1
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Gal Y, Marcus H, Mamroud E, Aloni-Grinstein R. Mind the Gap-A Perspective on Strategies for Protecting against Bacterial Infections during the Period from Infection to Eradication. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1701. [PMID: 37512874 PMCID: PMC10386665 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a pressing public health concern, highlighting the need for alternative approaches to control bacterial infections. Promising approaches include the development of therapeutic vaccines and the utilization of innate immune activation techniques, which may prove useful in conjunction with antibiotics, as well as other antibacterial modalities. However, innate activation should be fast and self- or actively- contained to prevent detrimental consequences. TLR ligand adjuvants are effective at rapidly activating, within minutes to hours, the innate immune system by inducing cytokine production and other signaling molecules that bolster the host's immune response. Neutrophils serve as the first line of defense against invading pathogens by capturing and destroying them through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, intracellular degradation, and the formation of NETs. Nutritional immunity is another host defense mechanism that limits the availability of essential metals, such as iron, from invading bacterial pathogens. Thus, iron starvation has been proposed as a potential antibacterial strategy. In this review, we focus on approaches that have the potential to enhance rapid and precise antibacterial responses, bridging the gap between the onset of infection and the elimination of bacteria, hence limiting the infection by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Gal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Hadar Marcus
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Emanuelle Mamroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Ronit Aloni-Grinstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
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2
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Caruffo M, Mandakovic D, Mejías M, Chávez-Báez I, Salgado P, Ortiz D, Montt L, Pérez-Valenzuela J, Vera-Tamargo F, Yánez JM, Wacyk J, Pulgar R. Pharmacological iron-chelation as an assisted nutritional immunity strategy against Piscirickettsia salmonis infection. Vet Res 2020; 51:134. [PMID: 33115510 PMCID: PMC7592559 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00845-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonid Rickettsial Septicaemia (SRS), caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, is a severe bacterial disease in the Chilean salmon farming industry. Vaccines and antibiotics are the current strategies to fight SRS; however, the high frequency of new epizootic events confirms the need to develop new strategies to combat this disease. An innovative opportunity is perturbing the host pathways used by the microorganisms to replicate inside host cells through host-directed antimicrobial drugs (HDAD). Iron is a critical nutrient for P. salmonis infection; hence, the use of iron-chelators becomes an excellent alternative to be used as HDAD. The aim of this work was to use the iron chelator Deferiprone (DFP) as HDAD to treat SRS. Here, we describe the protective effect of the iron chelator DFP over P. salmonis infections at non-antibiotic concentrations, in bacterial challenges both in vitro and in vivo. At the cellular level, our results indicate that DFP reduced the intracellular iron content by 33.1% and P. salmonis relative load during bacterial infections by 78%. These findings were recapitulated in fish, where DFP reduced the mortality of rainbow trout challenged with P. salmonis in 34.9% compared to the non-treated group. This is the first report of the protective capacity of an iron chelator against infection in fish, becoming a potential effective host-directed therapy for SRS and other animals against ferrophilic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caruffo
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio Inmunología en Peces, Facultad de Ciencia de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 239, Santiago, Chile.,Scimetrica Lab, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dinka Mandakovic
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Genética de Interacciones Biológicas (LG2IB), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimento, Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, 7830490, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Research and Innovation in Aquaculture (CRIA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology and Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.,Scimetrica Lab, Santiago, Chile
| | - Madelaine Mejías
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Genética de Interacciones Biológicas (LG2IB), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimento, Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, 7830490, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Research and Innovation in Aquaculture (CRIA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Chávez-Báez
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Genética de Interacciones Biológicas (LG2IB), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimento, Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, 7830490, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Research and Innovation in Aquaculture (CRIA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Salgado
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Genética de Interacciones Biológicas (LG2IB), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimento, Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, 7830490, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Research and Innovation in Aquaculture (CRIA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal (LABNA). Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Producción Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa, 11315, La Pintana, Chile
| | - Daniela Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Genética de Interacciones Biológicas (LG2IB), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimento, Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, 7830490, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Research and Innovation in Aquaculture (CRIA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal (LABNA). Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Producción Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa, 11315, La Pintana, Chile
| | - Liliana Montt
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Genética de Interacciones Biológicas (LG2IB), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimento, Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, 7830490, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Research and Innovation in Aquaculture (CRIA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Pérez-Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Genética de Interacciones Biológicas (LG2IB), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimento, Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, 7830490, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Research and Innovation in Aquaculture (CRIA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Vera-Tamargo
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Genética de Interacciones Biológicas (LG2IB), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimento, Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, 7830490, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Research and Innovation in Aquaculture (CRIA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Manuel Yánez
- Center for Research and Innovation in Aquaculture (CRIA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa, 11735, La Pintana, Chile
| | - Jurij Wacyk
- Center for Research and Innovation in Aquaculture (CRIA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal (LABNA). Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Producción Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa, 11315, La Pintana, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pulgar
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Genética de Interacciones Biológicas (LG2IB), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimento, Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, 7830490, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Research and Innovation in Aquaculture (CRIA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Laboratory for Research in Functional Nutrition, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macul, 7830490, Santiago, Chile. .,Scimetrica Lab, Santiago, Chile.
