1
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Oliveira DSLD, Paredes V, Caixeta AV, Henriques NM, Wear MP, Albuquerque P, Felipe MSS, Casadevall A, Nicola AM. Hinge influences in murine IgG binding to Cryptococcus neoformans capsule. Immunology 2021; 165:110-121. [PMID: 34458991 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of studies on antibody structure led to the tenet that the V region binds antigens while the C region interacts with immune effectors. In some antibodies, however, the C region affects affinity and/or specificity for the antigen. One example is the 3E5 monoclonal murine IgG family, in which the mIgG3 isotype has different fine specificity to the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule polysaccharide than the other mIgG isotypes despite their identical variable sequences. Our group serendipitously found another pair of mIgG1/mIgG3 antibodies based on the 2H1 hybridoma to the C. neoformans capsule that recapitulated the differences observed with 3E5. In this work, we report the molecular basis of the constant domain effects on antigen binding using recombinant antibodies. As with 3E5, immunofluorescence experiments show a punctate pattern for 2H1-mIgG3 and an annular pattern for 2H1-mIgG1; these binding patterns have been associated with protective efficacy in murine cryptococcosis. Also as observed with 3E5, 2H1-mIgG3 bound on ELISA to both acetylated and non-acetylated capsular polysaccharide, whereas 2H1-mIgG1 only bound well to the acetylated form, consistent with differences in fine specificity. In engineering hybrid mIgG1/mIgG3 antibodies, we found that switching the 2H1-mIgG3 hinge for its mIgG1 counterpart changed the immunofluorescence pattern to annular, but a 2H1-mIgG1 antibody with an mIgG3 hinge still had an annular pattern. The hinge is thus necessary but not sufficient for these changes in binding to the antigen. This important role for the constant region in antigen binding could affect antibody biology and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maggie P Wear
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Maria Sueli Soares Felipe
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - André Moraes Nicola
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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2
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Choi J, Kim M, Lee J, Seo Y, Ham Y, Lee J, Lee J, Kim JK, Kwon MH. Antigen-binding affinity and thermostability of chimeric mouse-chicken IgY and mouse-human IgG antibodies with identical variable domains. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19242. [PMID: 31848417 PMCID: PMC6917740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55805-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Constant (C)-region switching of heavy (H) and/or light (L) chains in antibodies (Abs) can affect their affinity and specificity, as demonstrated using mouse, human, and chimeric mouse-human (MH) Abs. However, the consequences of C-region switching between evolutionarily distinct mammalian and avian Abs remain unknown. To explore C-region switching in mouse-chicken (MC) Abs, we investigated antigen-binding parameters and thermal stability of chimeric MC-6C407 and MC-3D8 IgY Abs compared with parental mouse IgGs and chimeric MH Abs (MH-6C407 IgG and MH-3D8 IgG) bearing identical corresponding variable (V) regions. The two MC-IgYs exhibited differences in antigen-binding parameters and thermal stability from their parental mouse Abs. However, changes were similar to or less than those between chimeric MH Abs and their parental mouse Abs. The results demonstrate that mammalian and avian Abs share compatible V-C region interfaces, which may be conducive for the design and utilization of mammalian-avian chimeric Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Joungmin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Youngsil Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Yeonkyoung Ham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon, 51140, South Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea. .,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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3
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Yanaka S, Yogo R, Inoue R, Sugiyama M, Itoh SG, Okumura H, Miyanoiri Y, Yagi H, Satoh T, Yamaguchi T, Kato K. Dynamic Views of the Fc Region of Immunoglobulin G Provided by Experimental and Computational Observations. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8030039. [PMID: 31544845 PMCID: PMC6784063 DOI: 10.3390/antib8030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a horseshoe-shaped homodimer, which interacts with various effector proteins, including Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). These interactions are critically dependent on the pair of N-glycans packed between the two CH2 domains. Fucosylation of these N-glycans negatively affects human IgG1-FcγRIIIa interaction. The IgG1-Fc crystal structures mostly exhibit asymmetric quaternary conformations with divergent orientations of CH2 with respect to CH3. We aimed to provide dynamic views of IgG1-Fc by performing long-timescale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which were experimentally validated by small-angle X-ray scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Our simulation results indicated that the dynamic conformational ensembles of Fc encompass most of the previously reported crystal structures determined in both free and complex forms, although the major Fc conformers in solution exhibited almost symmetric, stouter quaternary structures, unlike the crystal structures. Furthermore, the MD simulations suggested that the N-glycans restrict the motional freedom of CH2 and endow quaternary-structure plasticity through multiple intramolecular interaction networks. Moreover, the fucosylation of these N-glycans restricts the conformational freedom of the proximal tyrosine residue of functional importance, thereby precluding its interaction with FcγRIIIa. The dynamic views of Fc will provide opportunities to control the IgG interactions for developing therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Yanaka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Rina Yogo
