1
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Spiteri VA, Doutch J, Rambo RP, Bhatt JS, Gor J, Dalby PA, Perkins SJ. Using atomistic solution scattering modelling to elucidate the role of the Fc glycans in human IgG4. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300964. [PMID: 38557973 PMCID: PMC10984405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) exists as four subclasses IgG1-4, each of which has two Fab subunits joined by two hinges to a Fc subunit. IgG4 has the shortest hinge with 12 residues. The Fc subunit has two glycan chains, but the importance of glycosylation is not fully understood in IgG4. Here, to evaluate the stability and structure of non-glycosylated IgG4, we performed a multidisciplinary structural study of glycosylated and deglycosylated human IgG4 A33 for comparison with our similar study of human IgG1 A33. After deglycosylation, IgG4 was found to be monomeric by analytical ultracentrifugation; its sedimentation coefficient of 6.52 S was reduced by 0.27 S in reflection of its lower mass. X-ray and neutron solution scattering showed that the overall Guinier radius of gyration RG and its cross-sectional values after deglycosylation were almost unchanged. In the P(r) distance distribution curves, the two M1 and M2 peaks that monitor the two most common distances within IgG4 were unchanged following deglycosylation. Further insight from Monte Carlo simulations for glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG4 came from 111,382 and 117,135 possible structures respectively. Their comparison to the X-ray and neutron scattering curves identified several hundred best-fit models for both forms of IgG4. Principal component analyses showed that glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG4 exhibited different conformations from each other. Within the constraint of unchanged RG and M1-M2 values, the glycosylated IgG4 models showed more restricted Fc conformations compared to deglycosylated IgG4, but no other changes. Kratky plots supported this interpretation of greater disorder upon deglycosylation, also observed in IgG1. Overall, these more variable Fc conformations may demonstrate a generalisable impact of deglycosylation on Fc structures, but with no large conformational changes in IgG4 unlike those seen in IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A. Spiteri
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Doutch
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P. Rambo
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh S. Bhatt
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh Gor
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Perkins
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Bergonzo C, Hoopes JT, Kelman Z, Gallagher DT. Effects of glycans and hinge on dynamics in the IgG1 Fc. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37897185 PMCID: PMC11055941 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2270749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain of immunoglobulin subclass IgG1 antibodies is engineered for a wide variety of pharmaceutical applications. Two important structural variables in Fc constructs are the hinge region connecting the Fc to the antigen binding fragments (Fab) and the glycans present in various glycoforms. These components affect receptor binding interactions that mediate immune activation. To design new antibody drugs, a robust in silico method for linking stability to structural changes is necessary. In this work, all-atom simulations were used to compare the dynamic behavior of the four structural variants arising from presence or absence of the hinge and glycans. We expressed the simplest of these constructs, the 'minimal Fc' with no hinge and no glycans, in Escherichia coli and report its crystal structure. The 'maximal Fc' that includes full hinge and G0F/G1F glycans is based on a previously reported structure, Protein Data Bank (PDB) ID: 5VGP. These, along with two intermediate structures (with only the glycans or with only the hinge) were used to independently measure the stability effects of the two structural variables using umbrella sampling simulations. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine free energy effects along the Fc's dominant mode of motion. This work provides a comprehensive picture of the effects of hinge and glycans on Fc dynamics and stability.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bergonzo
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Dr. Rockville, MD, 20850
- The Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr. Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - J. Todd Hoopes
- The Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr. Rockville, MD, 20850
- The Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, 9600 Gudelsky Dr. Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Zvi Kelman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Dr. Rockville, MD, 20850
- The Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr. Rockville, MD, 20850
- The Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, 9600 Gudelsky Dr. Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - D. Travis Gallagher
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Dr. Rockville, MD, 20850
- The Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr. Rockville, MD, 20850
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3
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Abdeldaim DT, Schindowski K. Fc-Engineered Therapeutic Antibodies: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2402. [PMID: 37896162 PMCID: PMC10610324 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal therapeutic antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Fc engineering aims to enhance the effector functions or half-life of therapeutic antibodies by modifying their Fc regions. Recent advances in the Fc engineering of modern therapeutic antibodies can be considered the next generation of antibody therapy. Various strategies are employed, including altering glycosylation patterns via glycoengineering and introducing mutations to the Fc region, thereby enhancing Fc receptor or complement interactions. Further, Fc engineering strategies enable the generation of bispecific IgG-based heterodimeric antibodies. As Fc engineering techniques continue to evolve, an expanding portfolio of Fc-engineered antibodies is advancing through clinical development, with several already approved for medical use. Despite the plethora of Fc-based mutations that have been analyzed in in vitro and in vivo models, we focus here in this review on the relevant Fc engineering strategies of approved therapeutic antibodies to finetune effector functions, to modify half-life and to stabilize asymmetric bispecific IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia T. Abdeldaim
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, 88400 Biberach, Germany;
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, 88400 Biberach, Germany;
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4
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Svilenov HL, Delhommel F, Siebenmorgen T, Rührnößl F, Popowicz GM, Reiter A, Sattler M, Brockmeyer C, Buchner J. Extrinsic stabilization of antiviral ACE2-Fc fusion proteins targeting SARS-CoV-2. Commun Biol 2023; 6:386. [PMID: 37031320 PMCID: PMC10082628 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04762-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a viral receptor used by sarbecoviruses to infect cells. Fusion proteins comprising extracellular ACE2 domains and the Fc part of immunoglobulins exhibit high virus neutralization efficiency, but the structure and stability of these molecules are poorly understood. We show that although the hinge between the ACE2 and the IgG4-Fc is highly flexible, the conformational dynamics of the two ACE2 domains is restricted by their association. Interestingly, the conformational stability of the ACE2 moiety is much lower than that of the Fc part. We found that chemical compounds binding to ACE2, such as DX600 and MLN4760, can be used to strongly increase the thermal stability of the ACE2 by different mechanisms. Together, our findings reveal a general concept for stabilizing the labile receptor segments of therapeutic antiviral fusion proteins by chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristo L Svilenov
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA) and School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Florent Delhommel
