1
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Zeeshan M, Rashpa R, Ferguson DJP, Abel S, Chahine Z, Brady D, Vaughan S, Moores CA, Le Roch KG, Brochet M, Holder AA, Tewari R. Genome-wide functional analysis reveals key roles for kinesins in the mammalian and mosquito stages of the malaria parasite life cycle. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001704. [PMID: 35900985 PMCID: PMC9333250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins are microtubule (MT)-based motors important in cell division, motility, polarity, and intracellular transport in many eukaryotes. However, they are poorly studied in the divergent eukaryotic pathogens Plasmodium spp., the causative agents of malaria, which manifest atypical aspects of cell division and plasticity of morphology throughout the life cycle in both mammalian and mosquito hosts. Here, we describe a genome-wide screen of Plasmodium kinesins, revealing diverse subcellular locations and functions in spindle assembly, axoneme formation, and cell morphology. Surprisingly, only kinesin-13 is essential for growth in the mammalian host while the other 8 kinesins are required during the proliferative and invasive stages of parasite transmission through the mosquito vector. In-depth analyses of kinesin-13 and kinesin-20 revealed functions in MT dynamics during apical cell polarity formation, spindle assembly, and axoneme biogenesis. These findings help us to understand the importance of MT motors and may be exploited to discover new therapeutic interventions against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zeeshan
- University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ravish Rashpa
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David J P Ferguson
- Oxford Brookes University, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
- University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Abel
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Zeinab Chahine
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Declan Brady
- University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Oxford Brookes University, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karine G Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Mathieu Brochet
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony A Holder
- The Francis Crick Institute, Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Tewari
- University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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2
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Perdomo D, Berdance E, Lallinger-Kube G, Sahin A, Dacheux D, Landrein N, Cayrel A, Ersfeld K, Bonhivers M, Kohl L, Robinson DR. TbKINX1B: a novel BILBO1 partner and an essential protein in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei. Parasite 2022; 29:14. [PMID: 35262485 PMCID: PMC8906236 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The flagellar pocket (FP) of the pathogen Trypanosoma brucei is an important single copy structure that is formed by the invagination of the pellicular membrane. It is the unique site of endo- and exocytosis and is required for parasite pathogenicity. The FP consists of distinct structural sub-domains with the least explored being the flagellar pocket collar (FPC). TbBILBO1 is the first-described FPC protein of Trypanosoma brucei. It is essential for parasite survival, FP and FPC biogenesis. In this work, we characterize TbKINX1B, a novel TbBILBO1 partner. We demonstrate that TbKINX1B is located on the basal bodies, the microtubule quartet (a set of four microtubules) and the FPC in T. brucei. Down-regulation of TbKINX1B by RNA interference in bloodstream forms is lethal, inducing an overall disturbance in the endomembrane network. In procyclic forms, the RNAi knockdown of TbKINX1B leads to a minor phenotype with a small number of cells displaying epimastigote-like morphologies, with a misplaced kinetoplast. Our results characterize TbKINX1B as the first putative kinesin to be localized both at the basal bodies and the FPC with a potential role in transporting cargo along with the microtubule quartet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doranda Perdomo
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elodie Berdance
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Gertrud Lallinger-Kube
- Department of Genetics, Bldg. NW1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Annelise Sahin
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Denis Dacheux
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, 33000 Bordeaux, France - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Landrein
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Cayrel
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Klaus Ersfeld
- Department of Genetics, Bldg. NW1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mélanie Bonhivers
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Linda Kohl
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Derrick R Robinson
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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3
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Al Kufi SGJH, Emmerson J, Rosenqvist H, Garcia CMM, Rios-Szwed DO, Wiese M. Absence of DEATH kinesin is fatal for Leishmania mexicana amastigotes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3266. [PMID: 35228627 PMCID: PMC8885694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractKinesins are motor proteins present in organisms from protists to mammals playing important roles in cell division, intracellular organisation and flagellum formation and maintenance. Leishmania mexicana is a protozoan parasite of the order Kinetoplastida causing human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Kinetoplastida genome sequence analyses revealed a large number of kinesins showing sequence and structure homology to eukaryotic kinesins. Here, we investigate the L. mexicana kinesin LmxKIN29 (LmxM.29.0350), also called DEATH kinesin. The activated MAP kinase LmxMPK3, a kinase affecting flagellum length in Leishmania, is able to phosphorylate recombinant full length LmxKIN29 at serine 554. Insect promastigote LmxKIN29 Leishmania null mutants showed no obvious phenotype. However, in mouse infection experiments, the null mutants were unable to cause the disease, whereas LmxKIN29 add-backs and single allele knockouts caused footpad lesions. Localisation using promastigotes expressing GFP-tagged LmxKIN29 revealed that the kinesin is predominantly found in between the nucleus and the flagellar pocket, while in dividing cells the GFP-fusion protein was found at the anterior and posterior ends of the cells indicating a role in cytokinesis. The inability to cause lesions in infected animals and the amino acid sequence divergence from mammalian kinesins suggests that LmxKIN29 is a potential drug target against leishmaniasis.
