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Pretorius A, Nefefe T, Thema N, Liebenberg J, Steyn H, van Kleef M. Screening for immune biomarkers associated with infection or protection against Ehrlichia ruminantium by RNA-sequencing analysis. Microb Pathog 2024; 189:106588. [PMID: 38369169 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Heartwater is one of the most economically important tick-borne fatal diseases of livestock. The disease is caused by the bacteria Ehrlichia ruminantium transmitted by Amblyomma ticks. Although there is evidence that interferon-gamma controls E. ruminantium growth and that cellular immune responses are protective, an effective recombinant vaccine for this disease is lacking. Analyses of markers associated with infection as well as protection will lead to a better understanding of the E. ruminantium immune response and corresponding pathways induced in sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) will assist in development of such a vaccine. In this study, Biomarkers of infection (BMI) were identified as uniquely expressed genes during primary infection and biomarkers of protection (BMP) associated with immune to heartwater were identified post challenge. Sheep were experimentally infected and challenged with E. ruminantium infected ticks. The immune phenotypic and transcriptome profile of their PBMC were compared to their own naïve PBMC collected before infection. The study revealed 305 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as BMI, of these 17 were upregulated at all three time-points investigated. These DEGs, form part of the bacterial invasion of epithelial cells Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and others detected from day 1 post infection and are considered predictive markers for early heartwater infection in ruminants. Similarly, a total of 332 DEGs were identified as BMP, of these 100 were upregulated and 75 were downregulated at all three time-points investigated. However, at D1PC most DEGs were downregulated (n = 1312) that correlated with a reduction in the % CD4 and CD8 T cells detected with flow cytometry. KEGG pathway analyses showed complete down regulation of T cell specific pathways possibly due to homing of immune cells to the site of infection after acquired immunity developed. At D4PC, expression levels of most of these downregulated genes increased and by D6PC they were upregulated. This indicates that the sampling time-point for biomarker analyses is important when results for acquired immune responses are inferred. This data identified DEGs that could be considered as biomarkers of protective immunity that can be used for identification of vaccine antigens and provides a strong foundation to further development of heartwater recombinant vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pretorius
- Agricultural Research Council -Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - T Nefefe
- Agricultural Research Council -Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - N Thema
- Agricultural Research Council -Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - J Liebenberg
- Agricultural Research Council -Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - H Steyn
- Agricultural Research Council -Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - M van Kleef
- Agricultural Research Council -Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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Yan L, Li Y, Li R, Liu M, He X, Yang X, Cho WC, Ayaz M, Kandil OM, Yang Y, Song H, Zheng Y. Comparative characterization of microRNA-71 of Echinococcus granulosus exosomes. Parasite 2023; 30:55. [PMID: 38084936 PMCID: PMC10714675 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a global zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus, posing a great threat to human and animal health. MiRNAs are small regulatory noncoding RNA involved in the pathogenesis of parasitic diseases, possibly via exosomes. Egr-miR-71 has been identified as one of the miRNAs in the blood of CE patients, but its secretory characteristics and functions remains unclear. Herein, we studied the secretory and biological activity of exosomal egr-miR-71 and its immunoregulatory functions in sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Our results showed that egr-miR-71 was enriched in the exosome secreted by protoscoleces with biological activity. These egr-miR-71-containing exosomes were easily internalized and then induced the dysregulation of cytokines (IL-10 and TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO) and key components (CD14 and IRF5) in the LPS/TLR4 pathway in the coincubated sheep PBMCs. Similarly, egr-miR-71 overexpression also altered the immune functions but exhibited obvious differences in regulation of the cytokines and key components, preferably inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α). These results demonstrate that exosomal egr-miR-71 is bioactive and capacity of immunomodulation of PBMCs, potentially being involved in immune responses during E. granulosus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Yating Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Xuedong He
- College of Animal sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian-Taiwan Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Xing Yang
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Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan China
| | - William C. Cho
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Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Mazhar Ayaz
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Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bahawalpur 73000 Pakistan
| | - Omnia M. Kandil
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Depterment of Parasitology and Animal Disease, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Yongchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Yadong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
