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Fernandes C, Forny-Germano L, Andrade MM, Lyra E Silva NM, Ramos-Lobo AM, Meireles F, Tovar-Moll F, Houzel JC, Donato J, De Felice FG. Leptin receptor reactivation restores brain function in early-life Lepr-deficient mice. Brain 2024:awae127. [PMID: 38650574 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease caused by excessive fat accumulation that impacts the body and brain health. Insufficient leptin or leptin receptor (LepR) are involved in the disease pathogenesis. Leptin is involved with several neurological processes, and it has critical developmental roles. We have previously demonstrated that leptin deficiency in early life leads to permanent developmental problems, including energy homeostasis imbalance, melanocortin and reproductive system alterations and brain mass reduction in young adult mice. Since in humans, obesity has been associated with brain atrophy and cognitive impairment, it is important to determine the long-term consequences of early life leptin deficiency in brain structure and memory function. Here, we demonstrate that leptin-deficient mice (LepOb) exhibit altered brain volume, decreased neurogenesis and memory impairment. Similar effects were observed in animals that do not express the LepR (LepRNull). Interestingly, restoring the expression of LepR in 10-week-old mice reverses brain atrophy, as well as neurogenesis and memory impairments in older animals. Our findings indicate that leptin deficiency impairs brain development and memory, which are reversible by restoring leptin signaling in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fernandes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leticia Forny-Germano
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mayara M Andrade
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia M Lyra E Silva
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences & Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jean Christophe Houzel
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences & Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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de Souza GO, Dos Santos WO, Donato J. Ironing out obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00084-5. [PMID: 38599900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with dysfunctions in hypothalamic neurons that regulate metabolism, including agouti-related protein (AgRP)-expressing neurons. In a recent article, Zhang et al. demonstrated that either diet- or genetically induced obesity promoted iron accumulation specifically in AgRP neurons. Preventing iron overload in AgRP neurons mitigated diet-induced obesity and related comorbidities in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel O de Souza
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Willian O Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
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3
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Tavares MR, Wasinski F, Metzger M, Donato J. Impact of Growth Hormone on Microglial and Astrocytic Function. J Integr Neurosci 2024; 23:32. [PMID: 38419439 DOI: 10.31083/j.jin2302032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of growth hormone (GH) in the central nervous system (CNS) involves neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, formation of axonal projections, control of cognition, and regulation of metabolism. As GH induces insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) expression in many tissues, differentiating the specific functions of GH and IGF-1 in the organism is a significant challenge. The actions of GH and IGF-1 in neurons have been more extensively studied than their functions in nonneuronal cells (e.g., microglial cells). Glial cells are fundamentally important to CNS function. Microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and tanycytes are essential to the survival, differentiation, and proliferation of neurons. As the interaction of the GH/IGF-1 axis with glial cells merits further exploration, our objective for this review was to summarize and discuss the available literature regarding the genuine effects of GH on glial cells, seeking to differentiate them from the role played by IGF-1 action whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R Tavares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Martin Metzger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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4
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Franco TM, Tavares MR, Novaes LS, Munhoz CD, Peixoto-Santos JE, Araujo RC, Donato J, Bader M, Wasinski F. Effects of Bradykinin B2 Receptor Ablation from Tyrosine Hydroxylase Cells on Behavioral and Motor Aspects in Male and Female Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1490. [PMID: 38338764 PMCID: PMC10855040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system is a versatile regulatory network implicated in various biological processes encompassing inflammation, nociception, blood pressure control, and central nervous system functions. Its physiological impact is mediated through G-protein-coupled transmembrane receptors, specifically the B1 and B2 receptors. Dopamine, a key catecholamine neurotransmitter widely distributed in the CNS, plays a crucial role in diverse physiological functions including motricity, reward, anxiety, fear, feeding, sleep, and arousal. Notably, the potential physical interaction between bradykinin and dopaminergic receptors has been previously documented. In this study, we aimed to explore whether B2R modulation in catecholaminergic neurons influences the dopaminergic pathway, impacting behavioral, metabolic, and motor aspects in both male and female mice. B2R ablation in tyrosine hydroxylase cells reduced the body weight and lean mass without affecting body adiposity, substrate oxidation, locomotor activity, glucose tolerance, or insulin sensitivity in mice. Moreover, a B2R deficiency in TH cells did not alter anxiety levels, exercise performance, or motor coordination in female and male mice. The concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites in the substantia nigra and cortex region were not affected in knockout mice. In essence, B2R deletion in TH cells selectively influenced the body weight and composition, leaving the behavioral and motor aspects largely unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaina Maquedo Franco
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (T.M.F.); (M.R.T.); (J.E.P.-S.)
| | - Mariana R. Tavares
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (T.M.F.); (M.R.T.); (J.E.P.-S.)
| | - Leonardo S. Novaes
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.S.N.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Carolina D. Munhoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.S.N.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Jose Eduardo Peixoto-Santos
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (T.M.F.); (M.R.T.); (J.E.P.-S.)
| | - Ronaldo C. Araujo
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04039-032, Brazil;
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (T.M.F.); (M.R.T.); (J.E.P.-S.)
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Donato J, Kopchick JJ. New findings on brain actions of growth hormone and potential clinical implications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023:10.1007/s11154-023-09861-x. [PMID: 38060062 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland. The classical effects of GH comprise the stimulation of cell proliferation, tissue and body growth, lipolysis, and insulin resistance. The GH receptor (GHR) is expressed in numerous brain regions. Notably, a growing body of evidence indicates that GH-induced GHR signaling in specific neuronal populations regulates multiple physiological functions, including energy balance, glucose homeostasis, stress response, behavior, and several neurological/cognitive aspects. The importance of central GHR signaling is particularly evident when the organism is under metabolic stress, such as pregnancy, chronic food deprivation, hypoglycemia, and prolonged exercise. These particular situations are associated with elevated GH secretion. Thus, central GH action represents an internal signal that coordinates metabolic, neurological, neuroendocrine, and behavioral adaptations that are evolutionarily advantageous to increase the chances of survival. This review summarizes and discusses recent findings indicating that the brain is an important target of GH, and GHR signaling in different neuronal populations regulates essential physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lineu Prestes, 1524, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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6
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de Souza GO, Teixeira PDS, Câmara NOS, Donato J. mTORC1 Signaling in AgRP Neurons Is Not Required to Induce Major Neuroendocrine Adaptations to Food Restriction. Cells 2023; 12:2442. [PMID: 37887286 PMCID: PMC10605346 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic mTORC1 signaling is involved in nutrient sensing. Neurons that express the agouti-related protein (AgRP) are activated by food restriction and integrate interoceptive and exteroceptive signals to control food intake, energy expenditure, and other metabolic responses. To determine whether mTORC1 signaling in AgRP neurons is necessary for regulating energy and glucose homeostasis, especially in situations of negative energy balance, mice carrying ablation of the Raptor gene exclusively in AgRP-expressing cells were generated. AgRPΔRaptor mice showed no differences in body weight, fat mass, food intake, or energy expenditure; however, a slight improvement in glucose homeostasis was observed compared to the control group. When subjected to 5 days of food restriction (40% basal intake), AgRPΔRaptor female mice lost less lean body mass and showed a blunted reduction in energy expenditure, whereas AgRPΔRaptor male mice maintained a higher energy expenditure compared to control mice during the food restriction and 5 days of refeeding period. AgRPΔRaptor female mice did not exhibit the food restriction-induced increase in serum corticosterone levels. Finally, although hypothalamic fasting- or refeeding-induced Fos expression showed no differences between the groups, AgRPΔRaptor mice displayed increased hyperphagia during refeeding. Thus, some metabolic and neuroendocrine responses to food restriction are disturbed in AgRPΔRaptor mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel O. de Souza
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (G.O.d.S.); (P.D.S.T.)
| | - Pryscila D. S. Teixeira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (G.O.d.S.); (P.D.S.T.)
| | - Niels O. S. Câmara
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (G.O.d.S.); (P.D.S.T.)