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Bavarian NMR Center, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Munich, Germany
| | - Till Siebenmorgen
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Bavarian NMR Center, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Rührnößl
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA) and School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Bavarian NMR Center, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Bavarian NMR Center, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA) and School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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5
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van Kampen MD, Kuipers-De Wilt LH, van Egmond ML, Reinders-Blankert P, van den Bremer ET, Wang G, Heck AJ, Parren PW, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, de Jong RN. Biophysical characterization and stability of modified IgG1 antibodies with different hexamerization propensities. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1587-1598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Liu R, Wu L, Feng H, Tang F, Si H, Yao X, He W. The study on the interactions of two 1,2,3-triazoles with several biological macromolecules by multiple spectroscopic methodologies and molecular docking. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 243:118795. [PMID: 32814256 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
1-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (CPTC) and 5-(3-chlorophenyl) -1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (PCTA) are two new derivatives of 1,2,3-triazole. Their structural and spectral properties were characterized by density functional theory calculations (DFT). The binding properties of CPTC or PCTA with several typical biomacromolecules such as human serum albumin (HSA), bovine hemoglobin (BHb), human immunoglobulin (HIgG) or DNA were investigated by molecular docking and multiple spectroscopic methodologies. The different parameters including binding constants and thermodynamic parameters for CPTC/PCTA-HSA/BHb/HIgG/DNA systems were obtained based on various fluorescence enhancement or quenching mechanisms. The results of binding constants indicated that there were the strong interactions between two triazoles and four biological macromolecules due to the higher order of magnitude between 103 and 105. The values of thermodynamic parameters revealed that the binding forces for these systems are mainly hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic force, or hydrogen bond, respectively, which are in agreement with the results of molecular docking to a certain extent. Moreover, the information from synchronous, 3D fluorescence and UV-Vis spectroscopies proved that two compounds CPTC and PCTA could affect the microenvironment of amino acids residues of three kinds of proteins. Based on the above experimental results, a comparison of the interaction mechanisms for CPTC/PCTA-proteins/DNA systems have been performed in view of their different molecular structures, which is beneficial for the further research in order to design them as the novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, 571158 Haikou, China
| | - Luyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, 571158 Haikou, China
| | - Huajie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, 571158 Haikou, China
| | - Fengqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, 571158 Haikou, China
| | - Hongzong Si
- Institute for Computational Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- College of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenying He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, 571158 Haikou, China.
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7
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Yamaguchi Y, Barb AW. A synopsis of recent developments defining how N-glycosylation impacts immunoglobulin G structure and function. Glycobiology 2020; 30:214-225. [PMID: 31822882 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the fastest growing group of drugs with 11 new antibodies or antibody-drug conjugates approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2018. Many mAbs require effector function for efficacy, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity triggered following contact of an immunoglobulin G (IgG)-coated particle with activating crystallizable fragment (Fc) γ receptors (FcγRs) expressed by leukocytes. Interactions between IgG1 and the FcγRs require post-translational modification of the Fc with an asparagine-linked carbohydrate (N-glycan). Though the structure of IgG1 Fc and the role of Fc N-glycan composition on disease were known for decades, the underlying mechanism of how the N-glycan affected FcγR binding was not defined until recently. This review will describe the current understanding of how N-glycosylation impacts the structure and function of the IgG1 Fc and describe new techniques that are poised to provide the next critical breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam W Barb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
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8
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Wang H, Xu Q, Zhao C, Zhu Z, Zhu X, Zhou J, Zhang S, Yang T, Zhang B, Li J, Yan M, Liu R, Ma C, Quan Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Geng Y, Chen C, Chen S, Liu D, Chen Y, Tian D, Su M, Chen X, Gu J. An immune evasion mechanism with IgG4 playing an essential role in cancer and implication for immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-000661. [PMID: 32819973 PMCID: PMC7443307 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent impressive advances in cancer immunotherapy have been largely derived from cellular immunity. The role of humoral immunity in carcinogenesis has been less understood. Based on our previous observations we hypothesize that an immunoglobulin subtype IgG4 plays an essential role in cancer immune evasion. METHODS The distribution, abundance, actions, properties and possible mechanisms of IgG4 were investigated with human cancer samples and animal tumor models with an extensive array of techniques both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In a cohort of patients with esophageal cancer we found that IgG4-containing B lymphocytes and IgG4 concentration were significantly increased in cancer tissue and IgG4 concentrations increased in serum of patients with cancer. Both were positively related to increased cancer malignancy and poor prognoses, that is, more IgG4 appeared to associate with more aggressive cancer growth. We further found that IgG4, regardless of its antigen specificity, inhibited the classic immune reactions of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis and complement-dependent cytotoxicity against cancer cells in vitro, and these effects were obtained through its Fc fragment reacting to the Fc fragments of cancer-specific IgG1 that has been bound to cancer antigens. We also found that IgG4 competed with IgG1 in reacting to Fc receptors of immune effector cells. Therefore, locally increased IgG4 in cancer microenvironment should inhibit antibody-mediated anticancer responses and help cancer to evade local immune attack and indirectly promote cancer growth. This hypothesis was verified in three different immune potent mouse models. We found that local application of IgG4 significantly accelerated growth of inoculated breast and colorectal cancers and carcinogen-induced skin papilloma. We also tested the antibody drug for cancer immunotherapy nivolumab, which was IgG4 in nature with a stabilizing S228P mutation, and found that it significantly promoted cancer growth in mice. This may provide an explanation to the newly appeared hyperprogressive disease sometimes associated with cancer immunotherapy. CONCLUSION There appears to be a previously unrecognized immune evasion mechanism with IgG4 playing an essential role in cancer microenvironment with implications in cancer diagnosis and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chanyuan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Junjie Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuming Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tiqun Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Biying Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Meiling Yan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Renming Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Changchun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Quan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yongqu Zhang