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Rintaro Inoue
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sugiyama
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Satoru G Itoh
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hisashi Okumura
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyanoiri
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tadashi Satoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takumi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
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4
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A rapid solution-based method for determining the affinity of heroin hapten-induced antibodies to heroin, its metabolites, and other opioids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3885-3903. [PMID: 29675707 PMCID: PMC5956019 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe for the first time a method that utilizes microscale thermophoresis (MST) technology to determine polyclonal antibody affinities to small molecules. Using a novel type of heterologous MST, we have accurately measured a solution-based binding affinity of serum antibodies to heroin which was previously impossible with other currently available methods. Moreover, this mismatch approach (i.e., using a cross-reactive hapten tracer) has never been reported in the literature. When compared with equilibrium dialysis combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ED-UPLC/MS/MS), this novel MST method yields similar binding affinity values for polyclonal antibodies to the major heroin metabolites 6-AM and morphine. Additionally, we herein report the method of synthesis of this novel cross-reactive hapten, MorHap-acetamide—a useful analog for the study of heroin hapten–antibody interactions. Using heterologous MST, we were able to determine the affinities, down to nanomolar accuracies, of polyclonal antibodies to various abused opioids. While optimizing this method, we further discovered that heroin is protected from serum esterase degradation by the presence of these antibodies in a concentration-dependent manner. Lastly, using affinity data for a number of structurally different opioids, we were able to dissect the moieties that are crucial to antibody binding. The novel MST method that is presented herein can be extended to the analysis of any ligand that is prone to degradation and can be applied not only to the development of vaccines to substances of abuse but also to the analysis of small molecule/protein interactions in the presence of serum. Strategy for the determination of hapten-induced antibody affinities using Microscale thermophoresis ![]()
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5
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Abstract
IgG antibodies mediate a diversity of immune functions by coupling of antigen specificity through the Fab domain to signal transduction via Fc-Fc receptor interactions. Indeed, balanced IgG signaling through type I and type II Fc receptors is required for the control of proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory processes. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that govern IgG-Fc receptor interactions, highlighting the diversity of Fc receptor-mediated effector functions that regulate immunity and inflammation as well as determine susceptibility to infection and autoimmunity and responsiveness to antibody-based therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
| | - Taia T Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
| | - Rony Dahan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
| | - Jad Maamary
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
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6
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Yagi H, Yanaka S, Kato K. Structure and Dynamics of Immunoglobulin G Glycoproteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1104:219-235. [PMID: 30484251 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2158-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a major serum glycoprotein that exerts the role of antibody in the immune system. This multifunctional glycoprotein couples antigen recognition with a variety of effector functions promoted via interactions with various IgG-binding proteins. Given its versatile functionality, IgG has recently been used for therapeutic interventions. Evidence indicates that the carbohydrate moieties of IgG glycoproteins critically affect their antibody functions, particularly the effector functions mediated by the interactions with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). N-glycans at specific positions of FcγR also contribute both positively and negatively to the interactions with IgG. The integration of multilateral biophysical approaches, including X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations, has provided structural insights into the mechanisms underlying the glycofunctions of this interacting system. The N-glycans of IgG and FcγR mediate their interactions by either strengthening or weakening the affinity on the basis of their glycoforms. Moreover, the N-glycosylation of IgG-Fc is a prerequisite to maintain the integrity of the quaternary structure of the sites interacting with the effector molecules and can also control functionally relevant local conformations. The biopharmaceutical significance of these glycan functions is discussed from a structural point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Saeko Yanaka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
