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Zhang Q, Xiao X, Zheng J, Li M, Yu M, Ping F, Wang T. Maternal inulin alleviates high-fat diet-induced lipid disorder in offspring by epigenetically modulating hypothalamus feeding circuit-related genes. Food Funct 2024; 15:110-124. [PMID: 38044717 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02223d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the existence of fetal-originated adult diseases. Recent research indicates that the intrauterine environment affects the fetal hypothalamic energy intake center. Inulin is a probiotic that can moderate metabolic disorders, but whether maternal inulin intervention confers long-term metabolic benefits to lipid metabolism in offspring in their adult lives and the mechanism involved are unknown. Here, we used a maternal overnutrition model that was induced by excess energy intake before and during pregnancy and lactation and maternal inulin intervention was performed during pregnancy and lactation. The hypothalamic genome methylation in offspring was analyzed using a methylation array. The results showed that maternal inulin treatment modified the maternal high-fat diet (HFD)-induced increases in body weight, adipose tissue weight, and serum insulin and leptin levels and decreases in serum adiponectin levels. Maternal inulin intervention regulated the impairments in hypothalamic leptin resistance, induced the methylation of Socs3, Npy, and Il6, and inhibited the methylation of Lepr in the hypothalamus of offspring. In conclusion, maternal inulin intervention modifies offspring lipid metabolism, and the underlying mechanism involves the methylation of genes in the hypothalamus feeding circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Jia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Miao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Fan Ping
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Liu S, Song S, Wang S, Cai T, Qin L, Wang X, Zhu G, Wang H, Yang W, Fang C, Wei Y, Zhou F, Yu Y, Lin S, Peng S, Li L. Hypothalamic FTO promotes high-fat diet-induced leptin resistance in mice through increasing CX3CL1 expression. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 123:109512. [PMID: 37907171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Long-term consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) disrupts energy homeostasis and leads to weight gain. The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene has been consistently identified to be associated with HFD-induced obesity. The hypothalamus is crucial for regulating energy balance, and HFD-induced hypothalamic leptin resistance contributes to obesity. FTO, an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation regulator, may be a key mediator of leptin resistance. However, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the association between FTO and leptin resistance. After HFD or standard diet (SD) feeding in male mice for 22 weeks, m6A-sequencing and western blotting assays were used to identify target genes and assess protein level, and molecular interaction changes. CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout system was employed to investigate the potential function of FTO in leptin resistance and obesity. Our data showed that chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1) was a direct downstream target of FTO-mediated m6A modification. Furthermore, upregulation of FTO/CX3CL1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in the hypothalamus impaired leptin-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling, resulting in leptin resistance and obesity. Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, FTO deficiency in leptin receptor-expressing neurons of the hypothalamus significantly inhibited the upregulation of CX3CL1 and SOCS3, and partially ameliorating leptin resistance under HFD conditions. Our findings reveal that FTO involved in the hypothalamic leptin resistance and provides novel insight into the function of FTO in the contribution to hypothalamic leptin resistance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China
| | - Shiyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China
| | - Shuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China
| | - Tonghui Cai
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, P.R. China
| | - Lian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China
| | - Xinzhuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China
| | - Guangming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China
| | - Chunlu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China
| | - Fu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China; School of Sport and Health Sciences, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Shaozhang Lin
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, P.R. China.
| | - Shuang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China; School of Sport and Health Sciences, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China.
| | - Liangming Li
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, P.R. China; School of Sport and Health Sciences, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China.
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Ruck L, Wiegand S, Kühnen P. Relevance and consequence of chronic inflammation for obesity development. Mol Cell Pediatr 2023; 10:16. [PMID: 37957462 PMCID: PMC10643747 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-023-00170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing prevalence of morbid obesity accompanied by comorbidities like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) led to a demand for improving therapeutic strategies and pharmacological intervention options. Apart from genetics, inflammation processes have been hypothesized to be of importance for the development of obesity and related aspects like insulin resistance. MAIN TEXT Within this review, we provide an overview of the intricate interplay between chronic inflammation of the adipose tissue and the hypothalamus and the development of obesity. Further understanding of this relationship might improve the understanding of the underlying mechanism and may be of relevance for the establishment of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ruck
- Klinik Für Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Susanna Wiegand
- Abteilung Interdisziplinär, Sozial-Pädiatrisches Zentrum, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kühnen
- Klinik Für Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Clark-Boucher D, Zhou X, Du J, Liu Y, Needham BL, Smith JA, Mukherjee B. Methods for mediation analysis with high-dimensional DNA methylation data: Possible choices and comparisons. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011022. [PMID: 37934796 PMCID: PMC10655967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic researchers often evaluate DNA methylation as a potential mediator of the effect of social/environmental exposures on a health outcome. Modern statistical methods for jointly evaluating many mediators have not been widely adopted. We compare seven methods for high-dimensional mediation analysis with continuous outcomes through both diverse simulations and analysis of DNAm data from a large multi-ethnic cohort in the United States, while providing an R package for their seamless implementation and adoption. Among the considered choices, the best-performing methods for detecting active mediators in simulations are the Bayesian sparse linear mixed model (BSLMM) and high-dimensional mediation analysis (HDMA); while the preferred methods for estimating the global mediation effect are high-dimensional linear mediation analysis (HILMA) and principal component mediation analysis (PCMA). We provide guidelines for epigenetic researchers on choosing the best method in practice and offer suggestions for future methodological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Clark-Boucher
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jiacong Du
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiology and Neurology, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Belinda L. Needham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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5
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Hoorzad P, Mousavinasab F, Tofigh P, Kalahroud EM, Aghaei-Zarch SM, Salehi A, Fattahi M, Le BN. Understanding the lncRNA/miRNA-NFκB regulatory network in Diabetes Mellitus: From function to clinical translation. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023:110804. [PMID: 37369279 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its significant ramifications make out one of the primary reasons behind morbidity worldwide. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, are involved in regulating manifold biological processes, including diabetes initiation and progression. One of the established pathways attributed to DM development is NF-κB signaling. Neurons, β cells, adipocytes, and hepatocytes are among the metabolic tissues where NF-κB is known to produce a range of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. The direct or indirect role of ncRNAs such as lncRNAs and miRNAs on the NF-κB signaling pathway and DM development has been supported by many studies. As a result, effective diabetes treatment and preventive methods will benefit from a comprehensive examination of the interplay between NF-κB and ncRNAs. Herein, we provide a concise overview of the role of NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways in diabetes mellitus and its consequences. The reciprocal regulation of ncRNAs and the NF-κB signaling pathway in diabetes is then discussed, shedding light on the pathogenesis of the illness and its possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Hoorzad
- Department of Molecular and cellular biology, Faculty of basic sciences and Advanced technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Pouya Tofigh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mohsen Aghaei-Zarch
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Salehi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculity of New Science and technology, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Fattahi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam; School of engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
| | - Binh Nguyen Le
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam; School of engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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Clark-Boucher D, Zhou X, Du J, Liu Y, Needham BL, Smith JA, Mukherjee B. Methods for Mediation Analysis with High-Dimensional DNA Methylation Data: Possible Choices and Comparison. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.10.23285764. [PMID: 36824903 PMCID: PMC9949196 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.10.23285764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic researchers often evaluate DNA methylation as a mediator between social/environmental exposures and disease, but modern statistical methods for jointly evaluating many mediators have not been widely adopted. We compare seven methods for high-dimensional mediation analysis with continuous outcomes through both diverse simulations and analysis of DNAm data from a large national cohort in the United States, while providing an R package for their implementation. Among the considered choices, the best-performing methods for detecting active mediators in simulations are the Bayesian sparse linear mixed model by Song et al. (2020) and high-dimensional mediation analysis by Gao et al. (2019); while the superior methods for estimating the global mediation effect are high-dimensional linear mediation analysis by Zhou et al. (2021) and principal component mediation analysis by Huang and Pan (2016). We provide guidelines for epigenetic researchers on choosing the best method in practice and offer suggestions for future methodological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Clark-Boucher
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jiacong Du
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiology and Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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7
