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Capilla-Flores R, Egea-Castro G, López-Ruíz R, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Development of novel methods based on GC-HRMS and LC-HRMS for the determination of non-phthalate plasticizers in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170150. [PMID: 38242448 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Non-phthalate plasticizers (NPPs) are a suitable alternative to phthalates, which are harmful compounds for human, animal health, and the environment. In this study, 28 commercial non-phthalate plasticizers (NPPs) from different families, including adipates, citrates, phosphates, sebacates, trimellitates, benzoates and cyclohexanoates, were determined. Two novel methods for determining these alternative compounds in soil were developed using gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS-Q-Orbitrap) and liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS-Q-Orbitrap). Solid-liquid extraction (SLE) with ethyl acetate or acetonitrile, along with water as extraction solvents, were employed. In most cases, the GC method exhibited recoveries ranging from 84.9 % to 110.8 % at 20, 40 and 200 μg/kg, while the LC method achieved recoveries between 73.1 % and 115.4 % at 10, 20, 40 and 200 μg/kg. Most of the relative standard deviation (RSD) values were below 20 % for both methods. The validated methods were then applied to analyse soil samples collected from four different areas in Almeria. The results indicated that the compounds detected most frequently at high concentrations were 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (HCPK) using GC, in the range 29.1-67.4 μg/kg and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB) using LC, in the range 39.9-51.5 μg/kg. Additionally, suspect and unknown analysis were carried out, and other plasticizers as phthalates, were also detected, in addition to other substances present in the analysed samples. All the soils exhibited the presence of a few plasticizers, either phthalic and/or non-phthalic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Capilla-Flores
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120 Almeria, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Egea-Castro
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120 Almeria, Spain.
| | - Rosalía López-Ruíz
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120 Almeria, Spain.
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120 Almeria, Spain.
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120 Almeria, Spain.
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Baneshi M, Tonney-Gagne J, Halilu F, Pilavangan K, Sabu Abraham B, Prosser A, Kanchanadevi Marimuthu N, Kaliaperumal R, Britten AJ, Mkandawire M. Unpacking Phthalates from Obscurity in the Environment. Molecules 2023; 29:106. [PMID: 38202689 PMCID: PMC10780137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are a group of synthetic esters of phthalic acid compounds mostly used as plasticizers in plastic materials but are widely applied in most industries and products. As plasticizers in plastic materials, they are not chemically bound to the polymeric matrix and easily leach out. Logically, PAEs should be prevalent in the environment, but their prevalence, transport, fate, and effects have been largely unknown until recently. This has been attributed, inter alia, to a lack of standardized analytical procedures for identifying them in complex matrices. Nevertheless, current advancements in analytical techniques facilitate the understanding of PAEs in the environment. It is now known that they can potentially impact ecological and human health adversely, leading to their categorization as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, carcinogenic, and liver- and kidney-failure-causing agents, which has landed them among contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Thus, this review article reports and discusses the developments and advancements in PAEs' standard analytical methods, facilitating their emergence from obscurity. It further explores the opportunities, challenges, and limits of their advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Baneshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Jamey Tonney-Gagne
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Fatima Halilu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Kavya Pilavangan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Ben Sabu Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
- Engineering Co-op Intern, Dalhousie University, 1334 Barrington Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ava Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Nikaran Kanchanadevi Marimuthu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
- MITACS Globalink Intern, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 14, Tamil Nadu 641 014, India
| | - Rajendran Kaliaperumal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Allen J. Britten
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Martin Mkandawire
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada (F.H.); (K.P.); (B.S.A.); (A.P.); (N.K.M.); (R.K.); (A.J.B.)
