the community. The introduction of vaccinations against potential respiratory tract pathogens has altered the frequency of recovery of pathogens causing ear infections in children. Even though not all patients require antimicrobial therapy to overcome their infection, these agents improve symptoms faster and lead to fewer treatment failures. Further studies are warranted to evaluate which patients would best benefit from antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Thomas
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Nasal epithelial repair and remodeling in physical injury, infection, and inflammatory diseases. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 21:263-70. [PMID: 23449287 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e32835f80a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the current knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms of nasal epithelial repair and remodeling during physical and pathophysiological conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Nasal epithelial repair and remodeling is a highly organized and well coordinated process, involving inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, matrix deposition, and remodeling, and is regulated by a wide variety of growth factors and cytokines. From the in-vivo and in-vitro studies conducted in both human and animal models, undifferentiated basal cells (progenitors) are able to migrate from adjacent epithelium, spread over the denuded basement membrane, and proliferate in injured regions (self-renewal) in necessary (homeostasis) or excessive (hyperplasia) degree. Progenitor cells reorient to an apical-basal polarity, and progressively differentiate into ciliated and nonciliated columnar cells and goblet cells, reconstituting a functional respiratory epithelium after several weeks. This recovery process can be observed during various types and severity of injury, and also in common nasal diseases, including acute viral, allergic, and nonallergic rhinitis, as well as chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. SUMMARY Although nearly 10 000 articles about nasal epithelium have been published in the last decade, the mechanisms underlying the nasal epithelial repair are still understood at only a superficial descriptive level. In order to advance rhinology to the next level of a comprehensive knowledge of the orchestrated genetic and molecular processes acting during epithelial repair, combined clinical and experimental studies using sophisticated investigational plans to elucidate the functions of both the protein-coding and regulatory portions of the human genome are required.
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Jacobs SE, Soave R, Shore TB, Satlin MJ, Schuetz AN, Magro C, Jenkins SG, Walsh TJ. Human rhinovirus infections of the lower respiratory tract in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2013; 15:474-86. [PMID: 23890179 PMCID: PMC3962254 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a common cause of upper respiratory infection (URI) in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients; yet, their role in lower respiratory illness is not well understood. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of HSCT recipients with HRV infection from the time molecular detection methods were implemented at our institution in 2008. Factors associated with proven or possible HRV pneumonia at the first HRV detection were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis. We then characterized all episodes of proven and possible HRV pneumonia from the initial HRV infection through a 1-year follow-up period. RESULTS Between 2008 and 2011, 63 HSCT recipients had ≥1 documented HRV infections. At first HRV detection, 36 (57%) patients had HRV URI and 27 (43%) had proven or possible HRV pneumonia; in multivariate analysis, hypoalbuminemia (odds ratio [OR] 9.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-71.7; P = 0.03) and isolation of respiratory co-pathogen(s) (OR 24.2, 95% CI 2.0-288.4; P = 0.01) were independently associated with pneumonia. During the study period, 22 patients had 25 episodes of proven HRV pneumonia. Fever (60%), cough (92%), sputum production (61%), and dyspnea (60%) were common symptoms. Fifteen (60%) episodes demonstrated bacterial (n = 7), fungal (n = 5), or viral (n = 3) co-infection. Among the remaining 10 (40%) cases of HRV monoinfection, patients' oxygen saturations ranged from 80% to 97% on ambient air, and computed tomography scans showed peribronchiolar, patchy, ground glass infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS HRV pneumonia is relatively common after HSCT and frequently accompanied by bacterial co-infection. As use of molecular assays for respiratory viral diagnosis becomes widespread, HRV will be increasingly recognized as a significant cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Jacobs
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Bousbia S, Raoult D, La Scola B. Pneumonia pathogen detection and microbial interactions in polymicrobial episodes. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:633-60. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports show that microbial communities associated with respiratory infections, such as pneumonia and cystic fibrosis, are more complex than expected. Most of these communities are polymicrobial and might comprise microorganisms originating from several diverse biological and ecological sources. Moreover, unexpected bacteria in the etiology of these respiratory infections have been increasingly identified. These findings were established with the use of efficient microbiological diagnostic tools, particularly molecular tools based on common gene amplification, followed by cloning and sequencing approaches, which facilitated the identification of the polymicrobial flora. Similarly, recent investigations reported that microbial interactions might exist between species in polymicrobial communities, including typical pneumonia pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Here, we review recent tools for microbial diagnosis, in particular, of intensive care unit pneumonia and the reported interactions between microbial species that have primarily been identified in the etiology of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabri Bousbia
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Facultés de Médecine, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Facultés de Médecine, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Facultés de Médecine, Marseille, France.
