1
|
Studniberg SI, Ioannidis LJ, Utami RAS, Trianty L, Liao Y, Abeysekera W, Li‐Wai‐Suen CSN, Pietrzak HM, Healer J, Puspitasari AM, Apriyanti D, Coutrier F, Poespoprodjo JR, Kenangalem E, Andries B, Prayoga P, Sariyanti N, Smyth GK, Cowman AF, Price RN, Noviyanti R, Shi W, Garnham AL, Hansen DS. Molecular profiling reveals features of clinical immunity and immunosuppression in asymptomatic P. falciparum malaria. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e10824. [PMID: 35475529 PMCID: PMC9045086 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical immunity to P. falciparum malaria is non-sterilizing, with adults often experiencing asymptomatic infection. Historically, asymptomatic malaria has been viewed as beneficial and required to help maintain clinical immunity. Emerging views suggest that these infections are detrimental and constitute a parasite reservoir that perpetuates transmission. To define the impact of asymptomatic malaria, we pursued a systems approach integrating antibody responses, mass cytometry, and transcriptional profiling of individuals experiencing symptomatic and asymptomatic P. falciparum infection. Defined populations of classical and atypical memory B cells and a TH2 cell bias were associated with reduced risk of clinical malaria. Despite these protective responses, asymptomatic malaria featured an immunosuppressive transcriptional signature with upregulation of pathways involved in the inhibition of T-cell function, and CTLA-4 as a predicted regulator in these processes. As proof of concept, we demonstrated a role for CTLA-4 in the development of asymptomatic parasitemia in infection models. The results suggest that asymptomatic malaria is not innocuous and might not support the induction of immune processes to fully control parasitemia or efficiently respond to malaria vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie I Studniberg
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Lisa J Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Retno A S Utami
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia,Eijkman Institute for Molecular BiologyJakartaIndonesia
| | - Leily Trianty
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular BiologyJakartaIndonesia
| | - Yang Liao
- Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelbergVic.Australia
| | - Waruni Abeysekera
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,School of Mathematics and StatisticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Connie S N Li‐Wai‐Suen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,School of Mathematics and StatisticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Halina M Pietrzak
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Julie Healer
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | | | - Dwi Apriyanti
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular BiologyJakartaIndonesia
| | | | | | | | | | - Pak Prayoga
- Papuan Health and Community FoundationPapuaIndonesia
| | | | - Gordon K Smyth
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,School of Mathematics and StatisticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Alan F Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Ric N Price
- Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Mahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | - Wei Shi
- Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelbergVic.Australia
| | - Alexandra L Garnham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,School of Mathematics and StatisticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brandi J, Lehmann C, Kaminski LC, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Addo M, Ramharter M, Mackroth M, Jacobs T, Riehn M. T cells expressing multiple co-inhibitory molecules in acute malaria are not exhausted but exert a suppressive function in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:312-327. [PMID: 34752634 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Overwhelming activation of T cells in acute malaria is associated with severe outcomes. Thus, counter-regulation by anti-inflammatory mechanisms is indispensable for an optimal resolution of disease. Using Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection of C57BL/6 mice, we performed a comprehensive analysis of co-inhibitory molecules expressed on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells using an unbiased cluster analysis approach. We identified similar T cell clusters co-expressing several co-inhibitory molecules like programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) in the CD4+ and the CD8+ T cell compartment. Interestingly, despite expressing co-inhibitory molecules, which are associated with T cell exhaustion in chronic settings, these T cells were more functional compared to activated T cells that were negative for co-inhibitory molecules. However, T cells expressing high levels of PD-1 and LAG-3 also conferred suppressive capacity and thus resembled type I regulatory T cells. To our knowledge, this is the first description of malaria-induced CD8+ T cells with suppressive capacity. Importantly, we found an induction of T cells with a similar co-inhibitory rich phenotype in Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients. In conclusion, we demonstrate that malaria-induced T cells expressing co-inhibitory molecules are not exhausted, but acquire additional suppressive capacity, which might represent an immune regulatory pathway to prevent further activation of T cells during acute malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Brandi
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cari Lehmann