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4
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Calvo-Álvarez E, Bonnefoy S, Salles A, Benson FE, McKean PG, Bastin P, Rotureau B. Redistribution of FLAgellar Member 8 during the trypanosome life cycle: Consequences for cell fate prediction. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13347. [PMID: 33896083 PMCID: PMC8459223 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The single flagellum of African trypanosomes is essential in multiple aspects of the parasites' development. The FLAgellar Member 8 protein (FLAM8), localised to the tip of the flagellum in cultured insect forms of Trypanosoma brucei, was identified as a marker of the locking event that controls flagellum length. Here, we investigated whether FLAM8 could also reflect the flagellum maturation state in other parasite cycle stages. We observed that FLAM8 distribution extended along the entire flagellar cytoskeleton in mammalian‐infective forms. Then, a rapid FLAM8 concentration to the distal tip occurs during differentiation into early insect forms, illustrating the remodelling of an existing flagellum. In the tsetse cardia, FLAM8 further localises to the entire length of the new flagellum during an asymmetric division. Strikingly, in parasites dividing in the tsetse midgut and in the salivary glands, the amount and distribution of FLAM8 in the new flagellum were seen to predict the daughter cell fate. We propose and discuss how FLAM8 could be considered a meta‐marker of the flagellum stage and maturation state in trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Calvo-Álvarez
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France.,Trypanosome Transmission Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bonnefoy
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Salles
- Unit of Technology and Service Photonic BioImaging (UTechS PBI), C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fiona E Benson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Paul G McKean
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France.,Trypanosome Transmission Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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5
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Bertiaux E, Mallet A, Rotureau B, Bastin P. Intraflagellar transport during assembly of flagella of different length in Trypanosoma brucei isolated from tsetse flies. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs248989. [PMID: 32843573 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms assemble cilia and flagella of precise lengths differing from one cell to another, yet little is known about the mechanisms governing these differences. Similarly, protists assemble flagella of different lengths according to the stage of their life cycle. Trypanosoma brucei assembles flagella of 3 to 30 µm during its development in the tsetse fly. This provides an opportunity to examine how cells naturally modulate organelle length. Flagella are constructed by addition of new blocks at their distal end via intraflagellar transport (IFT). Immunofluorescence assays, 3D electron microscopy and live-cell imaging revealed that IFT was present in all T. brucei life cycle stages. IFT proteins are concentrated at the base, and IFT trains are located along doublets 3-4 and 7-8 and travel bidirectionally in the flagellum. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the total amount of flagellar IFT proteins correlates with the length of the flagellum. Surprisingly, the shortest flagellum exhibited a supplementary large amount of dynamic IFT material at its distal end. The contribution of IFT and other factors to the regulation of flagellum length is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université école doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, 7, quai Saint-Bernard, case 32, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Adeline Mallet
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université école doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, 7, quai Saint-Bernard, case 32, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Ultrastructural Bio Imaging Unit, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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6
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Douglas RL, Haltiwanger BM, Albisetti A, Wu H, Jeng RL, Mancuso J, Cande WZ, Welch MD. Trypanosomes have divergent kinesin-2 proteins that function differentially in flagellum biosynthesis and cell viability. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs129213. [PMID: 32503938 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.129213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, has a flagellum that is crucial for motility, pathogenicity, and viability. In most eukaryotes, the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery drives flagellum biogenesis, and anterograde IFT requires kinesin-2 motor proteins. In this study, we investigated the function of the two T. brucei kinesin-2 proteins, TbKin2a and TbKin2b, in bloodstream form trypanosomes. We found that, compared to kinesin-2 proteins across other phyla, TbKin2a and TbKin2b show greater variation in neck, stalk and tail domain sequences. Both kinesins contributed additively to flagellar lengthening. Silencing TbKin2a inhibited cell proliferation, cytokinesis and motility, whereas silencing TbKin2b did not. TbKin2a was localized on the flagellum and colocalized with IFT components near the basal body, consistent with it performing a role in IFT. TbKin2a was also detected on the flagellar attachment zone, a specialized structure that connects the flagellum to the cell body. Our results indicate that kinesin-2 proteins in trypanosomes play conserved roles in flagellar biosynthesis and exhibit a specialized localization, emphasizing the evolutionary flexibility of motor protein function in an organism with a large complement of kinesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Douglas
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brett M Haltiwanger
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna Albisetti
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Haiming Wu
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert L Jeng
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joel Mancuso
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - W Zacheus Cande
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew D Welch
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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7