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Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), first discovered in the 1950s, are responsible for more than one-half of cold-like illnesses and cost billions of dollars annually in medical visits and missed days of work. Advances in molecular methods have enhanced our understanding of the genomic structure of HRV and have led to the characterization of three genetically distinct HRV groups, designated groups A, B, and C, within the genus Enterovirus and the family Picornaviridae. HRVs are traditionally associated with upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, and sinusitis. In recent years, the increasing implementation of PCR assays for respiratory virus detection in clinical laboratories has facilitated the recognition of HRV as a lower respiratory tract pathogen, particularly in patients with asthma, infants, elderly patients, and immunocompromised hosts. Cultured isolates of HRV remain important for studies of viral characteristics and disease pathogenesis. Indeed, whether the clinical manifestations of HRV are related directly to viral pathogenicity or secondary to the host immune response is the subject of ongoing research. There are currently no approved antiviral therapies for HRVs, and treatment remains primarily supportive. This review provides a comprehensive, up-to-date assessment of the basic virology, pathogenesis, clinical epidemiology, and laboratory features of and treatment and prevention strategies for HRVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Jacobs
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daryl M. Lamson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Thomas J. Walsh
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Unger BL, Faris AN, Ganesan S, Comstock AT, Hershenson MB, Sajjan US. Rhinovirus attenuates non-typeable Hemophilus influenzae-stimulated IL-8 responses via TLR2-dependent degradation of IRAK-1. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002969. [PMID: 23055935 PMCID: PMC3464227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections following rhinovirus (RV), a common cold virus, are well documented, but pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. We developed animal and cell culture models to examine the effects of RV on subsequent infection with non-typeable Hemophilus influenzae (NTHi). We focused on NTHI-induced neutrophil chemoattractants expression that is essential for bacterial clearance. Mice infected with RV1B were superinfected with NTHi and lung bacterial density, chemokines and neutrophil counts determined. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) or mouse alveolar macrophages (MH-S) were infected with RV and challenged with NHTi, TLR2 or TLR5 agonists. Chemokine levels were measured by ELISA and expression of IRAK-1, a component of MyD88-dependent TLR signaling, assessed by immunoblotting. While sham-infected mice cleared all NTHi from the lungs, RV-infected mice showed bacteria up to 72 h post-infection. However, animals in RV/NTHi cleared bacteria by day 7. Delayed bacterial clearance in RV/NTHi animals was associated with suppressed chemokine levels and neutrophil recruitment. RV-infected BEAS-2B and MH-S cells showed attenuated chemokine production after challenge with either NTHi or TLR agonists. Attenuated chemokine responses were associated with IRAK-1 protein degradation. Inhibition of RV-induced IRAK-1 degradation restored NTHi-stimulated IL-8 expression. Knockdown of TLR2, but not other MyD88-dependent TLRs, also restored IRAK-1, suggesting that TLR2 is required for RV-induced IRAK-1 degradation. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that RV infection delays bacterial clearance in vivo and suppresses NTHi-stimulated chemokine responses via degradation of IRAK-1. Based on these observations, we speculate that modulation of TLR-dependent innate immune responses by RV may predispose the host to secondary bacterial infection, particularly in patients with underlying chronic respiratory disorders. Rhinovirus (RV) is responsible for the majority of common colds. RV infection is also associated with hospitalizations for lower respiratory tract illness, a significant proportion of which are accompanied by bacterial infections including acute otitis media, sinusitis and pneumonia. However, the mechanisms by which RV increases susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections are not understood. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time that RV infection promotes bacterial persistence of non-typeable Hemophilus influenzae (NTHi) in vivo, which was associated with reduced expression of neutrophil-attracting chemokines and neutrophil infiltration into the lungs. Further, RV infection attenuated NTHi or TLR2 or −5 agonist-stimulated chemokine responses in cultured bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, suggesting that RV interferes with TLR-related innate immune responses. Next, we found that RV infection caused rapid degradation of IRAK-1, a key adaptor protein in the MyD88-dependent signaling. Inhibition of IRAK-1 degradation restored NTHi-stimulated chemokine responses in RV-infected bronchial epithelial cells. Finally, reductions in IRAK-1 were dependent on TLR2. Together, our results suggest that RV may increase the risk of acquiring secondary bacterial infection by attenuating TLR-dependent innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Unger
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrea N. Faris
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shyamala Ganesan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Adam T. Comstock