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3
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Jiang X, Zhou T, Bai R, Xie Y. Hydroxypyridinone-Based Iron Chelators with Broad-Ranging Biological Activities. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14470-14501. [PMID: 33023291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron plays an essential role in all living cells because of its unique chemical properties. It is also the most abundant trace element in mammals. However, when iron is present in excess or inappropriately located, it becomes toxic. Excess iron can become involved in free radical formation, resulting in oxidative stress and cellular damage. Iron chelators are used to treat serious pathological disorders associated with systemic iron overload. Hydroxypyridinones stand out for their outstanding chelation properties, including high selectivity for Fe3+ in the biological environment, ease of derivatization, and good biocompatibility. Herein, we overview the potential for multifunctional hydroxypyridinone-based chelators to be used as therapeutic agents against a wide range of diseases associated either with systemic or local elevated iron levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Renren Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
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4
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Bento CM, Gomes MS, Silva T. Looking beyond Typical Treatments for Atypical Mycobacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9010018. [PMID: 31947883 PMCID: PMC7168257 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Mycobacterium comprises not only the deadliest of bacterial pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but several other pathogenic species, including M. avium and M. abscessus. The incidence of infections caused by atypical or nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has been steadily increasing, and is associated with a panoply of diseases, including pulmonary, soft-tissue, or disseminated infections. The treatment for NTM disease is particularly challenging, due to its long duration, to variability in bacterial susceptibility profiles, and to the lack of evidence-based guidelines. Treatment usually consists of a combination of at least three drugs taken from months to years, often leading to severe secondary effects and a high chance of relapse. Therefore, new treatment approaches are clearly needed. In this review, we identify the main limitations of current treatments and discuss different alternatives that have been put forward in recent years, with an emphasis on less conventional therapeutics, such as antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, iron chelators, or host-directed therapies. We also review new forms of the use of old drugs, including the repurposing of non-antibacterial molecules and the incorporation of antimicrobials into ionic liquids. We aim to stimulate advancements in testing these therapies in relevant models, in order to provide clinicians and patients with useful new tools with which to treat these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M. Bento
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.B.); (T.S.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Salomé Gomes
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.B.); (T.S.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Tânia Silva
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.B.); (T.S.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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5
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Workman DG, Hunter M, Wang S, Brandel J, Hubscher V, Dover LG, Tétard D. The influence of linkages between 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone coordinating groups and a tris(2-aminoethyl)amine core in a novel series of synthetic hexadentate iron(III) chelators on antimicrobial activity. Bioorg Chem 2019; 95:103465. [PMID: 31855824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of pathogens to antimicrobials is a major current healthcare concern. In a series of linked studies, we have investigated synthetic iron chelators based on hydroxy-pyridinone ligands as novel bacteriostatic agents. Herein we describe our synthesis of several useful building blocks based on the 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone moiety, including a novel formyl derivative, which were combined with a tris(2-aminoethyl)amine core to obtain a series of new high-affinity hexadentate Fe(III) chelators. The design principle examined by this series is the size and flexibility of the linker between the core and the metal ligands. Measurement of the pKa and stability constants (Fe3+ and Cu2+) of representative coordinating groups was performed to help rationalise the biological activity of the chelators. The novel chelators were tested on a panel of representative microorganisms with some effectively inhibiting microbial growth. We demonstrate that the nature and position of the linker between the hydroxypyridinone and the tris(2-aminoethyl)amine core has considerable impact upon microbial growth inhibition and that both amide or amine linkages can give efficacious chelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Workman
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hunter
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Shuning Wang
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérémy Brandel
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Hubscher
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lynn G Dover
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - David Tétard
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom.
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6
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Insights on the relationship between structure vs. toxicological activity of antibacterial rhodamine-labelled 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone iron(III) chelators in HepG2 cells. Interdiscip Toxicol 2019; 11:189-199. [PMID: 31736632 PMCID: PMC6853001 DOI: 10.2478/intox-2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the in vitro hepatotoxicity of a set of rhodamine-labelled 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinones (3,4-HPO) that had previously demonstrated significant inhibitory effect in the intramacrophagic growth of Mycobacterium avium. Our aim was to establish a correspondence between the molecular structure and the in vitro toxicological activity of these compounds. The impact of a set of bidentate (MRB2, MRB7, MRB8, and MRB9) and hexadentate (MRH7, MRH8, and MRH10) chelators on cellular metabolic competence and membrane integrity was investigated in HepG2 cells. Our findings indicate that: a) hexadentate chelators are more cytotoxic than parent bidentate ligands; b) disruption of cell membrane and metabolic competence only occurred after 5 days, at the highest concentrations tested; c) strict correlation between bacteriostatic activity and in vitro toxicity was observed, which seems to be directly dependent on the size of the molecule and on the hydrophilic/lipophilic balance; d) among the set of bidentate ligands, carboxyrhodamine derivatives (amide linker) presented lower detrimental effects, when compared with rhodamine B isothiocyanate chelators (thiourea linker); e) contrarily, for the hexadentate series, rhodamine B isothiocyanate derivatives are less cytotoxic to HepG2 cells than carboxyrhodamine molecules; and f) for all compounds tested, when the substituents of the nitrogen atom were switched from ethyl to methyl, an increment of toxicity was observed. Overall, all chelators seem to display suitable in vitro toxicological potential to combat fast grow bacteria. According to their in vitro pharmacological: toxicological potential ratio, MRH7 and MRH8 may be considered as the most suitable compounds to undergo further pre-clinical development studies.
