Micellization of sodium dodecyl sulphate in presence and absence of alkali metal halides at different temperatures in water and methanol-water mixtures

Exploration of the micellization behavior of sodium dodecyl sulfate in aqueous solution of gastric enzyme pepsin: Assessment of the consequences of sodium electrolytes and temperature

This study explores the interactions between pepsin and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) using conductometric analysis and molecular docking to deepen our understanding of the role of pepsin. Conductometric studies were conducted to examine the micellization behavior of SDS with pepsin in aqueous solutions of various sodium electrolytes (NaBr, Na₂SO₄, Na₃PO₄, and CH₃COONa) at temperatures ranging from 300.55 K to 320.55 K in 5 K increments. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the SDS-pepsin system was influenced by pepsin concentration, electrolyte type, and temperature. Pepsin was found to inhibit SDS micellization, increasing the CMC, while electrolytes promoted micellization, decreasing the CMC. Thermodynamic parameters-Gibbs free energy (∆Gm0), enthalpy (∆Hm0), and entropy (∆Sm0)-were analyzed to identify the driving forces behind micellization. The negative ∆Gm0 indicated spontaneous aggregation, with ∆Hm0 and ∆Sm0 suggesting hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Molecular docking further confirmed these interactions, revealing binding between the hydrophobic tail of SDS and nonpolar binding pocket of pepsin at the interdomain cleft. These findings provide insights into surfactant-enzyme interactions, with potential applications in biochemistry, pharmacology, and food science.

Unlocking the Catalytic Potential of Anionic Micelles: Insights into the Ce(IV)-Directed Phenylalanine Oxidation Kinetics in Asymmetric Hydrophobic Environments

The oxidation kinetics of phenylalanine (Phe) by Ce(IV) have been examined in both the absence and presence of aqueous micellar media with asymmetric tails, specifically using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) surfactants. The reaction progress was monitored by observing a decrease in absorbance using UV-vis spectroscopy. Interestingly, the kinetic profile revealed a consistent increase in the observed rate constant values as the concentration of the surfactant increased. The kinetic results have been analyzed by using numerous experimental studies, such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, 1H NMR analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, conductometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorometry, time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Micellar aggregates maintain their spherical shape in the presence of the substrate, even at higher surfactant concentrations, as revealed by microstructural analysis. The substrate molecules are encapsulated to a greater extent in the inner micellar core of STS micelles on account of the more hydrophobic nature of STS surfactants. Therefore, in STS micellar media, fewer substrate molecules diffuse to the Stern layer compared to the SDS micellar medium, resulting in fewer molecules participating in the oxidative transformation reaction. As a result, the rate enhancement of oxidation kinetics is less pronounced in STS micelles than in SDS micelles. A plausible mechanism that aligns with the kinetic results has been highlighted, along with the interpretation of the Piszkiewicz model, to explain the observed catalytic effect of both micellar mediums.

Aggregation behavior of newly synthesized Gemini cationic surfactants in absence and in presence of different inorganic salts in 15% DMSO-water solvent

In this study, three Gemini cationic surfactants related to thiazol-2-amine with three hydrocarbon chain lengths including 3-hexylthiazol-3-ium (TAC6), 3-dodecylthiazol-3-ium (TAC12) and octadecylthiazol3-ium (TAC18) were prepared. Surfactant structures were confirmed with IR and 1HNMR Spectroscopies. Critical micelle concentrations for all surfactants in 15% DMSO-Water solvent were measured using conductometric, refractometric, and densitometric techniques. Thermodynamics parameters were computed and explained. Also, enhancing properties of all surfactants were indicated under the effect of two concentrations, 0.001 M and 0.01 M, of six inorganic salts including Cl-, Br-, I-, Co+2, Cu+2, and Mn+2 radicals using conductivity and refractive index measurements. All techniques used to measure critical micelles concentration showed a good convergence in measuring CMC values and the behavior of all surfactants in 15% DMSO-water solvent. Increasing the binding constant of the counter ion and association constant reflects the effect of hydrocarbon chain length increment on enhancing micelle formation, where TAC 18 was shown as the lowest CMC in all applied measurements. Modeling the density of all surfactant solutions under study indicates an increase in hydrophobic polarizability with an increase in the molecular weight of the surfactant. Inorganic salts decreased the CMC of all surfactants with the increase in Gibbs free energy of micellization which ensures easier formation of more stable micelles in the presence of a salt solution. The effect of salts on decreasing CMC for all surfactants under study was arranged in the following order: Mn+2 < Cu+2 < Co+2 for cationic radicals and I- < Br- < Cl- for anionic radicals.