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Suh SB, Lee N, Kim J, Kim S, Jang S, Park JK, Lee K, Choi SY, Kwon HJ, Lee CH. Metformin ameliorates olanzapine-induced obesity and glucose intolerance by regulating hypothalamic inflammation and microglial activation in female mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:906717. [PMID: 36313357 PMCID: PMC9596779 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.906717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Olanzapine (OLZ), a widely used second-generation antipsychotic drug, is known to cause metabolic side effects, including diabetes and obesity. Interestingly, OLZ-induced metabolic side effects have been demonstrated to be more profound in females in human studies and animal models. Metformin (MET) is often used as a medication for the metabolic side effects of OLZ. However, the mechanisms underlying OLZ-induced metabolic disturbances and their treatment remain unclear. Recent evidence has suggested that hypothalamic inflammation is a key component of the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders. On this background, we conducted this study with the following three objectives: 1) to investigate whether OLZ can independently induce hypothalamic microgliosis; 2) to examine whether there are sex-dependent differences in OLZ-induced hypothalamic microgliosis; and 3) to examine whether MET affects hypothalamic microgliosis. We found that administration of OLZ for 5 days induced systemic glucose intolerance and hypothalamic microgliosis and inflammation. Of note, both hypothalamic microglial activation and systemic glucose intolerance were far more evident in female mice than in male mice. The administration of MET attenuated hypothalamic microglial activation and prevented OLZ-induced systemic glucose intolerance and hypothalamic leptin resistance. Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative that prevents microgliosis, showed similar results when centrally injected. Our findings reveal that OLZ induces metabolic disorders by causing hypothalamic inflammation and that this inflammation is alleviated by MET administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bum Suh
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nayoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jaedeok Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Saeha Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sooyeon Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Keunwook Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Chan Hee Lee,
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8
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Kim J, Lee N, Suh SB, Jang S, Kim S, Kim DG, Park JK, Lee KW, Choi SY, Lee CH. Metformin ameliorates olanzapine-induced disturbances in POMC neuron number, axonal projection, and hypothalamic leptin resistance. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 35651327 PMCID: PMC9252891 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.6.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotics have been widely accepted as a treatment of choice for psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia. While atypical antipsychotics such as aripiprazole are not associated with obesity and diabetes, olanzapine is still widely used based on the anticipation that it is more effective in treating severe schizophrenia than aripiprazole, despite its metabolic side effects. To address metabolic problems, metformin is widely prescribed. Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have been identified as the main regulator of metabolism and energy expenditure. Although the relation between POMC neurons and metabolic disorders is well established, little is known about the effects of olanzapine and metformin on hypothalamic POMC neurons. In the present study, we investigated the effect of olanzapine and metformin on the hypothalamic POMC neurons in female mice. Olanzapine administration for 5 days significantly decreased Pomc mRNA expression, POMC neuron numbers, POMC projections, and induced leptin resistance before the onset of obesity. It was also observed that coadministration of metformin with olanzapine not only increased POMC neuron numbers and projections but also improved the leptin response of POMC neurons in the olanzapine-treated female mice. These findings suggest that olanzapine-induced hypothalamic POMC neuron abnormality and leptin resistance, which can be ameliorated by metformin administration, are the possible causes of subsequent hyperphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedeok Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Nayoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Sang Bum Suh
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Sooyeon Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Saeha Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Keun-Wook Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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9
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SOCS3 Ablation in Leptin Receptor-Expressing Cells Causes Autonomic and Cardiac Dysfunctions in Middle-Aged Mice despite Improving Energy and Glucose Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126484. [PMID: 35742928 PMCID: PMC9223472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin resistance is a hallmark of obesity. Treatments aiming to improve leptin sensitivity are considered a promising therapeutical approach against obesity. However, leptin receptor (LepR) signaling also modulates several neurovegetative aspects, such as the cardiovascular system and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Thus, we investigated the long-term consequences of increased leptin sensitivity, considering the potential beneficial and deleterious effects. To generate a mouse model with increased leptin sensitivity, the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) was ablated in LepR-expressing cells (LepR∆SOCS3 mice). LepR∆SOCS3 mice displayed reduced food intake, body adiposity and weight gain, as well as improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and were protected against aging-induced leptin resistance. Surprisingly, a very high mortality rate was observed in aging LepR∆SOCS3 mice. LepR∆SOCS3 mice showed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, increased myocardial fibrosis and reduced cardiovascular capacity. LepR∆SOCS3 mice exhibited impaired post-ischemic cardiac functional recovery and middle-aged LepR∆SOCS3 mice showed substantial arhythmic events during the post-ischemic reperfusion period. Finally, LepR∆SOCS3 mice exhibited fasting-induced hypoglycemia and impaired counterregulatory response to glucopenia associated with reduced gluconeogenesis. In conclusion, although increased sensitivity to leptin improved the energy and glucose homeostasis of aging LepR∆SOCS3 mice, major autonomic/neurovegetative dysfunctions compromised the health and longevity of these animals. Consequently, these potentially negative aspects need to be considered in the therapies that increase leptin sensitivity chronically.
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10
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de Souza GO, Wasinski F, Donato J. Characterization of the metabolic differences between male and female C57BL/6 mice. Life Sci 2022; 301:120636. [PMID: 35568227 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study aims to compare the responses between male and female C57BL/6 mice to multiple metabolic challenges to understand the importance of sex in the control of energy homeostasis. MAIN METHODS Male and female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to nutritional and hormonal challenges, such as food restriction and refeeding, diet-induced obesity, feeding response to ghrelin and leptin, ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion, and central responsiveness to ghrelin and leptin. The hypothalamic expression of transcripts that control energy homeostasis was also evaluated. KEY FINDINGS Male mice lost more weight and lean body mass in response to food restriction, compared to females. During refeeding, males accumulated more body fat and exhibited lower energy expenditure and glycemia, as compared to females. Additionally, female mice exhibited a higher protection against diet-induced obesity and related metabolic imbalances in comparison to males. Low dose ghrelin injection elicited higher food intake and growth hormone secretion in male mice, whereas the acute anorexigenic effect of leptin was more robust in females. However, the sex differences in the feeding responses to ghrelin and leptin were not explained by variations in the central responsiveness to these hormones nor by differences in the fiber density from arcuate nucleus neurons. Female, but not male, mice exhibited compensatory increases in hypothalamic Pomc mRNA levels in response to diet-induced obesity. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings revealed several sexually differentiated responses to metabolic challenges in C57BL/6 mice, highlighting the importance of taking into account sex differences in metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel O de Souza
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil..
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11
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Flores-Cordero JA, Pérez-Pérez A, Jiménez-Cortegana C, Alba G, Flores-Barragán A, Sánchez-Margalet V. Obesity as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Leptin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5202. [PMID: 35563589 PMCID: PMC9099768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing worldwide health problem, affecting many people due to excessive saturated fat consumption, lack of exercise, or a sedentary lifestyle. Leptin is an adipokine secreted by adipose tissue that increases in obesity and has central actions not only at the hypothalamic level but also in other regions and nuclei of the central nervous system (CNS) such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These regions express the long form of leptin receptor LepRb, which is the unique leptin receptor capable of transmitting complete leptin signaling, and are the first regions to be affected by chronic neurocognitive deficits, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In this review, we discuss different leptin resistance mechanisms that could be implicated in increasing the risk of developing AD, as leptin resistance is frequently associated with obesity, which is a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, and obesity is considered a risk factor for AD. Key players of leptin resistance are SOCS3, PTP1B, and TCPTP whose signalling is related to inflammation and could be worsened in AD. However, some data are controversial, and it is necessary to further investigate the underlying mechanisms of the AD-causing pathological processes and how altered leptin signalling affects such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Av. Sánchez Pizjuan 4, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (J.A.F.-C.); (A.P.-P.); (C.J.-C.); (G.A.); (A.F.-B.)
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12
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The central nervous system control of energy homeostasis: high fat diet induced hypothalamic microinflammation and obesity. Brain Res Bull 2022; 185:99-106. [PMID: 35525336 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is believed to arise through the imbalance of energy homeostasis controlled by the central nervous system, where the hypothalamus plays the fundamental role in energy metabolism. In this review, we will provide an overview regarding the functions of POMC neurons and AgRP neurons in acute nucleus of the hypothalamus which mediated the energy metabolism, highlighting their interactions with peripheral organs derived hormones in control of energy homeostasis. Furthermore, the role of high fat diet induced hypothalamic microinflammation in the pathogenesis of obesity will be discussed. We hope this review could help researchers to understand the mechanism of hypothalamus in control of energy metabolism, and design related drugs to block the pathways involving in the impaired metabolism in obese patients.
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13
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Szalanczy AM, Key CCC, Woods LCS. Genetic variation in satiety signaling and hypothalamic inflammation: merging fields for the study of obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 101:108928. [PMID: 34936921 PMCID: PMC8959400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although obesity has been a longstanding health crisis, the genetic architecture of the disease remains poorly understood. Genome-wide association studies have identified many genomic loci associated with obesity, with genes being enriched in the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus. This points to the role of the central nervous system (CNS) in predisposition to obesity, and we emphasize here several key genes along the satiety signaling pathway involved in genetic susceptibility. Interest has also risen regarding the chronic, low-grade obesity-associated inflammation, with a growing concern toward inflammation in the hypothalamus as a precursor to obesity. Recent studies have found that genetic variation in inflammatory genes play a role in obesity susceptibility, and we highlight here several key genes. Despite the interest in the genetic variants of these pathways individually, there is a lack of research that investigates the relationship between the two. Understanding the interplay between genetic variation in obesity genes enriched in the CNS and inflammation genes will advance our understanding of obesity etiology and heterogeneity, improve genetic risk prediction analyses, and highlight new drug targets for the treatment of obesity. Additionally, this increased knowledge will assist in physician's ability to develop personalized nutrition and medication strategies for combating the obesity epidemic. Though it often seems to present universally, obesity is a highly individual disease, and there remains a need in the field to develop methods to treat at the individual level.