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7
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Tuning the Anti(myco)bacterial Activity of 3-Hydroxy-4-pyridinone Chelators through Fluorophores. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040110. [PMID: 30347802 PMCID: PMC6316862 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the sources of Fe available to pathogens is one of the possible strategies that can be successfully used by novel antibacterial drugs. We focused our interest on the design of chelators to address Mycobacterium avium infections. Taking into account the molecular structure of mycobacterial siderophores and considering that new chelators must be able to compete for Fe(III), we selected ligands of the 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone class to achieve our purpose. After choosing the type of chelating unit it was also our objective to design chelators that could be monitored inside the cell and for that reason we designed chelators that could be functionalized with fluorophores. We didn’t realize at the time that the incorporation a fluorophore, to allow spectroscopic detection, would be so relevant for the antimycobacterial effect or to determine the affinity of the chelators towards biological membranes. From a biophysical perspective, this is a fascinating illustration of the fact that functionalization of a molecule with a particular label may lead to a change in its membrane permeation properties and result in a dramatic change in biological activity. For that reason we believe it is interesting to give a critical account of our entire work in this area and justify the statement “to label means to change”. New perspectives regarding combined therapeutic approaches and the use of rhodamine B conjugates to target closely related problems such as bacterial resistance and biofilm production are also discussed.
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8
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Novais Â, Moniz T, Rebelo AR, Silva AM, Rangel M, Peixe L. New fluorescent rosamine chelator showing promising antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Bioorg Chem 2018; 79:341-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Gomes AC, Moreira AC, Mesquita G, Gomes MS. Modulation of Iron Metabolism in Response to Infection: Twists for All Tastes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030084. [PMID: 30200471 PMCID: PMC6161156 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for almost all living organisms, but is not easily made available. Hosts and pathogens engage in a fight for the metal during an infection, leading to major alterations in the host’s iron metabolism. Important pathological consequences can emerge from the mentioned interaction, including anemia. Several recent reports have highlighted the alterations in iron metabolism caused by different types of infection, and several possible therapeutic strategies emerge, based on the targeting of the host’s iron metabolism. Here, we review the most recent literature on iron metabolism alterations that are induced by infection, the consequent development of anemia, and the potential therapeutic approaches to modulate iron metabolism in order to correct iron-related pathologies and control the ongoing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cordeiro Gomes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana C Moreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Gonçalo Mesquita
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Salomé Gomes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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10
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Zaengle-Barone JM, Jackson AC, Besse DM, Becken B, Arshad M, Seed PC, Franz KJ. Copper Influences the Antibacterial Outcomes of a β-Lactamase-Activated Prochelator against Drug-Resistant Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1019-1029. [PMID: 29557647 PMCID: PMC6252259 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The unabated rise in bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics, coupled with collateral damage to normal flora incurred by overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics, necessitates the development of new antimicrobials targeted against pathogenic organisms. Here, we explore the antibacterial outcomes and mode of action of a prochelator that exploits the production of β-lactamase enzymes by drug-resistant bacteria to convert a nontoxic compound into a metal-binding antimicrobial agent directly within the microenvironment of pathogenic organisms. Compound PcephPT (phenylacetamido-cephem-pyrithione) contains a cephalosporin core linked to 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide (pyrithione) via one of its metal-chelating atoms, which minimizes its preactivation interaction with metal ions and its cytotoxicity. Spectroscopic and chromatographic assays indicate that PcephPT releases pyrithione in the presence of β-lactamase-producing bacteria. The prochelator shows enhanced antibacterial activity against strains expressing β-lactamases, with bactericidal efficacy improved by the presence of low-micromolar copper in the growth medium. Metal analysis shows that cell-associated copper accumulation by the prochelator is significantly lower than that induced by pyrithione itself, suggesting that the location of pyrithione release influences biological outcomes. Low-micromolar (4-8 μg/mL) minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of PcephPT in ceftriaxone-resistant bacteria compared with median lethal dose (LD50) values greater than 250 μM in mammalian cells suggests favorable selectivity. Further investigation into the mechanisms of prochelators will provide insight for the design of new antibacterial agents that manipulate cellular metallobiology as a strategy against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail C. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Dr. Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David M. Besse
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Dr. Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bradford Becken
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Mehreen Arshad
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Patrick C. Seed
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital and Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, 225 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, 300 E. Superior St. Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Katherine J. Franz
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Dr. Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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11