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Andresen AMS, Gjøen T. Chitosan nanoparticle formulation attenuates poly (I:C) induced innate immune responses against inactivated virus vaccine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100915. [PMID: 34634571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many vaccine formulations, in particular vaccines based on inactivated virus, needs adjuvants to boost immunogenicity. In aquaculture, mineral and plant oil are used as adjuvant in commercial vaccines, and the advent of oil-adjuvanted vaccines was crucial to aquaculture development. Nevertheless, some of these approved vaccines display suboptimal performance in the field compared to experimental conditions. Therefore, there is a need to improve adjuvants and delivery methods for fish vaccines against viruses. We used RNA sequencing of Atlantic salmon head kidney to analyse the difference in gene expression 24 h after injection of different experimental vaccine formulations. We compared five different formulations in addition to a PBS control: inactivated virus alone (group V), soluble poly (I:C) (group P), nanoparticles containing poly (I:C) (group N), soluble poly (I:C) + inactivated virus (group PV) and finally nanoparticles containing poly (I:C) + inactivated virus (group NV). Our results showed poly (I:C)'s ability as adjuvant and its capacity influence innate immune genes expression in Atlantic salmon. Soluble poly (I:C) upregulated multiple immune related genes and was more effective compared to poly (I:C) formulated into chitosan nanoparticles (more than 10 fold increase in differentially expressed genes, DEGs). However, inclusion of inactivated ISA virus in the nanoparticle vaccine, increased the number of DEGs fivefold suggesting a synergistic effect of adjuvant and antigen. Our results indicate that the way poly (I:C) is formulated and the presence of antigen is important for the magnitude of the innate immune response in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tor Gjøen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Yang J, Wu J, Fu Y, Yan L, Li Y, Guo X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Shen Y, Cho WC, Zheng Y. Identification of Different Extracellular Vesicles in the Hydatid Fluid of Echinococcus granulosus and Immunomodulatory Effects of 110 K EVs on Sheep PBMCs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:602717. [PMID: 33708201 PMCID: PMC7940240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.602717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis, mainly caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an essential role in the host-parasite interplay. However, the EVs in the hydatid fluid (HF) of E. granulosus are not fully characterized. Herein, three different types of HF EVs, designated as 2 K, 10 K, and 110 K EVs based on the centrifugal force used, were morphologically identified. A total of 97, 80, and 581 proteins were identified in 2 K, 10 K, and 110 K EVs, respectively, 39 of which were commonly shared. Moreover, 11, 8, and 25 miRNAs were detected, respectively, and all of the 7 selected miRNAs were validated by qPCR to be significantly lower abundant than that in protoscoleces. It was further deemed that 110 K EVs were internalized by sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a time-dependent manner and thus induced interleukin (IL)-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IRF5 were significantly upregulated and IL-1β, IL-17, and CD14 were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). These data demonstrate the physical discrepancy of three HF EVs and an immunomodulatory effect of 110 K EVs on sheep PMBCs, suggesting a role in immune responses during E. granulosus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin'en Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Lujun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yating Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaola Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong'e Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Aksel EG, Akyüz B. Effect of LPS and LTA stimulation on the expression of TLR-pathway genes in PBMCs of Akkaraman lambs in vivo. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:65. [PMID: 33392825 PMCID: PMC7779097 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study investigating the changes in some gene expressions related to the TLR pathway in vivo in sheep. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) molecules were administrated separately and in combination to the Akkaraman lambs via intranasal route. For this purpose, 28 lambs were distributed into four groups (LPS, LTA, LPS + LTA, and control, n = 7). Blood samples were collected to isolate the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at 24 h and on day 7. Expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, NF-κß, and IFN-γ genes were determined by qRT-PCR. Increases were determined in the expression data of TLR2 [LPS (P < 0.05) and LTA + LPS (P < 0.01)], TLR4 [LTA + LPS (P < 0.05)], TNF-α, IL-10 [LTA + LPS (P < 0.05)], and IFN-γ genes in all groups in the mRNA expression analysis of PBMCs isolated at 24 h whereas decreases were determined in the expression levels of these genes on day 7. The combination of LPS + LTA stimulated lamb PBMCs more effectively than separate administration of LPS and LTA at 24 h. Therefore, this article may contribute to the understanding the host-pathogen interaction of respiratory-transmitted bacterial diseases concerning PBMCs at 24 h and on day 7. Also this study may contribute to the dose adjustment for bacterial vaccine studies in sheep. Experimental application doses will be helpful for in vivo and in vitro drug and vaccine development studies in the fields of pharmacology and microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Gamze Aksel
- Department of Genetic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Bilal Akyüz
- Department of Genetic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
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Ribeiro DM, Salama AAK, Vitor ACM, Argüello A, Moncau CT, Santos EM, Caja G, de Oliveira JS, Balieiro JCC, Hernández-Castellano LE, Zachut M, Poleti MD, Castro N, Alves SP, Almeida AM. The application of omics in ruminant production: a review in the tropical and sub-tropical animal production context. J Proteomics 2020; 227:103905. [PMID: 32712373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The demand for animal products (e.g. dairy and beef) in tropical regions is expected to increase in parallel with the public demand for sustainable practices, due to factors such as population growth and climate change. The necessity to increase animal production output must be achieved with better management and production technologies. For this to happen, novel research methodologies, animal selection and postgenomic tools play a pivotal role. Indeed, improving breeder selection programs, the quality of meat and dairy products as well as animal health will contribute to higher sustainability and productivity. This would surely benefit regions where resource quality and quantity are increasingly unstable, and research is still very incipient, which is the case of many regions in the tropics. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate how omics-based approaches play a major role in animal science, particularly concerning ruminant production systems and research associated to the tropics and developing countries. SIGNIFICANCE: Environmental conditions in the tropics make livestock production harder, compared to temperate regions. Due to global warming, the sustainability of livestock production will become increasingly problematic. The use of novel omics technologies could generate useful information to understand adaptation mechanisms of resilient breeds and/or species. The application of omics to tropical animal production is still residual in the currently available literature. With this review, we aim to summarize the most notable results in the field whilst encouraging further research to deal with the future challenges that animal production in the tropics will need to face.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ribeiro
