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Byrnes SJ, Busman-Sahay K, Angelovich TA, Younger S, Taylor-Brill S, Nekorchuk M, Bondoc S, Dannay R, Terry M, Cochrane CR, Jenkins TA, Roche M, Deleage C, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M, Brew BJ, Estes JD, Churchill MJ. Chronic immune activation and gut barrier dysfunction is associated with neuroinflammation in ART-suppressed SIV+ rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011290. [PMID: 36989320 PMCID: PMC10085024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) affect ~40% of virally suppressed people with HIV (PWH), however, the precise viral dependent and independent changes to the brain are unclear. Here we characterized the CNS reservoir and immune environment of SIV-infected (SIV+) rhesus macaques during acute (n = 4), chronic (n = 12) or ART-suppressed SIV infection (n = 11). Multiplex immunofluorescence for markers of SIV infection (vRNA/vDNA) and immune activation was performed on frontal cortex and matched colon tissue. SIV+ animals contained detectable viral DNA+ cells that were not reduced in the frontal cortex or the gut by ART, supporting the presence of a stable viral reservoir in these compartments. SIV+ animals had impaired blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and heightened levels of astrocytes or myeloid cells expressing antiviral, anti-inflammatory or oxidative stress markers which were not abrogated by ART. Neuroinflammation and BBB dysfunction correlated with measures of viremia and immune activation in the gut. Furthermore, SIV-uninfected animals with experimentally induced gut damage and colitis showed a similar immune activation profile in the frontal cortex to those of SIV-infected animals, supporting the role of chronic gut damage as an independent source of neuroinflammation. Together, these findings implicate gut-associated immune activation/damage as a significant contributor to neuroinflammation in ART-suppressed HIV/SIV infection which may drive HAND pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Byrnes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Angelovich
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Life Science, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Skyler Younger
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sol Taylor-Brill
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephen Bondoc
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rachel Dannay
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Margaret Terry
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | - Trisha A. Jenkins
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bruce J. Brew
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, Departments of Neurology and Immunology St Vincent’s Hospital, University of New South Wales and University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Life Science, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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2
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McIntosh R, Hidalgo M, Lobo J, Dillon K, Szeto A, Hurwitz BE. Circulating endothelial and angiogenic cells predict hippocampal volume as a function of HIV status. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:65-77. [PMID: 36418739 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and myeloid angiogenic cells (MACs) have the capacity to stabilize human blood vessels in vivo. Evidence suggests that these cells are depleted in dementia and in persons living with HIV (PWH), who have a higher prevalence of dementia and other cognitive deficits associated with aging. However, the associations of CECs and MACs with MRI-based measures of aging brain health, such as hippocampal gray matter volume, have not been previously demonstrated. The present study examined differences in these associations in 51 postmenopausal women with and without HIV infection. Gray matter volume was quantified using MRI. CECs and MACs were enumerated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Analyses examined the association of these cell counts with left and right hippocampal gray matter volume while controlling for age and hypertension status. The main finding was an interaction suggesting that compared to controls, postmenopausal PWH with greater levels of CECs and MACs had significantly greater hippocampus GMV. Further research is necessary to examine potential underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in HIV infection linking morpho-functional circulatory reparative processes with more diminished hippocampal volume in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger McIntosh
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
- Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Melissa Hidalgo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Broward Health North, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Judith Lobo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Dillon
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Angela Szeto
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Barry E Hurwitz
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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3
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Ellwanger JH, Kulmann-Leal B, Ziliotto M, Chies JAB. HIV Infection, Chromosome Instability, and Micronucleus Formation. Viruses 2023; 15:155. [PMID: 36680195 PMCID: PMC9867034 DOI: 10.3390/v15010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome integrity is critical for proper cell functioning, and chromosome instability can lead to age-related diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Chromosome instability is caused by multiple factors, including replication stress, chromosome missegregation, exposure to pollutants, and viral infections. Although many studies have investigated the effects of environmental or lifestyle genotoxins on chromosomal integrity, information on the effects of viral infections on micronucleus formation and other chromosomal aberrations is still limited. Currently, HIV infection is considered a chronic disease treatable by antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, HIV-infected individuals still face important health problems, such as chronic inflammation and age-related diseases. In this context, this article reviews studies that have evaluated genomic instability using micronucleus assays in the context of HIV infection. In brief, HIV can induce chromosome instability directly through the interaction of HIV proteins with host DNA and indirectly through chronic inflammation or as a result of ART use. Connections between HIV infection, immunosenescence and age-related disease are discussed in this article. The monitoring of HIV-infected individuals should consider the increased risk of chromosome instability, and lifestyle interventions, such as reduced exposure to genotoxins and an antioxidant-rich diet, should be considered. Therapies to reduce chronic inflammation in HIV infection are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