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Pan A, Zhang C, Guo M, Wei D, Wang X. Fabrication of magnetic covalent organic framework for efficient extraction and determination of phthalate esters in milk samples. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3014-3021. [PMID: 35728929 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Using two monomers of 4,4″-diamino-p-terphenyl and 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol, a co-precipitation structured magnetic covalent organic framework adsorbent was fabricated. After that, a high efficient vortex-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction method was developed prior to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis for the determination of phthalate esters in milk samples. The fabricated magnetic adsorbent was facilely fabricated, fully characterized, and exhibited high extraction efficiency, which can be attributed to its larger pore size as well as strong hydrophobic and π-π stacking interactions between adsorbent and phthalate esters. Key parameters affecting extraction efficiency were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method possessed good linearity (3.0-1000 μg/L), high sensitivity (0.8-2.1 μg/L for limits of detection), and satisfactory recoveries (76.8%-99.2%). The relative standard deviations for intra-day was 3.1%-4.5% and inter-day was 3.3%-6.1%. This work is suitable for high efficient separation/preconcentration of phthalate esters in milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Pan
- School Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Can Zhang
- School Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ming Guo
- Zhejiang Chemical Production Quality Inspection Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wei
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- School Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Wei D, Zhang C, Pan A, Guo M, Lou C, Zhang J, Wang X, Wu H. Facile synthesis and evaluation of three magnetic 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol based covalent organic polymers as adsorbents for high efficient extraction of phthalate esters from plastic packaged foods. Food Chem X 2022; 14:100346. [PMID: 35663596 PMCID: PMC9160344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile synthetic route for synthesis of three magnetic Tp-based COPs adsorbents was provided. Magnetic COP2 showed best extraction performance for PAEs. The potential adsorption mechanism was systematically investigated. This method was suitable for high efficient extraction of hydrophobic PAEs from foods.
Three covalent organic polymers (COPs) were successfully fabricated by room-temperature solvent-free mechanochemical grinding method between 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (TP) and p-phenyl enediamine (COP1), benzidine (COP2), 4, 4″-diamino-p-terphenyl (COP3), and followed by coprecipitation on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles to form three corresponding magnetic Tp-series COPs. The fabricated magnetic COPs were evaluated and then applied for the extraction of phthalate esters from food samples before gas chromatography-tandem spectrometry analysis. Magnetic COP2 exhibited the highest extraction efficiency, which can be attributed to its larger pore size, and its strong hydrophobic and π-π interactions with phthalate esters. The method possessed good linearity (10–1000 μg·kg−1), high sensitivity (0.29–2.59 µg·kg−1 for LODs and 0.97–8.63 µg·kg−1 for LOQs), and satisfactory recoveries (70.2–108.1%) with relative standard deviations lower than 5.2%. This method has potentials for high efficient separation/preconcentration of hydrophobic phthalate esters from foods.
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Zrimec J, Kokina M, Jonasson S, Zorrilla F, Zelezniak A. Plastic-Degrading Potential across the Global Microbiome Correlates with Recent Pollution Trends. mBio 2021; 12:e0215521. [PMID: 34700384 PMCID: PMC8546865 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02155-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradation is a plausible route toward sustainable management of the millions of tons of plastic waste that have accumulated in terrestrial and marine environments. However, the global diversity of plastic-degrading enzymes remains poorly understood. Taking advantage of global environmental DNA sampling projects, here we constructed hidden Markov models from experimentally verified enzymes and mined ocean and soil metagenomes to assess the global potential of microorganisms to degrade plastics. By controlling for false positives using gut microbiome data, we compiled a catalogue of over 30,000 nonredundant enzyme homologues with the potential to degrade 10 different plastic types. While differences between the ocean and soil microbiomes likely reflect the base compositions of these environments, we find that ocean enzyme abundance increases with depth as a response to plastic pollution and not merely taxonomic composition. By obtaining further pollution measurements, we observed that the abundance of the uncovered enzymes in both ocean and soil habitats significantly correlates with marine and country-specific plastic pollution trends. Our study thus uncovers the earth microbiome's potential to degrade plastics, providing evidence of a measurable effect of plastic pollution on the global microbial ecology as well as a useful resource for further applied research. IMPORTANCE Utilization of synthetic biology approaches to enhance current plastic degradation processes is of crucial importance, as natural plastic degradation processes are very slow. For instance, the predicted lifetime of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle under ambient conditions ranges from 16 to 48 years. Moreover, although there is still unexplored diversity in microbial communities, synergistic degradation of plastics by microorganisms holds great potential to revolutionize the management of global plastic waste. To this end, the methods and data on novel plastic-degrading enzymes presented here can help researchers by (i) providing further information about the taxonomic diversity of such enzymes as well as understanding of the mechanisms and steps involved in the biological breakdown of plastics, (ii) pointing toward the areas with increased availability of novel enzymes, and (iii) giving a basis for further application in industrial plastic waste biodegradation. Importantly, our findings provide evidence of a measurable effect of plastic pollution on the global microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zrimec
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mariia Kokina
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sara Jonasson
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francisco Zorrilla