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Medical Department, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems
| | - Marylyn Addo
- Medical Department, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Medical Department, Division of Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Mackroth
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Medical Department, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems
| | - Mathias Riehn
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Frimpong A, Kusi KA, Adu-Gyasi D, Amponsah J, Ofori MF, Ndifon W. Phenotypic Evidence of T Cell Exhaustion and Senescence During Symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1345. [PMID: 31316497 PMCID: PMC6611412 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play significant roles during Plasmodium falciparum infections. Their regulation of the immune response in symptomatic children with malaria has been deemed necessary to prevent immune associated pathology. In this study, we phenotypically characterized the expression of T cell inhibitory(PD-1, CTLA-4) and senescent markers (CD28(-), CD57) from children with symptomatic malaria, asymptomatic malaria and healthy controls using flow cytometry. We observed increased expression of T cell exhaustion and senescence markers in the symptomatic children compared to the asymptomatic and healthy controls. T cell senescence markers were more highly expressed on CD8 T cells than on CD4 T cells. Asymptomatically infected children had comparable levels of these markers with healthy controls except for CD8+ PD-1+ T cells which were significantly elevated in the asymptomatic children. Also, using multivariate regression analysis, CTLA-4 was the only marker that could predict parasitaemia level. The results suggest that the upregulation of immune exhaustion and senescence markers during symptomatic malaria may affect the effector function of T cells leading to inefficient clearance of parasites, hence the inability to develop sterile immunity to malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augustina Frimpong
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Asamoah Kusi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Jones Amponsah
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Fokuo Ofori
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Wilfred Ndifon
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana.,African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Faleiro R, Karunarathne DS, Horne-Debets JM, Wykes M. The Contribution of Co-signaling Pathways to Anti-malarial T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2926. [PMID: 30631323 PMCID: PMC6315188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria, caused 212 million infections in 2016 with 445,000 deaths, mostly in children. Adults acquire enough immunity to prevent clinical symptoms but never develop sterile immunity. The only vaccine for malaria, RTS,S, shows promising protection of a limited duration against clinical malaria in infants but no significant protection against severe disease. There is now abundant evidence that T cell functions are inhibited during malaria, which may explain why vaccine are not efficacious. Studies have now clearly shown that T cell immunity against malaria is subdued by multiple the immune regulatory receptors, in particular, by programmed cell-death-1 (PD-1). Given there is an urgent need for an efficacious malarial treatment, compounded with growing drug resistance, a better understanding of malarial immunity is essential. This review will examine molecular signals that affect T cell-mediated immunity against malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Faleiro
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Michelle Wykes
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Costa PAC, Figueiredo MM, Diniz SQ, Peixoto APMM, Maloy KJ, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Tada MS, Pereira DB, Gazzinelli RT, Antonelli LRV. Plasmodium vivax Infection Impairs Regulatory T-Cell Suppressive Function During Acute Malaria. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1314-1323. [PMID: 29800313 PMCID: PMC6129110 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between pro- and antiinflammatory mechanisms is essential to limit immune-mediated pathology, and CD4+ forkhead box P3 (Foxp3+) regulatory T cells (Treg) play an important role in this process. The expression of inhibitory receptors regulates cytokine production by Plasmodium vivax-specific T cells. Our goal was to assess the induction of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4) on Treg during malaria and to evaluate their function. We found that P. vivax infection triggered an increase in circulating Treg and their expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1. Functional analysis demonstrated that Treg from malaria patients had impaired suppressive ability and PD-1+Treg displayed lower levels of Foxp3 and Helios, but had higher frequencies of T-box transcription factor+ and interferon-gamma+ cells than PD-1-Treg. Thus malaria infection alters the function of circulating Treg by triggering increased expression of PD-1 on Treg that is associated with decreased regulatory function and increased proinflammatory characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A C Costa
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria M Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Suelen Q Diniz
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana P M M Peixoto
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kevin J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro S Tada
