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Ledniowska K, Nosal-Kovalenko H, Janik W, Krasuska A, Stańczyk D, Sabura E, Bartoszewicz M, Rybak A. Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071295. [PMID: 35406169 PMCID: PMC9002721 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticizers used in this study were synthesized from renewable raw materials using succinic acid, oleic acid, and propylene glycol. Four environmentally friendly plasticizer samples were obtained; their chemical structures and compositions were confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) analyses, and their physicochemical properties and thermal stability (TGA analysis) were investigated. The obtained ester mixtures were used as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticizers and their plasticization efficiency was determined in comparison to traditional, commercially available phthalate plasticizers, such as DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and DINP (diisononyl phthalate). Mechanical properties and migration resistance were determined for soft PVC with the use of three concentrations of plasticizers (40 PHR, 50 PHR, and 60 PHR). It was observed that the obtained plasticizers exhibited the same plasticization efficiency and were characterized with good mechanical and physical properties in comparison to commercial plasticizers. The tensile strength was approx. 19 MPa, while the elongation at break was approx. 250% for all tested plasticizers at a concentration of 50 PHR. Furthermore, plasticizer migration studies showed that the synthesized plasticizers had excellent resistance to plasticizer leaching. The best migration test result obtained was 70% lower than that for DEHP or DINP. The ester mixture that was found to be the most favorable plasticizer was characterized by good thermal and thermo-oxidative stability (5% weight loss temperature: 227.8 °C in air and 261.1 °C in nitrogen). The results of the research clearly indicate that the synthesized esters can provide a green alternative to toxic phthalate plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Ledniowska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Hanna Nosal-Kovalenko
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Weronika Janik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agata Krasuska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Dorota Stańczyk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Ewa Sabura
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Maria Bartoszewicz
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Aleksandra Rybak
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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Czogała J, Pankalla E, Turczyn R. Recent Attempts in the Design of Efficient PVC Plasticizers with Reduced Migration. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14040844. [PMID: 33578880 PMCID: PMC7916570 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current trends in replacing commonly used plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, formulations by new compounds with reduced migration, leading to the enhancement in mechanical properties and better plasticizing efficiency. Novel plasticizers have been divided into three groups depending on the replacement strategy, i.e., total replacement, partial replacement, and internal plasticizers. Chemical and physical properties of PVC formulations containing a wide range of plasticizers have been compared, allowing observance of the improvements in polymer performance in comparison to PVC plasticized with conventionally applied bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate and di-n-octyl terephthalate. Among a variety of newly developed plasticizers, we have indicated those presenting excellent migration resistance and advantageous mechanical properties, as well as those derived from natural sources. A separate chapter has been dedicated to the description of a synergistic effect of a mixture of two plasticizers, primary and secondary, that benefits in migration suppression when secondary plasticizer is added to PVC blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Czogała
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Research and Innovation Department, Grupa Azoty Zakłady Azotowe Kędzierzyn S.A., Mostowa 30A, 47-220 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland;
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Ewa Pankalla
- Research and Innovation Department, Grupa Azoty Zakłady Azotowe Kędzierzyn S.A., Mostowa 30A, 47-220 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland;
| | - Roman Turczyn
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (R.T.)