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McInally SG, Kondev J, Dawson SC. Length-dependent disassembly maintains four different flagellar lengths in Giardia. eLife 2019; 8:e48694. [PMID: 31855176 PMCID: PMC6992383 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With eight flagella of four different lengths, the parasitic protist Giardia is an ideal model to evaluate flagellar assembly and length regulation. To determine how four different flagellar lengths are maintained, we used live-cell quantitative imaging and mathematical modeling of conserved components of intraflagellar transport (IFT)-mediated assembly and kinesin-13-mediated disassembly in different flagellar pairs. Each axoneme has a long cytoplasmic region extending from the basal body, and transitions to a canonical membrane-bound flagellum at the 'flagellar pore'. We determined that each flagellar pore is the site of IFT accumulation and injection, defining a diffusion barrier functionally analogous to the transition zone. IFT-mediated assembly is length-independent, as train size, speed, and injection frequencies are similar for all flagella. We demonstrate that kinesin-13 localization to the flagellar tips is inversely correlated to flagellar length. Therefore, we propose a model where a length-dependent disassembly mechanism controls multiple flagellar lengths within the same cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane G McInally
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Jane Kondev
- Department of PhysicsBrandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Scott C Dawson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
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8
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Cilia Distal Domain: Diversity in Evolutionarily Conserved Structures. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020160. [PMID: 30769894 PMCID: PMC6406257 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface to fulfill sensory and motility functions. Their basic structure consists of an axoneme templated by a centriole/basal body. Striking differences in ciliary ultra-structures can be found at the ciliary base, the axoneme and the tip, not only throughout the eukaryotic tree of life, but within a single organism. Defects in cilia biogenesis and function are at the origin of human ciliopathies. This structural/functional diversity and its relationship with the etiology of these diseases is poorly understood. Some of the important events in cilia function occur at their distal domain, including cilia assembly/disassembly, IFT (intraflagellar transport) complexes' remodeling, and signal detection/transduction. How axonemal microtubules end at this domain varies with distinct cilia types, originating different tip architectures. Additionally, they show a high degree of dynamic behavior and are able to respond to different stimuli. The existence of microtubule-capping structures (caps) in certain types of cilia contributes to this diversity. It has been proposed that caps play a role in axoneme length control and stabilization, but their roles are still poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on cilia structure diversity with a focus on the cilia distal domain and caps and discuss how they affect cilia structure and function.
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9
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Composition, structure and function of the eukaryotic flagellum distal tip. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:815-828. [PMID: 30464008 PMCID: PMC6281473 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are long extensions commonly found on the surface of eukaryotic cells. In fact, most human cells have a flagellum, and failure to correctly form cilia leads to a spectrum of diseases gathered under the name ‘ciliopathies’. The cilium distal tip is where it grows and signals. Yet, out of the flagellar regions, the distal tip is probably the least intensively studied. In this review, we will summarise the current knowledge on the diverse flagellar tip structures, the dynamicity and signalling that occurs here and the proteins localising to this important cellular region.
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10
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A Grow-and-Lock Model for the Control of Flagellum Length in Trypanosomes. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3802-3814.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Bertiaux E, Mallet A, Fort C, Blisnick T, Bonnefoy S, Jung J, Lemos M, Marco S, Vaughan S, Trépout S, Tinevez JY, Bastin P. Bidirectional intraflagellar transport is restricted to two sets of microtubule doublets in the trypanosome flagellum. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4284-4297. [PMID: 30275108 PMCID: PMC6279389 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is the movement of large protein complexes responsible for the construction of cilia and flagella. Using a combination of three-dimensional electron microscopy and high-resolution live imaging, Bertiaux et al. show that IFT takes place on only four microtubule doublets out of the nine available in the trypanosome flagellum. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is the rapid bidirectional movement of large protein complexes driven by kinesin and dynein motors along microtubule doublets of cilia and flagella. In this study, we used a combination of high-resolution electron and light microscopy to investigate how and where these IFT trains move within the flagellum of the protist Trypanosoma brucei. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) analysis of trypanosomes showed that trains are found almost exclusively along two sets of doublets (3–4 and 7–8) and distribute in two categories according to their length. High-resolution live imaging of cells expressing mNeonGreen::IFT81 or GFP::IFT52 revealed for the first time IFT trafficking on two parallel lines within the flagellum. Anterograde and retrograde IFT occurs on each of these lines. At the distal end, a large individual anterograde IFT train is converted in several smaller retrograde trains in the space of 3–4 s while remaining on the same side of the axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Mallet
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France.,UtechS Ultrastructural Bioimaging (Ultrapole), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Fort
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Blisnick
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bonnefoy
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jamin Jung
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Moara Lemos
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Marco
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 9187, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, INSERM U1196, Orsay, France
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Sylvain Trépout
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 9187, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, INSERM U1196, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- UtechS Photonic Bioimaging (Imagopole), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Image Analysis Hub, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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12
