Greenness Assessment Profile of a QbD Screen-Printed Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring of Sodium Valproate

Innovation in venlafaxine detection: Development and application of electroanalytical method using a boron-doped diamond electrode and performance comparison with UHPLC-MS/MS

Venlafaxine hydrochloride (VEN) is a commonly used antidepressant that acts on monoamines, helping to regulate and enhance neurotransmitter levels in the body. However, due to its widespread use, VEN has been classified as an emerging contaminant, raising significant environmental concerns because of the risks it poses to ecosystems. In this context, we propose the development of a simple and rapid electroanalytical method for determining VEN, validated against the results obtained using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method. The electroanalytical method employed batch injection analysis with amperometric detection (BIA-AMP) and a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode as the working electrode. The linear concentration range achieved was 8.30-277.40 μg L-1 (0,029 to 1.00 μmol L-1), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.03 μg L-1 (3.71 nmol L-1). The UHPLC-MS/MS method provided a linear concentration range of 7.00-1000 ng L-1 (0.025-3.60 nmol L-1) and a LOD of 7.0 ng L-1 (0.025 nmol L-1). Spiking and recovery studies demonstrated that VEN can be accurately determined using these analytical methods without significant matrix effects. The BIA-AMP method demonstrates a more environmentally friendly profile compared to UHPLC-MS/MS, as assessed using the AGREE software. It is simple, rapid (22 determinations per hour), does not require organic and/or toxic solvents, consumes less energy, and allows for the possibility of reliable analyses.

A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Developments in the Electroanalytical Methods for the Therapeutic Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs

Epilepsy is a serious neurological disease that impacts all facets of a patient's life, including their socioeconomic situation. The failure to identify underlying epileptic signatures in their early stages might result in severe harm to the central nervous system (CNS) and permanent adverse changes to some organs. Therefore, numerous antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are frequently used to control and treat the frequency of seizures. Since clinical effects and plasma concentration are directly correlated, determining AED levels in various samples has drawn a lot of interest in the optimization of drug doses. In the past several years, various generations of AEDs have appeared, and a variety of techniques have been widely used to analyze AEDs, including HPLC, chromatography, spectrometry, and electrochemical methods such as voltammetric, potentiometric, and others that can help in the analysis of these drugs because of their special benefits, which include quick analysis, high sensitivity, high selectivity, low cost, and dependable results. For the first time, this review article details the most recent advancements in the electrochemical measurement techniques used in the analysis of some of the most effective drugs in the three generations of AEDs in various samples using diverse electrode types, including glassy carbon electrodes (GCE), gold electrodes, pencil graphite electrodes (PGE), and other types. In addition to summarizing their mode of action and side effects. Finally, we will present the prospects for the development of electrochemical platforms for the determination of the next generation of AEDs.

Environmentally sustainable DRS-FTIR probe assisted by chemometric tools for quality control analysis of cinnarizine and piracetam having diverged concentration ranges: Validation, greenness, and whiteness studies

A novel diffuse reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopic method accompanied by chemometrics was optimized to fulfill the white analytical chemistry and green analytical chemistry principles for the quantification of cinnarizine and piracetam for the first time without any prior separation in their challenging pharmaceutical preparation, which has a pretty substantial difference in the concentration of cinnarizine/piracetam (1:16). Furthermore, the suggested method was used for cinnarizine/piracetam dissolution testing as an effective alternative to traditional methods. For the cinnarizine/piracetam dissolution tests, we used a dissolution vessel with 900 mL of phosphate buffer pH 2.5 at 37 °C ± 0.5 °C, then the sampling was carried out by frequent withdrawal of 20 µl samples from the dissolution vessel at a one-minute interval, over one hour, then representative fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded. To create a partial-least-squares regression model, a fractional factorial design with 5 different levels and 2 factors was used. This led to the creation of 25 mixtures, 15 as a calibration set and 10 as a validation set, with varying concentration ranges: 1-75 and 16-1000 μg/mL for cinnarizine/piracetam, respectively. Upon optimization of the partial-least-squares regression model, in terms of latent variables and spectral region, root mean square error of cross-validation of 0.477 and 0.270, for cinnarizine/piracetam respectively, were obtained. The optimized partial-least-squares regression model was further validated, providing good results in terms of recovery% (around 98 to 102 %), root mean square error of prediction (0.436 and 3.329), relative root mean square error of prediction (1.210 and 1.245), bias-corrected mean square error of prediction (0.059 and 0.081), and limit of detection (0.125 and 2.786) for cinnarizine/piracetam respectively. Ultimately, the developed method was assessed for whiteness, greenness, and sustainability using five assessment tools. the developed method achieved a greener national environmental method index and complementary green analytical procedure index quadrants with higher eco-scale assessment scores (91), analytical greenness metric scores (0.87), and red-greenblue 12 algorithm scores (89.7) than the reported methods, showing high practical and environmental acceptance for quality control of cinnarizine/piracetam.

AirQuality Lab-on-a-Drone: A Low-Cost 3D-Printed Analytical IoT Platform for Vertical Monitoring of Gaseous H2S

The measurement of gaseous compounds in the atmosphere is a multichallenging task due to their low concentration range, long and latitudinal concentration variations, and the presence of sample interferents. Herein, we present a quadcopter drone deployed with a fully integrated 3D-printed analytical laboratory for H2S monitoring. Also, the analytical system makes part of the Internet of Things approach. The analytical method applied was based on the reaction between fluorescein mercuric acetate and H2S that led to fluorescence quenching. A 5 V micropump at a constant airflow of 50 mL min-1 was employed to deliver constant air into a flask containing 800 μL of the reagent. The analytical signal was obtained using a light-emitting diode and a miniaturized digital light detector. The method enabled the detection of H2S in the range from 15 to 200 ppbv, with a reproducibility of 5% for a sampling time of 10 min and an limit of detection of 9 ppbv. All devices were controlled using an Arduino powered by a small power bank, and the results were transmitted to a smartphone via Bluetooth. The proposed device resulted in a weight of 300 g and an overall cost of ∼50 USD. The platform was used to monitor the concentration of H2S in different intervals next to a wastewater treatment plant at ground and vertical levels. The ability to perform all analytical steps in the same device, the low-energy requirements, the low weight, and the attachment of data transmission modules offer new possibilities for drone-based analytical systems for air pollution monitoring.