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Umadevi S. Sajjan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Golda A, Malek N, Dudek B, Zeglen S, Wojarski J, Ochman M, Kucewicz E, Zembala M, Potempa J, Pyrc K. Infection with human coronavirus NL63 enhances streptococcal adherence to epithelial cells. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1358-1368. [PMID: 21325482 PMCID: PMC3168281 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.028381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of augmented bacterial pathogenicity in post-viral infections is the first step in the development of an effective therapy. This study assessed the effect of human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) on the adherence of bacterial pathogens associated with respiratory tract illnesses. It was shown that HCoV-NL63 infection resulted in an increased adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to virus-infected cell lines and fully differentiated primary human airway epithelium cultures. The enhanced binding of bacteria correlated with an increased expression level of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R), but detailed evaluation of the bacterium-PAF-R interaction revealed a limited relevance of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Golda
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Malek
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Dudek
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Zeglen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Szpitalna 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jacek Wojarski
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Szpitalna 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Ochman
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Szpitalna 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Ewa Kucewicz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Szpitalna 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marian Zembala
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Szpitalna 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Rehabilitation, 501 South Preston St, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract
Rhinoviral infection is an important trigger of acute inflammatory exacerbations in patients with underlying airway disease. We have previously established that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is central in the communication between epithelial cells and monocytes during the initiation of inflammation. In this study we explored the roles of IL-1β and its signaling pathways in the responses of airway cells to rhinovirus-1B (RV-1B) and further determined how responses to RV-1B were modified in a model of bacterial coinfection. Our results revealed that IL-1β dramatically potentiated RV-1B-induced proinflammatory responses, and while monocytes did not directly amplify responses to RV-1B alone, they played an important role in the responses observed with our coinfection model. MyD88 is the essential signaling adapter for IL-1β and most Toll-like receptors. To examine the role of MyD88 in more detail, we created stable MyD88 knockdown epithelial cells using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted to MyD88. We determined that IL-1β/MyD88 plays a role in regulating RV-1B replication and the inflammatory response to viral infection of airway cells. These results identify central roles for IL-1β and its signaling pathways in the production of CXCL8, a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, in viral infection. Thus, IL-1β is a viable target for controlling the neutrophilia that is often found in inflammatory airway disease and is exacerbated by viral infection of the airways.
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Serum intercellular adhesion molecule 1 variations in young children with acute otitis media. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1909-16. [PMID: 20926702 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00194-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM) is an inflammatory reaction in the middle ear, most often occurring in young children. Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis are the most common bacteria isolated. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is involved in the innate immune response to infection by microorganisms, in effective antigen presentation, and in subsequent T-cell activation. Here we prospectively studied levels of serum soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) before, at the time of, and after antimicrobial treatment of AOM in a group of 138 children ages 6 to 30 months. Middle ear fluids were collected by tympanocentesis to identify otopathogens. We found that (i) serum levels of sICAM-1 were significantly higher in S. pneumoniae-, nontypeable H. influenzae-, and M. catarrhalis-infected children than in well children (P < 0.001), confirming that a systemic inflammatory response occurs during AOM; (ii) sICAM-1 levels varied from no elevation (110 ng/ml) to elevation to high levels (maximum, 1,470 ng/ml) among children with AOM; (iii) in paired samples, sICAM-1 levels increased 4- to 20-fold when children developed AOM compared to their sICAM-1 levels before infection; and (iv) the level of sICAM-1 returned to the pre-AOM level at the convalescent stage of AOM after successful antimicrobial therapy. We conclude that AOM often causes a systemic inflammatory reaction, as measured by elevation of the serum sICAM-1 level, and that a high variability in sICAM-1 responses occurs with the presence of otopathogens during AOM.