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14
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Vohra MS, Benchoula K, Serpell CJ, Hwa WE. AgRP/NPY and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus and their potential role in treatment of obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 915:174611. [PMID: 34798121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health crisis affecting over a third of the global population. This multifactorial disease is regulated via interoceptive neural circuits in the brain, whose alteration results in excessive body weight. Certain central neuronal populations in the brain are recognised as crucial nodes in energy homeostasis; in particular, the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) region contains two peptide microcircuits that control energy balance with antagonistic functions: agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide-Y (AgRP/NPY) signals hunger and stimulates food intake; and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) signals satiety and reduces food intake. These neuronal peptides levels react to energy status and integrate signals from peripheral ghrelin, leptin, and insulin to regulate feeding and energy expenditure. To manage obesity comprehensively, it is crucial to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of information processing in ARC neurons, since these regulate energy homeostasis. Importantly, a specific strategy focusing on ARC circuits needs to be devised to assist in treating obese patients and maintaining weight loss with minimal or no side effects. The aim of this review is to elucidate the recent developments in the study of AgRP-, NPY- and POMC-producing neurons, specific to their role in controlling metabolism. The impact of ghrelin, leptin, and insulin signalling via action of these neurons is also surveyed, since they also impact energy balance through this route. Lastly, we present key proteins, targeted genes, compounds, drugs, and therapies that actively work via these neurons and could potentially be used as therapeutic targets for treating obesity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Khaled Benchoula
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Wong Eng Hwa
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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15
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Zhu F, Zhang D, Shen F, Xu K, Huang X, Liu J, Zhang J, Teng Y. Maternal Socs3 knockdown attenuates postnatal obesity caused by an early life environment of maternal obesity and intrauterine overnutrition in progeny mice. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:1210-1221. [PMID: 34184397 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pathological states in the early life environment of mammalian offspring, including maternal obesity and intrauterine overnutrition, can induce obesity and metabolic disorder later in life. Leptin resistance caused by upregulation of Socs3 in the hypothalamus of offspring was believed to be the main mechanism of this effect. In this study, obese mother (OM) and lean mother (LM) models were generated by feeding C57BL/6N female mice a high-fat diet or standard lean diet, respectively. Additionally, an obese mother with intervention (OMI) model was generated by injecting the high-fat diet group with Socs3-shRNA lentivirus during early pregnancy. The offspring of the groups was correspondingly named OM-F1 , LM-F1 , and OMI-F1 , representing progeny mouse models of different early life environments. The offspring were fed a high-fat diet to test their propensity for obesity. The body weight, food intake and fat accumulation were higher, while glucose intolerance and insulin resistance were worse in the OM-F1 group than LM-F1 group. By contrast, the obesity phenotype, hyperphagia and metabolic disorder were alleviated in the OMI-F1 group compared with the OM-F1 group. The mechanism was identified that downregulation of hypothalamic SOCS3 resulted in an increased level of p-STAT3 and p-JAK2, which ameliorated the leptin resistance and restored the lean expression of appetite regulatory genes (Pomc and Agrp) in hypothalamus of OMI-F1 group. Taken together, these results indicate that reducing maternal Socs3 expression during pregnancy can attenuate obesity caused by the early life environment in mice, which may inspire therapies that enable obese mothers to bear metabolically healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Graduate, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- College of Biological and Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
- Children's Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- College of Biological and Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Fangfang Shen
- Children's Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Children's Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xin Huang
- College of Biological and Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Children's Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Biological and Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yiqun Teng
- Department of Graduate, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Children's Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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16
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Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JP, Donato J. Rolling out physical exercise and energy homeostasis: Focus on hypothalamic circuitries. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 63:100944. [PMID: 34425188 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Energy balance is the fine regulation of energy expenditure and energy intake. Negative energy balance causes body weight loss, while positive energy balance promotes weight gain. Modern societies offer a maladapted way of life, where easy access to palatable foods and the lack of opportunities to perform physical activity are considered the roots of the obesity pandemic. Physical exercise increases energy expenditure and, consequently, is supposed to promote weight loss. Paradoxically, physical exercise acutely drives anorexigenic-like effects, but the mechanisms are still poorly understood. Using an evolutionary background, this review aims to highlight the potential involvement of the melanocortin system and other hypothalamic neural circuitries regulating energy balance during and after physical exercise. The physiological significance of these changes will be explored, and possible signalling agents will be addressed. The knowledge discussed here might be important for clarifying obesity aetiology as well as new therapeutic approaches for body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
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17
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Chen N, Zhang Y, Wang M, Lin X, Li J, Li J, Xiao X. Maternal obesity interrupts the coordination of the unfolded protein response and heat shock response in the postnatal developing hypothalamus of male offspring in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 527:111218. [PMID: 33636254 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity malprograms offspring obesity and associated metabolic disorder. As a common phenomenon in obesity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress also presents early prior to the development. Here, we investigate metabolic effect of early activated hypothalamic ER stress in offspring exposed to maternal obesogenic environment and the underlying mechanism in ICR mice model. We found higher body weight, hyperphagia and defective hypothalamic feeding-circuit in the offspring born to obese dams, with hypothalamic ER stress, and even more comprehensive cell proteotoxic stress were induced during the early postnatal period. However, neonatal inhibition of hypothalamic ER stress worsened the metabolic end. We believe that the uncoordinated interaction between the unfolded protein response and the heat shock response, regulated by heat shock protein 70, might be responsible for the malformed hypothalamic feeding circuit of the offspring exposure to maternal obesogenic conditions and were linked with deleterious metabolism in adulthood, especially when exposure to high-energy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yunqi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Miaoran Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaojing Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jibin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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18
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Lyra E Silva NM, Gonçalves RA, Pascoal TA, Lima-Filho RAS, Resende EDPF, Vieira ELM, Teixeira AL, de Souza LC, Peny JA, Fortuna JTS, Furigo IC, Hashiguchi D, Miya-Coreixas VS, Clarke JR, Abisambra JF, Longo BM, Donato J, Fraser PE, Rosa-Neto P, Caramelli P, Ferreira ST, De Felice FG. Pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 signaling links cognitive impairments and peripheral metabolic alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:251. [PMID: 33911072 PMCID: PMC8080782 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with memory impairment and altered peripheral metabolism. Mounting evidence indicates that abnormal signaling in a brain-periphery metabolic axis plays a role in AD pathophysiology. The activation of pro-inflammatory pathways in the brain, including the interleukin-6 (IL-6) pathway, comprises a potential point of convergence between memory dysfunction and metabolic alterations in AD that remains to be better explored. Using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we observed signs of probable inflammation in the hypothalamus and in the hippocampus of AD patients when compared to cognitively healthy control subjects. Pathological examination of post-mortem AD hypothalamus revealed the presence of hyperphosphorylated tau and tangle-like structures, as well as parenchymal and vascular amyloid deposits surrounded by astrocytes. T2 hyperintensities on MRI positively correlated with plasma IL-6, and both correlated inversely with cognitive performance and hypothalamic/hippocampal volumes in AD patients. Increased IL-6 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) were observed in post-mortem AD brains. Moreover, activation of the IL-6 pathway was observed in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of AD mice. Neutralization of IL-6 and inhibition of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in the brains of AD mouse models alleviated memory impairment and peripheral glucose intolerance, and normalized plasma IL-6 levels. Collectively, these results point to IL-6 as a link between cognitive impairment and peripheral metabolic alterations in AD. Targeting pro-inflammatory IL-6 signaling may be a strategy to alleviate memory impairment and metabolic alterations in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Lyra E Silva
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Rafaella A Gonçalves
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ricardo A S Lima-Filho
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elisa de Paula França Resende
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Erica L M Vieira
- Centre of Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Santa Casa BH Ensino e Pesquisa, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo C de Souza
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Julyanna A Peny
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana T S Fortuna
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Furigo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Debora Hashiguchi
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vivian S Miya-Coreixas
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julia R Clarke
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jose F Abisambra
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Beatriz M Longo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paul E Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical and Molecuar Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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19
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Abstract