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4
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Solanky D, Fields JA, Iudicello JE, Ellis RJ, Franklin D, Clifford DB, Gelman BB, Marra CM, Morgello S, Rubin LH, Grant I, Heaton RK, Letendre SL, Mehta SR. Higher buccal mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial common deletion number are associated with markers of neurodegeneration and inflammation in cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:281-290. [PMID: 35157246 PMCID: PMC9352370 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is potentially associated with premature aging, but demonstrating this is difficult due to a lack of reliable biomarkers. The mitochondrial (mt) DNA "common deletion" mutation (mtCDM) is a 4977-bp deletion associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases. We examined how mtDNA and mtCDM correlate with markers of neurodegeneration and inflammation in people with and without HIV (PWH and PWOH). Data from 149 adults were combined from two projects involving PWH (n = 124) and PWOH (n = 25). We measured buccal mtDNA and mtCDM by digital droplet PCR and compared them to disease and demographic characteristics and soluble biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood measured by immunoassay. Participants had a median age of 52 years, with 53% white and 81% men. Median mtDNA level was 1,332 copies/cell (IQR 1,201-1,493) and median mtCDM level was 0.36 copies × 102/cell (IQR 0.31-0.42); both were higher in PWH. In the best model adjusting for HIV status and demographics, higher mtDNA levels were associated with higher CSF amyloid-β 1-42 and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and higher mtCDM levels were associated with higher plasma soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II. The differences in mtDNA markers between PWH and PWOH support potential premature aging in PWH. Our findings suggest mtDNA changes in oral tissues may reflect CNS processes, allowing the use of inexpensive and easily accessible buccal biospecimens as a screening tool for CSF inflammation and neurodegeneration. Confirmatory and mechanistic studies on mt genome alterations by HIV and ART may identify interventions to prevent or treat neurodegenerative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Solanky
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jerel A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer E Iudicello
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Donald Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - David B Clifford
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Christina M Marra
- Deparment of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt, Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Leah H Rubin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sanjay R Mehta
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, 92161, USA.
- Infectious Diseases Division, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, 92161, USA.
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5
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Ma Q, Shi X, Chen G, Song F, Liu F, Zheng H, Shi Y, Cai DC. HIV-Associated Structural and Functional Brain Alterations in Homosexual Males. Front Neurol 2022; 12:757374. [PMID: 35095719 PMCID: PMC8796998 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.757374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Neuroimaging elucidations have shown structural and functional brain alterations in HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals when compared to HIV-negative (HIV–) controls. However, HIV− groups used in previous studies were not specifically considered for sexual orientation, which also affects the brain structures and functions. The current study aimed to characterize the brain alterations associated with HIV infection while controlling for sexual orientation. Methods: Forty-three HIV+ and 40 HIV– homosexual men (HoM) were recruited and underwent resting-state MRI scanning. Group differences in gray matter volume (GMV) were assessed using a voxel-based morphometry analysis. Brain regions with the altered GMV in the HIV+ HoM group were then taken as regions of interest in a seed-based analysis to identify altered functional connectivity. Furthermore, the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity values were compared between the two groups to evaluate the HIV-associated functional abnormalities in local brain regions. Results: HIV+ HoM showed significantly increased GMV in the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala, and decreased GMV in the right inferior cerebellum, compared with the HIV– HoM. The brain regions with increased GMV were hyper-connected with the left superior cerebellum, right lingual gyrus, and left precuneus in the HIV+ HoM. Moreover, the ALFF values of the right fusiform gyrus, and left parahippocampal gyrus were increased in the HIV+ HoM. The regional homogeneity values of the right anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri, and left superior cerebellum were decreased in the HIV+ HoM. Conclusion: When the study population was restricted to HoM, HIV+ individuals exhibited structural alterations in the limbic system and cerebellum, and functional abnormalities in the limbic, cerebellum, and visual network. These findings complement the existing knowledge on the HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment from the previous neuroimaging studies by controlling for the potential confounding factor, sexual orientation. Future studies on brain alternations with the exclusion of related factors like sexual orientation are needed to understand the impact of HIV infection on neurocognitive function more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiudong Shi
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guochao Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengxiang Song
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengjun Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huang Zheng
- Shanghai Commercial Sex Worker (CSW) & Man Have Sex With Man (MSM) Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Shi
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yuxin Shi
| | - Dan-Chao Cai
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Dan-Chao Cai
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6