- Department of Breast Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yiqun Geng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chuangzhen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaobin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ditian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongping Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Min Su
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xueling Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Jinxin Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu, China
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9
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Vankemmelbeke M, McIntosh RS, Chua JX, Kirk T, Daniels I, Patsalidou M, Moss R, Parsons T, Scott D, Harris G, Ramage JM, Spendlove I, Durrant LG. Engineering the Human Fc Region Enables Direct Cell Killing by Cancer Glycan-Targeting Antibodies without the Need for Immune Effector Cells or Complement. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3399-3412. [PMID: 32532823 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Murine IgG3 glycan-targeting mAb often induces direct cell killing in the absence of immune effector cells or complement via a proinflammatory mechanism resembling oncotic necrosis. This cancer cell killing is due to noncovalent association between Fc regions of neighboring antibodies, resulting in enhanced avidity. Human isotypes do not contain the residues underlying this cooperative binding mode; consequently, the direct cell killing of mouse IgG3 mAb is lost upon chimerization or humanization. Using the Lewisa/c/x -targeting 88mAb, we identified the murine IgG3 residues underlying the direct cell killing and increased avidity via a series of constant region shuffling and subdomain swapping approaches to create improved ("i") chimeric mAb with enhanced tumor killing in vitro and in vivo. Constant region shuffling identified a major CH3 and a minor CH2 contribution, which was further mapped to discontinuous regions among residues 286-306 and 339-378 that, when introduced in 88hIgG1, recapitulated the direct cell killing and avidity of 88mIgG3. Of greater interest was the creation of a sialyl-di-Lewisa-targeting i129G1 mAb via introduction of these selected residues into 129hIgG1, converting it into a direct cell killing mAb with enhanced avidity and significant in vivo tumor control. The human iG1 mAb, termed Avidimabs, retained effector functions, paving the way for the proinflammatory direct cell killing to promote antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity through relief of immunosuppression. Ultimately, Fc engineering of human glycan-targeting IgG1 mAb confers proinflammatory direct cell killing and enhanced avidity, an approach that could be used to improve the avidity of other mAb with therapeutic potential. SIGNIFICANCE: Fc engineering enhances avidity and direct cell killing of cancer-targeting anti-glycan antibodies to create superior clinical candidates for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Vankemmelbeke
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S McIntosh
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Xin Chua
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Kirk
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Daniels
- Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Patsalidou
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Moss
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Parsons
- Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Scott
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Harris
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Judith M Ramage
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Spendlove
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy G Durrant
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom. .,Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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10
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Su Y, Wang B, Zhang Y, Ruan Z, Bai H, Wan J, Xu C, Li G, Wang S, Ai H, Xiong L, Geng H. Mass spectrometric determination of disulfide bonds and free cysteine in grass carp IgM isoforms. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:287-296. [PMID: 31669895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are fundamental in establishing Ig structure and maintaining Ig biological function. Here, we analysed disulfide bonds and free cysteine in three grass carp IgM isoforms (monomeric, dimeric/trimeric, and tetrameric IgM) by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The results revealed that Cys574 residue status at the C-terminal tail differed substantially in monomeric IgM in comparison with polymeric IgM, Cys574 was found as free thiol in monomeric IgM, while it formed disulfide linkages in dimeric/trimeric and tetrameric IgM. Five intra-chain disulfide bonds in the CH1~CH4 and CL1 domains, as well as one H-H and one H-L inter-chain disulfide linkages, were also observed and shown identical connectivity in monomeric, dimeric/trimeric, and tetrameric IgM. These findings represent the first experimental assignments of disulfide linkages of grass carp IgM and reveal that grass carp IgM isoform formation is due to alternative disulfide bonds connecting the Cys574 residue at the C-terminal tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Su
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zilun Ruan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Guoqi Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Shengqiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hui Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hui Geng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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11
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Saunders KO. Conceptual Approaches to Modulating Antibody Effector Functions and Circulation Half-Life. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1296. [PMID: 31231397 PMCID: PMC6568213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and Fc-fusion antibody-like proteins have become successful biologics developed for cancer treatment, passive immunity against infection, addiction, and autoimmune diseases. In general these biopharmaceuticals can be used for blocking protein:protein interactions, crosslinking host receptors to induce signaling, recruiting effector cells to targets, and fixing complement. With the vast capability of antibodies to affect infectious and genetic diseases much effort has been placed on improving and tailoring antibodies for specific functions. While antibody:antigen engagement is critical for an efficacious antibody biologic, equally as important are the hinge and constant domains of the heavy chain. It is the hinge and constant domains of the antibody that engage host receptors or complement protein to mediate a myriad of effector functions and regulate antibody circulation. Molecular and structural studies have provided insight into how the hinge and constant domains from antibodies across different species, isotypes, subclasses, and alleles are recognized by host cell receptors and complement protein C1q. The molecular details of these interactions have led to manipulation of the sequences and glycosylation of hinge and constant domains to enhance or reduce antibody effector functions and circulating half-life. This review will describe the concepts being applied to optimize the hinge and crystallizable fragment of antibodies, and it will detail how these interactions can be tuned up or down to mediate a biological function that confers a desired disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O. Saunders
- Laboratory of Protein Expression, Departments of Surgery, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
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12
