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Ojeda VD, Magana C, Shalakhti O, Vargas-Ojeda AC, Burgos JL. Tattoo discrimination in Mexico motivates interest in tattoo removal among structurally vulnerable adults. Front Public Health 2022; 10:894486. [PMID: 36062106 PMCID: PMC9433543 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.894486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tattoos are less prevalent in Mexico and tattooed persons are frequently stigmatized. We examine the prevalence and correlates of interest in receiving tattoo removal services among 278 tattooed Mexican adults living in Tijuana, Mexico who responded to interviewer-administered surveys, including open-ended questions. Overall, 69% of participants were interested in receiving free tattoo removal services, 31% reported facing employment barriers due to their tattoos, and 43% of respondents regretted or disliked some of their tattoos. Having a voter identification card, reporting moderate/severe depression symptoms and believing that tattoo removal would remove employment barriers were independently associated with interest in tattoo removal. Our findings suggest that there is substantial interest in tattoo removal services. Publicly financed tattoo removal services may help disadvantaged persons gain access to Mexico's labor market and it may positively impact other life domains such as mental well-being and interactions with law enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D. Ojeda
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Victoria D. Ojeda
| | - Christopher Magana
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Omar Shalakhti
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Jose Luis Burgos
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Pinedo M, Beltrán-Girón J, Correa Z, Valdez C. A Qualitative View of Migration-Related Stressors on the Mental Health of Latinx Americans in the Current Sociopolitical Climate of Hostility Towards Migrants. J Immigr Minor Health 2021; 23:1053-1064. [PMID: 33945077 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-021-01207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This qualitative study aimed to elucidate and contextualize which and how migration-related stressors may influence Latinx Americans' (i.e., US-born; US-citizens) mental health status, including substance misuse. In 2019, a community sample of 22 Latinx Americans were recruited for an in-depth qualitative interview. Eligibility criteria included: being an adult, self-identify as Latinx, report a migration-related stressor, and report at least one symptom of a mental health or substance use problem. Open-ended questions focused on the migrant experience, perceptions and impacts of immigration enforcement, and how these experiences related to their mental health. Using a migration as a social determinant framework, we identified several migration-related stressors at the structural- and social-level of environmental influence that were related to participants' mental health. Findings highlight how migration-related stressors at the structural- and social-level of influence create systematic uncertainty by inducing fear into the daily lives of Latinx Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pinedo
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas At Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd., Stop D3700, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - J Beltrán-Girón
- Critical Social/Personality Psychology Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Z Correa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas At Austin, Austin, USA
| | - C Valdez
- Department of Population Health, Dell Medical School, & Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas At Austin, Austin, USA
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Houston AR, Lynch K, Ostrach B, Isaacs YS, Nvé Díaz San Francisco C, Lee JM, Emard N, Proctor DA. United States immigration detention amplifies disease interaction risk: A model for a transnational ICE-TB-DM2 syndemic. Glob Public Health 2021; 17:1152-1171. [PMID: 33945403 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1919737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Detention and removal of unauthorised immigrants by United States (U.S.) Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has steadily increased despite declining rates of unauthorised migration. ICE detainees are held in overcrowded detention centres, often without due process and deprived of adequate food, sanitation, and medical care. Conditions of ICE detention contribute to malnutrition and increase the likelihood of infectious disease exposure, including tuberculosis (TB). TB infection interacts with Type 2 Diabetes (DM2), disproportionately affecting individuals who are routinely targeted by federal immigration practices. When two diseases interact and exacerbate one another within a larger structural context, thereby amplifying multiple disease interactions, this is called a syndemic. In this paper, we examine malnutrition in ICE detention as a pathway of bidirectional risks for and interactions between TB and DM2 among ICE detainees. Drawing from literature on detention conditions, TB, and DM2 rates along the U.S.-Mexico border, we propose an ICE-TB-DM2 syndemic model. We present a map displaying our proposed syndemic model to demonstrate the spatial application of syndemic theory in the context of ICE detention, strengthening the growing scholarship on syndemics of incarceration and removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Houston
- Department of Medical Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Practice, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Kathleen Lynch
- Department of Medical Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Practice, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Bayla Ostrach
- Department of Medical Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Practice, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Yoshua Seidner Isaacs