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Wang XH, Song TZ, Zheng HY, Li YH, Zheng YT. Jejunal epithelial barrier disruption triggered by reactive oxygen species in early SIV infected rhesus macaques. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:143-155. [PMID: 34687865 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier destruction occurs earlier than mucosal immune dysfunction in the acute stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. At present, however, the cause of compromised gastrointestinal integrity in early SIV infection remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated the effects of SIV infection on epithelial barrier integrity and explored oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage and apoptosis in epithelial cells from early acute SIVmac239-infected Chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Results showed that the sensitive molecular marker of small intestinal barrier dysfunction, i.e., intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP), was significantly increased in plasma at 14 days post-SIV infection. SIV infection induced a profound decrease in the expression of tight junction proteins, including claudin-1, claudin-3, and zonula occludens (ZO)-1, as well as a significant increase in the active form of caspase-3 level in epithelial cells. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis suggested that differentially expressed genes between pre- and post-SIV-infected jejuna were enriched in pathways involved in cell redox homeostasis, oxidoreductase activity, and mitochondria. Indeed, a SIV-mediated increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the epithelium and macrophages, as well as an increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and decrease in glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) antioxidant defense, were observed in SIV-infected jejuna. In addition, the accumulation of mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA oxidative damage led to an increase in senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and early apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, HIV-1 Tat protein-induced epithelial monolayer disruption in HT-29 cells was rescued by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). These results indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in jejunal epithelial cells are primary contributors to gut epithelial barrier disruption in early SIV-infected rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Hui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primate, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primate, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primate, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Yi-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primate, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primate, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China.
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7
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Buckley S, Byrnes S, Cochrane C, Roche M, Estes JD, Selemidis S, Angelovich TA, Churchill MJ. The role of oxidative stress in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 13:100235. [PMID: 34589750 PMCID: PMC8474476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a leading cause of morbidity in up to 50% of individuals living with HIV, despite effective treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Current evidence suggests that chronic inflammation associated with HIV is especially attributed to the dysregulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to neurodegeneration and poor clinical outcomes. While ROS have beneficial effects in eliciting immune responses to infection, chronic ROS production causes damage to macromolecules such as DNA and lipids that has been linked to altered redox homeostasis associated with antioxidant dysregulation. As a result, this disruption in the balance between antioxidant-dependent mechanisms of ROS inactivation and ROS production by enzymes such as the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family, as well as from the electron transport chain of the mitochondria can result in oxidative stress. This is particularly relevant to the brain, which is exquisitely susceptible to oxidative stress due to its inherently high lipid concentration and ROS levels that have been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases that have similar stages of pathogenesis to HAND. In this review, we discuss the possible role and mechanisms of ROS production leading to oxidative stress that underpin HAND pathogenesis even when HIV is suppressed by current gold-standard antiretroviral therapies. Furthermore, we highlight that pathological ROS can serve as biomarkers for HIV-dependent HAND, and how manipulation of oxidative stress and antioxidant-dependent pathways may facilitate novel strategies for HIV cure. Production of reactive oxygen species has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. ROS production contributes to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. ROS may be used as a biomarker for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Manipulation of antioxidant pathways may present novel HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Buckley
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Byrnes
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Cochrane
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Centre, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas A Angelovich
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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8
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Arabatzis TJ, Wakley AA, McLane VD, Canonico D, Cao L. Effects of HIV gp120 on Neuroinflammation in Immunodeficient vs. Immunocompetent States. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:437-453. [PMID: 32627098 PMCID: PMC7785647 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HIV affects 37 million people worldwide, 25-69% of which develop HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) regardless of antiviral treatment. HIV infection of the brain decreases cognitive function, disrupts/impairs learning and memory, and reduces quality of life for those affected. HIV-induced neuroinflammation has been associated with viral proteins such as gp120 and Tat, which remain elevated in the CNS even in patients with low peripheral viremia counts. In this study, we examined the effects of gp120 on neuroinflammation in immunodeficient vs. immunocompetent states by examining neuroinflammatory markers in gp120tg mice with or without systemic immunodeficiency caused by murine retroviral administration (LP-BM5 murine AIDS). Changes in inflammatory cytokine/chemokine mRNA expression was complex and dependent upon expression of gp120 protein, immunodeficiency status, brain region (hippocampus, frontal lobe, or striatum), and age. Gp120 expression reduced hippocampal synaptophysin expression but did not affect animals' learning/memory on the spontaneous T-maze test in our experimental conditions. Our results emphasize the critical role of the neuroinflammatory micro-environment and the peripheral immune system context in which gp120 acts. Multiple factors, particularly system-level differences in the immune response of different brain regions, need to be considered when developing treatment for HAND. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taxiarhia J Arabatzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New England College of Arts and Sciences, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Alexa A Wakley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Virginia D McLane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Dalton Canonico