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Wang JH, Kwon HJ, Jang YJ. Rhinovirus enhances various bacterial adhesions to nasal epithelial cells simultaneously. Laryngoscope 2009; 119:1406-11. [PMID: 19434681 DOI: 10.1002/lary.20498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Viral upper respiratory tract infections are often followed by secondary bacterial infections in the form of acute rhinosinusitis. We investigate the effect of rhinovirus infection on the expression of cell adhesion molecules and bacterial adherence to primary human nasal epithelial cells. METHODS Cells were infected with rhinovirus serotype 16 (RV-16), and then Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Hemophilus influenzae were added to the culture. Rhinovirus-induced expression of fibronectin, platelet-activating factor receptor, and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule, was assayed by confocal microscopy, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. Bacterial adhesion to cells was assessed by confocal microscopy and the fluorescence intensity of adherent bacteria was analyzed using Image-Pro Plus 5.1 (Media Cybernetics, Inc., Bethesda, MD). RESULTS RV-16 infection significantly increased the gene and protein expression of fibronectin, platelet-activating factor receptor, and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule in nasal epithelial cells. Compared with rhinovirus-uninfected control cells, the adhesion of S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae increased significantly to 2.53-fold, 1.51-fold, and 2.74-fold of control levels, respectively, in rhinovirus-infected nasal epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that increased expression of host cell adhesion molecules may be the mechanism accounting for the increase in susceptibility to bacterial rhinosinusitis associated with rhinovirus-induced upper respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Passariello C, Palamara A, Garaci E, Pasquantonio G. Herpesviruses and periodontal disease: a cautionary tale. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22:263-8. [PMID: 19505379 DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of bacterial origin, characterized by an inconstant progression of lesions affecting the tooth supporting tissues. In spite of more than half a century of research efforts, the clinician still lacks any specific molecular or microbial diagnostic tool to predict the progression of periodontal lesions. Recently, several reports have proposed a role for some herpesviruses in the etiology of destructive phases of periodontitis. This paper critically analyzes these data in the light of consolidated knowledge that was developed in the characterization of virus-bacteria cooperative interactions, and proposes new topics of investigation to clarify the role of herpesviral infections in periodontitis and their potential predictive role as markers of progression.
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Sajjan U, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Gruenert DC, Hershenson MB. Rhinovirus disrupts the barrier function of polarized airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:1271-81. [PMID: 18787220 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200801-136oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Secondary bacterial infection following rhinovirus (RV) infection has been recognized in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. OBJECTIVES We sought to understand mechanisms by which RV infection facilitates secondary bacterial infection. METHODS Primary human airway epithelial cells grown at air-liquid interface and human bronchial epithelial (16HBE14o-) cells grown as polarized monolayers were infected apically with RV. Transmigration of bacteria (nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and others) was assessed by colony counting and transmission electron microscopy. Transepithelial resistance (R(T)) was measured by using a voltmeter. The distribution of zona occludins (ZO)-1 was determined by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Epithelial cells infected with RV showed 2-log more bound bacteria than sham-infected cultures, and bacteria were recovered from the basolateral media of RV- but not sham-infected cells. Infection of polarized airway epithelial cell cultures with RV for 24 hours caused a significant decrease in R(T) without causing cell death or apoptosis. Ultraviolet-treated RV did not decrease R(T), suggesting a requirement for viral replication. Reduced R(T) was associated with increased paracellular permeability, as determined by flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin. Neutralizing antibodies to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-1beta reversed corresponding cytokine-induced reductions in R(T) but not that induced by RV, indicating that the RV effect is independent of these proinflammatory cytokines. Confocal microscopy and immunoblotting revealed the loss of ZO-1 from tight junction complexes in RV-infected cells. Intranasal inoculation of mice with RV1B also caused the loss of ZO-1 from the bronchial epithelium tight junctions in vivo. CONCLUSIONS RV facilitates binding, translocation, and persistence of bacteria by disrupting airway epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umadevi Sajjan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0688, USA