- Department of Medical Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Practice, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | | | - Jae Moo Lee
- Department of Medical Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Practice, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Nicholas Emard
- Department of Medical Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Practice, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Dylan Atchley Proctor
- Department of Medical Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Practice, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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Pines HA, Semple SJ, Magis‐Rodríguez C, Harvey‐Vera A, Strathdee SA, Patrick R, Rangel G, Patterson TL. A comparison of the effectiveness of respondent-driven and venue-based sampling for identifying undiagnosed HIV infection among cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women in Tijuana, Mexico. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25688. [PMID: 33759361 PMCID: PMC7987819 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to increase HIV testing, diagnosis and care are critical to curbing HIV epidemics among cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We compared the effectiveness of respondent-driven sampling (RDS) and venue-based sampling (VBS) for identifying previously undiagnosed HIV infection among MSM and TW in Tijuana, Mexico. METHODS Between March 2015 and December 2018, we conducted RDS within the social networks of MSM and TW and VBS at venues frequented by MSM and TW to socialize and meet sexual partners. Those reached by RDS/VBS who reported at least 18 years of age, anal sex with MSM or TW, and no previous HIV diagnosis were eligible for HIV testing. RESULTS Of those screened following recruitment via RDS (N = 1232; 98.6% MSM; 1.3% TW), 60.8% (749/1232) were eligible for HIV testing and 97.5% (730/749) were tested for HIV infection, which led to the identification of 36 newly diagnosed HIV infections (4.9%). Of those screened following recruitment via VBS (N = 2560; 95.2% MSM; 4.6% TW), 56.5% (1446/2560) were eligible for HIV testing and 92.8% (1342/1446) were tested for HIV infection, which led to the identification of 82 newly diagnosed HIV infections (6.1%). The proportion of new HIV diagnoses did not differ by recruitment method (ratio = 0.81, 95% confidence interval: 0.55 to 1.18). Compared to those recruited via RDS, those tested following recruitment via VBS were younger, more likely to identify as gay, and more likely to identify as TW. Compared to those recruited via VBS, those newly diagnosed with HIV infection following recruitment via RDS reported higher levels of internalized stigma and were more likely to report injection drug use and a history of deportation from the United States. CONCLUSIONS Despite RDS and VBS being equally effective for identifying undiagnosed HIV infection, each recruitment method reached different subgroups of MSM and TW in Tijuana. Our findings suggest that there may be benefits to using both RDS and VBS to increase the identification of previously undiagnosed HIV infection and ultimately support HIV care engagement among MSM and TW in Mexico and other similar LMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Pines
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
- Department of Family Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
| | | | | | - Alicia Harvey‐Vera
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
- Universidad XochicalcoTijuanaMexico
| | | | - Rudy Patrick
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Gudelia Rangel
- United States‐Mexico Border Health CommissionTijuanaMexico
- El Colegio de la Frontera NorteTijuanaMexico
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Pérez-Morente MÁ, Gázquez-López M, Álvarez-Serrano MA, Martínez-García E, Femia-Marzo P, Pozo-Cano MD, Martín-Salvador A. Sexually Transmitted Infections and Associated Factors in Southeast Spain: A Retrospective Study from 2000 to 2014. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207449. [PMID: 33066154 PMCID: PMC7601973 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization estimates that more than one million people acquire a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) every day, compromising quality of life, sexual and reproductive health, and the health of newborns and children. It is an objective of this study to identify the factors related to a Sexually Transmitted Infection diagnosis in the province of Granada (Spain), as well as those better predicting the risk of acquiring such infections. In this study, 678 cases were analyzed on a retrospective basis, which were treated at the Centre for Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Sexual Orientation in Granada, between 2000–2014. Descriptive statistics were applied, and by means of binary logistic regression, employing the forward stepwise-likelihood ratio, a predictive model was estimated for the risk of acquiring an STI. Sex, age, occupation, economic crisis period, drug use, number of days in which no condoms were used, number of sexual partners in the last month and in the last year, and number of subsequent visits and new subsequent episodes were associated with an STI diagnosis (p < 0.05). The risk of being diagnosed with an STI increased during the economic crisis period (OR: 1.88; 95%-CI: 1.28–2.76); during the economic crisis and if they were women (OR:2.35, 95%- CI: 1.24–4.44); and if they were women and immigrants (OR: 2.09; 95%- CI:1.22–3.57), while it decreased with age (OR: 0.97, 95%-CI: 0.95–0.98). Identification of the group comprised of immigrant women as an especially vulnerable group regarding the acquisition of an STI in our province reflects the need to incorporate the gender perspective into preventive strategies and STI primary health care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Gázquez-López
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain;
| | - María Adelaida Álvarez-Serrano
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.A.Á.-S.); (E.M.-G.)