- Department of Biology, University of New England College of Arts and Sciences, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Ling Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
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9
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Zulu SS, Abboussi O, Simola N, Mabandla MV, Daniels WMU. Effects of combination antiretroviral drugs (cART) on hippocampal neuroplasticity in female mice. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:325-333. [PMID: 33710598 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) continues despite the introduction of combination antiretroviral drugs (cART). Several studies have reported the neurotoxicity of individual antiretroviral drugs (monotherapy), while the common approach for HIV treatment is through cART. Hence, the current study investigated the effects of long-term exposure to cART on cognitive function, oxidative damage, autophagy, and neuroplasticity in the hippocampus of mice. Female Balb/c mice received a once-a-day oral dose of cART composed of emtricitabine + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or vehicle for 8 weeks. On week 7 of drug administration, all mice were assessed for spatial learning in the Morris water maze (MWM), and then on week 8, mice were sacrificed, and hippocampal tissue dissected from the brain. For biochemical analyses, we measured the concentration of 4-hydroxynonenal, and the expression of autophagic marker LC3B, synaptophysin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. Our results showed that cART exposure increased escape latency in the MWM test. The cART-treated mice also showed increased 4-hydroxynonenal concentration and expression of LC3B. Furthermore, cART treatment decreased the expression of synaptophysin and BDNF. These findings further support the evidence that cART may be neurotoxic and therefore may play a role in the neuropathogenesis of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simo Siyanda Zulu
- School of Laboratory Medicine , and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa. .,Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
| | - Oualid Abboussi
- Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic of Human Pathologies Research Centre, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Musa Vuyisile Mabandla
- School of Laboratory Medicine , and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - William Mark Uren Daniels
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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10
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Bertrand L, Velichkovska M, Toborek M. Cerebral Vascular Toxicity of Antiretroviral Therapy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:74-89. [PMID: 31209776 PMCID: PMC7952282 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with comorbidities that are likely to be driven not only by HIV itself, but also by the toxicity of long-term use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Indeed, increasing evidence demonstrates that the antiretroviral drugs used for HIV treatment have toxic effects resulting in various cellular and tissue pathologies. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a modulated anatomophysiological interface which separates and controls substance exchange between the blood and the brain parenchyma; therefore, it is particularly exposed to ART-induced toxicity. Balancing the health risks and gains of ART has to be considered in order to maximize the positive effects of therapy. The current review discusses the cerebrovascular toxicity of ART, with the focus on mitochondrial dysfunction. Graphical Abstract Graphical representation of the interactions between HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bertrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Room 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Martina Velichkovska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Room 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Room 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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11
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Kumar P, Liu C, Suliburk JW, Minard CG, Muthupillai R, Chacko S, Hsu JW, Jahoor F, Sekhar RV. Supplementing Glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) in Aging HIV Patients Improves Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, Insulin Resistance, Genotoxicity, Strength, and Cognition: Results of an Open-Label Clinical Trial. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100390. [PMID: 33007928 PMCID: PMC7601820 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with HIV (PWH) develop geriatric comorbidities, including functional and cognitive decline at a younger age. However, contributing mechanisms are unclear and interventions are lacking. We hypothesized that deficiency of the antioxidant protein glutathione (GSH) contributes to multiple defects representing premature aging in PWH, and that these defects could be improved by supplementing the GSH precursors glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC). Methods: We conducted an open label clinical trial where eight PWH and eight matched uninfected-controls were studied at baseline. PWH were studied again 12-weeks after receiving GlyNAC, and 8-weeks after stopping GlyNAC. Controls did not receive supplementation. Outcome measures included red-blood cell and muscle GSH concentrations, mitochondrial function, mitophagy and autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial function, genomic damage, insulin resistance, glucose production, muscle-protein breakdown rates, body composition, physical function and cognition. Results: PWH had significant defects in measured outcomes, which improved with GlyNAC supplementation. However, benefits receded after stopping GlyNAC. Conclusions: This open label trial finds that PWH have premature aging based on multiple biological and functional defects, and identifies novel mechanistic explanations for cognitive and physical decline. Nutritional supplementation with GlyNAC improves comorbidities suggestive of premature aging in PWH including functional and cognitive decline, and warrants additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premranjan Kumar
- Translational Metabolism Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.K.); (C.L.)