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksej Zelezniak
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Hu H, Li T, Bao J, Zhang X, Sun X, Xu K, Liu Q, Guo Y. Determination of Phthalates in Marine Sediments Using Ultrasonic Extraction Followed by Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:207-216. [PMID: 34159372 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and novel method has been developed and validated for determination of 16 phthalates in marine sediment samples by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Freeze dried samples were first ultrasonic extraction by n-hexane:methylene chloride (1:1, v/v) and n-hexane:ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) and followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction cleanup. The linearity of this method ranged from 1 to 1,000 μg/L, with regression coefficients ranging between 0.9993 and 0.9999. The limits of detection were in ng/g level, ranging between 0.1 and 0.25 ng/g (dry weight). The concentration of the total phthalates in marine sediment samples from Waters of Dongji (Zhoushan, China), Yueqing Bay (Wenzhou, China) and Coastal Waters of Yuhuan (Taizhou, China) ranged from 235.4 to 608.7 μg/kg with diisobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate being the major species, which constitutes of 94.6 and 98.1% of the total phthalates. The recoveries of spiked 16 phthalates at different concentration levels in sediment sample 3 of Waters of Dongji (Zhoushan, China) and sediment sample 3 of Yueqing bay (Wenzhou, China) were in the range of 78-117% and 83-114%, respectively, with relative standard deviations of 2.4-6.8% and 3.4-7.5% (n = 5), respectively. The performance of the proposed method was also compared with traditional Soxhlet extraction and column chromatography cleanup on the same genuine sediment samples and comparable efficiencies were obtained. It is concluded that this method can be successfully applied for the determination of phthalates in different marine sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tiyu Road 28, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tiyu Road 28, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jingjiao Bao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tiyu Road 28, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, No. 2 Tiansheng Road College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences Southwest University Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tiyu Road 28, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Kaida Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tiyu Road 28, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Qin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tiyu Road 28, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yuanming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tiyu Road 28, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Deng H, Li R, Yan B, Li B, Chen Q, Hu H, Xu Y, Shi H. PAEs and PBDEs in plastic fragments and wetland sediments in Yangtze estuary. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124937. [PMID: 33418296 PMCID: PMC7925382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as additives in various plastic products. Because of their ubiquity and potential hazards to the environment, they have attracted widespread attention. This research supports the addition critical data of the concentration and distribution of PAEs and PBDEs in the plastic fragments and wetland sediments in Yangtze Estuary. The concentrations of Σ7PAEs and Σ9PBDEs in the plastic samples in Yangtze Estuary wetlands were 26.8-4241.8 μg/g and n.d. (no detectable) to 250.1 μg/g, respectively. The sixteen PAEs and eight PBDEs varied from 35.9 to 36225.2 ng/g and 3.9-253.0 ng/g in sediment samples. The dominant types of these chemicals in plastic and sediment samples were diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dioctyl phthalate (DEHP) and BDE-209. According to correlation analysis and principal component analysis, the major sources of additives in sediment were associated with the leak from plastic fragment and microplastic. Based on the equilibrium partitioning theory and Sediment Quality Guidelines (SeQGs), the ecological risk of PAEs (high risk) and PBDEs (moderate risk) were evaluated. Overall, the investigated area has been moderately polluted by additives and microplastics; therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the control of environmental input of plastic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ruilong Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hui Hu
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510656, China
| | - Yong Xu
- PerkinElmer Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201202, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Dominguez-Candela I, Ferri JM, Cardona SC, Lora J, Fombuena V. Dual Plasticizer/Thermal Stabilizer Effect of Epoxidized Chia Seed Oil ( Salvia hispanica L.) to Improve Ductility and Thermal Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081283. [PMID: 33920060 PMCID: PMC8071061 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a new bio-based plasticizer derived from epoxidized chia seed oil (ECO) was applied in a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix. ECO was used due to its high epoxy content (6.7%), which led to an improved chemical interaction with PLA. Melt extrusion was used to plasticize PLA with different ECO content in the 0–10 wt.% range. Mechanical, morphological, and thermal characterization was carried out to evaluate the effect of ECO percentage. Besides, disintegration and migration tests were studied to assess the future application in packaging industry. Ductile properties improve by 700% in elongation at break with 10 wt.% ECO content. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed a phase separation with ECO content equal or higher than 7.5 wt.%. Thermal stabilization was improved 14 °C as ECO content increased. All plasticized PLA was disintegrated under composting conditions, not observing a delay up to 5 wt.% ECO. Migration tests pointed out a very low migration, less than 0.11 wt.%, which is to interest to the packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dominguez-Candela
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM) Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (I.D.-C.); (S.C.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Jose Miguel Ferri
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain;
| | - Salvador Cayetano Cardona
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM) Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (I.D.-C.); (S.C.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Jaime Lora