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Study of the effect of thiourea and N-ethyl groups on antibacterial activity of rhodamine-labeled 3,4-HPO iron chelators against Gram (+/−) bacteria. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Moniz T, Leite A, Silva T, Gameiro P, Gomes M, de Castro B, Rangel M. The influence of functional groups on the permeation and distribution of antimycobacterial rhodamine chelators. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 175:138-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Lactoferricin Peptides Increase Macrophages' Capacity To Kill Mycobacterium avium. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00301-17. [PMID: 28875176 PMCID: PMC5577653 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00301-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Mycobacterium comprises several pathogenic species, including M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, M. avium, etc. Infections caused by these bacteria are particularly difficult to treat due to their intrinsic impermeability, low growth rate, and intracellular localization. Antimicrobial peptides are increasingly acknowledged as potential treatment tools, as they have a high spectrum of activity, low tendency to induce bacterial resistance, and immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we show that peptides derived from bovine lactoferricin (LFcin) improve the antimicrobial activity of ethambutol against Mycobacterium avium growing inside macrophages. Moreover, the d-enantiomer of a short version of lactoferricin containing amino acids 17 to 30 (d-LFcin17–30) causes intramacrophagic death of M. avium by increasing the formation of lysosomes and autophagosomes. This work opens the way to the use of lactoferricin-derived peptides to treat infections caused by mycobacteria and highlights important modulatory effects of d-FLcin17–30 on macrophages, which may be useful under other conditions in which macrophage activation is needed. Mycobacterial infections cause a significant burden of disease and death worldwide. Their treatment is long, toxic, costly, and increasingly prone to failure due to bacterial resistance to currently available antibiotics. New therapeutic options are thus clearly needed. Antimicrobial peptides represent an important source of new antimicrobial molecules, both for their direct activity and for their immunomodulatory potential. We have previously reported that a short version of the bovine antimicrobial peptide lactoferricin with amino acids 17 to 30 (LFcin17–30), along with its variants obtained by specific amino acid substitutions, killed Mycobacterium avium in broth culture. In the present work, those peptides were tested against M. avium living inside its natural host cell, the macrophage. We found that the peptides increased the antimicrobial action of the conventional antibiotic ethambutol inside macrophages. Moreover, the d-enantiomer of the lactoferricin peptide (d-LFcin17–30) was more stable and induced significant killing of intracellular mycobacteria by itself. Interestingly, d-LFcin17–30 did not localize to M. avium-harboring phagosomes but induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines and increased the formation of lysosomes and autophagosome-like vesicles. These results lead us to conclude that d-LFcin17–30 primes macrophages for intracellular microbial digestion through phagosomal maturation and/or autophagy, culminating in mycobacterial killing. IMPORTANCE The genus Mycobacterium comprises several pathogenic species, including M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, M. avium, etc. Infections caused by these bacteria are particularly difficult to treat due to their intrinsic impermeability, low growth rate, and intracellular localization. Antimicrobial peptides are increasingly acknowledged as potential treatment tools, as they have a high spectrum of activity, low tendency to induce bacterial resistance, and immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we show that peptides derived from bovine lactoferricin (LFcin) improve the antimicrobial activity of ethambutol against Mycobacterium avium growing inside macrophages. Moreover, the d-enantiomer of a short version of lactoferricin containing amino acids 17 to 30 (d-LFcin17–30) causes intramacrophagic death of M. avium by increasing the formation of lysosomes and autophagosomes. This work opens the way to the use of lactoferricin-derived peptides to treat infections caused by mycobacteria and highlights important modulatory effects of d-FLcin17–30 on macrophages, which may be useful under other conditions in which macrophage activation is needed.
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Workman DG, Hunter M, Dover LG, Tétard D. Synthesis of novel Iron(III) chelators based on triaza macrocycle backbone and 1-hydroxy-2(H)-pyridin-2-one coordinating groups and their evaluation as antimicrobial agents. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 160:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Miranda JL, Mesquita RB, Nunes A, Rangel M, Rangel AO. Iron speciation in natural waters by sequential injection analysis with a hexadentate 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone chelator as chromogenic agent. Talanta 2016; 148:633-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Moniz T, Coimbra JTS, Brás NF, Cunha-Silva L, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA, de Castro B, Rangel M. Synthesis and structural characterization, by spectroscopic and computational methods, of two fluorescent 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone chelators bearing sulphorhodamine B and naphthalene. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A crystal structure of a rhodamine labelled 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone chelator and prediction of the range of conformations in solution is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Moniz
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 40169-007 Porto
| | - J. T. S. Coimbra
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 40169-007 Porto
| | - N. F. Brás
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 40169-007 Porto
| | - L. Cunha-Silva
- REQUIMTE-LAQV
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 40169-007 Porto
| | - M. J. Ramos
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 40169-007 Porto
| | - P. A. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 40169-007 Porto
| | - B. de Castro
- REQUIMTE-LAQV
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 40169-007 Porto
| | - M. Rangel
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar
- Universidade do Porto
- 4050-313 Porto
- Portugal
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Moniz T, de Castro B, Rangel M, Ivanova G. NMR study of the interaction of fluorescent 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone chelators with DMPC liposomes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5027-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05273d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The NMR results corroborate the fact that the presence of the ethyl substituents in the amino groups of the xanthene ring and the thiourea link are fundamental to the ability of the chelator to diffuse across the lipid bilayer and consequently relevant for their enhanced biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Moniz
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
| | - Baltazar de Castro
- REQUIMTE-LAVQ
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
| | - Maria Rangel
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar
- Universidade do Porto
- Porto
- Portugal
| | - Galya Ivanova
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
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18
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3-Hydroxypyridinone derivatives as metal-sequestering agents for therapeutic use. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:383-410. [PMID: 25826364 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although iron is one of the most important metal ions for living organisms, it becomes toxic when in excess or misplaced. This review presents a glance at representative examples of hydroxypyridinone-based chelators, which have been recently developed as potential clinically useful drugs for metal overload diseases, mostly associated with excess of iron but also other hard metal-ions. It also includes a detailed discussion on the factors assisting chelator design strategy toward fulfillment of the most relevant biochemical properties of hydroxypyridinone chelators, highlighting structure-activity relationships and a variety of potential clinical applications, beyond chelatotherapy. This study appears as a response to the growing interest on metal chelation therapy and opens new perspectives of possible applications in future medicine.