| | - Chun Liu
- Translational Metabolism Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.K.); (C.L.)
| | - James W. Suliburk
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Charles G. Minard
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | | | - Shaji Chacko
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (J.W.H.); (F.J.)
| | - Jean W. Hsu
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (J.W.H.); (F.J.)
| | - Farook Jahoor
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (J.W.H.); (F.J.)
| | - Rajagopal V. Sekhar
- Translational Metabolism Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.K.); (C.L.)
- Thomas Street HIV-Health Center, Harris Health, Houston, TX 77009, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Kallianpur KJ, Birn R, Ndhlovu LC, Souza SA, Mitchell B, Paul R, Chow DC, Kohorn L, Shikuma CM. Impact of Cannabis Use on Brain Structure and Function in Suppressed HIV Infection. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2020; 10:344-370. [PMID: 32968547 DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2020.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain atrophy and cognitive deficits persist among individuals with suppressed HIV disease. The impact of cannabis use is unknown. METHODS HIV+ and HIV- participants underwent cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological testing. Lifetime frequency, duration (years), and recency of cannabis use were self-reported. Relationships of cannabis use to resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) and to 9 regional brain volumes were assessed with corrections for multiple comparisons. Peripheral blood cytokines and monocyte subsets were measured in the HIV+ group and examined in relation to cannabis exposure. RESULTS We evaluated 52 HIV+ [50.8 ± 7.1 years old; 100% on antiretroviral therapy ≥ 3 months; 83% with plasma viral load < 50 copies/mL] and 55 HIV- [54.0 ± 7.5 years old] individuals. Among HIV+ participants, recent cannabis use (within 12 months) was associated with diminished RSFC, including of occipital cortex, controlling for age. Duration of use correlated negatively with volumes of all regions (most strikingly the nucleus accumbens) independently of recent use and intracranial volume. Recent use was associated with larger caudate and white matter volumes and lower soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations. Duration of use correlated positively with psychomotor speed. Use > 10 times/lifetime was linked to more somatic symptoms, better executive function, and lower CD14+CD16++ monocyte count. CONCLUSION HIV+ individuals demonstrated opposing associations with cannabis. Recent use may weaken RSFC and prolonged consumption may exacerbate atrophy of the accumbens and other brain regions. More frequent or recent cannabis use may reduce the inflammation and CD14+CD16++ monocytes that facilitate HIV neuroinvasion. HIV-specific cannabis studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana J Kallianpur
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Rasmus Birn
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott A Souza
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Brooks Mitchell
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Robert Paul
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri-St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dominic C Chow
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lindsay Kohorn
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Cecilia M Shikuma
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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13
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Gangcuangco LMA, Mitchell BI, Siriwardhana C, Kohorn LB, Chew GM, Bowler S, Kallianpur KJ, Chow DC, Ndhlovu LC, Gerschenson M, Shikuma CM. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is decreased in chronic HIV and correlates with immune dysregulation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231761. [PMID: 32353005 PMCID: PMC7192478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular immunometabolism among people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains under investigated. We assessed the relationships between mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and blood parameters associated with HIV immune dysregulation. Methods PLWH ≥40 years old and on stable ART ≥3 months were enrolled (N = 149). OXPHOS complex I (CI, NADH dehydrogenase) and complex IV (CIV, cytochrome c oxidase) protein levels in PBMCs were quantified using immunoassays. Monocyte subsets and markers of T-cell activation, senescence, and exhaustion were measured on PBMC by flow cytometry. Plasma inflammatory mediators were quantified using a multiplex assay. HIV-uninfected group (N = 44) of similar age, gender, and ethnicity had available OXPHOS levels. Results PLWH had a median age of 51 years. Majority were male (88.6%), Caucasian (57.7%), and with undetectable plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/mL (84.6%). Median CI level was lower in PLWH compared with the HIV-seronegative group (65.5 vs 155.0 optical density/μg protein x 103, p <0.0001). There was no significant difference in median CIV levels. Lower OXPHOS levels correlated with lower CD4% and CD4/CD8 ratio. On multivariable linear regression adjusted for age, current use of zidovudine/didanosine, and HIV RNA (detectable versus undetectable), lower OXPHOS levels were significantly associated with higher MPO, SAA, SAP, and sVCAM, and higher frequencies of intermediate (CD14++CD16+) monocytes and TIGIT+TIM3+ CD4 T-cell (p<0.01). Conclusion CI PBMC protein levels were decreased in PLWH on ART. Decreased OXPHOS correlated with disease severity and inflammation. Further studies on the relationship between immunometabolism and immune dysregulation in HIV are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Glen M. Chew