- Centro de Pesquisas em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Dhelio B Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisas em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lis R V Antonelli
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang C, Shao Y, Yang S, Bi X, Li L, Wang H, Yang N, Li Z, Sun C, Li L, Lü G, Aji T, Vuitton DA, Lin R, Wen H. T-cell tolerance and exhaustion in the clearance of Echinococcus multilocularis: role of inoculum size in a quantitative hepatic experimental model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11153. [PMID: 28894272 PMCID: PMC5593833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The local immune mechanisms responsible for either self-healing or sustained chronic infection are not clear, in the development of E. multilocularis larvae. Here, we developed a suitable experimental model that mimics naturally infected livers, according to the parasite load. We demonstrated that local cellular immunity and fibrogenesis are actually protective and fully able to limit metacestode growth in the liver of low or medium dose-infected mice (LDG or MDG), or even to clear it, while impairment of cellular immunity is followed by a more rapid and severe course of the disease in high dose-infected mice (HDG). And recruitment and/ or proliferation of memory T cells (including CD4 Tem, CD8 Tcm and CD8 Tem) and imbalance of T1/T2/T17/Treg-type T cells in liver were not only associated with clearance of the parasite infection in LDG, but also with increased hepatic injury in HDG; in particular the dual role of CD8 T cells depending on the parasite load and the various stages of metacestode growth. Besides, we first demonstrate the association between LAG3- or 2B4-expressing T cells exhaustion and HD inocula in late stages. Our quantitative experimental model appears fully appropriate to study immunomodulation as a therapeutic strategy for patients with Alveolar Echinococcosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yingmei Shao
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Bi
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Medical Science), School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhide Li
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Medical Science), School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guodong Lü
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dominique A Vuitton
- WHO-Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, Department of Parasitology, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté (EA 3181) and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Renyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. .,Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wolf AS, Sherratt S, Riley EM. NK Cells: Uncertain Allies against Malaria. Front Immunol 2017; 8:212. [PMID: 28337195 PMCID: PMC5343013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, studies of natural killer (NK) cells in infection have focused almost entirely on their role in viral infections. However, there is an increasing awareness of the potential for NK cells to contribute to the control of a wider range of pathogens, including intracellular parasites such as Plasmodium spp. Given the high prevalence of parasitic diseases in the developing world and the devastating effects these pathogens have on large numbers of vulnerable people, investigating interactions between NK cells and parasitized host cells presents the opportunity to reveal novel immunological mechanisms with the potential to aid efforts to eradicate these diseases. The capacity of NK cells to produce inflammatory cytokines early after malaria infection, as well as a possible role in direct cytotoxic killing of malaria-infected cells, suggests a beneficial impact of NK cells in this disease. However, NK cells may also contribute to overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the consequent immunopathology. As comparatively little is known about the role of NK cells later in the course of infection, and growing evidence suggests that heterogeneity in NK cell responses to malaria may be influenced by KIR/HLA interactions, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which NK cells might directly interact with parasitized cells may reveal a new role for these cells in the course of malaria infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asia-Sophia Wolf
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Samuel Sherratt
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mackroth MS, Abel A, Steeg C, Schulze zur Wiesch J, Jacobs T. Acute Malaria Induces PD1+CTLA4+ Effector T Cells with Cell-Extrinsic Suppressor Function. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005909. [PMID: 27802341 PMCID: PMC5089727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria, the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune pathways must be delicately balanced so that the parasitemia is controlled without inducing immunopathology. An important mechanism to fine-tune T cell responses in the periphery is the induction of coinhibitory receptors such as CTLA4 and PD1. However, their role in acute infections such as P. falciparum malaria remains poorly understood. To test whether coinhibitory receptors modulate CD4+ T cell functions in malaria, blood samples were obtained from patients with acute P. falciparum malaria treated in Germany. Flow cytometric analysis showed a more frequent expression of CTLA4 and PD1 on CD4+ T cells of malaria patients than of healthy control subjects. In vitro stimulation with P. falciparum-infected red blood cells revealed a distinct population of PD1+CTLA4+CD4+ T cells that simultaneously produced IFNγ and IL10. This antigen-specific cytokine production was enhanced by blocking PD1/PDL1 and CTLA4. PD1+CTLA4+CD4+ T cells were further isolated based on surface expression of PD1 and their inhibitory function investigated in-vitro. Isolated PD1+CTLA4+CD4+ T cells suppressed the proliferation of the total CD4+ population in response to anti-CD3/28 and plasmodial antigens in a cell-extrinsic manner. The response to other specific antigens was not suppressed. Thus, acute P. falciparum malaria induces P. falciparum-specific PD1+CTLA4+CD4+ Teffector cells that coproduce IFNγ and IL10, and inhibit other CD4+ T cells. Transient induction of regulatory Teffector cells may be an important mechanism that controls T cell responses and might prevent severe inflammation in patients with malaria and potentially other acute infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sophia Mackroth