The interaction between formylphenoxyacetic acid derivatives (chalcone and flavones) and ionic surfactants: Insights into binding constants, solubilisation and physiochemical properties

In this study, UV-vis spectroscopy was employed to investigate the interaction between formylphenoxyacetic acid (FPAA) and its derivatives (chalcone and flavones) with ionic surfactants (SDS, CTAB, and DTAB) in different physiological environments. Changes in the physiochemical properties of FPAA chalcone and flavones including binding constants, partitioning constants, and Gibbs free energy were observed which were influenced by the presence of ionic surfactants computed using mathematical models. The solubilization of the targeted compounds in the ionic surfactants was determined through the binding constant (Kb). The results of the present study indicated that electrostatic interactions played a significant role in the solubilization of the targeted compounds in SDS, CTAB, and DTAB. At pH 4.1, FPAA chalcone exhibited stronger binding affinity with SDS compared to CTAB and DTAB. However, at pH 7.4, chalcone showed stronger binding with DTAB compared to SDS, while negligible interaction with CTAB was observed at pH 7.4. The flavones demonstrated stronger binding with DTAB at pH 7.4 compared to SDS and CTAB and it exhibited strong bonding with CTAB at pH 4.1. The negative values of the Gibbs free energy for binding (ΔGb˚) and partitioning (ΔGp˚) constants displayed the spontaneity of the process. However, FPAA chalcone with SDS and FPAA flavones with DTAB furnished positive ΔGb˚, indicating a non-spontaneous process.

Enhanced Electrophoretic Depletion of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate with Methanol for Membrane Proteome Analysis by Mass Spectrometry

Membrane proteins are underrepresented during proteome characterizations, primarily owing to their lower solubility. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is favored to enhance protein solubility but interferes with downstream analysis by mass spectrometry. Here, we present an improved workflow for SDS depletion using transmembrane electrophoresis (TME) while retaining a higher recovery of membrane proteins. Though higher levels of organic solvent lower proteome solubility, we found that the inclusion of 40% methanol provided optimal solubility of membrane proteins, with 86% recovery relative to extraction with SDS. Incorporating 40% methanol during the electrophoretic depletion of SDS by TME also maximized membrane protein recovery. We further report that methanol accelerates the rate of detergent removal, allowing TME to deplete SDS below 100 ppm in under 3 min. This is attributed to a three-fold elevation in the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDS in the presence of methanol, combined with a reduction in the SDS to protein binding ratio in methanol (0.3 g SDS/g protein). MS analysis of membrane proteins isolated from the methanol-assisted workflow revealed enhanced proteome detection, particularly for proteins whose pI contributed a minimal net charge and therefore possessed reduced solubility in a purely aqueous solvent. This protocol presents a robust approach for the preparation of membrane proteins by maximizing their solubility in MS-compatible solvents, offering a tool to advance membrane proteome characterization.

Physicochemical approaches reveal the impact of electrolytes and hydrotropic salt on micellization and phase separation behavior of polymer polyvinyl alcohol and surfactant mixture

The polymer-surfactant mixture has usages in numerous industries mainly in the production of daily used materials. Herein, the micellization and phase separation nature of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and TX-100 along with a synthetic water-soluble polymer-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) have been conducted using conductivity and cloud point (CP) measurement tools. In the case of micellization study of SDS + PVA mixture by conductivity method, the CMC values were obtained to be dependent on the categories and extent of additives as well as temperature variation. Both categories of studies were performed in aq. solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium acetate (NaOAc), and sodium benzoate (NaBenz) media. The CP values of TX 100 + PVA were decreased and enhanced in simple electrolytes and sodium benzoate media respectively. In all cases, the free energy changes of micellization (∆G_m⁰) and clouding (∆G_c⁰) were obtained as negative and positive respectively. The enthalpy (∆H_m⁰) and entropy (∆S_m⁰) changes for SDS + PVA system micellization was negative and positive respectively in aq. NaCl and NaBenz media, and in aq. NaOAc medium the ∆H_m⁰ values were found negative while ∆S_m⁰ were found negative except at the highest studied temperature (323.15 K). The enthalpy-entropy compensation of both processes was also assessed and described clearly.