| | - Encarnación Martínez-García
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Guadix High Resolution Hospital, 18500 Guadix, Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.A.Á.-S.); (E.M.-G.)
| | - Pedro Femia-Marzo
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - María Dolores Pozo-Cano
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Adelina Martín-Salvador
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 52005 Melilla, Spain;
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Pinedo M. Deportation of Family Members of US-Citizen Latinos and Misuse of Prescription Drugs: United States, 2019. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:560-566. [PMID: 32078345 PMCID: PMC7067113 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To investigate how personally knowing a deported migrant relates to past-year prescription drug misuse among US-citizen Latinos.Methods. Between April and May 2019, a national sample (n = 3446) was recruited to complete an online survey. Multivariate and multinomial logistic regression models examined the role of (1) personally knowing a deported migrant and (2) the relationship to the deportee (e.g., family, friend) on (1) any past-year prescription drug misuse and (2) the frequency of prescription drug misuse. I limited analyses to US citizens only (n = 3282).Results. Overall, 19% of all participants reported any past-year prescription drug misuse. Latinos who had a family member who was deported reported significantly higher odds of past-year prescription drug misuse and were exceedingly at higher risk for misusing prescription drugs 3 or more days in the past year as compared with Whites and Latinos who did not personally know a deported migrant.Conclusions. Public health prevention strategies and deportation policies need to consider and address how the deportation of an individual will affect the health of that individual's US-citizen family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pinedo
- Miguel Pinedo is with the Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas, Austin
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Pinedo M. The impact of deportation policies on the substance using behaviors of US-citizen Latinos. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 75:102605. [PMID: 31759306 PMCID: PMC6957746 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scant data has found that the deportation of a migrant family member has adverse health consequences for their US-citizen family members. However, no study has investigated how the detention or deportations of others (e.g., family, friends) relate to the alcohol and drug-using behaviors of US-citizen Latinos. METHODS From April to May 2019, 3,446 adult participants of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent were recruited to complete a self-administered, structured, online questionnaire. Analyses were restricted to US-citizens only (n = 3,282). Using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise and the Substance Use Brief Screen scale, the two dependent outcome variables were hazardous drinking and symptoms of a drug use disorder (DUD). Three separate multivariable logistic regression models were conducted to explore how Latinos who personally knew a detained or deported migrant, and their relationship to the detainee/deportee (e.g., family, friend), related to each outcome, relative to other racial/ethnic groups. RESULTS Overall 39% of Latinos reported personally knowing a detained or deported migrant. In multivariable analyses, Latinos who knew a detained or deported migrant had significantly higher odds of reporting hazardous drinking and DUD symptoms relative to Whites. Latinos who had a family member detained or deported had 3.91 times the odds of reporting symptoms of DUD, respectively, than Whites. Latinos who had a friend detained or deported had also greater odds of reporting hazardous drinking and DUD symptoms than Whites. Importantly, Latinos who did not personally know a detainee or deportee were not any more likely than Whites to report hazardous drinking and DUD symptoms. CONCLUSION Findings underscore that detentions and deportations may be influencing the substance using behaviors of US-citizen Latinos and may potentially exacerbate or perpetuate substance abuse-related disparities. Public health and policy implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pinedo
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas, Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd., Stop D3700, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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8
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Shen Q, Wang Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Luo M, Wang S, Jiang X, Yang Y, Cai Y, Shang M. Understanding condom use among unmarried female migrants: a psychological and personality factors modified information-motivation-behavioral skills model. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:223. [PMID: 30791897 PMCID: PMC6385431 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, unmarried female migrants are vulnerable to sexual and reproductive health risks. One effective protection strategy is promoting consistent condom use (CCU). METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study to apply the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model and modified it by addition of psychological and personal factors to examine the related factors of CCU and provide suggestions for intervention among unmarried female migrants. RESULTS Of all 903 eligible participants, only 13.8% of participants reported CCU in the past six months. Both the IMB model and the modified IMB model provided acceptable fit to the data. In both models, information had no direct or indirect influence on CCU (p > 0.05). However, behavioral skills had a positive effect on CCU (β = 0.344, p < 0.001 and β = 0.330, p < 0.001). Moreover, motivation contributed to CCU indirectly by affecting behavioral skills (β = 0.800, p < 0.001) and had no direct influence (p > 0.05). In the modified model, psychological and personality factors influenced CCU directly (β = - 0.100, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the importance of conducting CCU promotion among unmarried female migrants. Future intervention strategies should focus on both the traditional IMB model constructs and the added psychological and personality factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Shen