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Casaletto JB, Geddie ML, Abu-Yousif AO, Masson K, Fulgham A, Boudot A, Maiwald T, Kearns JD, Kohli N, Su S, Razlog M, Raue A, Kalra A, Håkansson M, Logan DT, Welin M, Chattopadhyay S, Harms BD, Nielsen UB, Schoeberl B, Lugovskoy AA, MacBeath G. MM-131, a bispecific anti-Met/EpCAM mAb, inhibits HGF-dependent and HGF-independent Met signaling through concurrent binding to EpCAM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7533-7542. [PMID: 30898885 PMCID: PMC6462049 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819085116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the Met receptor tyrosine kinase, either by its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), or via ligand-independent mechanisms, such as MET amplification or receptor overexpression, has been implicated in driving tumor proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. Clinical development of Met-targeted antibodies has been challenging, however, as bivalent antibodies exhibit agonistic properties, whereas monovalent antibodies lack potency and the capacity to down-regulate Met. Through computational modeling, we found that the potency of a monovalent antibody targeting Met could be dramatically improved by introducing a second binding site that recognizes an unrelated, highly expressed antigen on the tumor cell surface. Guided by this prediction, we engineered MM-131, a bispecific antibody that is monovalent for both Met and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). MM-131 is a purely antagonistic antibody that blocks ligand-dependent and ligand-independent Met signaling by inhibiting HGF binding to Met and inducing receptor down-regulation. Together, these mechanisms lead to inhibition of proliferation in Met-driven cancer cells, inhibition of HGF-mediated cancer cell migration, and inhibition of tumor growth in HGF-dependent and -independent mouse xenograft models. Consistent with its design, MM-131 is more potent in EpCAM-high cells than in EpCAM-low cells, and its potency decreases when EpCAM levels are reduced by RNAi. Evaluation of Met, EpCAM, and HGF levels in human tumor samples reveals that EpCAM is expressed at high levels in a wide range of Met-positive tumor types, suggesting a broad opportunity for clinical development of MM-131.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa L Geddie
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Adnan O Abu-Yousif
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Kristina Masson
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Aaron Fulgham
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Antoine Boudot
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Tim Maiwald
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jeffrey D Kearns
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Neeraj Kohli
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Stephen Su
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Maja Razlog
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Andreas Raue
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139;
| | - Ashish Kalra
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Maria Håkansson
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Derek T Logan
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Welin
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Brian D Harms
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ulrik B Nielsen
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Birgit Schoeberl
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Alexey A Lugovskoy
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Gavin MacBeath
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139;
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13
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Tolbert WD, Subedi GP, Gohain N, Lewis GK, Patel KR, Barb AW, Pazgier M. From Rhesus macaque to human: structural evolutionary pathways for immunoglobulin G subclasses. MAbs 2019; 11:709-724. [PMID: 30939981 PMCID: PMC6601566 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1589852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Old World monkey, Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta, Mm), is frequently used as a primate model organism in the study of human disease and to test new vaccines/antibody treatments despite diverging before chimpanzees and orangutans. Mm and humans share 93% genome identity with substantial differences in the genes of the adaptive immune system that lead to different functional IgG subclass characteristics, Fcγ receptors expressed on innate immune cells, and biological interactions. These differences put limitations on Mm use as a primary animal model in the study of human disease and to test new vaccines/antibody treatments. Here, we comprehensively analyzed molecular properties of the Fc domain of the four IgG subclasses of Rhesus macaque to describe potential mechanisms for their interactions with effector cell Fc receptors. Our studies revealed less diversity in the overall structure among the Mm IgG Fc, with MmIgG1 Fc being the most structurally like human IgG3, although its CH2 loops and N297 glycan mobility are comparable to human IgG1. Furthermore, the Fcs of Mm IgG3 and 4 lack the structural properties typical for their human orthologues that determine IgG3's reduced interaction with the neonatal receptor and IgG4's ability for Fab-arm exchange and its weaker Fcγ receptor interactions. Taken together, our data indicate that MmIgG1-4 are less structurally divergent than the human IgGs, with only MmIgG1 matching the molecular properties of human IgG1 and 3, the most active IgGs in terms of Fcγ receptor binding and Fc-mediated functions. PDB accession numbers for deposited structures are 6D4E, 6D4I, 6D4M, and 6D4N for MmIgG1 Fc, MmIgG2 Fc, MmIgG3 Fc, and MmIgG4 Fc, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- William David Tolbert
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ganesh Prasad Subedi
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology of Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George Kenneth Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kashyap Rajesh Patel
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology of Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Adam Wesley Barb
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology of Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
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14
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Cao X, Flagg SC, Li X, Chennamsetty N, Balakrishnan G, Das TK. Quadrupole Dalton-Based Controlled Proteolysis Method for Characterization of Higher Order Protein Structure. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5339-5345. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cao
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Shannon C. Flagg
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Xue Li
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Naresh Chennamsetty
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Gurusamy Balakrishnan
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Tapan K. Das
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
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15
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Liu M, Hao M. Unique properties of IgG4 antibody and its clinical application in autoimmune pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:1121-1131. [PMID: 30175675 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1476915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is defined as a unique form of chronic pancreatitis characterized by clinical presentation with obstructive jaundice, a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and fibrosis histologically, and a dramatic response to steroids therapeutically. The possible role of IgG4 in driving the pathology of AIP is a controversial subject that has not been addressed satisfactorily. Objective: The purpose of this review is to discuss the unique biology of IgG4 that are important for its role and the clinical applications for serologic detection. METHODS Review of current literature about IgG4 antibody in the clinical application in AIP. RESULTS High serum levels of IgG4 are an important biomarker and broadly used for diagnosis, differentiation from diseases especially pancreatic cancer, and as a parameter to indicate disease activity, extra-pancreatic lesions, and treatment monitoring. However, some controversial studies show it has a limited specificity and sensitivity in these conditions. Conclusion: Although increasing studies have promoted our understanding of the structure and function of IgG4, there is still dilemma between the beneficial and the adverse aspect of IgG4 in the pathogenesis of AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory , Jinan Dermatosis Prevention and Control Hospital , Jinan , People's Republic of China
| | - Mingju Hao