The Additive Influence of Propane-1,2-Diol on SDS Micellar Structure and Properties

Micellar systems are colloids with significant properties for pharmaceutical and food applications. They can be used to formulate thermodynamically stable mixtures to solubilize hydrophobic food-related substances. Furthermore, micellar formation is a complex process in which a variety of intermolecular interactions determine the course of formation and most important are the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between surfactant-solvent and solvent-solvent. Glycols are organic compounds that belong to the group of alcohols. Among them, propane-1,2-diol (PG) is a substance commonly used as a food additive or ingredient in many cosmetic and hygiene products. The nature of the additive influences the micellar structure and properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). When increasing the mass fraction of propane-1,2-diol in binary mixtures, the c.m.c. values decrease because propane-1,2-diol is a polar solvent, which gives it the ability to form hydrogen bonds, decreasing the cohesivity of water and reducing the dielectric constant of the aqueous phase. The values of ΔGm0 are negative in all mixed solvents according to the reduction in solvophobic interactions and increase in electrostatic interaction. With the rising concentration of cosolvent, the equilibrium between cosolvent in bulk solution and in the formed micelles is on the side of micelles, leading to the formation of micelles at a lower concentration with a small change in micellar size. According to the 1H NMR, with the addition of propylene glycol, there is a slight shift of SDS peaks towards lower ppm regions in comparison to the D2O peak. The shift is more evident with the increase in the amount of added propane-1,2-diol in comparison to the NMR spectra of pure SDS. Addition of propane-1,2-diol causes the upfield shift of the protons associated with hydrophilic groups, causing the shielding effect. This signifies that the alcohol is linked with the polar head groups of SDS due to its proximity to the SDS molecules.

Impact of salts on the phase separation and thermodynamic properties of mixed nonionic surfactants in absence/attendance of polyvinyl alcohol

Mixed surfactant systems are used in different applied fields like pharmaceutical formulation rather than single surfactant. Therefore, the determination of the clouding nature of the triton X-100 (TX-100) + Tween 80 (TW-80) mixture was carried out in H2O and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). In the occurrence of PVA, the cloud point (CP) values of TX-100 initially enhance with enhancing the concentration of PVA and tend to decrease after a certain concentration. For different ratios of TX-100 and TW-80 mixture having the same concentration of both solutions, CP values increase through the decreasing ratios of TX-100 with/without PVA. In the presence of polymer, at higher ratios of TX-100 than TW-80, the CP values are higher in magnitudes in comparison to the aqueous medium but at lower ratios of TX-100, the value of CP are lower in magnitudes in comparison to the aqueous system. The CP values of the TX-100 + TW-80 mixture in the salt system are lower in magnitudes than the aqueous medium in both the absence/presence of PVA. However, a reduction of CP values was obtained to a large extent for Na2SO4 over NaCl in the case of lower volume ratios of TX-100. Various thermodynamic variables (standard free energy ( Δ G c o ${\Delta}{G}_{c}^{o}$ ), standard enthalpy ( Δ H c o ${\Delta}{H}_{c}^{o}$ ), standard entropy ( Δ S c o ${\Delta}{S}_{c}^{o}$ ) change, thermodynamic parameters of transfer (free energy of transfer ( Δ G c , t o ${\Delta}{G}_{c,t}^{o}$ ), and transfer of enthalpies ( Δ H c , t o ${\Delta}{H}_{c,t}^{o}$ )) of phase transition) were also determined.

Thermodynamic Properties of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Ethanol-Water Media With/without the Presence of the Divalent Salt

The physicochemical properties of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in pure water and ethanol-water mixtures in the presence and absence of MnSO₄.6H₂O were studied by measuring the conductivity at room temperature. The concentration range of CTAB was ~1.00 × 10^-5 M to ~1.00 × 10^-2M and the concentration of MnSO₄.6H₂O was 0.001 M, 0.005 M, 0.01 M. With increasing ethanol content in the solvent composition, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the degree of micellar dissociation (α) of CTAB increased. With the help of CMC and α, the standard free energy of micellization (ΔG _m ^ο ) was evaluated. With an increase in ethanol content, the negative values of ΔG _m ^ο decreased. CTAB micellization was tested in the context of specific solvent parameters. The solvent conductivity ratio at CMC to limiting conductivity was employed as a solvophobic influence. The addition of salt (MnSO₄.6H₂O) decreases the CMC of CTAB due to the screening of the electrostatic repulsion of the head groups. Here, we report that micellization is strongly influenced by salt concentration.