- School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.227, South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Hospital Infection Control, Ruijin Hospital, affiliated with the School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zezhou Wang
- School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.227, South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.227, South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyun Luo
- School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.227, South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Suping Wang
- School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.227, South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Jiang
- School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.227, South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Yang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cai
- School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.227, South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meili Shang
- Sanlin Community Health Service Center, No.375, Sanlin Road, Shanghai, 200126, People's Republic of China.
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Research Needs on Respiratory Health in Migrant and Refugee Populations. An Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018; 15:1247-1255. [DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201807-478st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Horyniak D, Bojorquez I, Armenta RF, Davidson PJ. Deportation of non-citizen military veterans: A critical analysis of implications for the right to health. Glob Public Health 2018; 13:1369-1381. [PMID: 29243564 PMCID: PMC6561474 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2017.1413123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel are commonly exposed to health-harming conditions during their service, resulting in higher rates of physical and mental health conditions compared with the general population. In an era of mass deportations, it is notable that non-citizen military veterans are not exempt from deportation. We utilised a human rights framework to conduct a critical analysis of potential health consequences of deportation for U.S. military veterans, identifying three ways in which veterans' rights to health may be constrained through deportation. First, honourably discharged deported veterans may be denied access to free or subsidised Veterans Affairs health services to which they would likely otherwise be entitled. Second, availability of and access to healthcare may be limited for reasons including barriers to enrolling in public insurance schemes, challenges navigating unfamiliar health systems and stigma and discrimination towards deported migrants. Finally, quality of available care may be sub-optimal due to limited expertise in service-related health issues and lack of evidence-based treatment for some health conditions (e.g. substance abuse/dependence). Binational multi-sectoral efforts are necessary to ensure that the rights to health of deported military veterans are adequately protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Horyniak
- Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Behaviours and Health Risks Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ietza Bojorquez
- Department of Population Studies, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Richard F. Armenta
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, Health and Human Services, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, USA
| | - Peter J. Davidson
- Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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Morales M, Rafful C, Gaines TL, Cepeda JA, Abramovitz D, Artamonova I, Baker P, Clairgue E, Mittal ML, Rocha-Jimenez T, Arredondo J, Kerr T, Bañuelos A, Strathdee SA, Beletsky L. Factors associated with extrajudicial arrest for syringe possession: results of a department-wide survey of municipal police in Tijuana, Mexico. BMC INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 2018; 18:36. [PMID: 30219105 PMCID: PMC6139125 DOI: 10.1186/s12914-018-0175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Mexican law permits syringe purchase and possession without prescription. Nonetheless, people who inject drugs (PWID) frequently report arrest for syringe possession. Extrajudicial arrests not only violate human rights, but also significantly increase the risk of blood-borne infection transmission and other health harms among PWID and police personnel. To better understand how police practices contribute to the PWID risk environment, prior research has primarily examined drug user perspectives and experiences. This study focuses on municipal police officers (MPOs) in Tijuana, Mexico to identify factors associated with self-reported arrests for syringe possession. Methods Participants were active police officers aged ≥18 years, who completed a self-administered questionnaire on knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to occupational safety, drug laws, and harm reduction strategies. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify correlates of recent syringe possession arrest. Results Among 1044 MPOs, nearly half (47.9%) reported always/sometimes making arrests for syringe possession (previous 6mo). Factors independently associated with more frequent arrest included being male (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.62; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] =1.04–2.52; working in a district along Tijuana River Canal (where PWID congregate) (AOR = 2.85; 95%CI = 2.16–3.77); having recently experienced a physical altercation with PWID (AOR = 2.83; 95% CI = 2.15–3.74); and having recently referred PWID to social and health services (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI = 1.48–2.61). Conversely, odds were significantly lower among officers reporting knowing that syringe possession is legal (AOR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.46–0.82). Conclusions Police and related criminal justice stakeholders (e.g., municipal judges, prosecutors) play a key role in shaping PWID risk environment. Findings highlight the urgent need for structural interventions to reduce extra-judicial syringe possession arrests. Police training, increasing gender and other forms of diversity, and policy reforms at various governmental and institutional levels are necessary to reduce police occupational risks, improve knowledge of drug laws, and facilitate harm reduction strategies that promote human rights and community health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Morales
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Claudia Rafful
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, California, 92093, USA.,Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tommi L Gaines
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Javier A Cepeda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Daniela Abramovitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Irina Artamonova
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Pieter Baker
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Erika Clairgue
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Mittal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, California, 92093, USA.,School of Medicine, Universidad Xochicalco, 4850 Calle Rampa Yumalinda, Chapultepec Alamar, 22110, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Teresita Rocha-Jimenez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, California, 92093, USA.,School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
| | - Jaime Arredondo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, California, 92093, USA.,School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
| | - Thomas Kerr
- Center of Excellence in HIV/AIDS, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Arnulfo Bañuelos
- Department of Planning and Special Projects, Secretaría de Seguridad Pública Municipal, 2141 Blvd Cuauhtémoc Sur y Río Suchiate, 22015, Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Steffanie A Strathdee
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Leo Beletsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, California, 92093, USA. .,Health in Justice Action Lab, School of Law and Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, USA.
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Horyniak D, Pinedo M, Burgos JL, Ojeda VD. Relationships Between Integration and Drug Use Among Deported Migrants in Tijuana, Mexico. J Immigr Minor Health 2018; 19:1196-1206. [PMID: 27778138 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-016-0518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Deported migrants face numerous challenges which may elevate their risk for drug use. We examined relationships between integration and drug use among deported migrants in Tijuana, Mexico. A cross-sectional survey conducted at a free health clinic included 255 deported Mexican-born migrants residing in Tijuana ≥6 months. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between variables across four integration domains (public participation, social connections, macro-level facilitators and foundations) and recent (past 6-month) drug use. The prevalence of recent drug use was 46 %. Having sought work in Tijuana in the past 6 months, greater household affluence, lifetime history of incarceration in both US and Mexico, and lacking health insurance were independently associated with recent drug use. Policies that support access to employment, adequate housing and healthcare in Mexico, particularly for justice-involved deportees, may facilitate successful integration and reduce potential stressors that may contribute to drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Horyniak
- Division of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Miguel Pinedo
- Alcohol Research Group, University of California Berkeley, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Jose Luis Burgos
- Division of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Victoria D Ojeda