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7
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Dos Santos WO, Juliano VAL, Chaves FM, Vieira HR, Frazao R, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Munhoz CD, Donato J. Growth Hormone Action in Somatostatin Neurons Regulates Anxiety and Fear Memory. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6816-6829. [PMID: 37625855 PMCID: PMC10552943 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0254-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctions in growth hormone (GH) secretion increase the prevalence of anxiety and other neuropsychiatric diseases. GH receptor (GHR) signaling in the amygdala has been associated with fear memory, a key feature of posttraumatic stress disorder. However, it is currently unknown which neuronal population is targeted by GH action to influence the development of neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we showed that approximately 60% of somatostatin (SST)-expressing neurons in the extended amygdala are directly responsive to GH. GHR ablation in SST-expressing cells (SSTΔGHR mice) caused no alterations in energy or glucose metabolism. Notably, SSTΔGHR male mice exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior in the light-dark box and elevated plus maze tests, whereas SSTΔGHR females showed no changes in anxiety. Using auditory Pavlovian fear conditioning, both male and female SSTΔGHR mice exhibited a significant reduction in fear memory. Conversely, GHR ablation in SST neurons did not affect memory in the novel object recognition test. Gene expression was analyzed in a micro punch comprising the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) and basolateral (BLA) complex. GHR ablation in SST neurons caused sex-dependent changes in the expression of factors involved in synaptic plasticity and function. In conclusion, GHR expression in SST neurons is necessary to regulate anxiety in males, but not female mice. GHR ablation in SST neurons also decreases fear memory and affects gene expression in the amygdala, although marked sex differences were observed. Our findings identified for the first time a neurochemically-defined neuronal population responsible for mediating the effects of GH on behavioral aspects associated with neuropsychiatric diseases.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hormone action in the brain regulates different neurological aspects, affecting the predisposition to neuropsychiatric disorders, like depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Growth hormone (GH) receptor is widely expressed in the brain, but the exact function of neuronal GH action is not fully understood. Here, we showed that mice lacking the GH receptor in a group of neurons that express the neuropeptide somatostatin exhibit increased anxiety. However, this effect is only observed in male mice. In contrast, the absence of the GH receptor in somatostatin-expressing neurons decreases fear memory, a key feature of posttraumatic stress disorder, in males and females. Thus, our study identified a specific group of neurons in which GH acts to affect the predisposition to neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian O Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vitor A L Juliano
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Chaves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique R Vieira
- Department of Anatomy, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Department of Anatomy, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens 45701, Ohio
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens 45701, Ohio
| | - Carolina D Munhoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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Mansano NDS, Vieira HR, Araujo-Lopes R, Szawka RE, Donato J, Frazao R. Fasting Modulates GABAergic Synaptic Transmission to Arcuate Kisspeptin Neurons in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad150. [PMID: 37793082 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well-established that the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is suppressed due to negative energy balance. However, less information is available on whether kisspeptin neuronal activity contributes to fasting-induced responses. In the present study, female and male mice were fasted for 24 hours or provided food ad libitum (fed group) to determine whether acute fasting is sufficient to modulate kisspeptin neuronal activity. In female mice, fasting attenuated luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) serum levels and increased follicle-stimulating hormone levels compared with the fed group. In contrast, fasting did not affect gonadotropin or PRL secretion in male mice. By measuring genes related to LH pulse generation in micropunches obtained from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH), we observed that fasting reduced Kiss1 mRNA levels in female and male mice. In contrast, Pdyn expression was upregulated only in fasted female mice, whereas no changes in the Tac2 mRNA levels were observed in both sexes. Interestingly, the frequency and amplitude of the GABAergic postsynaptic currents recorded from ARH kisspeptin neurons (ARHKisspeptin) were reduced in 24-hour fasted female mice but not in males. Additionally, neuropeptide Y induced a hyperpolarization in the resting membrane potential of ARHKisspeptin neurons of fed female mice but not in males. Thus, the response of ARHKisspeptin neurons to fasting is sexually dependent with a female bias, associated with changes in gonadotropins and PRL secretion. Our findings suggest that GABAergic transmission to ARHKisspeptin neurons modulates the activity of the HPG axis during situations of negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naira da Silva Mansano
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique Rodrigues Vieira
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Roberta Araujo-Lopes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Raphael Escorsim Szawka
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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Abstract
The intrauterine and early postnatal periods represent key developmental stages in which an organism is highly susceptible to being permanently influenced by maternal factors and nutritional status. Strong evidence indicates that either undernutrition or overnutrition during development can predispose individuals to disease later in life, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, a concept known as metabolic programming. Adipose tissue produces important signalling molecules that control energy and glucose homeostasis, including leptin and adiponectin. In addition to their well-characterized metabolic effects in adults, adipokines have been associated with metabolic programming by affecting different aspects of development. Therefore, alterations in the secretion or signalling of adipokines, caused by nutritional insults in early life, might lead to metabolic diseases in adulthood. This Review summarizes and discusses the potential role of several adipokines in inducing metabolic programming through their effects during development. The identification of the endocrine factors that act in early life to permanently influence metabolism represents a key step in understanding the mechanisms behind metabolic programming. Thus, future strategies aiming to prevent and treat these metabolic diseases can be designed, taking into consideration the relationship between adipokines and the developmental origins of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Wasinski F, Tavares MR, Gusmao DO, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Alves GA, Frazao R, Donato J. Central growth hormone action regulates neuroglial and proinflammatory markers in the hypothalamus of male mice. Neurosci Lett 2023; 806:137236. [PMID: 37030549 PMCID: PMC10133206 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) action in specific neuronal populations regulates neuroendocrine responses, metabolism, and behavior. However, the potential role of central GH action on glial function is less understood. The present study aims to determine how the hypothalamic expression of several neuroglial markers is affected by central GH action in male mice. The dwarf GH- and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-deficient Ghrhrlit/lit mice showed decreased mRNA expression of Nes (Nestin), Gfap, Iba1, Adgre1 (F4/80), and Tnf (TNFα) in the hypothalamus, compared to wild-type animals. In contrast, transgenic overexpression of GH led to high serum GH and IGF-1 levels, and increased hypothalamic expression of Nes, Gfap, Adgre1, Iba1, and Rax. Hepatocyte-specific GH receptor (GHR) knockout mice, which are characterized by high serum GH levels, but reduced IGF-1 secretion, showed increased mRNA expression of Gfap, Iba1, Tnf, and Sox10, demonstrating that the increase in GH levels alters the hypothalamic expression of glial markers associated with neuroinflammation, independently of IGF-1. Conversely, brain-specific GHR knockout mice showed reduced expression of Gfap, Adgre1, and Vim (vimentin), indicating that brain GHR signaling is necessary to mediate GH-induced changes in the expression of several neuroglial markers. In conclusion, the hypothalamic mRNA levels of several neuroglial markers associated with inflammation are directly modulated by GHR signaling in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Tavares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela O Gusmao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Guilherme A Alves
- Department of Anatomy, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Department of Anatomy, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Andrade MM, Fernandes C, Forny-Germano L, Gonçalves RA, Gomes M, Castro-Fonseca E, Ramos-Lobo AM, Tovar-Moll F, Andrade-Moraes CH, Donato J, De Felice FG. Alteration in the number of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in mouse models of obesity. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad059. [PMID: 37013172 PMCID: PMC10066574 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health and is a risk factor for developing other diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorder. Obesity is also associated with structural and functional alterations in the brain, and this condition has been shown to increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. However, while obesity has been associated with neurodegenerative processes, its impact on brain cell composition remains to be determined. In the current study, we used the isotropic fractionator method to determine the absolute composition of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in different brain regions of the genetic mouse models of obesity Lepob/ob and LepRNull/Null. Our results show that 10- to 12-month-old female Lepob/ob and LepRNull/Null mice have reduced neuronal number and density in the hippocampus compared to C57BL/6 wild-type mice. Furthermore, LepRNull/Null mice have increased density of non-neuronal cells, mainly glial cells, in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and hypothalamus compared to wild-type or Lepob/ob mice, indicating enhanced inflammatory responses in different brain regions of the LepRNull/Null model. Collectively, our findings suggest that obesity might cause changes in brain cell composition that are associated with neurodegenerative and inflammatory processes in different brain regions of female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rafaella A Gonçalves
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Departments of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michelle Gomes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Emily Castro-Fonseca
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Neuroscience Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Neuroscience Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
| | | | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Correspondence to: Fernanda Guarino De Felice Centre for Neuroscience Studies Departments of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences & Psychiatry Queen’s University 18 Stuart Street, Botterell Hall, room A215, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada E-mail:
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12
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de Sousa ME, Gusmao DO, Dos Santos WO, Moriya HT, de Lima FF, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Fasting and prolonged food restriction differentially affect GH secretion independently of GH receptor signaling in AgRP neurons. J Neuroendocrinol 2023:e13254. [PMID: 36964750 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) is abundantly expressed in neurons that co-release the agouti-related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). Since ARHAgRP/NPY neurons regulate several hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine axes, this neuronal population possibly modulates GH secretion via a negative feedback loop, particularly during food restriction, when ARHAgRP/NPY neurons are highly active. The present study aims to determine the importance of GHR signaling in ARHAgRP/NPY neurons on the pattern of GH secretion in fed and food-deprived male mice. Additionally, we compared the effect of two distinct situations of food deprivation: 16 h of fasting or four days of food restriction (40% of usual food intake). Overnight fasting strongly suppressed both basal and pulsatile GH secretion. Animals lacking GHR in ARHAgRP/NPY neurons (AgRP∆GHR mice) did not exhibit differences in GH secretion either in the fed or fasted state, compared to control mice. In contrast, four days of food restriction increased GH pulse frequency, basal GH secretion, and pulse irregularity/complexity (measured by sample entropy), whereas pulsatile GH secretion was not affected in both control and AgRP∆GHR mice. Hypothalamic Ghrh mRNA levels were unaffected by fasting or food restriction, but Sst expression increased in acutely fasted mice, but decreased after prolonged food restriction in both control and AgRP∆GHR mice. Our findings indicate that short-term fasting and prolonged food restriction differentially affect the pattern of GH secretion, independently of GHR signaling in ARHAgRP/NPY neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E de Sousa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela O Gusmao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Willian O Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique T Moriya