Physicochemical Studies on the Interaction between Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Methylene Blue in Methanol-Water Mixed Solvent Media

The surface activity and the process of micellization of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with methylene blue (MB) in a methanol-water mixed solvent system were investigated by tensiometry and conductometry at 298.15 K. The measurements of surface tension and conductivity of SDS-MB complex were carried up to 0.3 volume fractions of methanol because the resulting complex appeared turbid above 0.3 volume fractions of methanol. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the SDS was determined from both tensiometry and conductometry. The CMC of SDS increased with the increasing volume fraction of methanol due to the inclusion of methanol in the micelles and decreased in the presence of methylene blue due to the reduction of electrostatic repulsion within the anionic moiety of SDS by the positive charge of the added dye. Different properties like surface excess concentration $\left({\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\max }\right)$ , minimum surface area $\left(A_{\text{min}}\right)$ , Gibbs free energy of micellization $\left(\mathrm{\Delta }{G}_{\mathrm{m}}^o\right)$ , surface pressure ( ${\pi }_{\text{CMC}}$ ), efficiency of a surfactant ( $\text{p}{C}_{20}$ ), packing parameter $\left(P\right)$ , and standard free energy interfacial adsorption $\left(\mathrm{\Delta }{G}_{\text{ads}}^o\right)$ of SDS in the absence/presence of MB were calculated. On the basis of $\mathrm{\Delta }{G}_{\mathrm{m}}^o$ values, it was noticed that the increasing volume fraction of methanol disfavors the micellization of SDS, while the presence of MB increased the efficiency of SDS making the micellization process more spontaneous.

Solution properties and comparative antimicrobial efficacy study of different brands of toothpaste of Nepal

Background

The main objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of toothpaste formulations in giving total protection to the oral cavity. So, three important solution properties: surface tension, conductivity, and pH measurements, have been investigated for eight kinds of commercial herbal and non-herbal based toothpaste of Nepal. The study was extended to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of toothpaste formulations against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli), and this was done by standard agar well diffusion technique. Amikacin (30 μg/disk) was used as a positive control to compare the antibacterial potency of the investigated toothpaste.

Results

The surface tension of all toothpaste formulations increased with the decrease in concentration. However, the conductivity of the formulations decreased with the decrease in concentration. The highest pH of 8.24 was recorded for Dabur Super Salt (DSS) and all values were found to be higher in tap water solutions. All toothpaste formulations showed significant growth inhibition against both S. aureus and E. coli. The overall antibacterial sensitivity of Dabur Red (DR) is higher for S. aureus. The solid material content was found to be highest for Dabur Herbal Gel (DHG) and lowest for Pepsodent (PD).

Conclusion

The findings of the present study showed all toothpaste formulations as effective in inhibiting the growth of tested bacterial species. Toothpaste formulations were found slightly alkaline, which favors bacterial growth inhibition. Increasing surface tension and decreasing conductivity value of toothpaste relative to a decrease in concentration favor its desirable cleansing action.

Effect of Added Tetraalkylammonium Counterions on the Dilational Rheological Behaviors of N-Cocoyl Glycinate

Ion specific effect, which is also known as Hofmeister effect, has been reported in numerous systems including ionic surfactant aggregates. Acyl amino acid surfactants have attracted growing attentions in the field of novel surfactants research due to their environmentally benign characteristics. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different salts containing NH₄⁺ and tetraalkylammonium (TAA⁺), where alkyl = methyl (TMA⁺), ethyl (TEA⁺), and propyl (TPA⁺), cations on the dilational rheological properties of interfacial film are stabilized by potassium N-cocoyl glycinate (KCGl). The interfacial behaviors were studied using oscillating drop shape analysis method. The interfacial tensions (IFTs) and dilational rheological parameters results illustrate that KCGl in the presence of salts has better interfacial activity and stronger intermolecular interaction, indicating that added cations contribute to denser molecular packing at oil-water interface. Ion specific effects were observed in the system. Among the cations, KCGl shows highest dilational modulus in the presence of NH₄⁺. The overall interaction between cations and headgroups of KCGl decreases in the sequence NH₄⁺ >TMA⁺ >TEA⁺ ≈TPA⁺, which follows Hofmeister series. The increasing hydrophobicity of TAA⁺ prevents the interaction between cations and KCGl's headgroup, and therefore prevent amphiphiles from packing closely at interface. The results present a theoretical origin for useful application of KCGl in cosmetics, petroleum and daily chemical industries.

Conductivity, Surface Tension, and Comparative Antibacterial Efficacy Study of Different Brands of Soaps of Nepal

The current study aims to evaluate the solution properties and antibacterial efficacy study of five different brands of toilet soaps of Nepal such as Okhati (OKT), Lifebuoy (LFBY), Lux (LX), Liril (LRL), and Chiuree Neem (NM). The evaluation of critical micelle concentration (CMC) and their thermodynamics and surface properties are also reported. This study was further extended to evaluate antibacterial efficacy against three pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) by disc diffusion technique, and it was done at four different concentrations of soap. The bioactive ingredients present in them provide antibacterial potency to cure various skin problems caused by bacterial pathogens. Similarly, the antibacterial potency of LFBY was found higher than other soaps. Based on these studies, we can simply take LFBY soap at the highest rank in regards to antibacterial sensitivity.