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM) Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (I.D.-C.); (S.C.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Vicent Fombuena
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Czogała J, Pankalla E, Turczyn R. Recent Attempts in the Design of Efficient PVC Plasticizers with Reduced Migration. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14040844. [PMID: 33578880 PMCID: PMC7916570 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current trends in replacing commonly used plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, formulations by new compounds with reduced migration, leading to the enhancement in mechanical properties and better plasticizing efficiency. Novel plasticizers have been divided into three groups depending on the replacement strategy, i.e., total replacement, partial replacement, and internal plasticizers. Chemical and physical properties of PVC formulations containing a wide range of plasticizers have been compared, allowing observance of the improvements in polymer performance in comparison to PVC plasticized with conventionally applied bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate and di-n-octyl terephthalate. Among a variety of newly developed plasticizers, we have indicated those presenting excellent migration resistance and advantageous mechanical properties, as well as those derived from natural sources. A separate chapter has been dedicated to the description of a synergistic effect of a mixture of two plasticizers, primary and secondary, that benefits in migration suppression when secondary plasticizer is added to PVC blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Czogała
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Research and Innovation Department, Grupa Azoty Zakłady Azotowe Kędzierzyn S.A., Mostowa 30A, 47-220 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland;
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Ewa Pankalla
- Research and Innovation Department, Grupa Azoty Zakłady Azotowe Kędzierzyn S.A., Mostowa 30A, 47-220 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland;
| | - Roman Turczyn
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (R.T.)
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Liu J, Li C, Yang F, Zhao N, Lv S, Liu J, Chen L, He Z, Zhang Y, Wang S. Assessment of migration regularity of phthalates from food packaging materials. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5738-5747. [PMID: 33133575 PMCID: PMC7590312 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are one of the essential plastic additives which may lead to plenty of harmful effects, including reproductive toxicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity. Increasing attention has been paid to the migration of plasticizer. In this article, the disposable plastic lunch boxes were taken as the research object. The result showed that dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) have been mainly found, whose content was 1.5 mg/kg and 2.4 mg/kg, respectively. The LOD was 2 ng/g, and LOQ was 6.7 ng/g. We further investigated the migration of PAEs into the simulated liquid at different temperature conditions. Then, the linear fitting performing by first-order kinetic migration model revealed that the lower the polarity of the simulated liquid, the larger the rate constant K 1 and initial release rate V 0. The higher the temperature, the bigger the K 1 and V 0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Min Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and HealthSchool of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Chun‐Yang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and HealthSchool of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Fei‐er Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and HealthSchool of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Ning Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and HealthSchool of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Shi‐Wen Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and HealthSchool of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Ji‐Chao Liu
- Beijing San Yuan foods co., LTD.BeijingChina
| | - Li‐Jun Chen
- Beijing San Yuan foods co., LTD.BeijingChina
| | - Ze He
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and SafetyMinistry of EducationTianjin University of Science and TechnologyTianjinChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and HealthSchool of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and HealthSchool of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
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11
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Simultaneous determination of phthalate diesters and monoesters in soil using accelerated solvent extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Accelerated solvent extraction combined with GC–MS: A convenient technique for the determination and compound-specific stable isotope analysis of phthalates in mine tailings. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Jiang X, Xie Y, Wan D, Zheng F, Wang J. Enrichment-Free Rapid Detection of Phthalates in Chinese Liquor with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030901. [PMID: 32046225 PMCID: PMC7038971 DOI: 10.3390/s20030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A non-invasive real-time detection technique for phthalates in Chinese liquor is proposed in this paper. This method is based on the measurement of Faradaic impedance in the presence of a redox probe, [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−, upon the absorption of phthalates to the graphene electrode surface. This absorption activity is according to the π–π stacking interactions between phthalates and the graphene working electrode which allows direct sampling and analyte preconcentration. The absorption of phthalates retards the interfacial electron-transfer kinetics and increases the charge-transfer resistance (Rct). Numerical values of Rct were extracted from a simulation of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra with the corresponding equivalent circuit. Cathodic polarization was employed prior to EIS measurements to effectively eliminate the metal ion interference. The results yielded a detection limit of 0.024 ng/L for diethyl phthalate (DEP) with a linear range from 2.22 ng to 1.11 µg. These results indicate a possibility of developing a household sensor for phthalate determination in Chinese liquor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Jiang
- School of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, China;
| | - Yuqun Xie
- School of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Duanji Wan
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, China;
| | - Fuping Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (J.W.)