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Abstract
Ancient bacteria originated from metal-rich environments. Billions of years of evolution directed these tiny single cell creatures to exploit the versatile properties of metals in catalyzing chemical reactions and biological responses. The result is an entire metallome of proteins that use metal co-factors to facilitate key cellular process that range from the production of energy to the replication of DNA. Two key metals in this regard are iron and zinc, both abundant on Earth but not readily accessible in a human host. Instead, pathogenic bacteria must employ clever ways to acquire these metals. In this review we describe the many elegant ways these bacteria mine, regulate, and craft the use of two key metals (iron and zinc) to build a virulence arsenal that challenges even the most sophisticated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77459, USA.
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20
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Escherichia coli Free Radical-Based Killing Mechanism Driven by a Unique Combination of Iron Restriction and Certain Antibiotics. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:3708-19. [PMID: 26391205 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00758-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is precipitating a medical crisis, and new antibacterial strategies are being sought. Hypothesizing that a growth-restricting strategy could be used to enhance the efficacy of antibiotics, we determined the effect of FDA-approved iron chelators and various antibiotic combinations on invasive and multidrug-resistant extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), the Gram-negative bacterium most frequently isolated from the bloodstreams of hospitalized patients. We report that certain antibiotics used at sublethal concentrations display enhanced growth inhibition and/or killing when combined with the iron chelator deferiprone (DFP). Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry reveals abnormally high levels of cell-associated iron under these conditions, a response that correlates with an iron starvation response and supraphysiologic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The high ROS level is reversed upon the addition of antioxidants, which restores bacterial growth, suggesting that the cells are inhibited or killed by excessive free radicals. A model is proposed in which peptidoglycan-targeting antibiotics facilitate the entry of lethal levels of iron-complexed DFP into the bacterial cytoplasm, a process that drives the generation of ROS. This new finding suggests that, in addition to restriction of access to iron as a general growth-restricting strategy, targeting of cellular pathways or networks that selectively disrupt normal iron homeostasis can have potent bactericidal outcomes. IMPORTANCE The prospect that common bacteria will become resistant to all antibiotics is challenging the medical community. In addition to the development of next-generation antibiotics, new bacterial targets that display cytotoxic properties when altered need to be identified. Data presented here demonstrate that combining subinhibitory levels of both iron chelators and certain antibiotics kills pathogenic Escherichia coli. The mechanism of this effect is the production of supraphysiologic levels of reactive oxygen species, likely powered by the excessive import of iron. These findings were consistent for both clinically relevant and no longer clinically used antibiotics and may extend to Staphylococcus aureus as well.
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21
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Evaluation of Gallium Citrate Formulations against a Multidrug-Resistant Strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Murine Wound Model of Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6484-93. [PMID: 26239978 PMCID: PMC4576086 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00882-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a common occurrence in health care facilities with a heightened risk for immunocompromised patients. Klebsiella pneumoniae has been increasingly implicated as the bacterial agent responsible for SSTIs, and treatment can be challenging as more strains become multidrug resistant (MDR). Therefore, new treatments are needed to counter this bacterial pathogen. Gallium complexes exhibit antimicrobial activity and are currently being evaluated as potential treatment for bacterial infections. In this study, we tested a topical formulation containing gallium citrate (GaCi) for the treatment of wounds infected with K. pneumoniae. First, the MIC against K. pneumoniae ranged from 0.125 to 2.0 μg/ml GaCi. After this in vitro efficacy was established, two topical formulations with GaCi (0.1% [wt/vol] and 0.3% [wt/vol]) were tested in a murine wound model of MDR K. pneumoniae infection. Gross pathology and histopathology revealed K. pneumoniae-infected wounds appeared to close faster with GaCi treatment and were accompanied by reduced inflammation compared to those of untreated controls. Similarly, quantitative indications of infection remediation, such as reduced weight loss and wound area, suggested that treatment improved outcomes compared to those of untreated controls. Bacterial burdens were measured 1 and 3 days following inoculation, and a 0.5 to 1.5 log reduction of CFU was observed. Lastly, upon scanning electron microscopy analysis, GaCi treatment appeared to prevent biofilm formation on dressings compared to those of untreated controls. These results suggest that with more preclinical testing, a topical application of GaCi may be a promising alternative treatment strategy for K. pneumoniae SSTI.