- LEAF Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ahmed A K Salama
- Group of Research in Ruminants (G2R), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana C M Vitor
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anastasio Argüello
- Animal Production and Biotechnology group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - Cristina T Moncau
- FZEA - Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte - 225, 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson M Santos
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Gerardo Caja
- Group of Research in Ruminants (G2R), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana S de Oliveira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Júlio C C Balieiro
- FMVZ - School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte - 225, 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maya Zachut
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences Agricultural Research Organization/Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel
| | - Mirele D Poleti
- FZEA - Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte - 225, 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Noemi Castro
- Animal Production and Biotechnology group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - Susana P Alves
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André M Almeida
- LEAF Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Kong H, Dong C, Jing W, Zheng M, Tian Z, Hou Q, Wang C, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Jiang X, Luo L, Zhu S. Transcriptomic insight into antimicrobial peptide factors involved in the prophylactic immunity of crowded Mythimna separata larvae. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 98:34-41. [PMID: 30794832 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Similar to pathogenic infection, a high population density alters insect prophylactic immunity. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are known to play critical roles in an insect's humoral immune response to microbial infection. We applied RNA sequencing to investigate differential gene expression levels in fat body and hemocyte samples from larvae reared in high- (10 larvae per jar) and low-density (1 larva per jar) conditions; the samples exhibited density-dependent prophylaxis. A number of AMP molecule-related proteins were annotated for the first time from 145,439 assembled unigenes from M. separata larvae. The transcript levels of AMP molecules such as gloverin-, defensin-, cecropin-, lebocin- and attacin-related unigenes were increased with the prophylactic immunity of high-density larvae. The pattern recognition receptor peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), a key protein in the synthesis of AMPs in IMD- and Toll pathway-related unigenes, was also upregulated in the larvae from the high-density group. The resultant transcriptomic database was validated by the transcript levels of four selected AMP genes quantified from the high- and low-density larval groups with quantitative real-time PCR. The antimicrobial activity against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and gram-negative Edwardsiella ictaluri and Vibrio anguillarum in the hemolymph of larvae from the high-density group was significantly higher than that of larvae from the low-density group. Our findings provide the first insight into the role of AMP genes in the mechanisms of density-dependent prophylaxis in M. separata and provide new insight into the control of M. separata with biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Kong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.
| | - Chuanlei Dong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Wanghui Jing
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Minyuan Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Qiuli Hou
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Yunxia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, No. 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, No. 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingfu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, No. 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Lizhi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, No. 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shude Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
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Washington EA, Barber SR, Murray CM, Davies HMS, Kimpton WG, Yen HH. Lymphatic cannulation models in sheep: Recent advances for immunological and biomedical research. J Immunol Methods 2018; 457:6-14. [PMID: 29625076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic cannulation models are useful tools for studying the immunobiology of the lymphatic system and the immunopathology of specific tissues in diseases. Sheep cannulations have been used extensively, as models for human physiology, fetal and neonatal development, human diseases, and for studies of ruminant pathobiology. The development of new and improved cannulation techniques in recent years has meant that difficult to access sites, such as mucosal associated tissues, are now more readily available to researchers. This review highlights the new approaches to cannulation and how these, in combination with advanced omics technologies, will direct future research using the sheep model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Washington
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart R Barber
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christina M Murray
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helen M S Davies
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wayne G Kimpton
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hung-Hsun Yen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia..
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