- b Department of Clinical Laboratory , Qianfo Mountain Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , People's Republic of China
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16
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Lilienthal GM, Rahmöller J, Petry J, Bartsch YC, Leliavski A, Ehlers M. Potential of Murine IgG1 and Human IgG4 to Inhibit the Classical Complement and Fcγ Receptor Activation Pathways. Front Immunol 2018; 9:958. [PMID: 29867943 PMCID: PMC5954034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IgG antibodies (Abs) mediate their effector functions through the interaction with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) and the complement factors. The main IgG-mediated complement activation pathway is induced through the binding of complement C1q to IgG Abs. This interaction is dependent on antigen-dependent hexamer formation of human IgG1 and IgG3 to increase the affinity for the six-headed C1q molecule. By contrast, human IgG4 fails to bind to C1q. Instead, it has been suggested that human IgG4 can block IgG1 and IgG3 hexamerization required for their binding to C1q and activating the complement. Here, we show that murine IgG1, which functionally resembles human IgG4 by not interacting with C1q, inhibits the binding of IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 to C1q in vitro, and suppresses IgG2a-mediated complement activation in a hemolytic assay in an antigen-dependent and IgG subclass-specific manner. From this perspective, we discuss the potential of murine IgG1 and human IgG4 to block the complement activation as well as suppressive effects of sialylated IgG subclass Abs on FcγR-mediated immune cell activation. Accumulating evidence suggests that both mechanisms seem to be responsible for preventing uncontrolled IgG (auto)Ab-induced inflammation in mice and humans. Distinct IgG subclass distributions and functionally opposite IgG Fc glycosylation patterns might explain different outcomes of IgG-mediated immune responses and provide new therapeutic options through the induction, enrichment, or application of antigen-specific sialylated human IgG4 to prevent complement and FcγR activation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina-Maria Lilienthal
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute for Nutrition Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johann Rahmöller
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute for Nutrition Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Janina Petry
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute for Nutrition Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yannic C Bartsch
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute for Nutrition Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexei Leliavski
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute for Nutrition Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marc Ehlers
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute for Nutrition Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), University of Lübeck, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
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17
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Ugurlar D, Howes SC, de Kreuk BJ, Koning RI, de Jong RN, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, Koster AJ, Sharp TH, Parren PWHI, Gros P. Structures of C1-IgG1 provide insights into how danger pattern recognition activates complement. Science 2018; 359:794-797. [PMID: 29449492 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao4988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Danger patterns on microbes or damaged host cells bind and activate C1, inducing innate immune responses and clearance through the complement cascade. How these patterns trigger complement initiation remains elusive. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy analyses of C1 bound to monoclonal antibodies in which we observed heterogeneous structures of single and clustered C1-immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) hexamer complexes. Distinct C1q binding sites are observed on the two Fc-CH2 domains of each IgG molecule. These are consistent with known interactions and also reveal additional interactions, which are supported by functional IgG1-mutant analysis. Upon antibody binding, the C1q arms condense, inducing rearrangements of the C1r2s2 proteases and tilting C1q's cone-shaped stalk. The data suggest that C1r may activate C1s within single, strained C1 complexes or between neighboring C1 complexes on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Ugurlar
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stuart C Howes
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Roman I Koning
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.,NeCEN, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Abraham J Koster
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.,NeCEN, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Sharp
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Paul W H I Parren
- Genmab, Yalelaan 60, 3584 CM Utrecht, Netherlands. .,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Piet Gros
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
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18
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Mimura Y, Katoh T, Saldova R, O'Flaherty R, Izumi T, Mimura-Kimura Y, Utsunomiya T, Mizukami Y, Yamamoto K, Matsumoto T, Rudd PM. Glycosylation engineering of therapeutic IgG antibodies: challenges for the safety, functionality and efficacy. Protein Cell 2018; 9:47-62. [PMID: 28597152 PMCID: PMC5777974 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of the Fc region of IgG has a profound impact on the safety and clinical efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. While the biantennary complex-type oligosaccharide attached to Asn297 of the Fc is essential for antibody effector functions, fucose and outer-arm sugars attached to the core heptasaccharide that generate structural heterogeneity (glycoforms) exhibit unique biological activities. Hence, efficient and quantitative glycan analysis techniques have been increasingly important for the development and quality control of therapeutic antibodies, and glycan profiles of the Fc are recognized as critical quality attributes. In the past decade our understanding of the influence of glycosylation on the structure/function of IgG-Fc has grown rapidly through X-ray crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance studies, which provides possibilities for the design of novel antibody therapeutics. Furthermore, the chemoenzymatic glycoengineering approach using endoglycosidase-based glycosynthases may facilitate the development of homogeneous IgG glycoforms with desirable functionality as next-generation therapeutic antibodies. Thus, the Fc glycans are fertile ground for the improvement of the safety, functionality, and efficacy of therapeutic IgG antibodies in the era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mimura
- Department of Clinical Research, NHO Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, 685 Higashi-Kiwa, Ube, 755-0241, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Katoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bioresponse, Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Roisin O'Flaherty
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tomonori Izumi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yuka Mimura-Kimura
- Department of Clinical Research, NHO Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, 685 Higashi-Kiwa, Ube, 755-0241, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Utsunomiya
- Department of Clinical Research, NHO Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, 685 Higashi-Kiwa, Ube, 755-0241, Japan
| | - Yoichi Mizukami
- Center for Gene Research, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Research, NHO Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, 685 Higashi-Kiwa, Ube, 755-0241, Japan
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Dublin 4, Ireland
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19