Self-assembly of sodium dodecylsulfate and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide mixed surfactants with dyes in aqueous mixtures

The micellar property of mixed surfactant systems, cationic (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, DTAB) and anionic (sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS) surfactants with variable molar ratios in aqueous system has been reported by using surface tension and conductivity measurements at T = 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K. DTAB concentrations are varied from 1.0 × 10^-4 to 3 × 10^-4 mol l^-1 in 1.0 × 10^-2 mol l^-1 SDS solution while the SDS concentration is varied from 1.0 × 10^-3 to 1.5 × 10^-2 mol l^-1 in approximately 5.0 × 10^-3 mol l^-1 DTAB, so that such concentrations of DTAB-SDS (DTAB-rich) and SDS-DTAB (SDS-rich) solutions were chosen 3 : 1 ratio. The critical micellar concentration, as well as surface and thermodynamic properties for DTAB-rich and SDS-rich solutions, were evaluated by the surface tension (γ) and conductivity (κ) methods. The pseudo phase separation model was coupled with the dissociated Margules model for synergism. The Krafft temperature behaviour and optical analysis of mixed surfactants are studied using conductivity and UV-Vis spectroscopy, respectively. The dispersibility and stability of DTAB-rich and SDS-rich solutions with and without dyes (2.5 × 10^-5 mol l^-1 of methyl orange and methylene blue) are carried out by using UV-Vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering.

Effect of Molecular Composition of Head Group and Temperature on Micellar Properties of Ionic Surfactants with C12 Alkyl Chain

The paper analyses influences of the temperature and hydrophilic groups on micellar properties of ionic surfactants with 12-carbonic hydrophobic chains. The aim is to assess the impact of hydrophilic groups and temperature on thermodynamic parameters and micellization. This knowledge is indispensable for the formulation of new dosage forms. The method uses conductometric measurements. The following hydrophilic groups are analyzed: trimethylammonium bromide, trimethylammonium chloride, ethyldimethylammonium bromide, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, pyridinium chloride, benzyldimethyl-ammonium chloride, methylephedrinium bromide, cis and trans-[(2-benzyloxy)-cyclohexyl-methyl]-N, N-dimethylammonium bromide, sodium sulphate and lithium sulphate. Except for a few cases, there is a good agreement between values of critical micellar concentrations (CMC) and critical vesicle concentration (CVC) obtained here and those which were obtained by other authors and/or by other physicochemical methods. Values of the CMC are compared with respect to the molar masses of hydrophilic groups. It was found that CMC values increased non-linearly with increasing system temperature. The degrees of counterion binding and thermodynamic parameters, like the standard molar Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of micellization are determined and discussed in detail. The results obtained will be incorporated into in silico processes of modeling and design of optimal dosage forms, a current interdisciplinary research focus of the team.

An Interaction of Anionic- and Cationic-Rich Mixed Surfactants in Aqueous Medium through Physicochemical Properties at Three Different Temperatures

The mixed micellization of aqueous binary mixtures of DTAB-rich and SDS-rich surfactants, comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) is studied in aqueous solution by using the physicochemical properties (PCPs) at three different temperatures (T = 293.15, 298.15, and 303.15 K) and P=0.1  MPa. The DTAB concentration is varied from 0.0001 to 0.03 M/mol·L−1 in the ∼0.01 M/mol·L−1 SDS solution, while the concentration of SDS is varied from 0.001 to 0.015 M/mol·L−1 in the ∼0.005 M/mol·L−1 DTAB. The stable formulations have been obtained by employing the DTAB-rich and SDS-rich surfactants solutions in 3 : 1 ratio. Therefore, different phases and aggregated states formed in the ternary combinations of DTAB/SDS/H2O have been identified and described. The calculated PCPs have been utilized for determining the nature of the solute-solvent interaction (SLS0I). With increasing surfactants concentration, the polarisation of the solution also increases along with an increase in relative viscosity (ηr), viscous relaxation time (τ), and surface excess concentration (Γmax). However, the surface area of the molecule (Amin), hydrodynamic volume (Vh), and hydrodynamic radius (Rh) decrease along with an increase in surfactants concentration.