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annemieke Abel
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Steeg
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Jacobs
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Langhorne J, Duffy PE. Expanding the antimalarial toolkit: Targeting host-parasite interactions. J Exp Med 2016; 213:143-53. [PMID: 26834158 PMCID: PMC4749928 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent successes in malaria control are threatened by drug-resistant Plasmodium parasites and insecticide-resistant Anopheles mosquitoes, and first generation vaccines offer only partial protection. New research approaches have highlighted host as well as parasite molecules or pathways that could be targeted for interventions. In this study, we discuss host–parasite interactions at the different stages of the Plasmodium life cycle within the mammalian host and the potential for therapeutics that prevent parasite migration, invasion, intracellular growth, or egress from host cells, as well as parasite-induced pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Langhorne
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Deroost K, Pham TT, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. The immunological balance between host and parasite in malaria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:208-57. [PMID: 26657789 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution of humans and malaria parasites has generated an intricate balance between the immune system of the host and virulence factors of the parasite, equilibrating maximal parasite transmission with limited host damage. Focusing on the blood stage of the disease, we discuss how the balance between anti-parasite immunity versus immunomodulatory and evasion mechanisms of the parasite may result in parasite clearance or chronic infection without major symptoms, whereas imbalances characterized by excessive parasite growth, exaggerated immune reactions or a combination of both cause severe pathology and death, which is detrimental for both parasite and host. A thorough understanding of the immunological balance of malaria and its relation to other physiological balances in the body is of crucial importance for developing effective interventions to reduce malaria-related morbidity and to diminish fatal outcomes due to severe complications. Therefore, we discuss in this review the detailed mechanisms of anti-malarial immunity, parasite virulence factors including immune evasion mechanisms and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we propose a comprehensive classification of malaria complications according to the different types of imbalances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW71AA, UK
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mooney JP, Lee SJ, Lokken KL, Nanton MR, Nuccio SP, McSorley SJ, Tsolis RM. Transient Loss of Protection Afforded by a Live Attenuated Non-typhoidal Salmonella Vaccine in Mice Co-infected with Malaria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004027. [PMID: 26366739 PMCID: PMC4569369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In immunocompetent individuals, non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars (NTS) are associated with gastroenteritis, however, there is currently an epidemic of NTS bloodstream infections in sub-Saharan Africa. Plasmodium falciparum malaria is an important risk factor for invasive NTS bloodstream in African children. Here we investigated whether a live, attenuated Salmonella vaccine could be protective in mice, in the setting of concurrent malaria. Surprisingly, mice acutely infected with the nonlethal malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL exhibited a profound loss of protective immunity to NTS, but vaccine-mediated protection was restored after resolution of malaria. Absence of protective immunity during acute malaria correlated with maintenance of antibodies to NTS, but a marked reduction in effector capability of Salmonella-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Further, increased expression of the inhibitory molecule PD1 was identified on memory CD4 T cells induced by vaccination. Blockade of IL-10 restored protection against S. Typhimurium, without restoring CD4 T cell effector function. Simultaneous blockade of CTLA-4, LAG3, and PDL1 restored IFN-γ production by vaccine-induced memory CD4 T cells but was not sufficient to restore protection. Together, these data demonstrate that malaria parasite infection induces a temporary loss of an established adaptive immune response via multiple mechanisms, and suggest that in the setting of acute malaria, protection against NTS mediated by live vaccines may be interrupted. In children, malaria is a predisposing factor for invasive bacterial infections with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars, a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Since development of vaccines against NTS has been proposed as a strategy to protect African children against disseminated NTS infection, we interrogated the effect of malaria on vaccine-induced memory responses to NTS. Our results from a mouse infection model show that infection with malaria parasites temporarily suspends protective immunity conferred by a live, attenuated vaccine and suppresses adaptive immune responses to NTS that are mediated by T cells. These results suggest that in the setting of acute malaria, live attenuated NTS vaccines may lose their effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Mooney