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Wang JH, Kwon HJ, Lee BJ, Jang YJ. Staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B enhance rhinovirus replication in A549 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 21:670-4. [PMID: 18201445 DOI: 10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) have been reported to be important in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). To elucidate the pathophysiological responses in the nasal mucosae of CRS patients associated with rhinovirus (RV) infection, we investigated the effects of SEA and SEB on RV infection in A549 cells. METHODS Changes in expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 were assessed by flow cytometry, and effects on cytokine secretion were measured by ELISA. The changes of ICAM-1, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA were assayed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effect of RV replication in the cells was assessed by viral culture, followed by determination of viral titer. RESULTS RV infection increased ICAM-1 expression and cytokine secretion, but the SEs did not further increase the RV-induced expression of ICAM-1, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA and protein. The SEs, however, induced dose-dependent increases in viral titer. CONCLUSION SEA and SEB enhanced rhinoviral replication in airway epithelial cells, indicating that airway epithelial cells with CRS are more favorable environments for RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Parienti JJ, Carrat F. Viral pneumonia and respiratory sepsis: Association, causation, or it depends?*. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:639-40. [PMID: 17251709 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000254037.56888.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Daubin C, Parienti JJ, Vincent S, Vabret A, du Cheyron D, Ramakers M, Freymuth F, Charbonneau P. Epidemiology and clinical outcome of virus-positive respiratory samples in ventilated patients: a prospective cohort study. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2007; 10:R142. [PMID: 17022805 PMCID: PMC1751045 DOI: 10.1186/cc5059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory viruses are a major cause of respiratory tract infections. The prevalence of a virus-positive respiratory sample and its significance in patients requiring mechanical ventilation remain unknown. METHODS We conducted a cohort study in all consecutive adults ventilated for more than 48 hours admitted to a 22-bed medical intensive care unit during a 12-month period. Respiratory samples at the time of intubation were assessed by culture, by indirect immunofluorescence assay or by molecular methods in systematic tracheobronchial aspirates. Patients with a virus-negative respiratory sample at the time of intubation were considered unexposed and served as the control group. RESULTS Forty-five viruses were isolated in 41/187 (22%) patients. Rhinovirus was the most commonly isolated virus (42%), followed by herpes simplex virus type 1 (22%) and virus influenza A (16%). In multivariate analysis controlling for the Acute Pathophysiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, patients with respiratory disorder at admission (adjusted odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-5.1; P = 0.12), with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma patients (adjusted odds ratio, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-6.7; P = 0.01) and with admission between 21 November and 21 March (adjusted odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-5.9; P = 0.008) were independently associated with a virus-positive sample. Among the 122 patients admitted with respiratory disorder, a tracheobronchial aspirate positive for respiratory viruses at the time of intubation (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.273; 95% confidence interval, 0.096-0.777; P < 0.006) was independently associated with better survival, controlling for the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II and admission for cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest. Among the remaining 65 patients, a virus-positive sample on intubation did not predict survival. CONCLUSION We confirmed the pathogenic role of respiratory viruses in the intensive care unit, particularly rhinovirus. We suggest, however, that the prognostic value of virus-associated respiratory disorder is better than that of other causes of respiratory disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Daubin
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, Avenue Côte de Nacre, Caen University Hospital, 14033 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Parienti
- Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Avenue Côte de Nacre, Caen University Hospital, 14033 Caen Cedex, France
- Inserm UMR-S 707, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR-S 707, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Sophie Vincent
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, Avenue Côte de Nacre, Caen University Hospital, 14033 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Astrid Vabret
- Department of Virology, Avenue Côte de Nacre, Caen University Hospital, 14033 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Damien du Cheyron
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, Avenue Côte de Nacre, Caen University Hospital, 14033 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Michel Ramakers
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, Avenue Côte de Nacre, Caen University Hospital, 14033 Caen Cedex, France
| | - François Freymuth
- Department of Virology, Avenue Côte de Nacre, Caen University Hospital, 14033 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Charbonneau
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, Avenue Côte de Nacre, Caen University Hospital, 14033 Caen Cedex, France
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