- Division of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Horyniak D, Strathdee SA, West BS, Meacham M, Rangel G, Gaines TL. Predictors of injecting cessation among a cohort of people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 185:298-304. [PMID: 29482055 PMCID: PMC5889739 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the cessation of injecting drug use (IDU) among people who inject drugs (PWID) in low and middle-income settings, where access to effective interventions for reducing drug use (e.g., opioid substitution treatment; OST), may be limited. We measured the incidence and identified predictors of IDU cessation among a cohort of PWID in Tijuana, Mexico. METHODS Data were drawn from 621 participants in Proyecto El Cuete IV, a prospective cohort of PWID recruited in 2011 and interviewed biannually to 2016. A multivariable Extended Cox model was constructed to identify socio-demographic, drug use, risk environment and health-related predictors of IDU cessation (no IDU for ≥six months). RESULTS 141 participants (23%) reported at least one IDU cessation event during follow-up. The crude IDU cessation rate was 7.3 per 100 person-years (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 6.2-8.7). IDU cessation was negatively associated with injecting at least daily on average and heroin/methamphetamine co-injection in the past six months, and positively associated with testing HIV positive at baseline, being on methadone maintenance therapy in the past six months, and recent arrest. Concern for personal safety was also independently associated with IDU cessation. CONCLUSIONS The rate of IDU cessation among PWID in Tijuana was low. These findings underscore the importance of expansion of services including OST to help reduce drug use and facilitate IDU cessation for those who wish to do so. In this setting, interventions addressing individual-level economic barriers as well as broader social and structural barriers to harm reduction services are integral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Horyniak
- Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States,Behaviours and Health Risks Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Steffanie A. Strathdee
- Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Brooke S. West
- Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Meredith Meacham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Gudelia Rangel
- United States-Mexico Border Health Commission, Tijuana, BC, 22320, Mexico
| | - Tommi L. Gaines
- Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States,Correspondence: Tommi L. Gaines, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, Phone: 858-246-0600,
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Pinedo M, Burgos JL, Zúñiga ML, Perez R, Macera CA, Ojeda VD. Deportation and mental health among migrants who inject drugs along the US-Mexico border. Glob Public Health 2018; 13:211-226. [PMID: 27132880 PMCID: PMC5191974 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2016.1170183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the prevalence and factors of depressive symptoms among a sample of persons who inject drugs (PWID) with a history of deportation from the US in Tijuana, Mexico. In 2014, 132 deported PWID completed a structured questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CESD-10) screening instrument. Eligible participants were ≥18 years old, injected drugs in the past month, spoke English or Spanish, and resided in Tijuana. Multivariate analyses identified factors associated with depressive symptoms. Among deported PWID, 45% reported current symptoms of depression. Deported PWID who were initially detained in the US for a crime-related reason before being deported (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 5.27; 95% CI: 1.79-15.52) and who perceived needing help with their drug use (AOR: 2.15; 95% 1.01-4.61) had higher odds of reporting depressive symptoms. Our findings highlight the need for effective strategies targeting deported migrants who inject drugs to treat mental health and drug abuse in Tijuana. Investing in the mental health of deported PWID may also be a viable HIV prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pinedo
- Alcohol Research Group, 6475 Christie Avenue Suite 400, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - José Luis Burgos
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Institute of the Americas, 10111 N. Torrey Pines Road, Mail Code 0507, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - María Luisa Zúñiga
- School of Social Work, San Diego State University, Hepner Hall 203D, San Diego, CA 92182
| | - Ramona Perez
- Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-6022
| | - Caroline A. Macera
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4162
| | - Victoria D. Ojeda
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Institute of the Americas, 10111 N. Torrey Pines Road, Mail Code 0507, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Deportation and Re-integration: Exploring Challenges Faced by Deportee Residents in the Nkoranza Municipality, Ghana. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12134-017-0526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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HIV Risk Behaviors and Correlates of Inconsistent Condom Use Among Substance Using Migrants at the Mexico/Guatemala Border. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:2033-2045. [PMID: 28238120 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed correlates of inconsistent condom use with casual partners and the prevalence of sexual risk behaviors and STIs in the Mexico/Guatemala border region using a sample of 392 migrants (303 men, 85 women) who reported current substance use or problem drinking. We ran separate univariate logistic regression models for men and women, and multivariate logistic regression models for men only. Prevalence of syphilis was 1.2% among women and 2.3% among men; HIV prevalence was 2.4% among women and 1.3% among men. Inconsistent condom use with casual partners was higher in women with greater education and lower among women who sold sex. In men, less access to free condoms, drug use with sexual partners, and drug use before sex were independently associated with inconsistent condom use with casual partners. Sexual and substance use risk behaviors were common, and HIV/STI prevention efforts should target both genders and expand beyond most-at risk populations.