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Seung-Joo Lee
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen L. Lokken
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Minelva R. Nanton
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sean-Paul Nuccio
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Renée M. Tsolis
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Costa PAC, Leoratti FMS, Figueiredo MM, Tada MS, Pereira DB, Junqueira C, Soares IS, Barber DL, Gazzinelli RT, Antonelli LRV. Induction of Inhibitory Receptors on T Cells During Plasmodium vivax Malaria Impairs Cytokine Production. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1999-2010. [PMID: 26019284 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The function and regulation of the immune response triggered during malaria is complex and poorly understood, and there is a particular paucity of studies conducted in humans infected with Plasmodium vivax. While it has been proposed that T-cell-effector responses are crucial for protection against blood-stage malaria in mice, the mechanisms behind this in humans remain poorly understood. Experimental models of malaria have shown that the regulatory molecules, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte attenuator-4 (CTLA-4), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), and programmed death-1 (PD-1) are involved in the functional impairment of T cells during infection. Our goal was to define the role of these molecules during P. vivax malaria. We demonstrate that infection triggers the expression of regulatory molecules on T cells. The pattern of expression differs in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Higher frequencies of CD4(+) express more than 1 regulatory molecule compared to CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, lower proportions of CD4(+) T cells coexpress regulatory molecules, but are still able to proliferate. Importantly, simultaneously blockade of the CLTA-4, PD-1, and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-3 signaling restores the cytokine production by antigen-specific cells. These data support the hypothesis that upregulation of inhibitory receptors on T cells during P. vivax malaria impairs parasite-specific T-cell effector function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A C Costa
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais
| | - Fabiana M S Leoratti
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais
| | - Maria M Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais
| | - Mauro S Tada
- Centro de Pesquisas em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho
| | - Dhelio B Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisas em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho
| | - Caroline Junqueira
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais
| | - Irene S Soares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lis R V Antonelli
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Herzig DS, Luan L, Bohannon JK, Toliver-Kinsky TE, Guo Y, Sherwood ER. The role of CXCL10 in the pathogenesis of experimental septic shock. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:R113. [PMID: 24890566 PMCID: PMC4075230 DOI: 10.1186/cc13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The chemokine CXCL10 is produced during infection and inflammation to activate the chemokine receptor CXCR3, an important regulator of lymphocyte trafficking and activation. The goal of this study was to assess the contributions of CXCL10 to the pathogenesis of experimental septic shock in mice. Methods Septic shock was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice resuscitated with lactated Ringer’s solution and, in some cases, the broad spectrum antibiotic Primaxin. Studies were performed in CXCL10 knockout mice and mice treated with anti-CXCL10 immunoglobulin G (IgG). Endpoints included leukocyte trafficking and activation, core body temperature, plasma cytokine concentrations, bacterial clearance and survival. Results CXCL10 was present at high concentrations in plasma and peritoneal cavity during CLP-induced septic shock. Survival was significantly improved in CXCL10 knockout (CXCL10KO) mice and mice treated with anti-CXCL10 IgG compared to controls. CXCL10KO mice and mice treated with anti-CXCL10 IgG showed attenuated hypothermia, lower concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and macrophage inhibitory protein-2 (MIP-2) in plasma and lessened natural killer (NK) cell activation compared to control mice. Compared to control mice, bacterial burden in blood and lungs was lower in CXCL10-deficient mice but not in mice treated with anti-CXCL10 IgG. Treatment of mice with anti-CXCL10 IgG plus fluids and Primaxin at 2 or 6 hours after CLP significantly improved survival compared to mice treated with non-specific IgG under the same conditions. Conclusions CXCL10 plays a role in the pathogenesis of CLP-induced septic shock and could serve as a therapeutic target during the acute phase of septic shock.