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A novel antimycobacterial compound acts as an intracellular iron chelator. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2256-64. [PMID: 25645825 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05114-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient iron acquisition is crucial for the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterial iron uptake and metabolism are therefore attractive targets for antitubercular drug development. Resistance mutations against a novel pyrazolopyrimidinone compound (PZP) that is active against M. tuberculosis have been identified within the gene cluster encoding the ESX-3 type VII secretion system. ESX-3 is required for mycobacterial iron acquisition through the mycobactin siderophore pathway, which could indicate that PZP restricts mycobacterial growth by targeting ESX-3 and thus iron uptake. Surprisingly, we show that ESX-3 is not the cellular target of the compound. We demonstrate that PZP indeed targets iron metabolism; however, we found that instead of inhibiting uptake of iron, PZP acts as an iron chelator, and we present evidence that the compound restricts mycobacterial growth by chelating intrabacterial iron. Thus, we have unraveled the unexpected mechanism of a novel antimycobacterial compound.
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23
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Queirós C, Leite A, Silva AM, Gameiro P, de Castro B, Rangel M. Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of a new tripodal hexadentate iron chelator incorporating catechol units. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Moniz T, Silva D, Silva T, Gomes MS, Rangel M. Antimycobacterial activity of rhodamine 3,4-HPO iron chelators against Mycobacterium avium: analysis of the contribution of functional groups and of chelator's combination with ethambutol. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00456j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ChelatorMRH7(thiourea linkage; ethyl substituents) and its co-administration with ethambutol are the best choices for a higher antimycobacterial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Moniz
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 4069-007 Porto
| | - Daniel Silva
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 4069-007 Porto
| | - Tânia Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular
- CIQ(UP), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Maria Salomé Gomes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar
- Universidade do Porto
- 4150-180 Porto
| | - Maria Rangel
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar
- Universidade do Porto
- 4050-313 Porto
- Portugal
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25
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Coimbra JTS, Moniz T, Brás NF, Ivanova G, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ, Rangel M. Relevant interactions of antimicrobial iron chelators and membrane models revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics simulations. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14590-601. [PMID: 25482538 DOI: 10.1021/jp509491p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics and interaction of 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone fluorescent iron chelators, exhibiting antimicrobial properties, with biological membranes were evaluated through NMR and molecular dynamics simulations. Both NMR and MD simulation results support a strong interaction of the chelators with the lipid bilayers that seems to be strengthened for the rhodamine containing compounds, in particular for compounds that include ethyl groups and a thiourea link. For the latter type of compounds the interaction reaches the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer. The molecular docking and MD simulations performed for the potential interaction of the chelators with DC-SIGN receptors provide valuable information regarding the cellular uptake of these compounds since the results show that the fluorophore fragment of the molecular framework is essential for an efficient binding. Putting together our previous and present results, we put forward the hypothesis that all the studied fluorescent chelators have access to the cell, their uptake occurs through different pathways and their permeation properties correlate with a better access to the cell and its compartments and, consequently, with the chelators antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- João T S Coimbra
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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26
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Rangel M, Leite A, Silva AMN, Moniz T, Nunes A, Amorim MJ, Queirós C, Cunha-Silva L, Gameiro P, Burgess J. Distinctive EPR signals provide an understanding of the affinity of bis-(3-hydroxy-4-pyridinonato) copper(ii) complexes for hydrophobic environments. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:9722-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00642a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We put forward the use of EPR spectroscopy to assess the affinity of bis-(3-hydroxy-4-pyridinonato) copper(ii) complexes for a hydrophobic environment.