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14
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Rodríguez-Ramos R, Socas-Rodríguez B, Santana-Mayor Á, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Nanomaterials as alternative dispersants for the multiresidue analysis of phthalates in soil samples using matrix solid phase dispersion prior to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124377. [PMID: 31548171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the application of different nanomaterials as dispersants in matrix solid phase dispersion has been evaluated for the extraction of fifteen phthalates from different environmental samples prior to their separation and quantification by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Within the evaluated nanomaterials, including graphene oxide, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and iron 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate metal-organic framework, the last one showed the best results in terms of extraction capacity and sample clean-up. The effects of the different parameters affecting the sample pretreatment efficiency were exhaustively evaluated. The whole methodology was validated for agricultural soil and sand, using dibutyl phthalate-3,4,5,6-d4 as surrogate. Recovery values ranged from 70 to 120% for both matrices with RSD values lower than 20% and the limits of quantification of the method achieved were in the range 0.14-2.7 μg/kg dry weight. Finally, the analysis of soil samples from different locations of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) was carried out finding the presence of BBP, DIBP and DBP in the range 5-52 μg/kg dry weight in agricultural soils, and DIPP, DNOP and DINP in the range 2-101 μg/kg dry weight in sand samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rodríguez-Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
| | - Álvaro Santana-Mayor
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
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15
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Salazar-Beltrán D, Hinojosa-Reyes L, Maya-Alejandro F, Turnes-Palomino G, Palomino-Cabello C, Hernández-Ramírez A, Guzmán-Mar JL. Automated on-line monitoring of the TiO2-based photocatalytic degradation of dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:863-870. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00307f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An automated on-line system for monitoring the TiO2-based photocatalytic degradation of dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salazar-Beltrán
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- San Nicolás de los Garzas
- Mexico
- University of the Balearic Islands
| | - Laura Hinojosa-Reyes
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- San Nicolás de los Garzas
- Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Luis Guzmán-Mar
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- San Nicolás de los Garzas
- Mexico
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16
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Tala W, Chantara S. Effective solid phase extraction using centrifugation combined with a vacuum-based method for ambient gaseous PAHs. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04021h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The developed SPE clean-up procedure provides much better efficiency for a group of low molecular weight PAHs than the conventional procedure. It is therefore appropriate for extraction of gaseous PAHs from ambient air samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wittaya Tala
- Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory (ECRL)
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chiang Mai University
- Chiang Mai
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory (ECRL)
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chiang Mai University
- Chiang Mai
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17
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Kim JS, Park JT, Ahn J, Ha TY, Kim S. Optimization of Accelerated Solvent Extraction of Capsanthin from Red Paprika ( Capsicum annuum L.) Using Response Surface Methodology. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.25.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University
- Research group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute
| | - Tae-Youl Ha
- Research group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute
| | - Suna Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition in Human Ecology, College of Natural Science, Korea National Open University
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18
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Kiani A, Ahmadloo M, Shariatifar N, Moazzen M, Baghani AN, Khaniki GJ, Taghinezhad A, Kouhpayeh A, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Ghajarbeygi P. Method development for determination of migrated phthalate acid esters from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging into traditional Iranian drinking beverage (Doogh) samples: a novel approach of MSPE-GC/MS technique. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12728-12738. [PMID: 29470751 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, a novel magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) technique combined with a gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) was developed to determine the phthalate ester content of bottled Doogh samples. Doogh is a yogurt-based drinking beverage, which is frequently consumed in Middle East and Balkans. It is produced by stirring yogurt in Chern separation machine and consists of substances such as water, yogurt, and salt in addition to aqueous extracts of native herbs. The magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-Fe3O4) were used as adsorbents of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) due to a superior adsorption capability of hydrophobic compounds. In this context, the quantity of the extractable migrated phthalate esters (dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-N-octyl phthalate (DNOP), and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into Doogh samples was measured. The correlation between the concentration of migrated PAEs and some factors such as the type of Doogh (gaseous and without gas), difference in brand (five brands), volume (1500 and 300 mL), and the storage time also was investigated. The migration level into Doogh samples was increased by incorporating of gas as well as increasing the volume of PET bottles. Also, with elaborating of storage time, the migration of some phthalates such as DEHP (the mean from 2419.85 ng L-1 in the first week to 2716.15 ng L-1 in the second month), DEP, and total phthalate was increased. However, no significant difference in concentrations of migrated phthalate esters among different examined brands was noted. Finally, the concentration of migrated PAEs from bottle into all the examined Doogh samples was below the defined standards by EPA; 6 μg/L for DEHP in drinking water. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Kiani
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ahmadloo
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Moazzen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - GholamReza Jahed Khaniki
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghinezhad
- Department of English Language, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Amin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato, 80. Caixa Postal: 6121, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP: 13083-862, Brazil.