Collapse
|
14
|
Butler NS, Harris TH, Blader IJ. Regulation of immunopathogenesis during Plasmodium and Toxoplasma infections: more parallels than distinctions? Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:593-602. [PMID: 24184186 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma and Plasmodium parasites exact a significant toll on public health. Host immunity required for efficient control of infection by these Apicomplexans involves the induction of potent T cell responses, which sometimes results in immunopathological damage. Thus, protective immune responses must be balanced by regulatory networks that limit immunopathology. We review several key cellular and molecular immunoregulatory networks operational during Toxoplasma and Plasmodium infections. Accumulating data show that despite differences in how the immune response controls these parasites, many host immunoregulatory pathways and cellular networks are common to both. Thus, understanding the cellular and molecular circuits that prevent or regulate immunopathological responses against one parasite is likely to inform our understanding of the host response to the other parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Frebel H, Oxenius A. The risks of targeting co-inhibitory pathways to modulate pathogen-directed T cell responses. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:193-9. [PMID: 23333205 PMCID: PMC7106470 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification of T cell co-inhibition as a central mechanism in the regulation of adaptive immunity during infectious diseases provides new opportunities for immunotherapeutic interventions. However, the fact that T cell activity is frequently downregulated during pathogen-directed responses suggests a pivotal physiological role of co-inhibitory pathways during infectious disease. Reports of exacerbated immunopathology in conditions of impaired co-inhibition foster the view that downregulation of T cell activity is an essential negative feedback mechanism that protects from excessive pathogen-directed immunity. Thus, targeting co-inhibitory pathways can bear detrimental potential through the deregulation of physiological processes. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical interventions that report immune-related adverse events after targeting co-inhibitory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helge Frebel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hafalla JCR, Claser C, Couper KN, Grau GE, Renia L, de Souza JB, Riley EM. The CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory pathways independently regulate host resistance to Plasmodium-induced acute immune pathology. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002504. [PMID: 22319445 PMCID: PMC3271068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between pro-inflammatory and regulatory immune responses in determining optimal T cell activation is vital for the successful resolution of microbial infections. This balance is maintained in part by the negative regulators of T cell activation, CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L, which dampen effector responses during chronic infections. However, their role in acute infections, such as malaria, remains less clear. In this study, we determined the contribution of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L to the regulation of T cell responses during Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-induced experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in susceptible (C57BL/6) and resistant (BALB/c) mice. We found that the expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 on T cells correlates with the extent of pro-inflammatory responses induced during PbA infection, being higher in C57BL/6 than in BALB/c mice. Thus, ECM develops despite high levels of expression of these inhibitory receptors. However, antibody-mediated blockade of either the CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-L1, but not the PD-1/PD-L2, pathways during PbA-infection in ECM-resistant BALB/c mice resulted in higher levels of T cell activation, enhanced IFN-γ production, increased intravascular arrest of both parasitised erythrocytes and CD8+ T cells to the brain, and augmented incidence of ECM. Thus, in ECM-resistant BALB/c mice, CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 represent essential, independent and non-redundant pathways for maintaining T cell homeostasis during a virulent malaria infection. Moreover, neutralisation of IFN-γ or depletion of CD8+ T cells during PbA infection was shown to reverse the pathologic effects of regulatory pathway blockade, highlighting that the aetiology of ECM in the BALB/c mice is similar to that in C57BL/6 mice. In summary, our results underscore the differential and complex regulation that governs immune responses to malaria parasites. T cells are part of the body's defense system in response to infection. However, once the infection has been suitably controlled, these T cells must be switched off. Inhibitory pathways, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, are known to send the ‘turn off’ signal to T cells during chronic infections. However, their roles in acute infections, such as malaria, are unclear. We compared the function of these inhibitory pathways in mice that are either susceptible or resistant to severe malarial disease (cerebral malaria). Strikingly, we found that receptors for CTLA-4 and PD-1 are more highly expressed in T cells from susceptible mice than from resistant mice. Therefore, cerebral malaria develops despite the high expression of these inhibitory receptors. Moreover, we demonstrated that blocking these inhibitory receptors in the resistant mice increased the function of T cells, which in turn led to the characteristic signs of cerebral malaria. Finally, reminiscent of what is known for the susceptible strain, we confirmed that certain T cells (CD8+) and molecules (IFN-γ) are crucial to the development of cerebral malaria in the otherwise resistant mice. Thus, the CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitory pathways have essential, independent and non-redundant roles in regulating the body's complex response to malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Clemence R Hafalla