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Scott Bowler
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | | | - Dominic C. Chow
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | | | | | - Cecilia M. Shikuma
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Kallianpur KJ, Walker M, Gerschenson M, Shikuma CM, Gangcuangco LMA, Kohorn L, Libutti DE, Nir TM, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Paul R. Systemic Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Protein Levels Correlate with Neuroimaging Measures in Chronically HIV-Infected Individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 36:83-91. [PMID: 31617381 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have examined systemic mitochondrial function in conjunction with brain imaging in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Oxidative phosphorylation enzyme protein levels of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured in association with neuroimaging indices in 28 HIV+ individuals. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging yielded volumes of seven brain regions of interest; diffusion tensor imaging determined fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in the corpus callosum (CC). Higher nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase levels correlated with lower volumes of thalamus (p = .005) and cerebral white matter (p = .049) and, in the CC, with lower FA (p = .011, body; p = .005, genu; p = .009, total CC) and higher MD (p = .023, body; p = .035, genu; p = .019, splenium; p = .014, total CC). Greater cytochrome c oxidase levels correlated with lower thalamic (p = .034) and cerebellar gray matter (p = .021) volumes. The results indicate that systemic mitochondrial cellular bioenergetics are associated with brain health in HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana J. Kallianpur
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Center for Translational Research on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Maegen Walker
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Mariana Gerschenson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Cecilia M. Shikuma
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Louie Mar A. Gangcuangco
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Lindsay Kohorn
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Daniel E. Libutti
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Talia M. Nir
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck USC School of Medicine, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck USC School of Medicine, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck USC School of Medicine, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Robert Paul
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri
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15
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Abassi M, Sacktor N. Letter to the Editor. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:897-898. [PMID: 31278534 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Abassi
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Ned Sacktor
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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S100B and its association with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:899-900. [PMID: 31278533 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Zheng W, Zhu WW, Feng ZC, Liang Q, Rong PF, Li LF, Liao YJ, Wang W. Increased serum malondialdehyde levels are associated with grey matter volume loss in patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:230-237. [PMID: 30976547 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Grey matter volume (GMV) loss has been observed in patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Oxidative stress (OS) is a recognized feature and systemic phenomenon of cirrhosis. However, little is known about whether OS is associated with GMV loss in cirrhosis. This study aimed to assess the relationship between oxidative damage and GMV loss in patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis. Methods Thirty-four patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis and 27 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this prospective study. All subjects underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was performed to assess normalized global GMV. As an OS marker, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined in all subjects. In the patient group, a correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between serum MDA levels and normalized global GMV. Results Compared with healthy controls, cirrhotic patients displayed a significant decrease in normalized global GMV and a significant increase in serum MDA levels. In the patient group, serum MDA levels were negatively correlated with normalized global GMV adjusted for age, sex and Child-Pugh class. Conclusions Increased serum MDA levels were associated with GMV loss in patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis, suggesting that oxidative damage may be involved in GMV loss observed in cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Wen-Wei Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Feng
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Peng-Fei Rong
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Li-Feng Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yun-Jie Liao