Leptin is a pluripotent peptide hormone produced mainly by adipocytes, as well as by other tissues such as the stomach. Leptin primarily acts on the central nervous system, particularly the hypothalamus, where this hormone regulates energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function. Owing to this, disruption of leptin signaling has been linked with numerous pathological conditions. Recent studies have also highlighted the diverse roles of leptin in the digestive system including immune regulation, cell proliferation, tissue healing, and glucose metabolism. Of note, leptin acts differently under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we review the current knowledge on the functions of leptin and its downstream signaling in the gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs, with an emphasis on its physiological and pathological implications. We also discuss the current therapeutic uses of recombinant leptin, as well as its limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hyun Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Manandhar M, Chun E, Romesberg FE. Genetic Code Expansion: Inception, Development, Commercialization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4859-4878. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miglena Manandhar
- Synthorx, a Sanofi Company, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Eugene Chun
- Synthorx, a Sanofi Company, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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21
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Pedroso JAB, Dos Santos LBP, Furigo IC, Spagnol AR, Wasinski F, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Deletion of growth hormone receptor in hypothalamic neurons affects the adaptation capacity to aerobic exercise. Peptides 2021; 135:170426. [PMID: 33069692 PMCID: PMC7855886 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus mediates important exercise-induced metabolic adaptations, possibly via hormonal signals. Hypothalamic leptin receptor (LepR)- and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1)-expressing neurons are directly responsive to growth hormone (GH) and deletion of GH receptor (GHR) in these cells impairs neuroendocrine responses during situations of metabolic stress. In the present study, we determined whether GHR ablation in LepR- or SF1-expressing cells modifies acute and chronic metabolic adaptations to exercise. Male mice carrying deletion of GHR in LepR- or SF1-expressing cells were submitted to 8 weeks of treadmill running training. Changes in aerobic performance and exercise-induced metabolic adaptations were determined. Mice carrying GHR deletion in LepR cells showed increased aerobic performance after 8 weeks of treadmill training, whereas GHR ablation in SF1 cells prevented improvement in running capacity. Trained mice carrying GHR ablation in SF1 cells exhibited increased fat mass and reduced cross-sectional area of the gastrocnemius muscle. In contrast, deletion of GHR in LepR cells reduced fat mass and increased gastrocnemius muscle hypertrophy, energy expenditure and voluntary locomotor activity in trained mice. Although glucose tolerance was not significantly affected by targeted deletions, glycemia before and immediately after maximum running tests was altered by GHR ablation. In conclusion, GHR signaling in hypothalamic neurons regulates the adaptation capacity to aerobic exercise in a cell-specific manner. These findings suggest that GH may represent a hormonal cue that informs specific hypothalamic neurons to produce exercise-induced acute and chronic metabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- João A B Pedroso
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas B P Dos Santos
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Furigo
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Spagnol
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Farmacologia, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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22
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Du Y, Huo Q, Li T, Sun D, Sun T, Lu Z. Construction of a Mex3c Gene-Deficient Mouse Model to Study C-FOS Expression in Hypothalamic Nuclei and Observe Morphological Differences in Embryonic Neural Tube Development. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e927334. [PMID: 33191393 PMCID: PMC7678243 DOI: 10.12659/msm.927334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study utilized CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to construct a Mex3c gene-deficient mouse model, and studied C-FOS expression in hypothalamic nuclei. Material/Methods Thirty Mex3c−/+ mice, 30 mice in the normal group, and 30 Mex3c−/+ mice were randomly divided into control, leptin, and ghrelin groups according to different intraperitoneal injections. HE and Nissl staining were performed to observe the morphology of hypothalamic nerve cells. The C-FOS expression in hypothalamic nuclei of each group was analyzed by immunohistochemical techniques. HE staining was used to observe neural tube morphology, and LFB staining was used to observe nerve myelin sheath morphology. TEM was used to observe neuronal ultrastructure and immunohistochemical techniques were utilized to analyze nestin expression. Results C-FOS expression was lower in the normal control group than in the leptin and ghrelin groups. The Mex3c control group and the leptin group had higher C-FOS expression than the ghrelin group. In neural tube studies, no significant differences were found in the neural tube pathological sections of E14.5-day embryos in each group. Nestin results demonstrated lower expression in the normal group and there was little difference between the HD and Mex3c groups. Conclusions Mex3c appears to participate in the regulation of energy metabolism by inducing C-FOS expression in the hypothalamus. The neural tubes of the offspring of Mex3c−/+ mice had defects during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Du
- Department of Laboratory Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland).,Department of Pediatric Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland)
| | - Quan Huo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland)
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland)
| | - Dongjun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland)
| | - Ting Sun
- Biological Sample Bank, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiguo Lu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China (mainland)
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23
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Belsham DD, Dalvi PS. Insulin signalling in hypothalamic neurones. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 33:e12919. [PMID: 33227171 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Subsequent to the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best in the Department of Physiology at the University of Toronto 100 years ago, the field of insulin signalling and action has grown at a remarkable pace. Yet, the recognition that insulin action in the brain is critical for whole body homeostasis has only recently been appreciated. The hypothalamus is a key region in the brain that responds to circulating insulin by engaging a complex signalling cascade resulting in the ultimate release of neuropeptides that control hunger and feeding. Disruption of this important feedback system can lead to a phenomenon called cellular insulin resistance, where the neurones cease to sense insulin. The factors contributing to insulin resistance, as well as the resulting detrimental effects, include the induction of neuroinflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and alterations in the architecture of the blood-brain barrier that allow transport of insulin into the brain. These manifestations usually change energy balance, causing weight gain, often resulting in obesity and its deadly comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Nonetheless, there is still hope because the signal transduction pathways can be targeted at a number of levels by neurone-specific therapeutics. With the advent of unique cell models for investigating the mechanisms involved in these processes, the discovery of novel targets is increasingly possible. Although we are still looking for a cure for diabetes, Banting and Best would be impressed at how far their discovery has advanced and the contemporary knowledge that has been accumulated based on insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise D Belsham
- Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Prasad S Dalvi
- Biology Department, Morosky College of Health Professions and Sciences, Gannon University, Erie, PA, USA
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24
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Quaresma PGF, Teixeira PDS, Wasinski F, Campos AMP, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Cholinergic neurons in the hypothalamus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus are directly responsive to growth hormone. Life Sci 2020; 259:118229. [PMID: 32781065 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cholinergic neurons are distributed in brain areas containing growth hormone (GH)-responsive cells. We determined if cholinergic neurons are directly responsive to GH and the metabolic consequences of deleting the GH receptor (GHR) specifically in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-expressing cells. MAIN METHODS Mice received an acute injection of GH to detect neurons co-expressing ChAT and phosphorylated STAT5 (pSTAT5), a well-established marker of GH-responsive cells. For the physiological studies, mice carrying ablation of GHR exclusively in ChAT-expressing cells were produced and possible changes in energy and glucose homeostasis were determined when consuming regular chow or high-fat diet (HFD). KEY FINDINGS The majority of cholinergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus (60%) and dorsomedial nucleus (84%) of the hypothalamus are directly responsive to GH. Approximately 34% of pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus also exhibited GH-induced pSTAT5. GH-induced pSTAT5 in these ChAT neurons was absent in GHR ChAT knockout mice. Mice carrying ChAT-specific GHR deletion, either in chow or HFD, did not exhibit significant changes in body weight, body adiposity, lean body mass, food intake, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, ambulatory activity, serum leptin levels, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and metabolic responses to 2-deoxy-d-glucose. However, GHR deletion in ChAT neurons caused decreased hypothalamic Pomc mRNA levels in HFD mice. SIGNIFICANCE Cholinergic neurons that regulate the metabolism are directly responsive to GH, although GHR signaling in these cells is not required for energy and glucose homeostasis. Thus, the physiological importance of GH action on cholinergic neurons still needs to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G F Quaresma
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana M P Campos
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
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25
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Roles of Gangliosides in Hypothalamic Control of Energy Balance: New Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155349. [PMID: 32731387 PMCID: PMC7432706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are essential components of cell membranes and are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and receptor-mediated signal transduction. They regulate functions of proteins in membrane microdomains, notably receptor tyrosine kinases such as insulin receptor (InsR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), through lateral association. Studies during the past two decades using knockout (KO) or pharmacologically inhibited cells, or KO mouse models for glucosylceramide synthase (GCS; Ugcg), GM3 synthase (GM3S; St3gal5), and GD3 synthase (GD3S; St8sia1) have revealed essential roles of gangliosides in hypothalamic control of energy balance. The a-series gangliosides GM1 and GD1a interact with leptin receptor (LepR) and promote LepR signaling through activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Studies of GM3S KO cells have shown that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, downstream of the LepR signaling pathway, is also modulated by gangliosides. Recent studies have revealed crosstalk between the LepR signaling pathway and other receptor signaling pathways (e.g., InsR and EGFR pathways). Gangliosides thus have the ability to modulate the effects of leptin by regulating functions of such receptors, and by direct interaction with LepR to control signaling.