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27
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Silva-Gomes S, Vale-Costa S, Appelberg R, Gomes MS. Iron in intracellular infection: to provide or to deprive? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:96. [PMID: 24367768 PMCID: PMC3856365 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their chemical versatility, transition metals were incorporated as cofactors for several basic metabolic pathways in living organisms. This same characteristic makes them potentially harmful, since they can be engaged in deleterious reactions like Fenton chemistry. As such, organisms have evolved highly specialized mechanisms to supply their own metal needs while keeping their toxic potential in check. This dual character comes into play in host-pathogen interactions, given that the host can either deprive the pathogen of these key nutrients or exploit them to induce toxicity toward the invading agent. Iron stands as the prototypic example of how a metal can be used to limit the growth of pathogens by nutrient deprivation, a mechanism widely studied in Mycobacterium infections. However, the host can also take advantage of iron-induced toxicity to control pathogen proliferation, as observed in infections caused by Leishmania. Whether we may harness either of the two pathways for therapeutical purposes is still ill-defined. In this review, we discuss how modulation of the host iron availability impacts the course of infections, focusing on those caused by two relevant intracellular pathogens, Mycobacterium and Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Silva-Gomes
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Vale-Costa
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria S Gomes
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
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Rhodamine labeling of 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone iron chelators is an important contribution to target Mycobacterium avium infection. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 121:156-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Vale-Costa S, Gomes-Pereira S, Teixeira CM, Rosa G, Rodrigues PN, Tomás A, Appelberg R, Gomes MS. Iron overload favors the elimination of Leishmania infantum from mouse tissues through interaction with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2061. [PMID: 23459556 PMCID: PMC3573095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron plays a central role in host-parasite interactions, since both intervenients need iron for survival and growth, but are sensitive to iron-mediated toxicity. The host's iron overload is often associated with susceptibility to infection. However, it has been previously reported that iron overload prevented the growth of Leishmania major, an agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in BALB/c mice. In order to further clarify the impact of iron modulation on the growth of Leishmania in vivo, we studied the effects of iron supplementation or deprivation on the growth of L. infantum, the causative agent of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis, in the mouse model. We found that dietary iron deficiency did not affect the protozoan growth, whereas iron overload decreased its replication in the liver and spleen of a susceptible mouse strain. The fact that the iron-induced inhibitory effect could not be seen in mice deficient in NADPH dependent oxidase or nitric oxide synthase 2 suggests that iron eliminates L. infantum in vivo through the interaction with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Iron overload did not significantly alter the mouse adaptive immune response against L. infantum. Furthermore, the inhibitory action of iron towards L. infantum was also observed, in a dose dependent manner, in axenic cultures of promastigotes and amastigotes. Importantly, high iron concentrations were needed to achieve such effects. In conclusion, externally added iron synergizes with the host's oxidative mechanisms of defense in eliminating L. infantum from mouse tissues. Additionally, the direct toxicity of iron against Leishmania suggests a potential use of this metal as a therapeutic tool or the further exploration of iron anti-parasitic mechanisms for the design of new drugs. Leishmania are important vector-borne protozoan pathogens that cause different forms of disease, ranging from cutaneous self-healing lesions to life-threatening visceral infection. L. infantum is the most common species causing visceral leishmaniasis in Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Iron plays a critical role in host-pathogen interactions. Both the microorganism and its host need iron for growth. However, iron may promote the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species, which contribute to pathogen elimination, but also to host tissue pathology. We investigated the effect of manipulating host iron status on the outcome of L. infantum infection, using the mouse as an experimental model. We found that dietary iron deprivation had no effect on L. infantum growth, and iron-dextran injection decreased the multiplication of L. infantum in mouse organs. The fact that this anti-parasitic effect of iron was not observed in mice genetically deficient in superoxide and nitric oxide synthesis pathways indicates that iron is likely to act in synergy with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by the host's macrophages. This work clearly shows that iron supplementation improves the host's capacity to eliminate L. infantum parasites and suggests that iron may be further explored as a therapeutic tool to fight this type of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Vale-Costa
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Gomes-Pereira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CISA-ESTSP - Núcleo de Investigação em Farmácia, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Miguel Teixeira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Rosa
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Nuno Rodrigues
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Tomás
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Appelberg
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Salomé Gomes
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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30
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Emerging therapies for multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:157-63. [PMID: 23317680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The global emergence of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has reduced the number of clinically available antibiotics that retain activity against this pathogen. For this reason, the development of novel prevention and treatment strategies for infections caused by A. baumannii is necessary. Several studies have begun to characterize nonantibiotic approaches that utilize novel mechanisms of action to achieve antibacterial activity. Recent advances in phage therapy, iron chelation therapy, antimicrobial peptides, prophylactic vaccination, photodynamic therapy, and nitric oxide (NO)-based therapies have all been shown to have activity against A. baumannii. However, before these approaches can be used clinically there are still limitations and remaining questions that must be addressed.
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Antibacterial activities of iron chelators against common nosocomial pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5419-21. [PMID: 22850524 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01197-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The activities of iron chelators (deferoxamine, deferiprone, Apo6619, and VK28) were evaluated against type strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. Deferiprone, Apo6619, and VK28 each inhibited growth in standard and RPMI tissue culture medium, while deferoxamine had no effect. Additionally, time-kill assays revealed that VK28 had a bacteriostatic effect against S. aureus. Therefore, these newly developed iron chelators might provide a nontraditional approach for treatment of bacterial infections.
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In vitro and in vivo biological activities of iron chelators and gallium nitrate against Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5397-400. [PMID: 22825117 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00778-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the ability of compounds interfering with iron metabolism to inhibit the growth of Acinetobacter baumannii. Iron restriction with transferrin or 2,2-bipyridyl significantly inhibited A. baumannii growth in vitro. Gallium nitrate alone was moderately effective at reducing A. baumannii growth but became bacteriostatic in the presence of serum or transferrin. More importantly, gallium nitrate treatment reduced lung bacterial burdens in mice. The use of gallium-based therapies shows promise for the control of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii.