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Kokubun K, Nemoto K, Oka H, Fukuda H, Yamakawa Y, Watanabe Y. Association of Fatigue and Stress With Gray Matter Volume. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:154. [PMID: 30087602 PMCID: PMC6066525 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is associated with a greater risk for various health problems including reduced gray matter volume (GMV) and density in a number of brain regions. Previous studies show that neuroimaging could be a means to objectively evaluate stress. However, to date, no definite neuroimaging-derived measures are available to detect stress. In this research we used the gray-matter brain healthcare quotient (GM-BHQ), an MRI-based quotient for monitoring brain health based on GMV, as an objective scale to measure the association of stress with the whole brain. We recruited 63 healthy adults to acquire structural T1-weighted images and stress levels evaluated using three representative stress scales: the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS). We found that the GM-BHQ was sensitive to fatigue and the interaction between fatigue and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kokubun
- Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nemoto
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oka
- ImPACT Program of Council for Science, Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, Chiyoda, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fukuda
- ImPACT Program of Council for Science, Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, Chiyoda, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamakawa
- Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,ImPACT Program of Council for Science, Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, Chiyoda, Japan.,Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Japan
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Dimethyl Fumarate Prevents HIV-Induced Lysosomal Dysfunction and Cathepsin B Release from Macrophages. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:345-354. [PMID: 29987592 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are prevalent despite combined antiretroviral therapy, affecting nearly half of HIV-infected patients worldwide. During HIV infection of macrophages secretion of the lysosomal protein, cathepsin B, is increased. Secreted cathepsin B has been shown to induce neurotoxicity. Oxidative stress is increased in HIV-infected patients, while antioxidants are decreased in monocytes from patients with HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an antioxidant, has been reported to decrease HIV replication and neurotoxicity mediated by HIV-infected macrophages. Thus, we hypothesized that DMF will decrease cathepsin B release from HIV-infected macrophages by preventing oxidative stress and enhancing lysosomal function. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were isolated from healthy donors, inoculated with HIV-1ADA, and treated with DMF following virus removal. After 12 days post-infection, HIV-1 p24 and total cathepsin B levels were measured from HIV-infected MDM supernatants using ELISA; intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) were measured from MDM lysates, and functional lysosomes were assessed using a pH-dependent lysosomal dye. Neurons were incubated with serum-free conditioned media from DMF-treated MDM and neurotoxicity was determined using TUNEL assay. Results indicate that DMF reduced HIV-1 replication and cathepsin B secretion from HIV-infected macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Also, DMF decreased intracellular ROS/RNS levels, and prevented HIV-induced lysosomal dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis. In conclusion, the improvement in lysosomal function with DMF treatment may represent the possible mechanism to reduce HIV-1 replication and cathepsin B secretion. DMF represents a potential therapeutic strategy against HAND.
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20
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The role of catecholamines in HIV neuropathogenesis. Brain Res 2018; 1702:54-73. [PMID: 29705605 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The success of anti-retroviral therapy has improved the quality of life and lifespan of HIV + individuals, transforming HIV infection into a chronic condition. These improvements have come with a cost, as chronic HIV infection and long-term therapy have resulted in the emergence of a number of new pathologies. This includes a variety of the neuropathological and neurocognitive effects collectively known as HIVassociated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) or NeuroHIV. These effects persist even in the absence of viral replication, suggesting that they are mediated the long-term changes in the CNS induced by HIV infection rather than by active replication. Among these effects are significant changes in catecholaminergic neurotransmission, especially in dopaminergic brain regions. In HIV-infected individuals not treated with ARV show prominent neuropathology is common in dopamine-rich brain regions and altered autonomic nervous system activity. Even infected individuals on therapy, there is significant dopaminergic neuropathology, and elevated stress and norepinephrine levels correlate with a decreased effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs. As catecholamines function as immunomodulatory factors, the resultant dysregulation of catecholaminergic tone could substantially alter the development of HIVassociated neuroinflammation and neuropathology. In this review, we discuss the role of catecholamines in the etiology of HIV neuropathogenesis. Providing a comprehensive examination of what is known about these molecules in the context of HIV-associated disease demonstrates the importance of further studies in this area, and may open the door to new therapeutic strategies that specifically ameliorate the effects of catecholaminergic dysregulation on NeuroHIV.