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7
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Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have been evaluated as promising agents in the fight against infectious diseases. HIV-1-specific bNAbs, in particular, have been tested in both preventive and therapeutic modalities. Multiple bNAbs have been isolated, characterized, and assessed in vitro and in vivo, but no single antibody appears to possess the breadth and potency that may be needed if it is to be used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. With the technological advances of the past decades, novel and more effective bNAbs have been identified or engineered for higher neutralizing potency, greater breadth, and increased serum half-life. In this review, we discuss the development of a new generation of anti-HIV-1 bNAbs and their potential to be used clinically for treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Gama
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; , .,Department of Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; ,
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8
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Abstract
The existence of catalytic antibodies has been known for decades. Natural antibodies capable of cleaving nucleic acid, protein, and polysaccharide substrates have been described. Although the discovery of catalytic antibodies initially aroused great interest because of their promise for the development of new catalysts, their enzymatic performance has been disappointing due to low reaction rates. However, in the areas of infection and immunity, where processes often occur over much longer times and involve high antibody concentrations, even low catalytic rates have the potential to influence biological outcomes. In this regard, the presence of catalytic antibodies recognizing host antigens has been associated with several autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, naturally occurring catalytic antibodies to microbial determinants have been correlated with resistance to infection. Recently, there has been substantial interest in harnessing the power of antibody-mediated catalysis against microbial antigens for host defense. Additional work is needed, however, to better understand the prevalence, function, and structural basis of catalytic activity in antibodies. Here we review the available information and suggest that antibody-mediated catalysis is a fertile area for study with broad applications in infection and immunity.
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9
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Yang D, Kroe-Barrett R, Singh S, Roberts CJ, Laue TM. IgG cooperativity - Is there allostery? Implications for antibody functions and therapeutic antibody development. MAbs 2017; 9:1231-1252. [PMID: 28812955 PMCID: PMC5680800 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1367074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A central dogma in immunology is that an antibody's in vivo functionality is mediated by 2 independent events: antigen binding by the variable (V) region, followed by effector activation by the constant (C) region. However, this view has recently been challenged by reports suggesting allostery exists between the 2 regions, triggered by conformational changes or configurational differences. The possibility of allosteric signals propagating through the IgG domains complicates our understanding of the antibody structure-function relationship, and challenges the current subclass selection process in therapeutic antibody design. Here we review the types of cooperativity in IgG molecules by examining evidence for and against allosteric cooperativity in both Fab and Fc domains and the characteristics of associative cooperativity in effector system activation. We investigate the origin and the mechanism of allostery with an emphasis on the C-region-mediated effects on both V and C region interactions, and discuss its implications in biological functions. While available research does not support the existence of antigen-induced conformational allosteric cooperativity in IgGs, there is substantial evidence for configurational allostery due to glycosylation and sequence variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlin Yang
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Rachel Kroe-Barrett
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Sanjaya Singh
- b Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- c Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware , USA
| | - Thomas M Laue
- d Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences , University of New Hampshire , Durham , New Hampshire , USA
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10
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Da Vela S, Roosen-Runge F, Skoda MWA, Jacobs RMJ, Seydel T, Frielinghaus H, Sztucki M, Schweins R, Zhang F, Schreiber F. Effective Interactions and Colloidal Stability of Bovine γ-Globulin in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5759-5769. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Da Vela
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Felix Roosen-Runge
- Institut Max von Laue − Paul Langevin (ILL), CS 20156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France
| | - Maximilian W. A. Skoda
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Robert M. J. Jacobs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tilo Seydel
- Institut Max von Laue − Paul Langevin (ILL), CS 20156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France
| | - Henrich Frielinghaus
- Jülich
Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (JCNS at
MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, Garching D-85747, Germany
| | - Michael Sztucki
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), CS 40220, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38043, France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Max von Laue − Paul Langevin (ILL), CS 20156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France
| | - Fajun Zhang
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
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11
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Bowen A, Wear MP, Cordero RJB, Oscarson S, Casadevall A. A Monoclonal Antibody to Cryptococcus neoformans Glucuronoxylomannan Manifests Hydrolytic Activity for Both Peptides and Polysaccharides. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:417-434. [PMID: 27872188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.767582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in the 1980s first showed that some natural antibodies were "catalytic" and able to hydrolyze peptide or phosphodiester bonds in antigens. Many naturally occurring catalytic antibodies have since been isolated from human sera and associated with positive and negative outcomes in autoimmune disease and infection. The function and prevalence of these antibodies, however, remain unclear. A previous study suggested that the 18B7 monoclonal antibody against glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), the major component of the Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule, hydrolyzed a peptide antigen mimetic. Using mass spectrometry and Förster resonance energy transfer techniques, we confirm and characterize the hydrolytic activity of 18B7 against peptide mimetics and show that 18B7 is able to hydrolyze an oligosaccharide substrate, providing the first example of a naturally occurring catalytic antibody for polysaccharides. Additionally, we show that the catalytic 18B7 antibody increases release of capsular polysaccharide from fungal cells. A serine protease inhibitor blocked peptide and oligosaccharide hydrolysis by 18B7, and a putative serine protease-like active site was identified in the light chain variable region of the antibody. An algorithm was developed to detect similar sites present in unique antibody structures in the Protein Data Bank. The putative site was found in 14 of 63 (22.2%) catalytic antibody structures and 119 of 1602 (7.4%) antibodies with no annotation of catalytic activity. The ability of many antibodies to cleave antigen, albeit slowly, supports the notion that this activity is an important immunoglobulin function in host defense. The discovery of GXM hydrolytic activity suggests new therapeutic possibilities for polysaccharide-binding antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bowen
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Maggie P Wear
- the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Radames J B Cordero
- the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- the Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
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12
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Stearns NA, Pisetsky DS. The role of monogamous bivalency and Fc interactions in the binding of anti-DNA antibodies to DNA antigen. Clin Immunol 2016; 166-167:38-47. [PMID: 27083935 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to DNA (anti-DNA) are the serological hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus. These antibodies can bind DNA avidly by monogamous bivalency, a mechanism which requires the interaction of both Fab combining regions with antigenic determinants on the same polynucleotide. To explore further this mechanism, we tested Fab and F(ab')2 fragments prepared from IgG from patient plasmas in an ELISA with native DNA antigen, detecting antibody with a peroxidase conjugated anti-Fab reagent. These studies showed that Fab fragments, which can only bind monovalently, had negligible activity. Although bivalent F(ab')2 fragments would be predicted to bind DNA, these fragments also showed poor anti-DNA activity. Control studies showed that the fragments retained antibody activity to tetanus toxoid and an EBV antigen preparation. Together, these findings suggest that anti-DNA avidity depends on monogamous bivalency, with the antibody Fc portion also influencing DNA binding, in a mechanism which can be termed Fc-dependent monogamous bivalency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Stearns
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Medical Research Service, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David S Pisetsky
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Medical Research Service, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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13
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Janda A, Bowen A, Greenspan NS, Casadevall A. Ig Constant Region Effects on Variable Region Structure and Function. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:22. [PMID: 26870003 PMCID: PMC4740385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive humoral immune response is responsible for the generation of antimicrobial proteins known as immunoglobulin molecules or antibodies. Immunoglobulins provide a defense system against pathogenic microbes and toxins by targeting them for removal and/or destruction. Historically, antibodies have been thought to be composed of distinct structural domains known as the variable and constant regions that are responsible for antigen binding and mediating effector functions such as opsonization and complement activation, respectively. These domains were thought to be structurally and functionally independent. Recent work has revealed however, that in some families of antibodies, the two regions can influence each other. We will discuss the body of work that led to these observations, as well as the mechanisms that have been proposed to explain how these two different antibody regions may interact in the function of antigen binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Janda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Bowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine New York, NY, USA