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nishimoto T, Satoh T, Takeuchi T, Ikeda Y, Kuwana M. Critical role of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in preventing murine autoantibody-mediated thrombocytopenia. Exp Hematol 2012; 40:279-89. [PMID: 22240606 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune response suppression by regulatory T cells (Tregs) helps to maintain peripheral immune tolerance, and defects in this mechanism are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases. In patients with immune thrombocytopenia, naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs are both functionally impaired and reduced in number. This study was undertaken to investigate Tregs' role in preventing immune thrombocytopenia in mice. Treg-deficient mice were prepared by inoculation of Treg-depleted CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells isolated from BALB/c mice into syngeneic nude mice intravenously. Platelet count, proportion of reticulated platelets, platelet-associated IgG, platelet-associated anti-platelet antibodies, and IgG anti-platelet antibody production in splenocyte cultures were examined by flow cytometry. Of 69 Treg-deficient mice, 25 (36%) spontaneously developed thrombocytopenia that lasted at least 5 weeks. The platelet-associated IgG level and proportion of reticulated platelets were elevated in the thrombocytopenic mice. Platelet eluates and splenocyte culture supernatants prepared from thrombocytopenic mice, but not from nonthrombocytopenic mice, contained IgG antibodies capable of binding to intact platelets. Simultaneous transfer of Tregs completely prevented the onset of thrombocytopenia, but Treg transfer after the onset of thrombocytopenia had no apparent effect. Treatment with IgG anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibody canceled this Treg-governed suppressive effect. In summary, these results indicate that Tregs play a critical role in preventing murine autoantibody-mediated thrombocytopenia by engaging cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Nishimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Adler G, Steeg C, Pfeffer K, Murphy TL, Murphy KM, Langhorne J, Jacobs T. B and T lymphocyte attenuator restricts the protective immune response against experimental malaria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5310-9. [PMID: 21998455 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune response against the blood stage of malaria has to be tightly regulated to allow for vigorous antiplasmodial activity while restraining potentially lethal immunopathologic damage to the host like cerebral malaria. Coinhibitory cell surface receptors are important modulators of immune activation. B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) (CD272) is a coinhibitory receptor expressed by most leukocytes, with the highest expression levels on T and B cells, and is involved in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance by dampening the activation of lymphocytes. The function of BTLA is described in several models of inflammatory disorders and autoimmunity, but its function in infectious diseases is less well characterized. Also, little is known about the influence of BTLA on non-T cells. In this study, we analyzed the function of BTLA during blood-stage malaria infection with the nonlethal Plasmodium yoelii strain 17NL. We show that BTLA knockout mice exhibit strongly reduced parasitemia and clear the infection earlier compared with wild-type mice. This increased resistance was seen before the onset of adaptive immune mechanisms and even in the absence of T and B cells but was more pronounced at later time points when activation of T and B cells was observed. We demonstrate that BTLA regulates production of proinflammatory cytokines in a T cell-intrinsic way and B cell intrinsically regulates the production of P. yoelii 17NL-specific Abs. These results indicate that the coinhibitory receptor BTLA plays a critical role during experimental malaria and attenuates the innate as well as the subsequent adaptive immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Adler
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lepenies B, Seeberger PH. The promise of glycomics, glycan arrays and carbohydrate-based vaccines. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:196-207. [DOI: 10.3109/08923970903292663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
20
|
Lohse AW, Weiler-Normann C, Tiegs G. Immune-mediated liver injury. J Hepatol 2010; 52:136-44. [PMID: 19913936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar W Lohse
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Steeg C, Adler G, Sparwasser T, Fleischer B, Jacobs T. Limited role of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the control of experimental cerebral malaria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7014-22. [PMID: 19890049 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) associated with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection is an accepted model of human CM. CM during PbA infection critically depends on sequestration of T cells into the brain. Several studies aimed to address the role of regulatory T cells (T(reg)) in modulating this pathogenic T cell response. However, these studies are principally hampered due to the fact that until recently no reagents were available to deplete Foxp3(+) T(reg) specifically. To study the function of T(reg) in the genesis of CM, we used depletion of T(reg) mice that are transgenic for a bacterial artificial chromosome expressing a diphtheria toxin receptor-enhanced GFP fusion protein under the control of the foxp3 gene locus. These mice allow for a selective depletion of Foxp3(+) T(reg) by diphtheria toxin injection, and also their specific detection and purification during an ongoing infection. Using depletion of T(reg) mice, we found only a small increase in the absolute numbers of Foxp3(+) T(reg) during PbA infection and, consequently, the ratio of T(reg) to T effector cells (T(eff)) decreased due to the rapid expansion of T(eff). Although the latter sequester in the brains of infected mice, almost no T(reg) were found in the brains of infected mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that depletion of T(reg) has no influence on sequestration of T(eff) and on the clinical outcome, and only minor influence on T cell activation. Using ex vivo analysis of purified T(reg) from either naive mice or PbA-infected mice, we found that both exhibit similar inhibitory capacity on T(eff).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Steeg