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Crozier TWM, Tinti M, Wheeler RJ, Ly T, Ferguson MAJ, Lamond AI. Proteomic Analysis of the Cell Cycle of Procylic Form Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1184-1195. [PMID: 29555687 PMCID: PMC5986242 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a single-step centrifugal elutriation method to produce synchronous Gap1 (G1)-phase procyclic trypanosomes at a scale amenable for proteomic analysis of the cell cycle. Using ten-plex tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics technology, the expression levels of 5325 proteins were quantified across the cell cycle in this parasite. Of these, 384 proteins were classified as cell-cycle regulated and subdivided into nine clusters with distinct temporal regulation. These groups included many known cell cycle regulators in trypanosomes, which validates the approach. In addition, we identify 40 novel cell cycle regulated proteins that are essential for trypanosome survival and thus represent potential future drug targets for the prevention of trypanosomiasis. Through cross-comparison to the TrypTag endogenous tagging microscopy database, we were able to validate the cell-cycle regulated patterns of expression for many of the proteins of unknown function detected in our proteomic analysis. A convenient interface to access and interrogate these data is also presented, providing a useful resource for the scientific community. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD008741 (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W M Crozier
- From the ‡Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.,§Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Michele Tinti
- From the ‡Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Richard J Wheeler
- ‖Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Tony Ly
- §Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Michael A J Ferguson
- From the ‡Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK;
| | - Angus I Lamond
- §Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK;
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13
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Winter I, Lockhauserbäumer J, Lallinger-Kube G, Schobert R, Ersfeld K, Biersack B. Anti-trypanosomal activity of cationic N -heterocyclic carbene gold(I) complexes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 214:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Vieillard J, Paschaki M, Duteyrat JL, Augière C, Cortier E, Lapart JA, Thomas J, Durand B. Transition zone assembly and its contribution to axoneme formation in Drosophila male germ cells. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:875-89. [PMID: 27646273 PMCID: PMC5037411 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201603086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliary transition zone (TZ) assembly is complex and incompletely understood. Vieillard et al. show that Drosophila Cby and Dila cooperate to assemble the TZ and membrane cap, which, together with microtubule remodeling by kinesin-13, is required for axoneme formation in male germ cells. The ciliary transition zone (TZ) is a complex structure found at the cilia base. Defects in TZ assembly are associated with human ciliopathies. In most eukaryotes, three protein complexes (CEP290, NPHP, and MKS) cooperate to build the TZ. We show that in Drosophila melanogaster, mild TZ defects are observed in the absence of MKS components. In contrast, Cby and Azi1 cooperate to build the TZ by acting upstream of Cep290 and MKS components. Without Cby and Azi1, centrioles fail to form the TZ, precluding sensory cilia assembly, and no ciliary membrane cap associated with sperm ciliogenesis is made. This ciliary cap is critical to recruit the tubulin-depolymerizing kinesin Klp59D, required for regulation of axonemal growth. Our results show that Drosophila TZ assembly in sensory neurons and male germ cells involves cooperative actions of Cby and Dila. They further reveal that temporal control of membrane cap assembly by TZ components and microtubule elongation by kinesin-13 is required for axoneme formation in male germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vieillard
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Duteyrat
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Céline Augière
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Elisabeth Cortier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-André Lapart
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Joëlle Thomas
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
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15
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Liang Y, Meng D, Zhu B, Pan J. Mechanism of ciliary disassembly. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1787-802. [PMID: 26869233 PMCID: PMC11108551 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As motile organelles and sensors, cilia play pivotal roles in cell physiology, development and organ homeostasis. Ciliary defects are associated with a class of cilia-related diseases or developmental disorders, termed ciliopathies. Even though the presence of cilia is required for diverse functions, cilia can be removed through ciliary shortening or resorption that necessitates disassembly of the cilium, which occurs normally during cell cycle progression, cell differentiation and in response to cellular stress. The functional significance of ciliary resorption is highlighted in controlling the G1-S transition during cell cycle progression. Internal or external cues that trigger ciliary resorption initiate signaling cascades that regulate several downstream events including depolymerization of axonemal microtubules, dynamic changes in actin and the ciliary membrane, regulation of intraflagellar transport and posttranslational modifications of ciliary proteins. To ensure ciliary resorption, both the active disassembly of the cilium and the simultaneous inhibition of ciliary assembly must be coordinately regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinwen Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dan Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junmin Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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16
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Microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins in the regulation of assembly, disassembly, and length of cilia and flagella. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 317:241-65. [PMID: 26008787 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Defects in ciliary assembly, maintenance, and signaling are associated with various human diseases and developmental disorders, termed ciliopathies. Eukaryotic flagella and cilia (interchangeable terms) are microtubule-based organelles. Thus, microtubule dynamics and microtubule-dependent transport are predicted to affect the structural integrity and functionality of cilia profoundly. Kinesin-2 is well known for its role in intraflagellar transport to transport ciliary precursors and signaling molecules. Recently, microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins found in kinesin-8, -13, and -14A families have emerged as regulators of cilia. We first discuss ciliary kinesins identified in the flagellar or ciliary proteome, and then focus on the function and regulation of microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins. Lastly, we review the recent advances of microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins in controlling ciliary assembly, disassembly, and length.