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Felipe F de Lima
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
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13
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Lino CA, de Oliveira-Silva T, Lunardon G, Balbino-Silva C, Lima VM, Huang ZP, Donato J, Takano APC, Barreto-Chaves ML, Wang DZ, Diniz GP. Ablation of miRNA-22 protects against obesity-induced adipocyte senescence and ameliorates metabolic disorders in middle-aged mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 210:111775. [PMID: 36641038 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) promotes obesity-related metabolic complications by activating cellular senescence in white adipose tissue (WAT). Growing evidence supports the importance of microRNA-22 (miR-22) in metabolic disorders and cellular senescence. Recently, we showed that miR-22 deletion attenuates obesity-related metabolic abnormalities. However, whether miR-22 mediates HFD-induced cellular senescence of WAT remains unknown. Here, we uncovered that obese mice displayed increased pri-miR-22 levels and cellular senescence in WAT. However, miR-22 ablation protected mice against HFD-induced WAT senescence. In addition, in vitro studies showed that miR-22 deletion prevented preadipocyte senescence in response to Doxorubicin (Doxo). Loss-of-function studies in vitro and in vivo revealed that miR-22 increases H2ax mRNA and γH2ax levels in preadipocytes and WAT without inducing DNA damage. Intriguingly, miR-22 ablation prevented HFD-induced increase in γH2ax levels and DNA damage in WAT. Similarly, miR-22 deletion prevented Doxo-induced increase in γH2ax levels in preadipocytes. Adipose miR-22 levels were enhanced in middle-aged mice fed a HFD than those found in young mice. Furthermore, miR-22 deletion attenuated fat mass gain and glucose imbalance induced by HFD in middle-aged mice. Overall, our findings indicate that miR-22 is a key regulator of obesity-induced WAT senescence and metabolic disorders in middle-aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Lino
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Lunardon
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Balbino-Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Lima
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zhan-Peng Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula C Takano
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gabriela P Diniz
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and plays a key role in controlling tissue and body growth. While basal GH secretion is considerably reduced along adulthood and aging, several situations of metabolic stress can lead to robust increases in circulating GH levels. The objective of the present review is to summarize and discuss the importance of GH regulating different physiological functions in situations of metabolic stress, including prolonged food restriction, hypoglycemia, exercise, pregnancy, and obesity. The presented data indicate that GH increases hunger perception/food intake, fat mobilization, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance and produces changes in energy expenditure and neuroendocrine responses during metabolic challenges. When all these effects are considered in the context of situations of metabolic stress, they contribute to restore homeostasis by (1) helping the organism to use appropriate energy substrates, (2) preventing hypoglycemia or increasing the availability of glucose, (3) stimulating feeding to provide nutrients in response to energy-demanding activities or to accelerate the recovery of energy stores, and (4) affecting the activity of neuronal populations involved in the control of metabolism and stress response. Thus, the central and peripheral effects of GH coordinate multiple adaptations during situations of metabolic stress that ultimately help the organism restore homeostasis, increasing the chances of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rosolen Tavares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Department of Anatomy, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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de Souza GO, Chaves FM, Silva JN, Pedroso JAB, Metzger M, Frazão R, Donato J. Gap junctions regulate the activity of AgRP neurons and diet-induced obesity in male mice. J Endocrinol 2022; 255:75-90. [PMID: 35993424 DOI: 10.1530/joe-22-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicated an important role of connexins, gap junction proteins, in the regulation of metabolism. However, most of these studies focused on the glial expression of connexins, whereas the actions of connexins in neurons are still poorly investigated. Thus, the present study had the objective to investigate the possible involvement of gap junctions, and in particular connexin 43 (CX43), for the central regulation of energy homeostasis. Initially, we demonstrated that hypothalamic CX43 expression was suppressed in fasted mice. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we showed that pharmacological blockade of gap junctions induced hyperpolarization and decreased the frequency of action potentials in 50-70% of agouti-related protein (AgRP)-expressing neurons, depending on the blocker used (carbenoxolone disodium, TAT-Gap19 or Gap 26). When recordings were performed with a biocytin-filled pipette, this intercellular tracer was detected in surrounding cells. Then, an AgRP-specific CX43 knockout (AgRPΔCX43) mouse was generated. AgRPΔCX43 mice exhibited no differences in body weight, adiposity, food intake, energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis. Metabolic responses to 24 h fasting or during refeeding were also not altered in AgRPΔCX43 mice. However, AgRPΔCX43 male, but not female mice, exhibited a partial protection against high-fat diet-induced obesity, even though no significant changes in energy intake or expenditure were detected. In summary, our findings indicate that gap junctions regulate the activity of AgRP neurons, and AgRP-specific CX43 ablation is sufficient to mildly prevent diet-induced obesity specifically in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel O de Souza
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Chaves
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josiane N Silva
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João A B Pedroso
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Metzger
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazão
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Gusmao DO, de Sousa ME, Tavares MR, Donato J. Increased GH Secretion and Body Growth in Mice Carrying Ablation of IGF-1 Receptor in GH-releasing Hormone Cells. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6696879. [PMID: 36099517 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) secretion is controlled by short and long negative feedback loops. In this regard, both GH (short-loop feedback) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; long-loop feedback) can target somatotropic cells of the pituitary gland and neuroendocrine hypothalamic neurons to regulate the GH/IGF-1 axis. GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)-expressing neurons play a fundamental role in stimulating pituitary GH secretion. However, it is currently unknown whether IGF-1 action on GHRH-expressing cells is required for the control of the GH/IGF-1/growth axis. In the present study, we investigated the phenotype of male and female mice carrying ablation of IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) exclusively in GHRH cells. After weaning, both male and female GHRHΔIGF1R mice exhibited increases in body weight, lean body mass, linear growth, and length of long bones (tibia, femur, humerus, and radius). In contrast, the percentage of body fat was similar between control and GHRHΔIGF1R mice. The higher body growth of GHRHΔIGF1R mice can be explained by increases in mean GH levels, GH pulse amplitude, and pulse frequency, calculated from 36 blood samples collected from each animal at 10-minute intervals. GHRHΔIGF1R mice also showed increased hypothalamic Ghrh mRNA levels, pituitary Gh mRNA expression, hepatic Igf1 expression, and serum IGF-1 levels compared with control animals. Furthermore, GHRHΔIGF1R mice displayed significant alterations in the sexually dimorphic hepatic gene expression profile, with a prevailing feminization in most genes analyzed. In conclusion, our findings indicate that GHRH neurons represent a key and necessary site for the long-loop negative feedback that controls the GH/IGF-1 axis and body growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela O Gusmao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maria E de Sousa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Tavares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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17
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Silva TM, Wasinski F, Flor KC, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Takakura AC, Donato J, Moreira TS. The effect of central growth hormone action on hypoxia ventilatory response in conscious mice. Brain Res 2022; 1791:147995. [PMID: 35779583 PMCID: PMC10938300 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH)-responsive neurons regulate several homeostatic behaviors including metabolism, energy balance, arousal, and stress response. Therefore, it is possible that GH-responsive neurons play a role in other responses such as CO2/H+-dependent breathing behaviors. Here, we investigated whether central GH receptor (GHR) modulates respiratory activity in conscious unrestrained mice. First, we detected clusters of GH-responsive neurons in the tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing cells in the rostroventrolateral medulla (C1 region) and within the locus coeruleus (LC). No significant expression was detected in phox2b-expressing cells in the retrotrapezoid nucleus. Whole body plethysmography revealed a reduction in the tachypneic response to hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.08) without changing baseline breathing and the hypercapnic ventilatory response. Contrary to the physiological findings, we did not find significant differences in the number of fos-activated cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), C1, LC and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Our finding suggests a possible secondary role of central GH action in the tachypneic response to hypoxia in conscious mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita M Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Karine C Flor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
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18
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Fernandes ACA, de Oliveira FP, Fernandez G, da Guia Vieira L, Rosa CG, do Nascimento T, de Castro França S, Donato J, Vella KR, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Mecawi AS, Perello M, Elias LLK, Rorato R. Correction to: Arcuate AgRP, but not POMC neurons, modulate paraventricular CRF synthesis and release in response to fasting. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:146. [PMID: 36057716 PMCID: PMC9441079 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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19
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Gusmao DO, Vieira HR, Mansano NS, Tavares M, de Sousa LMM, Wasinski F, Frazao R, Donato J. Pattern of gonadotropin secretion along the estrous cycle of C57BL/6 female mice. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15460. [PMID: 36065891 PMCID: PMC9446398 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pattern of gonadotropin secretion along the estrous cycle was elegantly described in rats. Less information exists about the pattern of gonadotropin secretion in gonad-intact mice, particularly regarding the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Using serial blood collections from the tail-tip of gonad-intact C57BL/6 mice on the first day of cornification (transition from diestrus to estrus; hereafter called proestrus), we observed that the luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH surge cannot be consistently detected since only one out of eight females (12%) showed increased LH levels. In contrast, a high percentage of mice (15 out of 21 animals; 71%) exhibited LH and FSH surges on the proestrus when a single serum sample was collected. Mice that exhibited LH and FSH surges on the proestrus showed c-Fos expression in gonadotropin-releasing hormone- (GnRH; 83.4% of co-localization) and kisspeptin-expressing neurons (42.3% of co-localization) of the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV). Noteworthy, mice perfused on proestrus, but that failed to exhibit LH surge, showed a smaller, but significant expression of c-Fos in GnRH (32.7%) and AVPVKisspeptin (14.0%) neurons. Finally, 96 serial blood samples were collected hourly in eight regular cycling C57BL/6 females to describe the pattern of LH and FSH secretion along the estrous cycle. Small elevations in LH and FSH levels were detected at the time expected for the LH surge. In summary, the present study improves our understanding of the pattern of gonadotropin secretion and the activation of central components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis along the estrous cycle of C57BL/6 female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela O. Gusmao
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsInstituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
| | - Henrique R. Vieira
- Department of AnatomyInstituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
| | - Naira S. Mansano
- Department of AnatomyInstituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
| | - Mariana R. Tavares
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsInstituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
| | - Ligia M. M. de Sousa
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsInstituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsInstituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Department of AnatomyInstituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsInstituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