| | - Peyman Ghajarbeygi
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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19
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Salazar-Beltrán D, Hinojosa-Reyes L, Ruiz-Ruiz E, Hernández-Ramírez A, Guzmán-Mar JL. Phthalates in Beverages and Plastic Bottles: Sample Preparation and Determination. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Determination of phthalates in bottled water by automated on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography with uv detection. Talanta 2017; 168:291-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Sayyad G, Price GW, Sharifi M, Khosravi K. Fate and transport modeling of phthalate esters from biosolid amended soil under corn cultivation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:264-273. [PMID: 27453260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are prevalent in the environment due to the broad range of industrial, agriculture and domestic applications. The ubiquitous use of PAEs has resulted in their potential to reach groundwater sources through application of agri-chemicals and municipal biosolids. A study was conducted to monitor the fate and transport of seven commonly detected PAEs in the environment including: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(di-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), dipentyl phthalate (DPP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). Biosolids sourced from the Halifax Regional Municipality were applied at three rates on field-based lysimeter cells which were cropped to corn (Zea mays) for one growing season. In the present study, breakthrough curves (BTCs) were established for phthalates leaching from a corn-cultivated agricultural soil profile. The HYDRUS-1D model and a two-site sorption model were applied to predict transport parameters of PAEs using an inverse solution approach. Results of our research revealed that higher PAE adsorption was observed based on increasing carbon chain number. In addition, higher values of F (i.e. the fraction of type-1 sorption sites assumed to be in equilibrium with the solution phase) and lower values of D (i.e. dispersion coefficient) were observed for PAEs with large carbon chains which was validated both through the empirical dataset and the model simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sayyad
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran; Environmental & Life Sciences, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - G W Price
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 5E3, Canada.
| | - M Sharifi
- Canada Research Chair, Trent School of Environment, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - K Khosravi
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 5E3, Canada
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22
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Huo CY, Liu LY, Zhang ZF, Ma WL, Song WW, Li HL, Li WL, Kannan K, Wu YK, Han YM, Peng ZX, Li YF. Phthalate Esters in Indoor Window Films in a Northeastern Chinese Urban Center: Film Growth and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7743-7751. [PMID: 27322908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Indoor window film samples were collected in buildings during 2014-2015 for the determination of six phthalate diesters (PAEs). Linear regression analysis suggested that the film mass was positively and significantly correlated with the duration of film growth (from 7 to 77 days). PAEs were detected in all window film samples (n = 64). For all the samples with growth days ranged from 7 to 77 days, the median concentrations of total six PAEs (∑6PAEs) in winter and summer window film samples were 9900 ng/m(2) film (2000 μg/g film) and 4700 ng/m(2) film (650 μg/g film), respectively. Among PAEs analyzed, di-2-ethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the major compound (71 ± 9.7%), followed by di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP; 20 ± 7.4%) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP; 5.1 ± 2.2%). Positive correlations among PAEs suggested their common sources in the window film samples. Room temperature and relative humidity were negatively and significantly correlated with PAEs concentations (in ng/m(2)). Poor ventilation in cold winter in Noreastern China significantly influenced the concentrations of PAEs in window film which suggested higher inhalation exposure dose in winter. The median hazard quotient (HQ) values from PAEs exposure were below 1, suggesting that the intake of PAEs via three exposure pathways was considered as acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Huo
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University , Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hai-Ling Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Yong-Kai Wu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ya-Meng Han
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Peng
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University , Shenyang 110036, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
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