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Health-damaging policing practices among persons who inject drugs in Mexico: Are deported migrants at greater risk? THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 46:41-46. [PMID: 28601020 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence-based public health and criminal justice policies aimed at addressing the structurally vulnerable population of persons who inject drugs (PWID) and who are involved in the immigrant enforcement and deportation system are lacking. Policing practices are critical structural determinants of HIV among PWID. PWID in Mexico who have been deported from the US are at elevated risk of HIV. METHODS From 2011 to 2013, 733 PWID were recruited to complete structured questionnaires, including past 6-month experiences with police. Eligible PWID were 18 years or older, had injected in the past month, and resided in Tijuana, Mexico with no intentions of moving. To determine if deportation status was associated with experiences of arrests and problematic policing practices, we conducted separate multivariate logistic regression models for independent policing variables. RESULTS In multivariate analyses, deportation status was independently associated with higher odds of being arrested (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.45; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.02-2.05), being asked for a bribe (AOR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.05-2.04), and being forced to leave a place of residence (AOR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.08-3.70) in the past 6 months. CONCLUSION Results highlight a previously poorly understood elements of the US-deportation experience: migrants' experiences with law enforcement post-deportation and the role of deportation policies and practices as structural drivers of public health risk in destination countries. We provide policy recommendations for Mexico and the US based on our findings, which have potential application in other countries seeking to improve enforcement and related policing practices from a public health perspective.
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Pinedo M, Burgos JL, Zuniga ML, Perez R, Macera CA, Ojeda VD. Police Victimization Among Persons Who Inject Drugs Along the U.S.-Mexico Border. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2016; 76:758-63. [PMID: 26402356 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2015.76.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Problematic policing practices are an important driver of HIV infection among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in the U.S.-Mexico border region. This study identifies factors associated with recent (i.e., past 6 months) police victimization (e.g., extortion, physical and sexual violence) in the border city of Tijuana, Mexico. METHOD From 2011 to 2013, 733 PWID (62% male) were recruited in Tijuana and completed a structured questionnaire. Eligible participants were age 18 years or older, injected illicit drugs within the past month, and spoke Spanish or English. Multivariable logistic regression analyses identified correlates of recent experiences of police victimization (e.g., bribes, unlawful confiscation, physical and sexual violence). RESULTS Overall, 56% of PWID reported a recent police victimization experience in Tijuana. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, factors independently associated with recent police victimization included recent injection of methamphetamine (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.62; 95% CI [1.18, 2.21]) and recently received injection assistance by a "hit doctor" (AOR = 1.56; 95% CI [1.03, 2.36]). Increased years lived in Tijuana (AOR = 0.98 per year; 95% CI [0.97, 0.99]) and initiating drug use at a later age (AOR = 0.96 per year; 95% CI [0.92, 0.99]) were inversely associated with recent police victimization. CONCLUSIONS Physical drugusing markers may increase PWID susceptibility to police targeting and contribute to experiences of victimization. Interventions aimed at reducing police victimization events in the U.S.-Mexico border region should consider PWID's drug-using behaviors. Reducing problematic policing practices may be a crucial public health strategy to reduce HIV risk among PWID in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pinedo
- Alcohol Research Group, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jose Luis Burgos
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Maria Luisa Zuniga
- School of Social Work, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Ramona Perez
- Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Caroline A Macera
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Victoria D Ojeda
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