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Pedroso JAB, Wasinski F, Donato J. Prolonged fasting induces long-lasting metabolic consequences in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 84:108457. [PMID: 32738733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To endure prolonged fasting, animals undergo important acute physiological adjustments. However, whether severe fasting also leads to long-term metabolic adaptations is largely unknown. Forty-eight-hour fasting caused a pronounced weight loss in adult C57BL/6 male mice. Seven days of refeeding increased body adiposity to levels above baseline, whereas fasting-induced reductions in lean body mass and energy expenditure were not fully recovered. Respiratory exchange ratio and locomotor activity also remained altered. A fasting/refeeding cycle led to persistent suppression of Pomc mRNA levels and significant changes in the expression of histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases in the hypothalamus. Additionally, histone acetylation in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus was reduced by prolonged fasting and remained suppressed after refeeding. Mice subjected to 48-h fasting 30 days earlier exhibited higher body weight and fat mass compared to aged-matched animals that were never food-deprived. Furthermore, a previous fasting experience altered the changes in body weight, lean mass, energy expenditure and locomotor activity induced by a second cycle of fasting and refeeding. Notably, when acutely exposed to high-palatable/high-fat diet, mice that went through cumulative fasting episodes presented higher calorie intake and reduced energy expenditure and fat oxidation, compared to mice that had never been subjected to fasting. When chronically exposed to high-fat diet, mice that experienced cumulative fasting episodes showed higher gain of body and fat mass and reduced energy expenditure and calorie intake. In summary, cumulative episodes of prolonged fasting lead to hypothalamic epigenetic changes and long-lasting metabolic adaptations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- João A B Pedroso
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Disordered Leptin signaling in the retrotrapezoid nucleus is associated with the impaired hypercapnic ventilatory response in obesity. Life Sci 2020; 257:117994. [PMID: 32569780 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sleep-disordered breathing is characterized by disruptions of normal breathing patterns during sleep. Obesity is closely related to hypoventilation or apnea and becomes a primary risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing. Leptin, a peptide secreted by adipose tissue, has been implicated in central control of breathing. Activation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons, a critical central respiratory chemoreceptor candidate, potentiates a central drive to breathing. Here, we ask whether the disordered leptin signaling in the RTN is responsible for obesity-related hypoventilation. In a diet induced obesity (DIO) mouse model, the hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) was assessed and the cellular leptin signaling in the RTN was examined. Our main findings demonstrate that DIO mice exhibit overweight, hypercapnia, high levels of serum and cerebrospinal leptin. During exposure to room air, DIO mice manifest basal hypoventilation with a rapid and shallow breathing pattern. Exposure to CO2 elicits the impaired HCVR in DIO mice. In addition, both the number of CO2-activated neurons and expression of TASK-2 channels in the RTN are dramatically reduced in DIO mice. Moreover, there is leptin signaling disorder in RTN neurons in DIO mice, including a significant decrease in leptin-activated RTN neurons, downregulation of phosphorylated STAT3 and upregulation of SOCS3. Altogether, we suggest that the disordered leptin/STAT3/SOCS3 signaling pathway in the RTN plays a role in obesity-related hypoventilation.
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28
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Shu L, Hou G, Zhao H, Huang W, Song G, Ma H. Long non-coding RNA expression profiling following treatment with resveratrol to improve insulin resistance. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1303-1316. [PMID: 32627012 PMCID: PMC7339411 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a role in the treatment of diabetes; however, the mechanism by which resveratrol regulates insulin resistance via lncRNAs is currently unknown. The present study aimed to determine the lncRNA expression level profile in mice following resveratrol treatment to improve insulin resistance using high-throughput sequencing technology. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks to develop an insulin resistance model, followed by treatment with or without RSV for 6 weeks before high-throughput sequencing. Following RSV treatment, 28 and 30 lncRNAs were up- and downregulated, respectively; eight lncRNAs were randomly selected and evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, which showed results consistent with the sequencing analysis. Pathway analysis demonstrated that the insulin signaling pathway enrichment score was the highest, and identified two lncRNAs, NONMMUT058999.2 and NONMMUT051901.2, consistent with the protein-encoding genes SOCS3 and G6PC, respectively. Similar expression level patterns were observed for SOCS3 and G6PC, suggesting that RSV improves insulin resistance by modulating lncRNAs. RSV decreased the expression levels of SOCS3, FOXO1, G6PC and PEPCK in mice. The same results were observed following knockdown of NONMMUT058999.2 in cells. The present study provides a new biomarker or intervention target for RSV in the treatment of diabetes, and a new perspective for understanding the hypoglycemic mechanism of RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Guangsen Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Wenli Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Guangyao Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
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Shu L, Hou G, Zhao H, Huang W, Song G, Ma H. Resveratrol improves high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in mice by downregulating the lncRNA NONMMUT008655.2. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:1-18. [PMID: 32051733 PMCID: PMC7013227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As essential players in the field of diabetes treatment, resveratrol (RSV) has received much attention in recent years. However, it is unclear whether it can improve insulin resistance by regulating the long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA). The objective of this study was to investigate whether RSV improves high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in mice by regulating thelncRNANONMMUT008655.2 in vivo and in vitro. To this end, animal and cell insulin resistance models were developed. Specifically, C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and administered RSV for eight weeks. Additionally, mouse Hepa cells were treated with palmitic acid, transfected with siRNA NONMMUT008655.2, and treated with RSV. Treated mice and cells were then compared to normal controls that were not exposed to RSV. In the animal model, RSV was found to decrease the levels of fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as the insulin index and area under the curve; while increasing the insulin sensitivity index. Besides, RSV decreased the expression levels of SOCS3, G6PC, and FOXO1 yet increased that of p-Akt and p-FOXO1 in mice. The same results were observed following knockdown of NONMMUT008655.2 in cells. Overall, our results suggest that RSV may improve hepatic insulin resistance and control blood glucose levels by downregulating lncRNA NONMMUT008655.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General HospitalShijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangsen Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General HospitalShijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General HospitalShijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenli Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General HospitalShijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General HospitalShijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General HospitalShijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Hebei General HospitalShijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
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Li Y, Ye L, Jia G, Chen H, Yu L, Wu D. C1q/TNF-related Protein 4 Induces Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Pathway and Modulates Food Intake. Neuroscience 2020; 429:1-9. [PMID: 31917347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
C1q/TNF-related protein 4 (CTRP4) has been reported to decrease food intake and regulate energy homeostasis. However, its underlying mechanism and signaling pathway remain unknown. Using an adenovirus-mediated hypothalamic CTRP4 overexpression model, we investigated the impact of CTRP4 on food intake and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in normal chow-fed mice. Expressions of neuropeptides including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were studied in hypothalamus by Western blot and immunochemistry. STAT3 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) were determined by Western blot. STAT3 signaling pathway was also investigated in Neuro 2A (N2a) cells after CTRP4 overexpression intervention. We found that food intake decreased significantly in mice under normal chow condition after CTRP4 overexpression. Both immunohistochemistry and Western blot demonstrated that POMC expression was significantly increased while NPY expression was significantly decreased. The changes of neuropeptides were accompanied by significant increased STAT3 phosphorylation and decreased SOCS3 levels. The same changes of neuropeptides and STAT3 signaling were also found in N2a cells after CTRP4 overexpression intervention. Collectively, our data reveals that CTRP4 induces the activation of STAT3 signaling and decreases food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejie Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gongwei Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandong Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Salazar J, Chávez-Castillo M, Rojas J, Ortega A, Nava M, Pérez J, Rojas M, Espinoza C, Chacin M, Herazo Y, Angarita L, Rojas DM, D'Marco L, Bermudez V. Is "Leptin Resistance" Another Key Resistance to Manage Type 2 Diabetes? Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:733-749. [PMID: 31886750 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666191230111838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although novel pharmacological options for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) have been observed to modulate the functionality of several key organs in glucose homeostasis, successful regulation of insulin resistance (IR), body weight management, and pharmacological treatment of obesity remain notable problems in endocrinology. Leptin may be a pivotal player in this scenario, as an adipokine which centrally regulates appetite and energy balance. In obesity, excessive caloric intake promotes a low-grade inflammatory response, which leads to dysregulations in lipid storage and adipokine secretion. In turn, these entail alterations in leptin sensitivity, leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier and defects in post-receptor signaling. Furthermore, hypothalamic inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress may increase the expression of molecules which may disrupt leptin signaling. Abundant evidence has linked obesity and leptin resistance, which may precede or occur simultaneously to IR and DM2. Thus, leptin sensitivity may be a potential early therapeutic target that demands further preclinical and clinical research. Modulators of insulin sensitivity have been tested in animal models and small clinical trials with promising results, especially in combination with agents such as amylin and GLP-1 analogs, in particular, due to their central activity in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Mervin Chávez-Castillo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Joselyn Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Angel Ortega
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Manuel Nava
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - José Pérez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Milagros Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | | | - Maricarmen Chacin
- Universidad Simon Bolivar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Yaneth Herazo
- Universidad Simon Bolivar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Lissé Angarita