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Human myeloma IgG4 reveals relatively rigid asymmetric Y-like structure with different conformational stability of C H 2 domains. Mol Immunol 2017; 92:199-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Tam SH, McCarthy SG, Armstrong AA, Somani S, Wu SJ, Liu X, Gervais A, Ernst R, Saro D, Decker R, Luo J, Gilliland GL, Chiu ML, Scallon BJ. Functional, Biophysical, and Structural Characterization of Human IgG1 and IgG4 Fc Variants with Ablated Immune Functionality. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:E12. [PMID: 31548527 PMCID: PMC6698826 DOI: 10.3390/antib6030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering of fragment crystallizable (Fc) domains of therapeutic immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies to eliminate their immune effector functions while retaining other Fc characteristics has numerous applications, including blocking antigens on Fc gamma (Fcγ) receptor-expressing immune cells. We previously reported on a human IgG2 variant termed IgG2σ with barely detectable activity in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, complement activity, and Fcγ receptor binding assays. Here, we extend that work to IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies, alternative subtypes which may offer advantages over IgG2 antibodies. In several in vitro and in vivo assays, the IgG1σ and IgG4σ variants showed equal or even lower Fc-related activities than the corresponding IgG2σ variant. In particular, IgG1σ and IgG4σ variants demonstrate complete lack of effector function as measured by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and in vivo T-cell activation. The IgG1σ and IgG4σ variants showed acceptable solubility and stability, and typical human IgG1 pharmacokinetic profiles in human FcRn-transgenic mice and cynomolgus monkeys. In silico T-cell epitope analyses predict a lack of immunogenicity in humans. Finally, crystal structures and simulations of the IgG1σ and IgG4σ Fc domains can explain the lack of Fc-mediated immune functions. These variants show promise for use in those therapeutic antibodies and Fc fusions for which the Fc domain should be immunologically "silent".
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan H Tam
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Stephen G McCarthy
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Anthony A Armstrong
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Sandeep Somani
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Sheng-Jiun Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Alexis Gervais
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Robin Ernst
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Dorina Saro
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Rose Decker
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Jinquan Luo
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Gary L Gilliland
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Mark L Chiu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Bernard J Scallon
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
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21
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Zhang D, Armstrong AA, Tam SH, McCarthy SG, Luo J, Gilliland GL, Chiu ML. Functional optimization of agonistic antibodies to OX40 receptor with novel Fc mutations to promote antibody multimerization. MAbs 2017; 9:1129-1142. [PMID: 28758875 PMCID: PMC5627589 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1358838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory receptors belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily are emerging as promising targets for cancer immunotherapies. To optimize the agonism of therapeutic antibodies to these receptors, Fc engineering of antibodies was applied to facilitate the clustering of cell surface TNFRs to activate downstream signaling pathways. One engineering strategy is to identify Fc mutations that facilitate antibody multimerization on the cell surface directly. From the analyses of the crystal packing of IgG1 structures, we identified a novel set of Fc mutations, T437R and K248E, that facilitated antibody multimerization upon binding to antigens on cell surface. In a NF-κB reporter assay, the engineered T437R/K248E mutations could facilitate enhanced agonism of an anti-OX40 antibody without the dependence on FcγRIIB crosslinking. Nonetheless, the presence of cells expressing FcγRIIB could facilitate a boost of the agonism of the engineered antibody with mutations on IgG1 Fc, but not on the silent IgG2σ Fc. The Fc engineered antibody also showed enhanced effector functions, including antibody-dependent cell-meditated cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity, depending on the IgG subtypes. Also, the engineered antibodies showed normal FcRn binding and pharmacokinetic profiles in mice. In summary, this study elucidated a novel Fc engineering approach to promote antibody multimerization on a cell surface, which could enhance agonism and improve effector function for anti-TNFR antibodies as well as other therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- a Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C. , Spring House , PA , USA
| | | | - Susan H Tam
- a Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C. , Spring House , PA , USA
| | | | - Jinquan Luo
- a Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C. , Spring House , PA , USA
| | - Gary L Gilliland
- a Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C. , Spring House , PA , USA
| | - Mark L Chiu
- a Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C. , Spring House , PA , USA
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22
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Epp A, Sullivan KC, Herr AB, Strait RT. Immunoglobulin Glycosylation Effects in Allergy and Immunity. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:79. [PMID: 27796794 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review will be to familiarize the reader with the general area of antibody (Ab) glycosylation and to summarize the known functional roles of glycosylation and how glycan structure can contribute to various disease states with emphasis on allergic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Both immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype and conserved Fc glycosylation sites often dictate the downstream activity of an Ab where complexity and degree of glycosylation contribute to its ability to bind Fc receptors (FcRs) and activate complement. Most information on the effects of glycosylation center on IgG in cancer therapy and autoimmunity. In cancer therapy, glycosylation modifications that enhance affinity for activating FcRs are utilized to facilitate immune-mediated tumor cell killing. In autoimmunity, disease severity has been linked to alterations in the presence, location, and composition of Fc glycans. Significantly less is understood about the role of glycosylation in the setting of allergy and asthma. However, recent data demonstrate that glycosylation of IgE at the asparagine-394 site of Cε3 is necessary for IgE interaction with the high affinity IgE receptor but, surprisingly, glycosylation has no effect on IgE interaction with its low-affinity lectin receptor, CD23. Variations in the specific glycoform may modulate the interaction of an Ig with its receptors. Significantly more is known about the functional effects of glycosylation of IgG than for other Ig isotypes. Thus, the role of glycosylation is much better understood in the areas of autoimmunity and cancer therapy, where IgG is the dominant isotype, than in the field of allergy, where IgE predominates. Further work is needed to fully understand the role of glycan variation in IgE and other Ig isotypes with regard to the inhibition or mediation of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Epp
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kathryn C Sullivan
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew B Herr
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard T Strait
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 2008, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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23
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Davies AM, Rispens T, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Aalberse RC, Sutton BJ. Room temperature structure of human IgG4-Fc from crystals analysed in situ. Mol Immunol 2016; 81:85-91. [PMID: 27915153 PMCID: PMC5226057 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Room temperature structure of human IgG4-Fc solved from crystals analysed in situ. Structure reveals changes in crystal packing at different temperatures. Structure reveals physiologically relevant conformation of a key Fcγ receptor binding loop.