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Ferraiolo N, Pinedo M, McCurley J, Burgos JL, Vargas-Ojeda AC, Rodriguez MA, Ojeda VD. Depressive symptoms among patients at a clinic in the Red Light District of Tijuana, Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:151-163. [PMID: 28042307 DOI: 10.1080/17542863.2016.1144776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about depression among structurally vulnerable groups living in Tijuana (e.g., migrants, deportees, substance users, sex workers, homeless) who may be at high risk for poor mental health. This study investigates the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among vulnerable patients receiving services at a free clinic in Tijuana, Mexico. A convenience sample of 584 adult Mexican patients completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire in English or Spanish that included the 8-item NIH PROMIS depression short form and measures of individual, social, and structural factors affecting health. The prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms in our sample was 55%. In the multivariate analysis, female gender, poor/fair self-rated health, recent illicit drug use (past six months), feeling rejected (past six months), history of forced sex, and history of violence were independently associated with increased odds of experiencing depressive symptoms. When stratified by gender, we found important differences in significant factors, including recent illicit drug use in men and deportation in women. Among study participants, prevalence of depressive symptoms exceeds prevalence rates reported elsewhere in the U.S.-Mexico border region. These findings suggest that public health efforts to support mental health services in the border region are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ferraiolo
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Miguel Pinedo
- Alcohol Research Group, University of California, Berkeley, Emeryville CA, USA
| | - Jessica McCurley
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jose Luis Burgos
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Adriana Carolina Vargas-Ojeda
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México
| | - Michael A Rodriguez
- Department of Family Medicine/UCLA Blum Center on Poverty and Health in Latin America, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Victoria D Ojeda
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla CA, USA
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Pinedo M, Sim DEK, Giacinto RE, Zúñiga ML. An Exploratory Study of Internal Migration and Substance Use Among an Indigenous Community in Southern Mexico. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2016; 39:24-30. [PMID: 26605952 PMCID: PMC4661784 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to explore the association between internal migration experience within Mexico and lifetime substance use among a sample of 442 indigenous persons from Yucatan, Mexico. Adjusting for potential confounding, correlates of lifetime substance use were assessed among participants with and without internal migration experience. Internal migration to a tourist destination was independently associated with higher odds (adjusted odds ratio: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-3.4) of reporting lifetime substance use. Findings suggest that environmental contexts of internal migration may be of importance in shaping vulnerability to substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pinedo
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, CA
| | - D. Eastern Kang Sim
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Rebeca Espinoza Giacinto
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - María Luisa Zúñiga
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- School of Social Work, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
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The role of visual markers in police victimization among structurally vulnerable persons in Tijuana, Mexico. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2014; 26:501-8. [PMID: 25281235 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Law enforcement can shape HIV risk behaviours and undermine strategies aimed at curbing HIV infection. Little is known about factors that increase vulnerability to police victimization in Mexico. This study identifies correlates of police or army victimization (i.e., harassment or assault) in the past 6 months among patients seeking care at a free clinic in Tijuana, Mexico. METHODS From January to May 2013, 601 patients attending a binational student-run free clinic completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Eligible participants were: (1) ≥18 years old; (2) seeking care at the clinic; and (3) spoke Spanish or English. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with police/army victimization in the past 6 months. RESULTS More than one-third (38%) of participants reported victimization by police/army officials in the past 6 months in Tijuana. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, males (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 3.68; 95% CI: 2.19-6.19), tattooed persons (AOR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.04-2.33) and those who injected drugs in the past 6 months (AOR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.29-3.43) were significantly more likely to report past 6-month police/army victimization. Recent feelings of rejection (AOR: 3.80; 95% CI: 2.47-5.85) and being denied employment (AOR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.50-3.32) were also independently associated with police/army victimization. CONCLUSION Structural interventions aimed at reducing stigma against vulnerable populations and increasing social incorporation may aid in reducing victimization events by police/army in Tijuana. Police education and training to reduce abusive policing practices may be warranted.
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