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dos Santos WO, Wasinski F, Tavares MR, Campos AMP, Elias CF, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Szawka RE, Donato J. Ablation of Growth Hormone Receptor in GABAergic Neurons Leads to Increased Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6634255. [PMID: 35803590 PMCID: PMC9302893 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) acts in several hypothalamic neuronal populations to modulate metabolism and the autoregulation of GH secretion via negative-feedback loops. However, few studies have investigated whether GH receptor (GHR) expression in specific neuronal populations is required for the homeostatic control of GH secretion and energy homeostasis. In the present study, we investigated the consequences of the specific GHR ablation in GABAergic (VGAT-expressing) or glutamatergic (VGLUT2-expressing) cells. GHR ablation in GABAergic neurons led to increased GH secretion, lean mass, and body growth in male and female mice. VGAT-specific GHR knockout (KO) male mice also showed increased serum insulin-like growth factor-1, hypothalamic Ghrh, and hepatic Igf1 messenger RNA levels. In contrast, normal GH secretion, but reduced lean body mass, was observed in mice carrying GHR ablation in glutamatergic neurons. GHR ablation in GABAergic cells increased weight loss and led to decreased blood glucose levels during food restriction, whereas VGLUT2-specific GHR KO mice showed blunted feeding response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose both in males and females, and increased relative food intake, oxygen consumption, and serum leptin levels in male mice. Of note, VGLUT2-cre female mice, independently of GHR ablation, exhibited a previously unreported phenotype of mild reduction in body weight without further metabolic alterations. The autoregulation of GH secretion via negative-feedback loops requires GHR expression in GABAergic cells. Furthermore, GHR ablation in GABAergic and glutamatergic neuronal populations leads to distinct metabolic alterations. These findings contribute to the understanding of the neuronal populations responsible for mediating the neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian O dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Tavares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana M P Campos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-5622, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Raphael E Szawka
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Correspondence: Jose Donato Jr, PhD, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Fernandes ACA, de Oliveira FP, Fernandez G, da Guia Vieira L, Rosa CG, do Nascimento T, de Castro França S, Donato J, Vella KR, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Mecawi AS, Perello M, Elias LLK, Rorato R. Arcuate AgRP, but not POMC neurons, modulate paraventricular CRF synthesis and release in response to fasting. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:118. [PMID: 35902915 PMCID: PMC9331576 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is essential for metabolic adaptation in response to fasting. However, the neurocircuitry connecting changes in the peripheral energy stores to the activity of hypothalamic paraventricular corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRFPVN) neurons, the master controller of the HPA axis activity, is not completely understood. Our main goal was to determine if hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) POMC and AgRP neurons can communicate fasting-induced changes in peripheral energy stores, associated to a fall in plasma leptin levels, to CRFPVN neurons to modulate the HPA axis activity in mice. RESULTS We observed increased plasma corticosterone levels associate with increased CRFPVN mRNA expression and increased CRFPVN neuronal activity in 36 h fasted mice. These responses were associated with a fall in plasma leptin levels and changes in the mRNA expression of Agrp and Pomc in the ARC. Fasting-induced decrease in plasma leptin partially modulated these responses through a change in the activity of ARC neurons. The chemogenetic activation of POMCARC by DREADDs did not affect fasting-induced activation of the HPA axis. DREADDs inhibition of AgRPARC neurons reduced the content of CRFPVN and increased its accumulation in the median eminence but had no effect on corticosterone secretion induced by fasting. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that AgRPARC neurons are part of the neurocircuitry involved in the coupling of PVNCRF activity to changes in peripheral energy stores induced by prolonged fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franciane Pereira de Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata, La Plata, 403, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luane da Guia Vieira
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Gugelmin Rosa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Taís do Nascimento
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Suzelei de Castro França
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Kristen R Vella
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and the Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Jose Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - André Souza Mecawi
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata, La Plata, 403, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Leico Kagohara Elias
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rorato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil. .,Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-062, Brazil.
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Souza R, Bueno D, Lima LB, Muchon MJ, Gonçalves L, Donato J, Shammah-Lagnado SJ, Metzger M. Top-down projections of the prefrontal cortex to the ventral tegmental area, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and median raphe nucleus. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2465-2487. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Monteiro LDB, Prodonoff JS, Favero de Aguiar C, Correa-da-Silva F, Castoldi A, Bakker NVT, Davanzo GG, Castelucci B, Pereira JADS, Curtis J, Büscher J, Reis LMD, Castro G, Ribeiro G, Virgílio-da-Silva JV, Adamoski D, Dias SMG, Consonni SR, Donato J, Pearce EJ, Câmara NOS, Moraes-Vieira PM. Leptin Signaling Suppression in Macrophages Improves Immunometabolic Outcomes in Obesity. Diabetes 2022; 71:1546-1561. [PMID: 35377454 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major concern for global health care systems. Systemic low-grade inflammation in obesity is a major risk factor for insulin resistance. Leptin is an adipokine secreted by the adipose tissue that functions by controlling food intake, leading to satiety. Leptin levels are increased in obesity. Here, we show that leptin enhances the effects of LPS in macrophages, intensifying the production of cytokines, glycolytic rates, and morphological and functional changes in the mitochondria through an mTORC2-dependent, mTORC1-independent mechanism. Leptin also boosts the effects of IL-4 in macrophages, leading to increased oxygen consumption, expression of macrophage markers associated with a tissue repair phenotype, and wound healing. In vivo, hyperleptinemia caused by diet-induced obesity increases the inflammatory response by macrophages. Deletion of leptin receptor and subsequently of leptin signaling in myeloid cells (ObR-/-) is sufficient to improve insulin resistance in obese mice and decrease systemic inflammation. Our results indicate that leptin acts as a systemic nutritional checkpoint to regulate macrophage fitness and contributes to obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Thus, specific interventions aimed at downstream modulators of leptin signaling may represent new therapeutic targets to treat obesity-induced systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauar de Brito Monteiro
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silveira Prodonoff
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cristhiane Favero de Aguiar
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Felipe Correa-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Laboratory Keizo Asami, Immunopathology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Nikki van Teijlingen Bakker
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Epigenetics and Immunobiology, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Gustavo Gastão Davanzo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bianca Castelucci
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Aparecida da Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Curtis
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Epigenetics and Immunobiology, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jörg Büscher
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Epigenetics and Immunobiology, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Larissa Menezes Dos Reis
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gisele Castro
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - João Victor Virgílio-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Douglas Adamoski
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sandra Martha Gomes Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Silvio Roberto Consonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Epigenetics and Immunobiology, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Oliveira Silva T, Lino CA, Miranda JB, Balbino-Silva CS, Lunardon G, Lima VM, Jensen L, Donato J, Irigoyen MC, Barreto-Chaves MLM, Diniz GP. miRNA-143-3p-Sox6-Myh7 pathway is altered in obesogenic diet-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:892-905. [PMID: 35765992 DOI: 10.1113/ep090315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? To investigate the effect of an obesogenic diet on the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in cardiac hypertrophy in female mice. What is the main finding and its importance? Female mice fed an obesogenic diet exhibited cardiac hypertrophy associated with increased levels of miRNA-143-3p, decreased levels of Sox6 and increased expression of Myh7. Inhibition of miRNA-143-3p increased Sox6 mRNA levels and reduced Myh7 expression in cardiomyocytes, and prevented angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Our results indicate that the miRNA-143-3p-Sox6-Myh7 pathway may play a key role in obesity-induced cardiac hypertrophy. ABSTRACT Obesity induces cardiometabolic disorders associated with a high risk of mortality. We have previously shown that the microRNA (miRNA) expression profile is changed in obesity-induced cardiac hypertrophy in male mice. Here, we investigated the effect of an obesogenic diet on the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in cardiac hypertrophy in female mice. Female mice fed an obesogenic diet displayed an increased body weight gain, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. In addition, obese female mice exhibited cardiac hypertrophy associated with increased levels of several miRNAs, including miR-143-3p. Bioinformatic analysis identified Sox6, a regulator of Myh7 transcription, as a predicted target of the miR-143-3p. Female mice fed an obesogenic diet exhibited decreased levels of Sox6 and increased expression of Myh7 in the heart. Loss-of-function studies in cardiomyocytes revealed that inhibition of miR-143-3p increased Sox6 mRNA levels and reduced Myh7 expression. Collectively, our results indicate that obesity-associated cardiac hypertrophy in female mice is accompanied by alterations in diverse miRNAs, and suggest that the miR-143-3p-Sox6-Myh7 pathway may play a key role in obesity-induced cardiac hypertrophy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline A Lino
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliane B Miranda
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila S Balbino-Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lunardon
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Lima
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Jensen
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriela P Diniz
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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de Souza GO, Wasinski F, Donato J. Characterization of the metabolic differences between male and female C57BL/6 mice. Life Sci 2022; 301:120636. [PMID: 35568227 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study aims to compare the responses between male and female C57BL/6 mice to multiple metabolic challenges to understand the importance of sex in the control of energy homeostasis. MAIN METHODS Male and female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to nutritional and hormonal challenges, such as food restriction and refeeding, diet-induced obesity, feeding response to ghrelin and leptin, ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion, and central responsiveness to ghrelin and leptin. The hypothalamic expression of transcripts that control energy homeostasis was also evaluated. KEY FINDINGS Male mice lost more weight and lean body mass in response to food restriction, compared to females. During refeeding, males accumulated more body fat and exhibited lower energy expenditure and glycemia, as compared to females. Additionally, female mice exhibited a higher protection against diet-induced obesity and related metabolic imbalances in comparison to males. Low dose ghrelin injection elicited higher food intake and growth hormone secretion in male mice, whereas the acute anorexigenic effect of leptin was more robust in females. However, the sex differences in the feeding responses to ghrelin and leptin were not explained by variations in the central responsiveness to these hormones nor by differences in the fiber density from arcuate nucleus neurons. Female, but not male, mice exhibited compensatory increases in hypothalamic Pomc mRNA levels in response to diet-induced obesity. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings revealed several sexually differentiated responses to metabolic challenges in C57BL/6 mice, highlighting the importance of taking into account sex differences in metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel O de Souza
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil..