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Santos MA, Marques SM, Chaves S. Hydroxypyridinones as “privileged” chelating structures for the design of medicinal drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhou T, Ma Y, Kong X, Hider RC. Design of iron chelators with therapeutic application. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6371-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12159j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Dhama K, Mahendran M, Tiwari R, Dayal Singh S, Kumar D, Singh S, Sawant PM. Tuberculosis in Birds: Insights into the Mycobacterium avium Infections. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:712369. [PMID: 21776352 PMCID: PMC3135220 DOI: 10.4061/2011/712369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, a List B disease of World Organization for Animal Health, caused by M. avium or M. genavense predominantly affects poultry and pet or captive birds. Clinical manifestations in birds include emaciation, depression and diarrhea along with marked atrophy of breast muscle. Unlike tuberculosis in animals and man, lesions in lungs are rare. Tubercular nodules can be seen in liver, spleen, intestine and bone marrow. Granulomatous lesion without calcification is a prominent feature. The disease is a rarity in organized poultry sector due to improved farm practices, but occurs in zoo aviaries. Molecular techniques like polymerase chain reaction combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism and gene probes aid in rapid identification and characterization of mycobacteria subspecies, and overcome disadvantages of conventional methods which are slow, labour intensive and may at times fail to produce precise results. M. avium subsp. avium with genotype IS901+ and IS1245+ causes infections in animals and human beings too. The bacterium causes sensitivity in cattle to the tuberculin test. The paper discusses in brief the M. avium infection in birds, its importance in a zoonotic perspective, and outlines conventional and novel strategies for its diagnosis, prevention and eradication in domestic/pet birds and humans alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Mahesh Mahendran
- Avian Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Husbandry Department, Government of Kerala, Thiruvalla, Kerala 689 105, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Shambhu Dayal Singh
- Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Shoorvir Singh
- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura 281 122, India
| | - Pradeep Mahadev Sawant
- Immunology Section, Division of Animal Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243 122, India
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Heli H, Mirtorabi S, Karimian K. Advances in iron chelation: an update. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:819-56. [PMID: 21449664 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.569493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress (caused by excess iron) can result in tissue damage, organ failure and finally death, unless treated by iron chelators. The causative factor in the etiology of a variety of disease states is the presence of iron-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can result in cell damage or which can affect the signaling pathways involved in cell necrosis-apoptosis or organ fibrosis, cancer, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular, hepatic or renal dysfunctions. Iron chelators can reduce oxidative stress by the removal of iron from target tissues. Equally as important, removal of iron from the active site of enzymes that play key roles in various diseases can be of considerable benefit to the patients. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on iron chelators used as therapeutic agents. The importance of iron in oxidative damage is discussed, along with the three clinically approved iron chelators. EXPERT OPINION A number of iron chelators are used as approved therapeutic agents in the treatment of thalassemia major, asthma, fungal infections and cancer. However, as our knowledge about the biochemistry of iron and its role in etiologies of seemingly unrelated diseases increases, new applications of the approved iron chelators, as well as the development of new iron chelators, present challenging opportunities in the areas of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Heli
- Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Department of Chemistry, Fars, 7348113111, Iran
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Queiros C, Amorim MJ, Leite A, Ferreira M, Gameiro P, de Castro B, Biernacki K, Magalhães A, Burgess J, Rangel M. Nickel(II) and Cobalt(II) 3-Hydroxy-4-pyridinone Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Speciation Studies in Aqueous Solution. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Nunes A, Podinovskaia M, Leite A, Gameiro P, Zhou T, Ma Y, Kong X, Schaible UE, Hider RC, Rangel M. Fluorescent 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone hexadentate iron chelators: intracellular distribution and the relevance to antimycobacterial properties. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:861-77. [PMID: 20364296 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of a fluorescent iron chelator (4), shown to be effective in inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium avium in macrophages, together with the synthesis and characterization of two unsuccessful analogues selected to facilitate identification of the molecular properties responsible for the antimicrobial activity. Partition of the chelators in liposomes was investigated and the compounds were assessed with respect to uptake by macrophages, responsiveness to iron overload/iron deprivation and intracellular distribution by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The synthesis of the hexadentate chelators is based on a tetrahedral structure to which three bidentate 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone chelating units are linked via amide bonds. The structure is synthetically versatile, allowing further addition of functional groups such as fluorophores. Here, we analyse the non-functionalized hexadentate unit (3) and the corresponding rhodamine B (4) and fluorescein (5) labelled chelators. The iron(III) stability constant was determined for 3 and the values log beta = 34.4 and pFe(3+) = 29.8 indicate an affinity for iron of the same order of magnitude as that of mycobacteria siderophores. Fluorescence properties in the presence of liposomes show that 4 strongly interacts with the lipid phase, whereas 5 does not. Such different behaviour may explain their distinct intracellular localization as revealed by confocal microscopy. The flow cytometry and confocal microscopy studies indicate that 4 is readily engulfed by macrophages and targeted to cytosol and vesicles of the endolysosomal continuum, whereas 5 is differentially distributed and only partially colocalizes with 4 after prolonged incubation. Differential distribution of the compounds is likely to account for their different efficacy against mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Nunes
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4069-007, Porto, Portugal
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