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Fu C, Zhu T, Huang B, Dai T, Wang Y, Zhang W, Liu X. The efficiency of migration and profile control with emulsion systems in class III reservoirs. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:181634. [PMID: 31218022 PMCID: PMC6549995 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to reveal the migration law and profile control efficiency of the emulsion system in the core of class III reservoir (the permeability less than 100 mD), the influence of the size and distribution of the droplets, the effect of the migration law and the adjustment of the interlayer contradiction to class III reservoir are studied in this paper. By measuring the droplet distribution in the emulsion system, we found that the average droplet diameter decreases with the increase in water cut. But, the droplet distribution is the most uniform when the water cut is 50%, which is the transition point of the emulsion. Through the core seepage test, the pressure is measured when the emulsion system is flowing through the core. It can be seen that the emulsion flowing is related to the resistance coefficient, the viscosity of the chemical agent and the core permeability; that is, the greater the resistance coefficient, the greater the viscosity of the chemical agent, the smaller the core permeability is and the higher the level of the emulsion is. The matching chart between different emulsion systems and layers with different permeability of class III reservoir was established. The effect of profile control with different permeability contrasts was predicted according to the matching chart. The emulsification has a positive effect on the enhancement of recovery when the permeability contrast is small, but a negative effect when the permeability contrast is larger. The study of the emulsion migration and profile control efficiency in class III reservoir are of great significance for understanding the emulsification in class III reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fu
- Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- Unconventional Oil and Gas Science and Technology Research Institute, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Station, Daqing Oilfield Company, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Huang
- Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- Unconventional Oil and Gas Science and Technology Research Institute, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingge Dai
- Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Aramco Asia, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- China University of Petroleum Huadong, Dongying, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbin Liu
- Research Institute of Production Engineering, Daqing Oilfield of CNPC, Daqing, People's Republic of China
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Wang M, Shen L, Han Y, Zhang L, Zheng J. [Study on the Migration Resistance of Additives in Disposable Photophobic Infusion Set]. Zhongguo Yi Liao Qi Xie Za Zhi 2018; 42:244-245. [PMID: 30112884 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-7104.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The disposable photophobic infusion was used to simulate clinical infusion under different conditions. The simulated liquid was collected every 30 min (total 4 h),and detected the additives (Fe3+, MDA and antioxidant 1076) in simulated liquid by spectroscopic method and chromatography method. The method is simple and stable, and can be used for the technical monitoring of the disposable photophobic infusion set in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhu Wang
- Medical Device Supervising and Testing Center of Hangzhou, CFDA, Hangzhou, 310018
| | - Lixin Shen
- Medical Device Supervising and Testing Center of Hangzhou, CFDA, Hangzhou, 310018
| | - Yin Han
- Medical Device Supervising and Testing Center of Hangzhou, CFDA, Hangzhou, 310018
| | - Li Zhang
- Medical Device Supervising and Testing Center of Hangzhou, CFDA, Hangzhou, 310018
| | - Jian Zheng
- Medical Device Supervising and Testing Center of Hangzhou, CFDA, Hangzhou, 310018
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Yang X, Xu H, Odelius K, Hakkarainen M. Poly(lactide)-g-poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) with High Crystallization Capacity and Migration Resistance. Materials (Basel) 2016; 9:ma9050313. [PMID: 28773437 PMCID: PMC5503035 DOI: 10.3390/ma9050313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasticized polylactide (PLA) with increased crystallization ability and prolonged life-span in practical applications due to the minimal plasticizer migration was prepared. Branched plasticized PLA was successfully obtained by coupling poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) to crotonic acid (CA) functionalized PLA. The plasticization behavior of PBSA coupled PLA (PLA-CA-PBSA) and its counterpart PBSA blended PLA (PLA/PBSA) were fully elucidated. For both PLA-CA-PBSA and PLA/PBSA, a decrease of Tg to around room temperature and an increase in the elongation at break of PLA from 14% to 165% and 460%, respectively, were determined. The crystallinity was increased from 2.1% to 8.4% for PLA/PBSA and even more, to 10.6%, for PLA-CA-PBSA. Due to the inherent poor miscibility between the PBSA and PLA, phase separation occurred in the blend, while PLA-CA-PBSA showed no phase separation which, together with the higher crystallinity, led to better oxygen barrier properties compared to neat PLA and PLA/PBSA. A higher resistance to migration during hydrolytic degradation for the PLA-CA-PBSA compared to the PLA/PBSA indicated that the plasticization effect of PBSA in the coupled material would be retained for a longer time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karin Odelius
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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