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26
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Chaves FM, Wasinski F, Tavares MR, Mansano NS, Frazao R, Gusmao DO, Quaresma PGF, Pedroso JAB, Elias CF, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Szawka RE, Donato J. Effects of the Isolated and Combined Ablation of Growth Hormone and IGF-1 Receptors in Somatostatin Neurons. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6565600. [PMID: 35395079 PMCID: PMC9070500 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypophysiotropic somatostatin (SST) neurons in the periventricular hypothalamic area express growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) and are frequently considered as the key neuronal population that mediates the negative feedback loop controlling the hypothalamic-GH axis. Additionally, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) may also act at the hypothalamic level to control pituitary GH secretion via long-loop negative feedback. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study so far has tested whether GHR or IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) signaling specifically in SST neurons is required for the homeostatic control of GH secretion. Here we show that GHR ablation in SST neurons did not impact the negative feedback mechanisms that control pulsatile GH secretion or body growth in male and female mice. The sex difference in hepatic gene expression profile was only mildly affected by GHR ablation in SST neurons. Similarly, IGF1R ablation in SST neurons did not affect pulsatile GH secretion, body growth, or hepatic gene expression. In contrast, simultaneous ablation of both GHR and IGF1R in SST-expressing cells increased mean GH levels and pulse amplitude in male and female mice, and partially disrupted the sex differences in hepatic gene expression. Despite the increased GH secretion in double knockout mice, no alterations in body growth and serum or liver IGF-1 levels were observed. In summary, GHR and IGF1R signaling in SST neurons play a redundant role in the control of GH secretion. Furthermore, our results reveal the importance of GH/IGF-1 negative feedback mechanisms on SST neurons for the establishment of sex differences in hepatic gene expression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M Chaves
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Tavares
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Naira S Mansano
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela O Gusmao
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Paula G F Quaresma
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - João A B Pedroso
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701USA
| | - Raphael E Szawka
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: Jose Donato Jr, PhD, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508000, Brazil.
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Mansano NDS, Paradela RS, Bohlen TM, Zanardi IM, Chaves FM, Silveira MA, Tavares MR, Donato J, Frazao R. Vasoactive intestinal peptide exerts an excitatory effect on hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons during estrogen negative feedback. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 542:111532. [PMID: 34915098 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons are the primary modulators of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. It has been shown that circadian rhythms driven by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contribute to GnRH secretion. Kisspeptin neurons are potential targets of SCN neurons due to reciprocal connections with the anteroventral periventricular and rostral periventricular nuclei (AVPV/PeN) and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a notable SCN neurotransmitter, modulates GnRH secretion depending on serum estradiol levels, aging or time of the day. Considering that kisspeptin neurons may act as interneurons and mediate VIP's effects on the reproductive axis, we investigated the effects of VIP on hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons in female mice during estrogen negative feedback. Our findings indicate that VIP induces a TTX-independent depolarization of approximately 30% of AVPV/PeN kisspeptin neurons in gonad-intact (diestrus) and ovariectomized (OVX) mice. In the ARH, the percentage of kisspeptin neurons that were depolarized by VIP was even higher (approximately 90%). An intracerebroventricular infusion of VIP leds to an increased percentage of kisspeptin neurons expressing the phosphoSer133 cAMP-response-element-binding protein (pCREB) in the AVPV/PeN. On the other hand, pCREB expression in ARH kisspeptin neurons was similar between saline- and VIP-injected mice. Thus, VIP can recruit different signaling pathways to modulate AVPV/PeN or ARH kisspeptin neurons, resulting in distinct cellular responses. The expression of VIP receptors (VPACR) was upregulated in the AVPV/PeN, but not in the ARH, of OVX mice compared to mice on diestrus and estradiol-primed OVX mice. Our findings indicate that VIP directly influences distinct cellular aspects of the AVPV/PeN and ARH kisspeptin neurons during estrogen negative feedback, possibly to influence pulsatile LH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naira da Silva Mansano
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Silva Paradela
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tabata M Bohlen
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Izabela M Zanardi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Machado Chaves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Augusto Silveira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rosolen Tavares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Moinho TM, Tavares MR, Campos AM, Frazão R, Metzger M, Donato J. Simple method to induce denaturation of fluorescent proteins in free-floating brain slices. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 371:109500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Glezer A, Santana MR, Bronstein MD, Donato J, Jallad RS. The interplay between prolactin and cardiovascular disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1018090. [PMID: 36704037 PMCID: PMC9871591 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1018090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperprolactinemia can be caused by several conditions and its effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis are understood in more detail. Nevertheless, in recent decades, other metabolic effects have been studied and data pointed to a potential increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. A recent study showed a decrease in total and LDL- cholesterol only in men with prolactinoma treated with dopamine agonists (DA) supporting the previous results of a population study with increased CVD risk in men harboring prolactinoma. However, other population studies did not find a correlation between prolactin (PRL) levels and CVD risk or mortality. There is also data pointing to an increase in high-density lipoprotein levels, and decreases in triglycerides, carotid-intima-media thickness, C-reactive protein, and homocysteine levels in patients with prolactinoma on DA treatment. PRL was also implicated in endothelial dysfunction in pre and postmenopausal women. Withdrawal of DA resulted in negative changes in vascular parameters and an increase in plasma fibrinogen. It has been shown that PRL levels were positively correlated with blood pressure and inversely correlated with dilatation of the brachial artery and insulin sensitivity, increased homocysteine levels, and elevated D-dimer levels. Regarding possible mechanisms for the association between hyperprolactinemia and CVD risk, they include a possible direct effect of PRL, hypogonadism, and even effects of DA treatment, independently of changes in PRL levels. In conclusion, hyperprolactinemia seems to be associated with impaired endothelial function and DA treatment could improve CVD risk. More studies evaluating CVD risk in hyperprolactinemic patients are important to define a potential indication of treatment beyond hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Glezer
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology LIM-25, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Andrea Glezer,
| | - Mariana Ramos Santana
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcello D. Bronstein
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology LIM-25, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Soares Jallad
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology LIM-25, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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30
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Wasinski F, Teixeira PDS, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Growth hormone receptor contributes to the activation of STAT5 in the hypothalamus of pregnant mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 770:136402. [PMID: 34929316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) signaling induces the phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (pSTAT5) in the cells of several tissues including in the hypothalamus. During pregnancy, several STAT5-recruiting hormones (e.g., prolactin, GH and placental lactogens) are highly secreted. However, the precise contribution of GHR signaling to the surge of pSTAT5 immunoreactive neurons that occurs in the hypothalamus of pregnant mice is currently unknown. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine whether GHR expression in neurons is required for inducing pSTAT5 expression in several hypothalamic nuclei during pregnancy. Initially, we demonstrated that late pregnant C57BL/6 mice (gestational day 14 to 18) exhibited increased pulsatile GH secretion compared to virgin females. Next, we confirmed that neuron-specific GHR ablation robustly reduces hypothalamic Ghr mRNA levels and prevents GH-induced pSTAT5 in the arcuate, paraventricular and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. Subsequently, the number of pSTAT5 immunoreactive cells was determined in the hypothalamus of late pregnant mice. Although neuron-specific GHR ablation did not affect the number of pSTAT5 immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, reduced pSTAT5 expression was observed in the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei of pregnant neuron-specific GHR knockouts, compared to control pregnant mice. In summary, a subset of hypothalamic neurons requires GHR signaling to express pSTAT5 during pregnancy. These findings contribute to the understanding of the endocrine factors that affect the activation of transcription factors in the brain during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil.