The Fc region of IgG antibodies (Cγ2 and Cγ3 domains) is responsible for effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, through engagement with Fcγ receptors, although the ability to elicit these functions differs between the four human IgG subclasses. A key determinant of Fcγ receptor interactions is the FG loop in the Cγ2 domain. High resolution cryogenic IgG4-Fc crystal structures have revealed a unique conformation for this loop, which could contribute to the particular biological properties of this subclass. To further explore the conformation of the IgG4 Cγ2 FG loop at near-physiological temperature, we solved a 2.7 Å resolution room temperature structure of recombinant human IgG4-Fc from crystals analysed in situ. The Cγ2 FG loop in one chain differs from the cryogenic structure, and adopts the conserved conformation found in IgG1-Fc; however, this conformation participates in extensive crystal packing interactions. On the other hand, at room temperature, and free from any crystal packing interactions, the Cγ2 FG loop in the other chain adopts the conformation previously observed in the cryogenic IgG4-Fc structures, despite both conformations being accessible. The room temperature human IgG4-Fc structure thus provides a more complete and physiologically relevant description of the conformation of this functionally critical Cγ2 FG loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Davies
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre Landsteiner Laboratory, The Netherlands
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar-de Heer
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre Landsteiner Laboratory, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C Aalberse
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre Landsteiner Laboratory, The Netherlands
| | - Brian J Sutton
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.
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24
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Abstract
IgG4, the least represented human IgG subclass in serum, is an intriguing antibody with unique biological properties, such as the ability to undergo Fab-arm exchange and limit immune complex formation. The lack of effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity, is desirable for therapeutic purposes. IgG4 plays a protective role in allergy by acting as a blocking antibody, and inhibiting mast cell degranulation, but a deleterious role in malignant melanoma, by impeding IgG1-mediated anti-tumor immunity. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the interaction between IgG4 and Fcγ receptors. Despite a wealth of structural information for the IgG1 subclass, including complexes with Fcγ receptors, and structures for intact antibodies, high-resolution crystal structures were not reported for IgG4-Fc until recently. Here, we highlight some of the biological properties of human IgG4, and review the recent crystal structures of IgG4-Fc. We discuss the unexpected conformations adopted by functionally important Cγ2 domain loops, and speculate about potential implications for the interaction between IgG4 and FcγRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Davies
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Brian J Sutton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
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25
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Brezski RJ, Georgiou G. Immunoglobulin isotype knowledge and application to Fc engineering. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 40:62-9. [PMID: 27003675 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based drugs continue to be one of the most rapidly growing classes of therapeutic molecules. At present, the majority of approved therapeutic antibodies are of the human IgG1 format, which can elicit immune effector functions (e.g., antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity). However, there is a wealth of functional diversity that is present in other isotypes and IgG subclasses that can be exploited to improve clinical safety and performance by increasing stability, reduction of adverse events, modulation of effector functions, and by the engagement of two antigens by a single antibody. This review presents an overview of the different antibody isotypes and subclasses and details how exchanging amino acids between different isotypes (i.e., 'cross-isotypes') can be exploited to generate novel therapeutic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J Brezski
- Genentech, Antibody Engineering, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA; Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA
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26
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Glasscock C, Lucks J, DeLisa M. Engineered Protein Machines: Emergent Tools for Synthetic Biology. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:45-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Caaveiro JMM, Kiyoshi M, Tsumoto K. Structural analysis of Fc/FcγR complexes: a blueprint for antibody design. Immunol Rev 2015; 268:201-21. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. M. Caaveiro
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals; National Institute of Health Sciences; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- Institute of Medical Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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28
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Swisher JFA, Haddad DA, McGrath AG, Boekhoudt GH, Feldman GM. IgG4 can induce an M2-like phenotype in human monocyte-derived macrophages through FcγRI. MAbs 2015; 6:1377-84. [PMID: 25484046 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.975657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies evoke cellular responses through the binding of their Fc region to Fc receptors, most of which contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif domains and are thus considered "activating." However, there is a growing appreciation of these receptors for their ability to deliver an inhibitory signal as well. We previously described one such phenomenon whereby interferon (IFN)γ signaling is inhibited by immune complex signaling through FcγRI. To understand the implications of this in the context of therapeutic antibodies, we assessed individual IgG subclasses to determine their ability to deliver this anti-inflammatory signal in monocyte-derived macrophages. Like IgG1, we found that IgG4 is fully capable of inhibiting IFNγ-mediated events. In addition, F(ab')2 fragments that interfere with FcγRI signaling reversed this effect. For mAbs developed with either an IgG1 or an IgG4 constant region for indications where inflammation is undesirable, further examination of a potential Fc-dependent contribution to their mechanism of action is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F A Swisher
- a Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Immunology; Division of Monoclonal Antibodies; Office of Biotechnology Products; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; Food and Drug Administration ; Bethesda , MD USA
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29
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Piraino MS, Kelliher MT, Aburas J, Southern CA. Single molecule Förster resonance energy transfer studies of the effect of EndoS deglycosylation on the structure of IgG. Immunol Lett 2015; 167:29-33. [PMID: 26112419 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial enzyme EndoS specifically cleaves glycans bound to immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules. Because this deglycosylation procedure leads to a diminished immune response, this enzyme has potential applications as a therapeutic for autoimmune disorders. Although the diminished immune response is attributed to a structural change in the Fc region of IgG antibodies, the specific nature of this structural change is not known due to the variety of results obtained by different experimental approaches. In order to better understand how EndoS deglycosylation impacts the structure of the Fc region of IgG antibodies, we have conducted single molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies of dye-labeled, freely diffusing antibodies. A comparison of the FRET efficiency histograms obtained for glycosylated and EndoS deglycosylated antibodies indicates that the Fc region can take on a wider variety of structures upon deglycosylation. This is demonstrated by the presence of additional peaks in the FRET efficiency histogram for the deglycosylated case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Piraino
- DePaul University, Department of Chemistry, 1110 West Belden Avenue, Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Michael T Kelliher
- DePaul University, Department of Chemistry, 1110 West Belden Avenue, Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Jihad Aburas
- DePaul University, Department of Chemistry, 1110 West Belden Avenue, Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Cathrine A Southern
- DePaul University, Department of Chemistry, 1110 West Belden Avenue, Chicago, IL 60614, United States.