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17
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Mitosis, microtubule dynamics and the evolution of kinesins. Exp Cell Res 2015; 334:61-9. [PMID: 25708751 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Huang G, Ulrich PN, Storey M, Johnson D, Tischer J, Tovar JA, Moreno SNJ, Orlando R, Docampo R. Proteomic analysis of the acidocalcisome, an organelle conserved from bacteria to human cells. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004555. [PMID: 25503798 PMCID: PMC4263762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidocalcisomes are acidic organelles present in a diverse range of organisms from bacteria to human cells. In this study acidocalcisomes were purified from the model organism Trypanosoma brucei, and their protein composition was determined by mass spectrometry. The results, along with those that we previously reported, show that acidocalcisomes are rich in pumps and transporters, involved in phosphate and cation homeostasis, and calcium signaling. We validated the acidocalcisome localization of seven new, putative, acidocalcisome proteins (phosphate transporter, vacuolar H+-ATPase subunits a and d, vacuolar iron transporter, zinc transporter, polyamine transporter, and acid phosphatase), confirmed the presence of six previously characterized acidocalcisome proteins, and validated the localization of five novel proteins to different subcellular compartments by expressing them fused to epitope tags in their endogenous loci or by immunofluorescence microscopy with specific antibodies. Knockdown of several newly identified acidocalcisome proteins by RNA interference (RNAi) revealed that they are essential for the survival of the parasites. These results provide a comprehensive insight into the unique composition of acidocalcisomes of T. brucei, an important eukaryotic pathogen, and direct evidence that acidocalcisomes are especially adapted for the accumulation of polyphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhong Huang
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul N Ulrich
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa Storey
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Darryl Johnson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julie Tischer
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Javier A Tovar
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Silvia N J Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ron Orlando
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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19
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Vasudevan KK, Jiang YY, Lechtreck KF, Kushida Y, Alford LM, Sale WS, Hennessey T, Gaertig J. Kinesin-13 regulates the quantity and quality of tubulin inside cilia. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:478-94. [PMID: 25501369 PMCID: PMC4310739 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-09-1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-13, a microtubule-end depolymerase, has been shown to affect the length of cilia, but its ciliary function is unclear. In Tetrahymena thermophila, kinesin-13 positively regulates the axoneme length, influences the properties of ciliary tubulin, and affects the ciliary dynein-dependent motility. Kinesin-13, an end depolymerizer of cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules, also affects the length of cilia. However, in different models, depletion of kinesin-13 either lengthens or shortens cilia, and therefore the exact function of kinesin-13 in cilia remains unclear. We generated null mutations of all kinesin-13 paralogues in the ciliate Tetrahymena. One of the paralogues, Kin13Ap, localizes to the nuclei and is essential for nuclear divisions. The remaining two paralogues, Kin13Bp and Kin13Cp, localize to the cell body and inside assembling cilia. Loss of both Kin13Bp and Kin13Cp resulted in slow cell multiplication and motility, overgrowth of cell body microtubules, shortening of cilia, and synthetic lethality with either paclitaxel or a deletion of MEC-17/ATAT1, the α-tubulin acetyltransferase. The mutant cilia assembled slowly and contained abnormal tubulin, characterized by altered posttranslational modifications and hypersensitivity to paclitaxel. The mutant cilia beat slowly and axonemes showed reduced velocity of microtubule sliding. Thus kinesin-13 positively regulates the axoneme length, influences the properties of ciliary tubulin, and likely indirectly, through its effects on the axonemal microtubules, affects the ciliary dynein-dependent motility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Yang Jiang
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Karl F Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Yasuharu Kushida
- Department of Structural Biosciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Lea M Alford
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Winfield S Sale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Todd Hennessey
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Jacek Gaertig
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602;
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20
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Niwa S. Kinesin superfamily proteins and the regulation of microtubule dynamics in morphogenesis. Anat Sci Int 2014; 90:1-6. [PMID: 25347970 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-014-0259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) are microtubule-dependent molecular motors that serve as sources of force for intracellular transport and cell division. Recent studies have revealed new roles of KIFs as microtubule stabilizers and depolymerizers, and these activities are fundamental to cellular morphogenesis and mammalian development. KIF2A and KIF19A have microtubule-depolymerizing activities and regulate the neuronal morphology and cilia length, respectively. KIF21A and KIF26A work as microtubule stabilizers that regulate axonal morphology. Morphological defects that are similar to human diseases are observed in mice in which these KIF genes have been deleted. Actually, KIF2A and KIF21A have been identified as causes of human neuronal diseases. In this review, the functions of these atypical KIFs that regulate microtubule dynamics are discussed. Moreover, some interesting unanswered questions and hypothetical answers to them are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Niwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, 385 Serra Mall, Herrin Lab 144, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,