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de Paula DG, Bohlen TM, Zampieri TT, Mansano NS, Vieira HR, Gusmao DO, Wasinski F, Donato J, Frazao R. Distinct effects of growth hormone deficiency and disruption of hypothalamic kisspeptin system on reproduction of male mice. Life Sci 2021; 285:119970. [PMID: 34562435 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is a common cause of late sexual maturation and fertility issues. To determine whether GH-induced effects on reproduction are associated with alterations in hypothalamic kisspeptin system, we studied the male reproduction in two distinct GH deficiency mouse models. In the first model, mice present GH deficiency secondary to arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) lesions induced by posnatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) injections. MSG-induced ARH lesions led to significant reductions in hypothalamic Ghrh mRNA expression and consequently growth. Hypothalamic Kiss1 mRNA expression and Kiss1-expressing cells in the ARH were disrupted in the MSG-treated mice. In contrast, kisspeptin immunoreactivity remained preserved in the anteroventral periventricular and rostral periventricular nuclei (AVPV/PeN) of MSG-treated mice. Importantly, ARH lesions caused late sexual maturation and infertility in male mice. In our second mouse model, we studied animals profound GH deficiency due to a loss-of-function mutation in the Ghrhr gene (Ghrhrlit/lit mice). Interestingly, although Ghrhrlit/lit mice exhibited late puberty onset, hypothalamic Kiss1 mRNA expression and hypothalamic kisspeptin fiber density were normal in Ghrhrlit/lit mice. Despite presenting dwarfism, the majority of Ghrhrlit/lit male mice were fertile. These findings suggest that spontaneous GH deficiency during development does not compromise the kisspeptin system. Furthermore, ARH Kiss1-expressing neurons are required for fertility, while AVPV/PeN kisspeptin expression is sufficient to allow maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella G de Paula
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tabata M Bohlen
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Tessari Zampieri
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Naira S Mansano
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique R Vieira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela O Gusmao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Quaresma PGF, Wasinski F, Mansano NS, Furigo IC, Teixeira PDS, Gusmao DO, Frazao R, Donato J. Leptin Receptor Expression in GABAergic Cells is Not Sufficient to Normalize Metabolism and Reproduction in Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6353267. [PMID: 34402859 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that leptin receptor (LepR) expression in GABAergic neurons is necessary for the biological effects of leptin. However, it is not clear whether LepR expression only in GABAergic neurons is sufficient to prevent the metabolic and neuroendocrine imbalances caused by LepR deficiency. In the present study, we produced mice that express the LepR exclusively in GABAergic cells (LepRVGAT mice) and compared them with wild-type (LepR+/+) and LepR-deficient (LepRNull/Null) mice. Although LepRVGAT mice showed a pronounced reduction in body weight and fat mass, as compared with LepRNull/Null mice, male and female LepRVGAT mice exhibited an obese phenotype relative to LepR+/+ mice. Food intake was normalized in LepRVGAT mice; however, LepRVGAT mice still exhibited lower energy expenditure in both sexes and reduced ambulatory activity in the females, compared with LepR+/+ mice. The acute anorexigenic effect of leptin and hedonic feeding were normalized in LepRVGAT mice despite the hyperleptinemia they present. Although LepRVGAT mice showed improved glucose homeostasis compared with LepRNull/Null mice, both male and female LepRVGAT mice exhibited insulin resistance. In contrast, LepR expression only in GABAergic cells was sufficient to normalize the density of agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and α-MSH immunoreactive fibers in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. However, LepRVGAT mice exhibited reproductive dysfunctions, including subfertility in males and alterations in the estrous cycle of females. Taken together, our findings indicate that LepR expression in GABAergic cells, although critical to the physiology of leptin, is insufficient to normalize several metabolic aspects and the reproductive function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G F Quaresma
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Naira S Mansano
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Furigo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela O Gusmao
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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dos Santos WO, Gusmao DO, Wasinski F, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Effects of Growth Hormone Receptor Ablation in Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9908. [PMID: 34576072 PMCID: PMC8465163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) cells are the dominant neuronal population responsive to the growth hormone (GH) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). However, the physiological importance of GH receptor (GHR) signaling in CRH neurons is currently unknown. Thus, the main objective of the present study was to investigate the consequences of GHR ablation in CRH-expressing cells of male and female mice. GHR ablation in CRH cells did not cause significant changes in body weight, body composition, food intake, substrate oxidation, locomotor activity, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, counterregulatory response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose and ghrelin-induced food intake. However, reduced energy expenditure was observed in female mice carrying GHR ablation in CRH cells. The absence of GHR in CRH cells did not affect anxiety, circadian glucocorticoid levels or restraint-stress-induced corticosterone secretion and activation of PVH neurons in both male and female mice. In summary, GHR ablation, specifically in CRH-expressing neurons, does not lead to major alterations in metabolism, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, acute stress response or anxiety in mice. Considering the previous studies showing that central GHR signaling regulates homeostasis in situations of metabolic stress, future studies are still necessary to identify the potential physiological importance of GH action on CRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian O. dos Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (W.O.d.S.); (D.O.G.); (F.W.)
| | - Daniela O. Gusmao
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (W.O.d.S.); (D.O.G.); (F.W.)
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (W.O.d.S.); (D.O.G.); (F.W.)
| | - Edward O. List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (E.O.L.); (J.J.K.)
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (E.O.L.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (W.O.d.S.); (D.O.G.); (F.W.)
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Wasinski F, Barrile F, Pedroso JAB, Quaresma PGF, dos Santos WO, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Perelló M, Donato J. Ghrelin-induced Food Intake, but not GH Secretion, Requires the Expression of the GH Receptor in the Brain of Male Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6273366. [PMID: 33972988 PMCID: PMC8197284 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin stimulates both GH secretion and food intake. The orexigenic action of ghrelin is mainly mediated by neurons that coexpress agouti-related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). GH also stimulates food intake and, importantly, ARHAgRP/NPY neurons express GH receptor (GHR). Thus, ghrelin-induced GH secretion may contribute to the orexigenic effect of ghrelin. Here, we investigated the response to ghrelin in male mice carrying GHR ablation specifically in neurons (brain GHR knockout [KO] mice) or exclusively in ARHAgRP/NPY neurons (AgRP GHR KO mice). Although brain GHR KO mice showed normal ghrelin-induced increase in plasma GH levels, these mutants lacked the expected orexigenic response to ghrelin. Additionally, brain GHR KO mice displayed reduced hypothalamic levels of Npy and Ghsr mRNA and did not elicit ghrelin-induced c-Fos expression in the ARH. Furthermore, brain GHR KO mice exhibited a prominent reduction in AgRP fiber density in the ARH and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). In contrast, AgRP GHR KO mice showed no changes in the hypothalamic Npy and Ghsr mRNAs and conserved ghrelin-induced food intake and c-Fos expression in the ARH. AgRP GHR KO mice displayed a reduced AgRP fiber density (~16%) in the PVH, but this reduction was less than that observed in brain GHR KO mice (~61%). Our findings indicate that GHR signaling in the brain is required for the orexigenic effect of ghrelin, independently of GH action on ARHAgRP/NPY neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Franco Barrile
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, La Plata, BA, 1900, Argentina
| | - João A B Pedroso
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Paula G F Quaresma
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Willian O dos Santos
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Mario Perelló
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, La Plata, BA, 1900, Argentina
- Correspondence: Mario Perelló, PhD, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900. Argentina.