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30
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Sedlák E, Schaefer JV, Marek J, Gimeson P, Plückthun A. Advanced analyses of kinetic stabilities of iggs modified by mutations and glycosylation. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1100-13. [PMID: 25966898 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The stability of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) affects production, storage and usability, especially in the clinic. The complex thermal and isothermal transitions of IgGs, especially their irreversibilities, pose a challenge to the proper determination of parameters describing their thermodynamic and kinetic stability. Here, we present a reliable mathematical model to study the irreversible thermal denaturations of antibody variants. The model was applied to two unrelated IgGs and their variants with stabilizing mutations as well as corresponding non-glycosylated forms of IgGs and Fab fragments. Thermal denaturations of IgGs were analyzed with three transitions, one reversible transition corresponding to C(H)2 domain unfolding followed by two consecutive irreversible transitions corresponding to Fab and C(H)3 domains, respectively. The parameters obtained allowed us to examine the effects of these mutations on the stabilities of individual domains within the full-length IgG. We found that the kinetic stability of the individual Fab fragment is significantly lowered within the IgG context, possibly because of intramolecular aggregation upon heating, while the stabilizing mutations have an especially beneficial effect. Thermal denaturations of non-glycosylated variants of IgG consist of more than three transitions and could not be analyzed by our model. However, isothermal denaturations demonstrated that the lack of glycosylation affects the stability of all and not just of the C(H)2 domain, suggesting that the partially unfolded domains may interact with each other during unfolding. Investigating thermal denaturation of IgGs according to our model provides a valuable tool for detecting subtle changes in thermodynamic and/or kinetic stabilities of individual domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Sedlák
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P.J. Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, Košice, 040 01, Slovakia.,Department of Biochemistry, P.J. Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, Košice, 040 01, Slovakia
| | - Jonas V Schaefer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jozef Marek
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Watsonova 47, Košice, 040 01, Slovakia
| | - Peter Gimeson
- Malvern Instruments Inc., Northampton, Massachusetts, 01060-2327
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Hanson QM, Barb AW. A perspective on the structure and receptor binding properties of immunoglobulin G Fc. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2931-42. [PMID: 25926001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies spurred a revolution in medicine that saw the introduction of powerful therapeutics for treating a wide range of diseases, from cancers to autoimmune disorders and transplant rejection, with more applications looming on the horizon. Many of these therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are based on human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) or contain at least a portion of the molecule. Most mAbs require interactions with cell surface receptors for efficacy, including the Fc γ receptors. High-resolution structural models of antibodies and antibody fragments have been available for nearly 40 years; however, a thorough description of the structural features that determine the affinity with which antibodies interact with human receptors has not been published. In this review, we will cover the relevant history of IgG-related literature and how recent developments have changed our view of critical antibody-cell interactions at the atomic level with a nod to outstanding questions in the field and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinlin M Hanson
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2214 Molecular Biology Building, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Adam W Barb
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2214 Molecular Biology Building, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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32
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Melis JPM, Strumane K, Ruuls SR, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI. Complement in therapy and disease: Regulating the complement system with antibody-based therapeutics. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:117-30. [PMID: 25697848 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Complement is recognized as a key player in a wide range of normal as well as disease-related immune, developmental and homeostatic processes. Knowledge of complement components, structures, interactions, and cross-talk with other biological systems continues to grow and this leads to novel treatments for cancer, infectious, autoimmune- or age-related diseases as well as for preventing transplantation rejection. Antibodies are superbly suited to be developed into therapeutics with appropriate complement stimulatory or inhibitory activity. Here we review the design, development and future of antibody-based drugs that enhance or dampen the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Genmab, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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33
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Gaboriaud C, Ling WL, Thielens NM, Bally I, Rossi V. Deciphering the fine details of c1 assembly and activation mechanisms: "mission impossible"? Front Immunol 2014; 5:565. [PMID: 25414705 PMCID: PMC4222235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical complement pathway is initiated by the large (~800 kDa) and flexible multimeric C1 complex. Its catalytic function is triggered by the proteases hetero-tetramer C1r2s2, which is associated to the C1q sensing unit, a complex assembly of 18 chains built as a hexamer of heterotrimers. Initial pioneering studies gained insights into the main architectural principles of the C1 complex. A dissection strategy then provided the high-resolution structures of its main functional and/or structural building blocks, as well as structural details on some key protein–protein interactions. These past and current discoveries will be briefly summed up in order to address the question of what is still ill-defined. On a functional point of view, the main molecular determinants of C1 activation and its tight control will be delineated. The current perspective remains to decipher how C1 really works and is controlled in vivo, both in normal and pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Gaboriaud
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
| | - Wai Li Ling
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
| | - Nicole M Thielens
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
| | - Isabelle Bally
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
| | - Véronique Rossi
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
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