| | - Neil S Greenspan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Monoclonal Antibodies Follow Distinct Aggregation Pathways During Production-Relevant Acidic Incubation and Neutralization. Pharm Res 2015; 33:716-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Janda A, Eryilmaz E, Nakouzi A, Pohl MA, Bowen A, Casadevall A. Variable Region Identical IgA and IgE to Cryptococcus neoformans Capsular Polysaccharide Manifest Specificity Differences. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12090-100. [PMID: 25778397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years several groups have shown that isotype switching from IgM to IgG to IgA can affect the affinity and specificity of antibodies sharing identical variable (V) regions. However, whether the same applies to IgE is unknown. In this study we compared the fine specificity of V region-identical IgE and IgA to Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide and found that these differed in specificity from each other. The IgE and IgA paratopes were probed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with (15)N-labeled peptide mimetics of cryptococcal polysaccharide antigen (Ag). IgE was found to cleave the peptide at a much faster rate than V region-identical IgG subclasses and IgA, consistent with an altered paratope. Both IgE and IgA were opsonic for C. neoformans and protected against infection in mice. In summary, V-region expression in the context of the ϵ constant (C) region results in specificity changes that are greater than observed for comparable IgG subclasses. These results raise the possibility that expression of certain V regions in the context of α and ϵ C regions affects their function and contributes to the special properties of those isotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Janda
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Ertan Eryilmaz
- Biotherapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Antonio Nakouzi
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Mary Ann Pohl
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Anthony Bowen
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
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16
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Broadly neutralizing anti-influenza virus antibodies: enhancement of neutralizing potency in polyclonal mixtures and IgA backbones. J Virol 2015; 89:3610-8. [PMID: 25589655 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03099-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Current influenza virus vaccines rely upon the accurate prediction of circulating virus strains months in advance of the actual influenza season in order to allow time for vaccine manufacture. Unfortunately, mismatches occur frequently, and even when perfect matches are achieved, suboptimal vaccine efficacy leaves several high-risk populations vulnerable to infection. However, the recent discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies that target the hemagglutinin (HA) stalk domain has renewed hope that the development of "universal" influenza virus vaccines may be within reach. Here, we examine the functions of influenza A virus hemagglutinin stalk-binding antibodies in an endogenous setting, i.e., as polyclonal preparations isolated from human sera. Relative to monoclonal antibodies that bind to the HA head domain, the neutralization potency of monoclonal stalk-binding antibodies was vastly inferior in vitro but was enhanced by several orders of magnitude in the polyclonal context. Furthermore, we demonstrated a surprising enhancement in IgA-mediated HA stalk neutralization relative to that achieved by antibodies of IgG isotypes. Mechanistically, this could be explained in two ways. Identical variable regions consistently neutralized virus more potently when in an IgA backbone compared to an IgG backbone. In addition, HA-specific memory B cells isolated from human peripheral blood were more likely to be stalk specific when secreting antibodies of IgA isotypes compared to those secreting IgG. Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that HA stalk-binding antibodies perform optimally when in a polyclonal context and that the targeted elicitation of HA stalk-specific IgA should be an important consideration during "universal" influenza virus vaccine design. IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses remain one of the most worrisome global public health threats due to their capacity to cause pandemics. While seasonal vaccines fail to protect against the emergence of pandemic strains, a new class of broadly neutralizing antibodies has been recently discovered and may be the key to developing a "universal" influenza virus vaccine. While much has been learned about the biology of these antibodies, most studies have focused only on monoclonal antibodies of IgG subtypes. However, the study of monoclonal antibodies often fails to capture the complexity of antibody functions that occur during natural polyclonal responses. Here, we provide the first detailed analyses of the biological activity of these antibodies in polyclonal contexts, comparing both IgG and IgA isotypes isolated from human donors. The striking differences observed in the functional properties of broadly neutralizing antibodies in polyclonal contexts will be essential for guiding design of "universal" influenza virus vaccines and therapeutics.