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: Jose Donato Jr., PhD, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas. Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil;
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Teixeira PDS, Ramos-Lobo AM, Rosolen Tavares M, Wasinski F, Frazao R, Donato J. Characterization of the onset of leptin effects on the regulation of energy balance. J Endocrinol 2021; 249:239-251. [PMID: 33969825 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone required for the regulation of body weight in adult animals. However, during the postnatal period, leptin is mostly involved in developmental processes. Because the precise moment at which leptin starts to exert its metabolic effects is not well characterized, our objective was to identify the approximate onset of leptin effects on the regulation of energy balance. We observed that male Lepob/ob mice started to exhibit increased body fat mass from postnatal day 13 (P13), whereas in females, the increase in adiposity began on P20. Daily leptin injections from P10 to P22 did not reduce the weight gain of WT mice. However, an acute leptin injection induced an anorexigenic response in 10-day-old C57BL/6 mice but not in 7-day-old mice. An age-dependent increase in the number of leptin receptor-expressing neurons and leptin-induced pSTAT3 cells was observed in the hypothalamus of P7, P10 and P16 mice. Leptin deficiency started to modulate the hypothalamic expression of transcripts involved in the regulation of metabolism between P7 and P12. Additionally, fasting-induced hypothalamic responses were prevented by leptin replacement in 10-day-old mice. Finally, 12-day-old males and females showed similar developmental timing of axonal projections of arcuate nucleus neurons in both WT and Lepob/ob mice. In summary, we provided a detailed characterization of the onset of leptin's effects on the regulation of energy balance. These findings contribute to the understanding of leptin functions during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rosolen Tavares
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Lyra E Silva NM, Gonçalves RA, Pascoal TA, Lima-Filho RAS, Resende EDPF, Vieira ELM, Teixeira AL, de Souza LC, Peny JA, Fortuna JTS, Furigo IC, Hashiguchi D, Miya-Coreixas VS, Clarke JR, Abisambra JF, Longo BM, Donato J, Fraser PE, Rosa-Neto P, Caramelli P, Ferreira ST, De Felice FG. Pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 signaling links cognitive impairments and peripheral metabolic alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:251. [PMID: 33911072 PMCID: PMC8080782 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with memory impairment and altered peripheral metabolism. Mounting evidence indicates that abnormal signaling in a brain-periphery metabolic axis plays a role in AD pathophysiology. The activation of pro-inflammatory pathways in the brain, including the interleukin-6 (IL-6) pathway, comprises a potential point of convergence between memory dysfunction and metabolic alterations in AD that remains to be better explored. Using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we observed signs of probable inflammation in the hypothalamus and in the hippocampus of AD patients when compared to cognitively healthy control subjects. Pathological examination of post-mortem AD hypothalamus revealed the presence of hyperphosphorylated tau and tangle-like structures, as well as parenchymal and vascular amyloid deposits surrounded by astrocytes. T2 hyperintensities on MRI positively correlated with plasma IL-6, and both correlated inversely with cognitive performance and hypothalamic/hippocampal volumes in AD patients. Increased IL-6 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) were observed in post-mortem AD brains. Moreover, activation of the IL-6 pathway was observed in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of AD mice. Neutralization of IL-6 and inhibition of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in the brains of AD mouse models alleviated memory impairment and peripheral glucose intolerance, and normalized plasma IL-6 levels. Collectively, these results point to IL-6 as a link between cognitive impairment and peripheral metabolic alterations in AD. Targeting pro-inflammatory IL-6 signaling may be a strategy to alleviate memory impairment and metabolic alterations in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Lyra E Silva
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Rafaella A Gonçalves
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ricardo A S Lima-Filho
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elisa de Paula França Resende
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Erica L M Vieira
- Centre of Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Santa Casa BH Ensino e Pesquisa, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo C de Souza
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Julyanna A Peny
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana T S Fortuna
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Furigo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Debora Hashiguchi
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vivian S Miya-Coreixas
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julia R Clarke
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jose F Abisambra
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Beatriz M Longo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paul E Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical and Molecuar Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Campos AMP, Wasinski F, Klein MO, Bittencourt JC, Metzger M, Donato J. Fasting reduces the number of TRH immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of male rats, but not in mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 752:135832. [PMID: 33746008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During fasting or weight loss, the fall in leptin levels leads to suppression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) and, consequently, inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. However, differently than rats, just few PVHTRH neurons express the leptin receptor in mice. In the present study, male adult rats and mice were submitted to 48 -h fasting to evaluate the consequences on proTRH peptide expression at the PVH level. Additionally, the proTRH peptide expression was also assessed in the brains of leptin-deficient (Lepob/ob) mice. We observed that approximately 50 % of PVHTRH neurons of leptin-injected rats exhibited phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), a marker of leptin receptor activation. In contrast, very few PVHTRH neurons of leptin-injected mice exhibited pSTAT3. Rats submitted to 48 -h fasting showed a significant reduction in the number of PVHTRH immunoreactive neurons, as compared to fed rats. On the other hand, no changes in the number of PVHTRH immunoreactive neurons were observed between fasted and fed mice. Next, the number of TRH immunoreactive cells was determined in the PVH, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and nucleus raphe pallidus of Lepob/ob and wild-type mice and no significant differences were observed, despite reduced plasma T4 levels in Lepob/ob mice. Taken together, these findings provide additional evidence of the important species-specific differences in the mechanisms used by fasting and/or leptin to regulate the HPT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M P Campos
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marianne O Klein
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Metzger
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Wasinski F, Chaves FM, Pedroso JA, Mansano NS, Camporez JP, Gusmão DO, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Frazão R, Szawka RE, Donato J. Growth hormone receptor in dopaminergic neurones regulates stress-induced prolactin release in male mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12957. [PMID: 33769619 PMCID: PMC9670090 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arcuate nucleus (ARH) dopaminergic neurones regulate several biological functions, including prolactin secretion and metabolism. These cells are responsive to growth hormone (GH), although it is still unknown whether GH action on ARH dopaminergic neurones is required to regulate different physiological aspects. Mice carrying specific deletion of GH receptor (GHR) in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- or dopamine transporter (DAT)-expressing cells were produced. We investigated possible changes in energy balance, glucose homeostasis, fertility, pup survival and restraint stress-induced prolactin release. GHR deletion in DAT- or TH-expressing cells did not cause changes in food intake, energy expenditure, ambulatory activity, nutrient oxidation, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and counter-regulatory response to hypoglycaemia in male and female mice. In addition, GHR deletion in dopaminergic cells caused no gross effects on reproduction and pup survival. However, restraint stress-induced prolactin release was significantly impaired in DAT- and TH-specific GHR knockout male mice, as well as in pegvisomant-treated wild-type males, whereas an intact response was observed in females. Patch clamp recordings were performed in ARH DAT neurones and, in contrast to prolactin, GH did not cause acute changes in the electrical activity of DAT neurones. Furthermore, TH phosphorylation at Ser40 in ARH neurones and median eminence axonal terminals was not altered in DAT-specific GHR knockout male mice during restraint stress. In conclusion, GH action in dopaminergic neurones is required for stress-induced prolactin release in male mice, suggesting the existence of sex differences in the capacity of GHR signalling to affect prolactin secretion. The mechanism behind this regulation still needs to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Chaves
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João A.B. Pedroso
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naira S. Mansano
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Camporez
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de Fisiologia, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniela O. Gusmão
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edward O. List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Renata Frazão
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael E. Szawka
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Donato J, Wasinski F, Furigo IC, Metzger M, Frazão R. Central Regulation of Metabolism by Growth Hormone. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010129. [PMID: 33440789 PMCID: PMC7827386 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the pituitary gland, and in addition to its classical functions of regulating height, protein synthesis, tissue growth, and cell proliferation, GH exerts profound effects on metabolism. In this regard, GH stimulates lipolysis in white adipose tissue and antagonizes insulin's effects on glycemic control. During the last decade, a wide distribution of GH-responsive neurons were identified in numerous brain areas, especially in hypothalamic nuclei, that control metabolism. The specific role of GH action in different neuronal populations is now starting to be uncovered, and so far, it indicates that the brain is an important target of GH for the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, and glycemia and neuroendocrine changes, particularly in response to different forms of metabolic stress such as glucoprivation, food restriction, and physical exercise. The objective of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge about the potential role of GH action in the brain for the regulation of different metabolic aspects. The findings gathered here allow us to suggest that GH represents a hormonal factor that conveys homeostatic information to the brain to produce metabolic adjustments in order to promote energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (F.W.); (I.C.F.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-1130910929
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (F.W.); (I.C.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Isadora C. Furigo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (F.W.); (I.C.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Martin Metzger
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (F.W.); (I.C.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Renata Frazão
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil;
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Pedroso JAB, Dos Santos LBP, Furigo IC, Spagnol AR, Wasinski F, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Deletion of growth hormone receptor in hypothalamic neurons affects the adaptation capacity to aerobic exercise. Peptides 2021; 135:170426. [PMID: 33069692 PMCID: PMC7855886 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus mediates important exercise-induced metabolic adaptations, possibly via hormonal signals. Hypothalamic leptin receptor (LepR)- and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1)-expressing neurons are directly responsive to growth hormone (GH) and deletion of GH receptor (GHR) in these cells impairs neuroendocrine responses during situations of metabolic stress. In the present study, we determined whether GHR ablation in LepR- or SF1-expressing cells modifies acute and chronic metabolic adaptations to exercise. Male mice carrying deletion of GHR in LepR- or SF1-expressing cells were submitted to 8 weeks of treadmill running training. Changes in aerobic performance and exercise-induced metabolic adaptations were determined. Mice carrying GHR deletion in LepR cells showed increased aerobic performance after 8 weeks of treadmill training, whereas GHR ablation in SF1 cells prevented improvement in running capacity. Trained mice carrying GHR ablation in SF1 cells exhibited increased fat mass and reduced cross-sectional area of the gastrocnemius muscle. In contrast, deletion of GHR in LepR cells reduced fat mass and increased gastrocnemius muscle hypertrophy, energy expenditure and voluntary locomotor activity in trained mice. Although glucose tolerance was not significantly affected by targeted deletions, glycemia before and immediately after maximum running tests was altered by GHR ablation. In conclusion, GHR signaling in hypothalamic neurons regulates the adaptation capacity to aerobic exercise in a cell-specific manner. These findings suggest that GH may represent a hormonal cue that informs specific hypothalamic neurons to produce exercise-induced acute and chronic metabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- João A B Pedroso
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas B P Dos Santos
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Furigo
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Spagnol
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Farmacologia, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Chaves FM, Mansano NS, Frazão R, Donato J. Tumor Necrosis Factor α and Interleukin-1β Acutely Inhibit AgRP Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238928. [PMID: 33255553 PMCID: PMC7728092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated low-grade inflammation favors weight gain, whereas systemic infection frequently leads to anorexia. Thus, inflammatory signals can either induce positive or negative energy balance. In this study, we used whole-cell patch-clamp to investigate the acute effects of three important proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) on the membrane excitability of agouti-related peptide (AgRP)- or proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-producing neurons. We found that both TNF-α and IL-1β acutely inhibited the activity of 35-42% of AgRP-producing neurons, whereas very few POMC neurons were depolarized by TNF-α. Interleukin-6 induced no acute changes in the activity of AgRP or POMC neurons. Our findings indicate that the effect of TNF-α and IL-1β, especially on the activity of AgRP-producing neurons, may contribute to inflammation-induced anorexia observed during acute inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M. Chaves
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Naira S. Mansano
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil;
| | - Renata Frazão
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (R.F.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (R.F.); (J.D.J.)