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21
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Subota I, Julkowska D, Vincensini L, Reeg N, Buisson J, Blisnick T, Huet D, Perrot S, Santi-Rocca J, Duchateau M, Hourdel V, Rousselle JC, Cayet N, Namane A, Chamot-Rooke J, Bastin P. Proteomic analysis of intact flagella of procyclic Trypanosoma brucei cells identifies novel flagellar proteins with unique sub-localization and dynamics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1769-86. [PMID: 24741115 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.033357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are complex organelles made of hundreds of proteins of highly variable structures and functions. Here we report the purification of intact flagella from the procyclic stage of Trypanosoma brucei using mechanical shearing. Structural preservation was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy that showed that flagella still contained typical elements such as the membrane, the axoneme, the paraflagellar rod, and the intraflagellar transport particles. It also revealed that flagella severed below the basal body, and were not contaminated by other cytoskeletal structures such as the flagellar pocket collar or the adhesion zone filament. Mass spectrometry analysis identified a total of 751 proteins with high confidence, including 88% of known flagellar components. Comparison with the cell debris fraction revealed that more than half of the flagellum markers were enriched in flagella and this enrichment criterion was taken into account to identify 212 proteins not previously reported to be associated to flagella. Nine of these were experimentally validated including a 14-3-3 protein not yet reported to be associated to flagella and eight novel proteins termed FLAM (FLAgellar Member). Remarkably, they localized to five different subdomains of the flagellum. For example, FLAM6 is restricted to the proximal half of the axoneme, no matter its length. In contrast, FLAM8 is progressively accumulating at the distal tip of growing flagella and half of it still needs to be added after cell division. A combination of RNA interference and Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching approaches demonstrated very different dynamics from one protein to the other, but also according to the stage of construction and the age of the flagellum. Structural proteins are added to the distal tip of the elongating flagellum and exhibit slow turnover whereas membrane proteins such as the arginine kinase show rapid turnover without a detectible polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Subota
- From the ‡Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581
| | - Daria Julkowska
- From the ‡Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581
| | | | - Nele Reeg
- From the ‡Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581
| | - Johanna Buisson
- From the ‡Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581
| | - Thierry Blisnick
- From the ‡Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581
| | - Diego Huet
- From the ‡Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581
| | - Sylvie Perrot
- From the ‡Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581
| | - Julien Santi-Rocca
- From the ‡Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581
| | - Magalie Duchateau
- §Proteomics Platform, Institut Pasteur, ¶Structural Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS UMR3528
| | - Véronique Hourdel
- §Proteomics Platform, Institut Pasteur, ¶Structural Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS UMR3528
| | | | - Nadège Cayet
- ‖Imagopole Platform, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- §Proteomics Platform, Institut Pasteur, ¶Structural Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS UMR3528
| | - Philippe Bastin
- From the ‡Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581,
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22
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Jana SC, Marteil G, Bettencourt-Dias M. Mapping molecules to structure: unveiling secrets of centriole and cilia assembly with near-atomic resolution. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 26:96-106. [PMID: 24529251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule (MT)-based cylinders that form centrosomes and can be modified into basal bodies that template the axoneme, the ciliary MT skeleton. These MT-based structures are present in all branches of the eukaryotic tree of life, where they have important sensing, motility and cellular architecture-organizing functions. Moreover, they are altered in several human conditions and diseases, including sterility, ciliopathies and cancer. Although the ultrastructure of centrioles and derived organelles has been known for over 50 years, the molecular basis of their remarkably conserved properties, such as their 9-fold symmetry, has only now started to be unveiled. Recent advances in imaging, proteomics and crystallography, allowed the building of 3D models of centrioles and derived structures with unprecedented molecular details, leading to a much better understanding of their assembly and function. Here, we cover progress in this field, focusing on the mechanisms of centriole and cilia assembly.