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rowe JH, Johanns TM, Ertelt JM, Lai JC, Way SS. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 blockade augments the T-cell response primed by attenuated Listeria monocytogenes resulting in more rapid clearance of virulent bacterial challenge. Immunology 2008; 128:e471-8. [PMID: 19191906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) uniformly suppresses antigen-specific T cells during chronic infection with bacterial, parasitic or viral pathogens. However, the importance of CTLA-4 in controlling the T-cell response during acute infection or after priming with live attenuated vaccine vectors has not been well characterized. Since strategies aimed at blocking CTLA-4 are being actively developed to therapeutically augment T-cell-mediated immunity, the effects of CTLA-4 blockade on T-cell activation during these conditions need to be more clearly defined. We have examined the role of CTLA-4 in a prime-challenge model of acute bacterial infection using both attenuated and virulent strains of the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Although Foxp3(+) CD4(+) T cells are the predominant CTLA-4-expressing cell type in naïve mice, antigen-specific Foxp3(-) CD4(+) cells upregulate CTLA-4 expression after primary L. monocytogenes infection. Blockade of CTLA-4 results in increased numbers of L. monocytogenes-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells after primary infection with attenuated L. monocytogenes, and confers more rapid bacterial clearance after secondary challenge with virulent L. monocytogenes. Accordingly, CTLA-4 plays an important suppressive role in T-cell priming and protective immunity in a prime-challenge model of acute bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared H Rowe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
MyD88/IL-18-dependent pathways rather than TLRs control early parasitaemia in non-lethal Plasmodium yoelii infection. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:1259-65. [PMID: 18692153 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum GPI contributes to malaria pathology by inducing cytokine release. It has been shown to be recognized through TLR2 and to a lesser extent TLR4 in vitro. However, previous findings on the role of TLRs in parasite clearance or pathology in vivo are conflicting. Thus, we analyzed the impact of TLR-signalling on protection using the P. yoelii infection model. Deficiency of single TLRs as well as triple TLR2/4/9-deficiency had no impact on parasitaemia. In contrast, mice deficient for the adaptor protein MyD88 were more susceptible to P. yoelii infection in that they exhibited an increased parasitaemia in the early phase of the infection and a higher lethality. This phenotype was caused mainly by impaired IL-18 signalling since parasitaemia in IL-18-deficient mice was also increased at early time points during P. yoelii infection compared to wild-type control mice. However, no lethality was observed in IL-18-deficient mice. Since parasitaemia in IL-1R-deficient mice was also slightly increased during P. yoelii infection, impaired IL-1R signalling contributed to the increased susceptibility of MyD88-deficient mice to a lesser extent. These findings correlated with a reduced IFN-gamma production in MyD88- and IL-18-deficient mice, but not in TLR2/4/9-deficient mice. We conclude that mainly IL-18/MyD88-dependent signalling but not TLR2/4/9-signalling is important for early parasite control in our model.
Collapse
|
24
|
Lepenies B, Pfeffer K, Hurchla MA, Murphy TL, Murphy KM, Oetzel J, Fleischer B, Jacobs T. Ligation of B and T lymphocyte attenuator prevents the genesis of experimental cerebral malaria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4093-100. [PMID: 17785848 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA; CD272) is a coinhibitory receptor that is predominantly expressed on T and B cells and dampens T cell activation. In this study, we analyzed the function of BTLA during infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Infection of C57BL/6 mice with this strain leads to sequestration of leukocytes in brain capillaries that is associated with a pathology resembling cerebral malaria in humans. During the course of infection, we found an induction of BTLA in several organs, which was either due to up-regulation of BTLA expression on T cells in the spleen or due to infiltration of BTLA-expressing T cells into the brain. In the brain, we observed a marked induction of BTLA and its ligand herpesvirus entry mediator during cerebral malaria, which was accompanied by an accumulation of predominantly CD8+ T cells, but also CD4+ T cells. Application of an agonistic anti-BTLA mAb caused a significantly reduced incidence of cerebral malaria compared with control mice. Treatment with this Ab also led to a decreased number of T cells that were sequestered in the brain of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice. Our findings indicate that BTLA-herpesvirus entry mediator interactions are functionally involved in T cell regulation during P. berghei ANKA infection of mice and that BTLA is a potential target for therapeutic interventions in severe malaria.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Protozoan/administration & dosage
- Brain/blood supply
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/parasitology
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Malaria, Cerebral/immunology
- Malaria, Cerebral/parasitology
- Malaria, Cerebral/pathology
- Malaria, Cerebral/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microcirculation/immunology
- Microcirculation/parasitology
- Microcirculation/pathology
- Plasmodium berghei/growth & development
- Plasmodium berghei/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Lepenies
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|