- Escuela de Nutricion y Dietetica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Sede Concepcion, Chile
| | - Diana Marcela Rojas
- Escuela de Nutricion y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis D'Marco
- Hospital Clinico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Servicio de Nefrologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Valmore Bermudez
- Universidad Simon Bolivar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
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De Sousa Rodrigues ME, Houser MC, Walker DI, Jones DP, Chang J, Barnum CJ, Tansey MG. Targeting soluble tumor necrosis factor as a potential intervention to lower risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 12:1. [PMID: 31892368 PMCID: PMC6937979 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Insulin impairment and inflammation are two features common to type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease; however, the molecular and signaling interactions underlying this relationship are not well understood. Mounting evidence point to the associations between the disruption of metabolite processing in insulin impairment and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s. Although the brain depends partially on metabolites processed in the periphery, to date, little is known about how soluble tumor necrosis factor signaling (solTNF) impacts integrated peripheral immune and metabolic feedback signals in states of energy overload and insulin insensitivity. Methods C57Bl/6J mice were fed a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet (HFHC) for 14 weeks. The brain-permeant biologic XPro1595® was used to block solTNF-dependent pathways. Metabolic and immune alterations were evaluated in the gut, liver, and brain. Behavioral tests were performed. Untargeted metabolomics was carried out in the plasma and liver. Results HFHC diet promotes central insulin impairment and dysregulation of immune-modulatory gene expressed in the brain. Alteration of metabolites associated with type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s such as butanoate, glutamate, biopterin, branched-chain amino acids, purines, and proteoglycan metabolism was observed in HFHC-fed mice. solTNF inhibition ameliorates hepatic metabolic disturbances and hepatic and intestinal lipocalin-2 levels, and decreases insulin impairment in the brain and behavioral deficits associated with HFHC diet. Conclusions Our novel findings suggest that HFHC diet impacts central insulin signaling and immune-metabolic interactions in a solTNF-dependent manner to increase the risk for neurodegenerative conditions. Our novel findings indicate that selective solTNF neutralization can ameliorate peripheral and central diet-induced insulin impairment and identify lipocalin-2 as a potential target for therapeutic intervention to target inflammation and insulin disturbances in obesogenic environments. Collectively, our findings identify solTNF as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory states and insulin disturbances in obesogenic environments to lower risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madelyn C Houser
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322-3110, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University Emory, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University Emory, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jianjun Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322-3110, USA
| | - Christopher J Barnum
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322-3110, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322-3110, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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33
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Lee CH, Kim HJ, Lee YS, Kang GM, Lim HS, Lee SH, Song DK, Kwon O, Hwang I, Son M, Byun K, Sung YH, Kim S, Kim JB, Choi EY, Kim YB, Kim K, Kweon MN, Sohn JW, Kim MS. Hypothalamic Macrophage Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Mediates Obesity-Associated Hypothalamic Inflammation. Cell Rep 2019; 25:934-946.e5. [PMID: 30355499 PMCID: PMC6284237 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated metabolic alterations are closely linked to low-grade
inflammation in peripheral organs, in which macrophages play a central role.
Using genetic labeling of myeloid lineage cells, we show that hypothalamic
macrophages normally reside in the perivascular area and circumventricular organ
median eminence. Chronic consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) induces expansion
of the monocyte-derived macrophage pool in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus
(ARC), which is significantly attributed to enhanced proliferation of
macrophages. Notably, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is robustly
activated in ARC macrophages of HFD-fed obese mice. Hypothalamic macrophage iNOS
inhibition completely abrogates macrophage accumulation and activation,
proinflammatory cytokine overproduction, reactive astrogliosis,
blood-brain-barrier permeability, and lipid accumulation in the ARC of obese
mice. Moreover, central iNOS inhibition improves obesity-induced alterations in
systemic glucose metabolism without affecting adiposity. Our findings suggest a
critical role for hypothalamic macrophage-expressed iNOS in hypothalamic
inflammation and abnormal glucose metabolism in cases of overnutrition-induced
obesity. Lee et al. demonstrate in mice that, upon prolonged high-fat diet
feeding, hypothalamic macrophages proliferate, expand their pool, and sustain
hypothalamic inflammation. Moreover, they show that hypothalamic macrophage iNOS
inhibition diminishes macrophage activation, astrogliosis, blood-brain-barrier
permeability, and impaired glucose metabolism in diet-induced obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Gil Myoung Kang
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Lim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Do Kyeong Song
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Obin Kwon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Injae Hwang
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Myeongjoo Son
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Sung
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Seyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Keetae Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kweon
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Sohn
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
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Cordonier EL, Liu T, Saito K, Chen SS, Xu Y, Fukuda M. Luciferase Reporter Mice for In Vivo Monitoring and Ex Vivo Assessment of Hypothalamic Signaling of Socs3 Expression. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1246-1260. [PMID: 31214662 PMCID: PMC6570635 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) is a negative regulator of actions of cytokines and the metabolic hormone leptin. In the hypothalamus, SOCS3 is induced in response to several conditions such as inflammation and high-fat diet feeding, modulates cellular signaling of cytokines and leptin, and mediates the effects of these biological conditions. However, signaling mechanisms controlling hypothalamic Socs3 expression remains to be fully established. To facilitate the identification of molecular pathways of Socs3 induction, we generated a real-time gene expression reporter mouse of Socs3 (Socs3-Luc mice). We successfully detected a remarkable increase in luciferase activity in various tissues of Socs3-Luc mice in response to a peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide, a potent inducer of inflammation, reflecting expression levels of endogenous Socs3 mRNA. Using ex vivo hypothalamic explants of Socs3-Luc mice, we demonstrate that hypothalamic luciferase activity was significantly elevated in slices stimulated with known inducers of Socs3 such as proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, lipopolysaccharide, and cAMP-inducing agent forskolin. Using the ex vivo model, we found glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3)β-specific inhibitors to be potent inducers of Socs3. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibitors of β-catenin, a downstream mediator of GSK3β signaling, reduced Socs3 luciferase activity ex vivo. Finally, hypothalamic inhibition of GSK3β hindered leptin-induced phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 in hypothalamic explants. These results suggest that the Socs3-luciferase mouse is useful for in vivo monitoring of Socs3 gene expression and for ex vivo slice-based screening to identify signaling pathways that control Socs3 in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Cordonier
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tiemin Liu
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kenji Saito
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Siyu S Chen
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Makoto Fukuda
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Qiu J, Bosch MA, Zhang C, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. Estradiol Protects Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-Related Peptide Neurons against Insulin Resistance in Females. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 110:105-118. [PMID: 31212279 PMCID: PMC6920578 DOI: 10.1159/000501560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
When it comes to obesity, men exhibit a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome than women in early adult life, but this sex advantage wanes in postmenopausal women. A key diagnostic of the metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance in both peripheral tissues and brain, especially in the hypothalamus. Since the anorexigenic hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) regulates food intake in part by inhibiting the excitability of the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons, we hypothesized that E2 would protect against insulin resistance in NPY/AgRP neurons with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Therefore, we did whole-cell recordings and single cell quantitative polymerase chain reaction in arcuate NPYGFP neurons from both female and male mice to test the efficacy of insulin with DIO. The resting membrane potential and input resistance of NPY/AgRP neurons were significantly increased in DIO versus control-diet fed males. Most notably, the efficacy of insulin to activate KATP channels in NPY/AgRP neurons was significantly attenuated, although the KATP channel opener diazoxide was fully effective in NPY/AgRP neurons from DIO males, indicating that the KATP channels were expressed and functional. In contrast, insulin was fully efficacious to activate KATP channels in DIO females, and the response was reversed by the KATP channel blocker tolbutamide. However, the ability of insulin to activate KATP channels was abrogated with ovariectomy but fully restored with E2 replacement. Insulin resistance in obese males was likely mediated by an increase in suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), protein tyrosine phosphatase B (PTP1B) and T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP) activity, since the expression of all 3 mRNAs were upregulated in the obese males but not in females. As proof of principle, pre-incubation of hypothalamic slices from DIO males with the PTP1B/TCPTP inhibitor CX08005 completely rescued the effects of insulin. Therefore, E2 protects NPY/AgRP neurons in females against insulin resistance through, at least in part, attenuating phosphatase activity. The neuroprotective effects of E2 may explain sex differences in the expression of metabolic syndrome that disappears with the loss of E2 in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Martha A. Bosch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, National Primate Research Center,
Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, National Primate Research Center,
Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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Pedroso JAB, Ramos-Lobo AM, Donato J. SOCS3 as a future target to treat metabolic disorders. Hormones (Athens) 2019; 18:127-136. [PMID: 30414080 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) are a group of eight proteins responsible for preventing excessive cytokine signaling. Among this protein family, SOCS3 has received special attention. SOCS3 expression is important to control certain allergy autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, SOCS3 expression is elevated in obesity and it is involved in the inhibition of leptin and insulin signaling, two important hormones involved in the control of energy metabolism. Therefore, increased SOCS3 expression in obese individuals is associated with several metabolic disorders, including reduced energy expenditure, increased food intake and adiposity, and insulin and leptin resistance. In addition, recent studies found that SOCS3 expression regulates energy and glucose homeostasis in several metabolic conditions, such as pregnancy, caloric restriction, and refeeding. Importantly, attenuation of SOCS3 expression in most cases improves leptin and insulin sensitivity, leading to beneficial metabolic effects. This review aims to discuss the role of SOCS3 in the control of blood glucose levels as well as in energy homeostasis. The development of pharmacological compounds to inhibit SOCS3 activity and/or expression may represent a promising therapeutic approach to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and other metabolic imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- João A B Pedroso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
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Leon Mercado L, Caron A, Wang Y, Burton M, Gautron L. Identification of Leptin Receptor-Expressing Cells in the Nodose Ganglion of Male Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1307-1322. [PMID: 30907928 PMCID: PMC6482037 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Leptin has been proposed to modulate viscerosensory information directly at the level of vagal afferents. In support of this view, broad expression for the leptin receptor (Lepr) has previously been reported in vagal afferents. However, the exact identity and distribution of leptin-sensitive vagal afferents has not been elucidated. Using quantitative PCR, we found that the whole mouse nodose ganglion was predominantly enriched in the short form of Lepr, rather than its long form. Consistent with this observation, the acute administration of leptin did not stimulate JAK-STAT signaling in the nodose ganglion. Using chromogenic in situ hybridization in wild-type mice and several reporter mouse models, we demonstrated that Lepr mRNA was restricted to nonneuronal cells in the epineurium and parenchyma of the nodose ganglion and a subset of vagal afferents, which accounted for only 3% of all neuronal profiles. Double labeling studies further established that Lepr-expressing vagal afferents were Nav1.8-negative fibers that did not supply the peritoneal cavity. Finally, double chromogenic in situ hybridization revealed that many Lepr-expressing neurons coexpressed the angiotensin 1a receptor (At1ar), which is a gene expressed in baroreceptors. Taken together, our data challenge the commonly held view that Lepr is broadly expressed in vagal afferents. Instead, our data suggest that leptin may exert a previously unrecognized role, mainly via its short form, as a direct modulator of a very small group of At1ar-positive vagal fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Leon Mercado
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yibing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Utah Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michael Burton
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Correspondence: Laurent Gautron, PhD, Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390. E-mail:
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Baldini G, Phelan KD. The melanocortin pathway and control of appetite-progress and therapeutic implications. J Endocrinol 2019; 241:R1-R33. [PMID: 30812013 PMCID: PMC6500576 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The initial discovery that ob/ob mice become obese because of a recessive mutation of the leptin gene has been crucial to discover the melanocortin pathway to control appetite. In the melanocortin pathway, the fed state is signaled by abundance of circulating hormones such as leptin and insulin, which bind to receptors expressed at the surface of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to promote processing of POMC to the mature hormone α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). The α-MSH released by POMC neurons then signals to decrease energy intake by binding to melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) expressed by MC4R neurons to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Conversely, in the 'starved state' activity of agouti-related neuropeptide (AgRP) and of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing neurons is increased by decreased levels of circulating leptin and insulin and by the orexigenic hormone ghrelin to promote food intake. This initial understanding of the melanocortin pathway has recently been implemented by the description of the complex neuronal circuit that controls the activity of POMC, AgRP/NPY and MC4R neurons and downstream signaling by these neurons. This review summarizes the progress done on the melanocortin pathway and describes how obesity alters this pathway to disrupt energy homeostasis. We also describe progress on how leptin and insulin receptors signal in POMC neurons, how MC4R signals and how altered expression and traffic of MC4R change the acute signaling and desensitization properties of the receptor. We also describe how the discovery of the melanocortin pathway has led to the use of melanocortin agonists to treat obesity derived from genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Baldini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kevin D. Phelan
- Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Russell JA, Brunton PJ. Giving a good start to a new life via maternal brain allostatic adaptations in pregnancy. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 53:100739. [PMID: 30802468 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Successful pregnancy requires adjustments to multiple maternal homeostatic mechanisms, governed by the maternal brain to support and enable survival of the growing fetus and placenta. Such adjustments fit the concept of allostasis (stability through change) and have a cost: allostatic load. Allostasis is driven by ovarian, anterior pituitary, placental and feto-placental hormones acting on the maternal brain to promote adaptations that support the pregnancy and protect the fetus. Many women carry an existing allostatic load into pregnancy, from socio-economic circumstances, poor mental health and in 'developed' countries, also from obesity. These pregnancies have poorer outcomes indicating negative interactions (failing allostasis) between pre-pregnancy and pregnancy allostatic loads. Use of animal models, such as adult prenatally stressed female offspring with abnormal neuroendocrine, metabolic and behavioural phenotypes, to probe gene expression changes, and epigenetic mechanisms in the maternal brain in adverse pregnancies are discussed, with the prospect of ameliorating poor pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Russell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Paula J Brunton
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061317. [PMID: 30875909 PMCID: PMC6471380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin exists in the central nervous system, where it executes two important functions in the hypothalamus: the suppression of food intake and the improvement of glucose metabolism. Recent studies have shown that both are exerted robustly in rodents and humans. If intact, these functions exert beneficial effects on obesity and diabetes, respectively. Disruption of both occurs due to a condition known as hypothalamic insulin resistance, which is caused by obesity and the overconsumption of saturated fat. An enormous volume of literature addresses the molecular mechanisms of hypothalamic insulin resistance. IKKβ and JNK are major players in the inflammation pathway, which is activated by saturated fatty acids that induce hypothalamic insulin resistance. Two major tyrosine phosphatases, PTP-1B and TCPTP, are upregulated in chronic overeating. They dephosphorylate the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate proteins, resulting in hypothalamic insulin resistance. Prolonged hyperinsulinemia with excessive nutrition activates the mTOR/S6 kinase pathway, thereby enhancing IRS-1 serine phosphorylation to induce hypothalamic insulin resistance. Other mechanisms associated with this condition include hypothalamic gliosis and disturbed insulin transport into the central nervous system. Unveiling the precise molecular mechanisms involved in hypothalamic insulin resistance is important for developing new ways of treating obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Ramos-Lobo AM, Furigo IC, Teixeira PDS, Zampieri TT, Wasinski F, Buonfiglio DC, Donato J. Maternal metabolic adaptations are necessary for normal offspring growth and brain development. Physiol Rep 2019. [PMID: 29536670 PMCID: PMC5849578 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several metabolic adaptations emerge during pregnancy and continue through lactation, including increases in food intake and body weight, as well as insulin and leptin resistance. These maternal adaptations are thought to play a role in offspring viability and success. Using a model of attenuated maternal metabolic adaptations induced by ablation of the Socs3 gene in leptin receptor expressing cells (SOCS3 KO mice), our study aimed to investigate whether maternal metabolic changes are required for normal offspring development, and if their absence causes metabolic imbalances in adulthood. The litters were subjected to a cross‐fostering experimental design to distinguish the prenatal and postnatal effects caused by maternal metabolic adaptations. Males either born or raised by SOCS3 KO mice showed reduced body weight until 8 weeks of life. Both adult males and females born or raised by SOCS3 KO mice also had lower body adiposity. Despite that, no significant changes in energy expenditure, glucose tolerance or insulin resistance were observed. However, males either born or raised by SOCS3 KO mice showed reduced brain mass in adulthood. Furthermore, animals born from SOCS3 KO mice also had lower proopiomelanocortin fiber density in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the commonly observed metabolic changes in pregnancy and lactation are necessary for normal offspring growth and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Furigo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais T Zampieri
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniella C Buonfiglio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
The organs require oxygen and other types of nutrients (amino acids, sugars, and lipids) to function, the heart consuming large amounts of fatty acids for oxidation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation.
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Yang Z, Zhao X, Xiong X, Bao L, Pan K, Zhou S, Wen L, Xu L, Qu M. Uncovering the mechanism whereby dietary nicotinic acid increases the intramuscular fat content in finishing steers by RNA sequencing analysis. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an18205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we found that a higher dosage of nicotinic acid (NA) in the diet dramatically increases intramuscular fat (IMF) content and improves meat quality in finishing steers. We hypothesised that increased IMF results from the regulation of genes associated with adipogenesis. To address this hypothesis, RNA-seq was used to investigate gene-expression profiles of longissimus muscles from the same 16 cattle that were also used in our previous study and treated with or without dietary NA. Four cDNA libraries were constructed and sequenced. The repeatability and reproducibility of RNA-seq data were confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase-chain reaction. In total, 123 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between longissimus muscles treated and those not treated with dietary NA. Of the 123 DEGs, 117 genes were upregulated by the NA treatment. These DEGs were enriched in 21 pathways, including the extracellular matrix (ECM) –receptor interaction, PPAR signalling pathway, adipocytokine signalling pathway and transforming growth factor-β signalling pathway, all of which are associated with lipid metabolism. Furthermore, candidate genes related to adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis (PLIN1, PLIN2, ADPN, LEP, LCN2 and SOCS3), lipid metabolism (FABP4, RBP4, GAL, ANXA1, ANXA2 and PTX3) and fatty acid synthesis and esterification (ELOVL6, ACSM1, SOT1 and PTGIS) were upregulated in the NA group. Three genes involved in glucose metabolism (PGAM1, UGDH and GLUT3) were also transcriptionally upregulated. However, MYH4 that encodes glycolytic Type IIb muscle fibres was downregulated by dietary NA. These gene expression results indicated a confirmation of our hypothesis that dietary NA increases the IMF content of longissimus muscle through upregulating the expression of the genes related to adipocyte differentiation, adipogenesis and lipid and glucose metabolism.