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23
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Abstract
Cilia and flagella are surface-exposed, finger-like organelles whose core consists of a microtubule (MT)-based axoneme that grows from a modified centriole, the basal body. Cilia are found on the surface of many eukaryotic cells and play important roles in cell motility and in coordinating a variety of signaling pathways during growth, development, and tissue homeostasis. Defective cilia have been linked to a number of developmental disorders and diseases, collectively called ciliopathies. Cilia are dynamic organelles that assemble and disassemble in tight coordination with the cell cycle. In most cells, cilia are assembled during growth arrest in a multistep process involving interaction of vesicles with appendages present on the distal end of mature centrioles, and addition of tubulin and other building blocks to the distal tip of the basal body and growing axoneme; these building blocks are sorted through a region at the cilium base known as the ciliary necklace, and then transported via intraflagellar transport (IFT) along the axoneme toward the tip for assembly. After assembly, the cilium frequently continues to turn over and incorporate tubulin at its distal end in an IFT-dependent manner. Prior to cell division, the cilia are usually resorbed to liberate centrosomes for mitotic spindle pole formation. Here, we present an overview of the main cytoskeletal structures associated with cilia and centrioles with emphasis on the MT-associated appendages, fibers, and filaments at the cilium base and tip. The composition and possible functions of these structures are discussed in relation to cilia assembly, disassembly, and length regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Satish Tammana TV, Tammana D, Diener DR, Rosenbaum J. Centrosomal protein CEP104 (Chlamydomonas FAP256) moves to the ciliary tip during ciliary assembly. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5018-29. [PMID: 23970417 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.133439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ciliary tip has been implicated in ciliary assembly and disassembly, and signaling, yet information on its protein composition is limited. Using comparative, quantitative proteomics based on the fact that tip proteins will be approximately twice as concentrated in half-length compared with full-length flagella, we have identified FAP256 as a tip protein in Chlamydomonas. FAP256 localizes to the tips of both central pair and outer doublet microtubules (MTs) and it remains at the tip during flagellar assembly and disassembly. Similarly, its vertebrate counterpart, CEP104, localizes on the distal ends of both centrioles of nondividing cells until the mother centriole forms a cilium and then localizes at the tip of the elongating cilium. A null mutant of FAP256 in Chlamydomonas and RNAi in vertebrate cells showed that FAP256/CEP104 is required for ciliogenesis in a high percentage of cells. In those cells that could form cilia, there were structural deformities at the ciliary tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinadh V Satish Tammana
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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25
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Abstract
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton supports a broad range of cellular functions, from providing tracks for intracellular transport, to supporting movement of cilia and flagella, to segregating chromosomes in mitosis. These functions are facilitated by the organizational and dynamic plasticity of MT networks. An important class of enzymes that alters MT dynamics is the depolymerizing kinesin-like proteins, which use their catalytic activities to regulate MT end dynamics. In this review, we discuss four topics surrounding these MT-depolymerizing kinesins. We provide a historical overview of studies focused on these motors and discuss their phylogeny. In the second half, we discuss their enzymology and biophysics and give an overview of their known cellular functions. This discussion highlights the fact that MT-depolymerizing kinesins exhibit a diverse range of design principles, which in turn increases their functional versatility in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Walczak
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405;
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26
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Niwa S, Nakajima K, Miki H, Minato Y, Wang D, Hirokawa N. KIF19A is a microtubule-depolymerizing kinesin for ciliary length control. Dev Cell 2012; 23:1167-75. [PMID: 23168168 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cilia control homeostasis of the mammalian body by generating fluid flow. It has long been assumed that ciliary length-control mechanisms are essential for proper flow generation, because fluid flow generation is a function of ciliary length. However, the molecular mechanisms of ciliary length control in mammals remain elusive. Here, we suggest that KIF19A, a member of the kinesin superfamily, regulates ciliary length by depolymerizing microtubules at the tips of cilia. Kif19a(-/-) mice displayed hydrocephalus and female infertility phenotypes due to abnormally elongated cilia that cannot generate proper fluid flow. KIF19A localized to cilia tips, and recombinant KIF19A controlled the length of microtubules polymerized from axonemes in vitro. KIF19A had ATP-dependent microtubule-depolymerizing activity mainly at the plus end of microtubules. Our results indicated a molecular mechanism of ciliary length regulation in mammals, which plays an important role in the maintenance of the mammalian body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Niwa
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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27