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17
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Tian X, Vestergaard B, Thorolfsson M, Yang Z, Rasmussen HB, Langkilde AE. In-depth analysis of subclass-specific conformational preferences of IgG antibodies. IUCRJ 2015; 2:9-18. [PMID: 25610623 PMCID: PMC4285876 DOI: 10.1107/s205225251402209x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
IgG subclass-specific differences in biological function and in vitro stability are often referred to variations in the conformational flexibility, while this flexibility has rarely been characterized. Here, small-angle X-ray scattering data from IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 antibodies, which were designed with identical variable regions, were thoroughly analysed by the ensemble optimization method. The extended analysis of the optimized ensembles through shape clustering reveals distinct subclass-specific conformational preferences, which provide new insights for understanding the variations in physical/chemical stability and biological function of therapeutic antibodies. Importantly, the way that specific differences in the linker region correlate with the solution structure of intact antibodies is revealed, thereby visualizing future potential for the rational design of antibodies with designated physicochemical properties and tailored effector functions. In addition, this advanced computational approach is applicable to other flexible multi-domain systems and extends the potential for investigating flexibility in solutions of macromolecules by small-angle X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Tian
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Bente Vestergaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Matthias Thorolfsson
- Biopharmaceuticals Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Zhiru Yang
- Biopharmaceuticals Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Life Science Park Road 29, Beijing 102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanne B. Rasmussen
- Biopharmaceuticals Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Annette E. Langkilde
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Correspondence e-mail:
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18
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Weber SS, Ducry J, Oxenius A. Dissecting the Contribution of IgG Subclasses in Restricting Airway Infection withLegionella pneumophila. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4053-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Torres OB, Jalah R, Rice KC, Li F, Antoline JFG, Iyer MR, Jacobson AE, Boutaghou MN, Alving CR, Matyas GR. Characterization and optimization of heroin hapten-BSA conjugates: method development for the synthesis of reproducible hapten-based vaccines. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5927-37. [PMID: 25084736 PMCID: PMC4156789 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A potential new treatment for drug addiction is immunization with vaccines that induce antibodies that can abrogate the addictive effects of the drug of abuse. One of the challenges in the development of a vaccine against drugs of abuse is the availability of an optimum procedure that gives reproducible and high yielding hapten-protein conjugates. In this study, a heroin/morphine surrogate hapten (MorHap) was coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) using maleimide-thiol chemistry. MorHap-BSA conjugates with 3, 5, 10, 15, 22, 28, and 34 haptens were obtained using different linker and hapten ratios. Using this optimized procedure, MorHap-BSA conjugates were synthesized with highly reproducible results and in high yields. The number of haptens attached to BSA was compared by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay, modified Ellman's test and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Among the three methods, MALDI-TOF MS discriminated subtle differences in hapten density. The effect of hapten density on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performance was evaluated with seven MorHap-BSA conjugates of varying hapten densities, which were used as coating antigens. The highest antibody binding was obtained with MorHap-BSA conjugates containing 3-5 haptens. This is the first report that rigorously analyzes, optimizes and characterizes the conjugation of haptens to proteins that can be used for vaccines against drugs of abuse. The effect of hapten density on the ELISA detection of antibodies against haptens demonstrates the importance of careful characterization of the hapten density by the analytical techniques described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar B. Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | - Fuying Li
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | - Joshua F. G. Antoline
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | - Malliga R. Iyer
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | - Arthur E. Jacobson
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | | | - Carl R. Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
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20
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Nosanchuk JD. The interdependence of antibody C and V regions on specificity and affinity: significant implications for the engineering of therapeutic antibodies. Virulence 2014; 4:439-40. [PMID: 23979029 PMCID: PMC5359721 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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21
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Crespillo S, Casares S, Mateo PL, Conejero-Lara F. Thermodynamic analysis of the binding of 2F5 (Fab and immunoglobulin G forms) to its gp41 epitope reveals a strong influence of the immunoglobulin Fc region on affinity. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:594-9. [PMID: 24302742 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c113.524439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies and vaccines based on the induction of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) have become outstanding strategies against HIV-1. Diverse bNAbs recognizing different regions of the HIV-1 envelope have been identified and extensively studied. However, there is little information about the thermodynamics of binding of these bNAbs and their epitopes. We used isothermal titration calorimetry to characterize thermodynamically the interactions between bNAb2F5 (in both the IgG and Fab forms) and its functional and core epitope peptides. We found that these interactions are enthalpically driven and opposed by a negative entropy change. The highest affinity was found for 2F5 IgG for its functional epitope, indicating that additional interactions involving residues flanking the core epitope contribute strongly to higher affinity. In addition, the strong influence of the Fc region on the binding affinity suggests long-range allosteric effects within IgG. Our results provide useful information for developing new therapeutics against HIV-1 and, in a broader scope, contribute to a better understanding of antigen-antibody recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Crespillo
- From the Departamento de Química Física e Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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