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Balland E, Chen W, Dodd GT, Conductier G, Coppari R, Tiganis T, Cowley MA. Leptin Signaling in the Arcuate Nucleus Reduces Insulin’s Capacity to Suppress Hepatic Glucose Production in Obese Mice. Cell Rep 2019; 26:346-355.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Balland E, Chen W, Tiganis T, Cowley MA. Persistent Leptin Signaling in the Arcuate Nucleus Impairs Hypothalamic Insulin Signaling and Glucose Homeostasis in Obese Mice. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 109:374-390. [PMID: 30995667 DOI: 10.1159/000500201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with reduced physiological responses to leptin and insulin, leading to the concept of obesity-associated hormonal resistance. OBJECTIVES Here, we demonstrate that contrary to expectations, leptin signaling not only remains functional but also is constantly activated in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) neurons of obese mice. This state of persistent response to endogenous leptin underpins the lack of response to exogenous leptin. METHODS AND RESULTS The study of combined leptin and insulin signaling demonstrates that there is a common pool of ARH neurons responding to both hormones. More importantly, we show that the constant activation of leptin receptor neurons in the ARH prevents insulin signaling in these neurons, leading to impaired glucose tolerance. Accordingly, antagonising leptin signaling in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice restores insulin signaling in the ARH and improves glucose homeostasis. Direct inhibition of PTP1B in the CNS restores arcuate insulin signaling similarly to leptin inhibition; this effect is likely to be mediated by AgRP neurons since PTP1B deletion specifically in AgRP neurons restores glucose and insulin tolerance in DIO mice. CONCLUSIONS Finally, our results suggest that the constant activation of arcuate leptin signaling in DIO mice increases PTP1B expression, which exerts an inhibitory effect on insulin signaling leading to impaired glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglantine Balland
- Department of Physiology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Weiyi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
The hypothalamus is the central neural site governing food intake and energy expenditure. During the past 25 years, understanding of the hypothalamic cell types, hormones, and circuitry involved in the regulation of energy metabolism has dramatically increased. It is now well established that the adipocyte-derived hormone, leptin, acts upon two distinct groups of hypothalamic neurons that comprise opposing arms of the central melanocortin system. These two cell populations are anorexigenic neurons expressing proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and orexigenic neurons that express agouti-related peptide (AGRP). Several important studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress significantly impact these hypothalamic neuronal populations that regulate global energy metabolism. Reactive oxygen species and redox homeostasis are influenced by selenoproteins, an essential class of proteins that incorporate selenium co-translationally in the form of the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine. Levels of these proteins are regulated by dietary selenium intake and they are widely expressed in the brain. Of additional relevance, selenium supplementation has been linked to metabolic alterations in both animal and human studies. Recent evidence also indicates that hypothalamic selenoproteins are significant modulators of energy metabolism in both neurons and tanycytes, a population of glial-like cells lining the floor of the 3rd ventricle within the hypothalamus. This review article will summarize current understanding of the regulatory influence of redox status on hypothalamic nutrient sensing and highlight recent work revealing the importance of selenoproteins in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Daniel J Torres
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Marla J Berry
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Matthew W Pitts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Freeman JN, Wang Z, Moak SP, Hankins MW, Drummond HA, Hall JE. Neuronal Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3: Role in Modulating Chronic Metabolic and Cardiovascular Effects of Leptin. Hypertension 2018; 71:1248-1257. [PMID: 29686012 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We determined whether deficiency of neuronal SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3)-a potential negative regulator of leptin signaling-amplifies the chronic effects of leptin on food intake, energy expenditure, glucose, and blood pressure (BP) and protects against adverse cardiometabolic effects of obesity. BP and heart rate were recorded by telemetry, and oxygen consumption (VO2) was monitored in 22-week-old mice with nervous system SOCS3 deficiency (SOCS3-Nestin-Cre) and control mice (SOCS3flox/flox) fed normal or high-fat-high-fructose diet from 6 to 22 weeks of age. Compared with controls, SOCS3-Nestin-Cre mice had lower plasma glucose (124±7 versus 146±10 mg/dL), consumed less food (3.0±0.4 versus 3.6±0.2 g/d), and had similar VO2 (77±6 versus 73±3 mL/kg per minute) and BP (103±3 versus 107±3 mm Hg) but higher heart rate (666±15 versus 602±17 bpm). In mice fed the normal diet, leptin infusion for 7 days caused similar reductions in food intake (2.3±0.1 versus 2.4±0.2 g) but greater increases in BP (15±3 versus 7±2 mm Hg) in SOCS3-Nestin-Cre compared with controls. Leptin reduced blood glucose concentrations in both groups. Male or female SOCS3-Nestin-Cre fed high-fat-high-fructose diet exhibited less weight gain, body fat, and liver steatosis and greater energy expenditure and heart rate compared with controls. Female SOCS3-Nestin-Cre mice fed high-fat-high-fructose diet had higher BP compared with controls. Thus, neuronal SOCS3 seems to play an important role in cardiometabolic regulation because neuronal SOCS3 deficiency reduced body weight and food intake while amplifying leptin's effects on appetite and BP and attenuating the adverse metabolic effects of high-fat-high-fructose diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussara M do Carmo
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., J.N.F., Z.W., S.P.M., M.W.H., H.A.D., J.E.H.)
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., J.N.F., Z.W., S.P.M., M.W.H., H.A.D., J.E.H.).,Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiologia, Barão de Mauá University Center, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil (A.A.d.S.).,and Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Estadual de Minas Gerais, Passos, Brazil (A.A.d.S.)
| | - John Nathan Freeman
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., J.N.F., Z.W., S.P.M., M.W.H., H.A.D., J.E.H.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., J.N.F., Z.W., S.P.M., M.W.H., H.A.D., J.E.H.)
| | - Sydney P Moak
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., J.N.F., Z.W., S.P.M., M.W.H., H.A.D., J.E.H.)
| | - Michael W Hankins
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., J.N.F., Z.W., S.P.M., M.W.H., H.A.D., J.E.H.)
| | - Heather A Drummond
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., J.N.F., Z.W., S.P.M., M.W.H., H.A.D., J.E.H.)
| | - John E Hall
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., J.N.F., Z.W., S.P.M., M.W.H., H.A.D., J.E.H.)
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New mechanistic insights on the metabolic-disruptor role of chlorpyrifos in apoE mice: a focus on insulin- and leptin-signalling pathways. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1717-1728. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhang WX, Li YP, Fan J, Chen HJ, Li GL, Ouyang YQ, Yan YE. Perinatal nicotine exposure increases obesity susceptibility by peripheral leptin resistance in adult female rat offspring. Toxicol Lett 2018; 283:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Xu K, Zhang X, Wang Z, Hu Y, Sinha R. Epigenome-wide association analysis revealed that SOCS3 methylation influences the effect of cumulative stress on obesity. Biol Psychol 2018; 131:63-71. [PMID: 27826092 PMCID: PMC5419875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress has a significant impact on obesity. However, how stress influences obesity remains unclear. We conducted an epigenome-wide DNA methylation association analysis of obesity (N=510) and examined whether cumulative stress influenced the DNA methylation on body weight. We identified 20 CpG sites associated with body mass index at the false discovery rate q<0.05, including a novel site, cg18181703, in suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) gene (coefficient β=-0.0022, FDR q=4.94×10-5). The interaction between cg18181703 and cumulative adverse life stress contributed to variations in body weight (p=0.002). Individuals with at least five major life events and lower methylation of cg1818703 showed a 1.38-fold higher risk of being obese (95%CI: 1.17-1.76). Our findings suggest that aberrant in DNA methylation is associated with body weight and that methylation of SOCS3 moderates the effect of cumulative stress on obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, United States; Connecticut Veteran Health System, 950 Campbell Ave, Building 35, Room #43, West Haven, 06516, United States.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, United States; Connecticut Veteran Health System, 950 Campbell Ave, Building 35, Room #43, West Haven, 06516, United States
| | - Zuoheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Ying Hu
- Yale Stress Center, Yale University, 2 Church St S #209, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, United States; Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
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