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Hu H, Hu L, Yu Z, Chasse AE, Chu F, Li Z. An orphan kinesin in trypanosomes cooperates with a kinetoplastid-specific kinesin to maintain cell morphology by regulating subpellicular microtubules. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4126-36. [PMID: 22623724 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.106534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are a vital part of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells and are involved in various cellular processes. The cytoskeleton of Trypanosoma brucei is characterized by an array of subpellicular microtubules and is essential for maintenance of cell shape and polarity, but little is known about the regulation of the assembly and organization of the subpellicular microtubule corset. Here, we report that the orphan kinesin TbKIN-D regulates the organization of subpellicular microtubules and is required for maintaining cell morphology. TbKIN-D possesses in vitro ATPase activity, associates with cytoskeletal microtubules and is distributed throughout the cytoskeleton at all cell cycle stages. RNAi of TbKIN-D disrupts the organization of the subpellicular microtubule corset and distorts cell morphology, resulting in round cells with an elongated posterior filled with newly assembled microtubules. Depletion of TbKIN-D also abolishes the segregation of organelles and cytoskeletal structures, suggesting that cellular morphogenesis is essential for proper organelle segregation. Moreover, TbKIN-D deficiency impairs the attachment of the new flagellum without compromising the formation of the flagellum attachment zone. Finally, we identified TbKIN-C, a kinetoplastid-specific kinesin known to regulate subpellicular microtubules and cell morphogenesis in T. brucei, as a partner of TbKIN-D. Further, we demonstrate that interaction between TbKIN-C and TbKIN-D requires the coiled-coil motifs in the C-termini of both proteins. Altogether, our results suggest that TbKIN-D cooperates with TbKIN-C to maintain cell morphology by regulating the organization of the subpellicular microtubule corset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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28
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May SF, Peacock L, Almeida Costa CIC, Gibson WC, Tetley L, Robinson DR, Hammarton TC. The Trypanosoma brucei AIR9-like protein is cytoskeleton-associated and is required for nucleus positioning and accurate cleavage furrow placement. Mol Microbiol 2012; 84:77-92. [PMID: 22329999 PMCID: PMC3488599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIR9 is a cytoskeleton-associated protein in Arabidopsis thaliana with roles in cytokinesis and cross wall maturation, and reported homologues in land plants and excavate protists, including trypanosomatids. We show that the Trypanosoma brucei AIR9-like protein, TbAIR9, is also cytoskeleton-associated and colocalizes with the subpellicular microtubules. We find it to be expressed in all life cycle stages and show that it is essential for normal proliferation of trypanosomes in vitro. Depletion of TbAIR9 from procyclic trypanosomes resulted in increased cell length due to increased microtubule extension at the cell posterior. Additionally, the nucleus was re-positioned to a location posterior to the kinetoplast, leading to defects in cytokinesis and the generation of aberrant progeny. In contrast, in bloodstream trypanosomes, depletion of TbAIR9 had little effect on nucleus positioning, but resulted in aberrant cleavage furrow placement and the generation of non-equivalent daughter cells following cytokinesis. Our data provide insight into the control of nucleus positioning in this important pathogen and emphasize differences in the cytoskeleton and cell cycle control between two life cycle stages of the T. brucei parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie F May
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Hu L, Hu H, Li Z. A kinetoplastid-specific kinesin is required for cytokinesis and for maintenance of cell morphology in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 2012; 83:565-78. [PMID: 22168367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kinesins are motor-based transport proteins that play diverse roles in various cellular processes. The trypanosome genome lacks the homologues of many conserved mitotic kinesins, but encodes a number of trypanosome-specific kinesins with unknown function. Here, we report the biochemical and functional characterization of TbKIN-C, a trypanosome-specific kinesin, which was initially identified through an RNAi screen for cytokinesis genes in T. brucei. TbKIN-C possesses in vitro ATPase activity and associates with cytoskeletal tubulin microtubules in vivo. It is distributed throughout the cytoskeleton with a focal enrichment at the posterior end of the cell during early cell cycle stages. RNAi of TbKIN-C resulted in distorted cell shape with an elongated posterior filled with tyrosinated tubulin microtubules. Silencing of TbKIN-C impaired the segregation of organelles and cytoskeletal structures and led to detachment of the new flagellum and a small portion of the cytoplasm. We also show that RNAi of TbKIN-C compromised cytokinesis and abolished the trans-localization of TbCPC1, a subunit of the chromosomal passenger complex, from the central spindle to the initiation site of cytokinesis. Our results suggest an essential role of TbKIN-C in maintaining cell morphology, likely through regulating microtubule dynamics at the posterior end of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Cilia and flagella are organelles of the cell body present in many eukaryotic cells. Although their basic structure is well conserved from unicellular organisms to mammals, they show amazing diversity in number, structure, molecular composition, disposition and function. These complex organelles are generally assembled by the action of intraflagellar transport, which is powered by kinesin and dynein motor proteins. Several types of kinesins can function in flagella. They all have a well-conserved motor domain with characteristic signatures, but display exhaustive diversification of some domains. This diversity can be explained by the multitude of functions fulfilled by these proteins (transport of cargoes along microtubules, polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules). Functional and phylogenetic analyses reveal that at least seven kinesin families are involved in flagellum assembly and function. In protists, where cilia and flagella fulfill many essential roles, this diversity of function is also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Marande
- Adaptation Processes of Protists to their Environment, UMR7245 CNRS/MNHN Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57, rue Cuvier, CP52, 75231 Paris, France
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