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Borgmann K, Ghorpade A. Methamphetamine Augments Concurrent Astrocyte Mitochondrial Stress, Oxidative Burden, and Antioxidant Capacity: Tipping the Balance in HIV-Associated Neurodegeneration. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:433-447. [PMID: 28993979 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) use, with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 comorbidity, exacerbates neurocognitive decline. Oxidative stress is a probable neurotoxic mechanism during HIV-1 central nervous system infection and METH abuse, as viral proteins, antiretroviral therapy and METH have each been shown to induce mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial homeostasis and overall oxidative burden in astrocytes are not well understood in the context of HIV-1 infection and METH abuse. Here, we report METH-mediated dysregulation of astrocyte mitochondrial morphology and function during prolonged exposure to low levels of METH. Mitochondria became larger and more rod shaped with METH when assessed by machine learning, segmentation analyses. These changes may be mediated by elevated mitofusin expression coupled with inhibitory phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein-1, which regulate mitochondrial fusion and fission, respectively. While METH decreased oxygen consumption and ATP levels during acute exposure, chronic treatment of 1 to 2 weeks significantly enhanced both when tested in the absence of METH. Together, these changes significantly increased not only expression of antioxidant proteins, augmenting the astrocyte's oxidative capacity, but also oxidative damage. We propose that targeting astrocytes to reduce their overall oxidative burden and expand their antioxidant capacity could ultimately tip the balance from neurotoxicity towards neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Borgmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
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22
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Cantres-Rosario YM, Acevedo-Mariani FM, Pérez-Laspiur J, Haskins WE, Plaud M, Cantres-Rosario YM, Skolasky R, Méndez-Bermúdez I, Wojna V, Meléndez LM. Microwave & magnetic proteomics of macrophages from patients with HIV-associated cognitive impairment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181779. [PMID: 28746408 PMCID: PMC5528838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-infected monocytes can infiltrate the blood brain barrier as differentiated macrophages to the central nervous system, becoming the primary source of viral and cellular neurotoxins. The final outcome is HIV-associated cognitive impairment (HACI), which remain prevalent today, possibly due to the longer life-span of the patients treated with combined anti-retroviral therapy. Our main goal was to characterize the proteome of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from HACI patients, and its association with their cognitive status, to find novel targets for therapy. METHODS MDM were isolated from the peripheral blood of 14 HIV-seropositive women characterized for neurocognitive function, including: four normal cognition (NC), five asymptomatic (A), and five with cognitive impaired (CI). Proteins from macrophage lysates were isobaric-labeled with the microwave and magnetic (M2) sample preparation method followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based protein identification and quantification. Differences in protein abundance across groups classified by HACI status were determined using analysis of variance. RESULTS A total of 2,519 proteins were identified with 2 or more peptides and 28 proteins were quantified as differentially expressed. Statistical analysis revealed increased abundance of 17 proteins in patients with HACI (p<0.05), including several enzymes associated to the glucose metabolism. Western blot confirmed increased expression of 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and L-Plastin in A and CI patients over NC and HIV seronegatives. CONCLUSIONS This is the first quantitative proteomics study exploring the changes in protein abundance of macrophages isolated from patients with HACI. Further studies are warranted to determine if these proteins may be target candidates for therapy development against HACI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisel M. Cantres-Rosario
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Juliana Pérez-Laspiur
- RCMI Translational Proteomics Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Marines Plaud
- RCMI Translational Proteomics Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Yadira M. Cantres-Rosario
- RCMI Translational Proteomics Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Richard Skolasky
- John Hopkins University, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Israel Méndez-Bermúdez
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Valerie Wojna
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Loyda M. Meléndez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- RCMI Translational Proteomics Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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23
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Ivanov AV, Valuev-Elliston VT, Ivanova ON, Kochetkov SN, Starodubova ES, Bartosch B, Isaguliants MG. Oxidative Stress during HIV Infection: Mechanisms and Consequences. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8910396. [PMID: 27829986 PMCID: PMC5088339 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8910396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is generally acknowledged that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in a variety of natural processes in cells. If increased to levels which cannot be neutralized by the defense mechanisms, they damage biological molecules, alter their functions, and also act as signaling molecules thus generating a spectrum of pathologies. In this review, we summarize current data on oxidative stress markers associated with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection, analyze mechanisms by which this virus triggers massive ROS production, and describe the status of various defense mechanisms of the infected host cell. In addition, we have scrutinized scarce data on the effect of ROS on HIV-1 replication. Finally, we present current state of knowledge on the redox alterations as crucial factors of HIV-1 pathogenicity, such as neurotoxicity and dementia, exhaustion of CD4+/CD8+ T-cells, predisposition to lung infections, and certain side effects of the antiretroviral therapy, and compare them to the pathologies associated with the nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir T. Valuev-Elliston
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga N. Ivanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elizaveta S. Starodubova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
- M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow 142782, Russia
| | - Birke Bartosch
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, INSERM U1052 and CNRS 5286, Lyon University, 69003 Lyon, France
- DevWeCan Laboratories of Excellence Network (Labex), France
| | - Maria G. Isaguliants
- Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- N. F. Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
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