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Wasinski F, Klein MO, Bittencourt JC, Metzger M, Donato J. Distribution of growth hormone-responsive cells in the brain of rats and mice. Brain Res 2020; 1751:147189. [PMID: 33152340 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growth hormone (GH) injection is able to induce the phosphorylated form of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (pSTAT5) in a large number of cells throughout the mouse brain. The present study had the objective to map the distribution of GH-responsive cells in the brain of rats that received an intracerebroventricular injection of GH and compare it to the pattern found in mice. We observed that rats and mice exhibited a similar distribution of GH-induced pSTAT5 in the majority of areas of the telencephalon, hypothalamus and brainstem. However, rats exhibited a higher density of GH-responsive cells than mice in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (HDB), supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, whereas mice displayed more GH-responsive cells than rats in the hippocampus, lateral hypothalamic area and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX). Since both HDB and DMX contain acetylcholine-producing neurons, pSTAT5 was co-localized with choline acetyltransferase in GH-injected animals. We found that 50.0 ± 4.5% of cholinergic neurons in the rat HDB coexpressed GH-induced pSTAT5, whereas very few co-localizations were observed in the mouse HDB. In contrast, rats displayed fewer cholinergic neurons responsive to GH in the DMX at the level of the area postrema. In summary, pSTAT5 can be used as a marker of GH-responsive cells in the rat brain. Although rats and mice exhibit a relatively similar distribution of GH-responsive neurons, some species-specific differences exist, as exemplified for the responsiveness to GH in distinct populations of cholinergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marianne O Klein
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Metzger
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Quaresma PGF, Dos Santos WO, Wasinski F, Metzger M, Donato J. Neurochemical phenotype of growth hormone-responsive cells in the mouse paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1228-1239. [PMID: 32844436 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses are regulated by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Previous studies have shown that PVH neurons express the growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR), although the role of GH signaling on PVH neurons is still unknown. Given the great heterogeneity of cell types located in the PVH, we performed a detailed analysis of the neurochemical identity of GH-responsive cells to understand the possible physiological importance of GH action on PVH neurons. GH-responsive cells were detected via the phosphorylated form of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (pSTAT5) in adult male mice that received an intraperitoneal GH injection. Approximately 51% of GH-responsive cells in the PVH co-localized with the vesicular glutamate transporter 2. Rare co-localizations between pSTAT5 and vesicular GABA transporter or vasopressin were observed, whereas approximately 20% and 38% of oxytocin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) cells, respectively, were responsive to GH in the PVH. Approximately 55%, 35% and 63% of somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons expressed GH-induced pSTAT5, respectively. Additionally, 8%, 49% and 75% of neuroendocrine TH, TRH and CRH neurons, and 67%, 32% and 74% of nonneuroendocrine TH, TRH and CRH neurons were responsive to GH in the PVH of Fluoro-Gold-injected mice. Our findings suggest that GH action on PVH neurons is involved in the regulation of the thyroid, somatotropic and adrenal endocrine axes, possibly influencing homeostatic and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G F Quaresma
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian O Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Metzger
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Campos AMP, Teixeira PDS, Wasinski F, Klein MO, Bittencourt JC, Metzger M, Donato J. Differences between rats and mice in the leptin action on the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: Implications for the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12895. [PMID: 32840013 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that leptin regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis via direct and indirect mechanisms. The indirect mechanism involves leptin action in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)- and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurones. These cells innervate the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) where they modulate hypophysiotrophic thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)-producing neurones. The direct mechanism involves the expression of leptin receptor (LepR) in a subpopulation of PVH TRH neurones. However, to our knowledge, the existence of LepR in PVH TRH neurones of mice has not been clearly confirmed. Therefore, we investigated possible species-specific differences between rats and mice with respect to the mechanisms recruited by leptin to regulate the HPT axis. We observed that an acute leptin injection induced phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), a marker of leptin-responsive cells, in 46.2 ± 8.0% of PVH proTRH immunoreactive neurones in rats. By contrast, an insignificant number of proTRH positive neurones in the mouse PVH co-expressed leptin-induced pSTAT3 or LepR. Similarly, central leptin injection increased the percentage of PVH proTRH neurones containing cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation in rats, but not in mice. We investigated the innervation of AgRP and POMC axons in the PVH and observed that rats exhibited a denser POMC innervation in the PVH compared to mice, whereas rats and mice showed similar density of AgRP axons in the PVH. In conclusion, rats and mice exhibit important species-specific differences in the direct and indirect mechanisms used by leptin to regulate the HPT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M P Campos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marianne O Klein
- Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Metzger
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Quaresma PGF, Teixeira PDS, Wasinski F, Campos AMP, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Cholinergic neurons in the hypothalamus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus are directly responsive to growth hormone. Life Sci 2020; 259:118229. [PMID: 32781065 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cholinergic neurons are distributed in brain areas containing growth hormone (GH)-responsive cells. We determined if cholinergic neurons are directly responsive to GH and the metabolic consequences of deleting the GH receptor (GHR) specifically in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-expressing cells. MAIN METHODS Mice received an acute injection of GH to detect neurons co-expressing ChAT and phosphorylated STAT5 (pSTAT5), a well-established marker of GH-responsive cells. For the physiological studies, mice carrying ablation of GHR exclusively in ChAT-expressing cells were produced and possible changes in energy and glucose homeostasis were determined when consuming regular chow or high-fat diet (HFD). KEY FINDINGS The majority of cholinergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus (60%) and dorsomedial nucleus (84%) of the hypothalamus are directly responsive to GH. Approximately 34% of pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus also exhibited GH-induced pSTAT5. GH-induced pSTAT5 in these ChAT neurons was absent in GHR ChAT knockout mice. Mice carrying ChAT-specific GHR deletion, either in chow or HFD, did not exhibit significant changes in body weight, body adiposity, lean body mass, food intake, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, ambulatory activity, serum leptin levels, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and metabolic responses to 2-deoxy-d-glucose. However, GHR deletion in ChAT neurons caused decreased hypothalamic Pomc mRNA levels in HFD mice. SIGNIFICANCE Cholinergic neurons that regulate the metabolism are directly responsive to GH, although GHR signaling in these cells is not required for energy and glucose homeostasis. Thus, the physiological importance of GH action on cholinergic neurons still needs to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G F Quaresma
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana M P Campos
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
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Pedroso JAB, Wasinski F, Donato J. Prolonged fasting induces long-lasting metabolic consequences in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 84:108457. [PMID: 32738733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To endure prolonged fasting, animals undergo important acute physiological adjustments. However, whether severe fasting also leads to long-term metabolic adaptations is largely unknown. Forty-eight-hour fasting caused a pronounced weight loss in adult C57BL/6 male mice. Seven days of refeeding increased body adiposity to levels above baseline, whereas fasting-induced reductions in lean body mass and energy expenditure were not fully recovered. Respiratory exchange ratio and locomotor activity also remained altered. A fasting/refeeding cycle led to persistent suppression of Pomc mRNA levels and significant changes in the expression of histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases in the hypothalamus. Additionally, histone acetylation in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus was reduced by prolonged fasting and remained suppressed after refeeding. Mice subjected to 48-h fasting 30 days earlier exhibited higher body weight and fat mass compared to aged-matched animals that were never food-deprived. Furthermore, a previous fasting experience altered the changes in body weight, lean mass, energy expenditure and locomotor activity induced by a second cycle of fasting and refeeding. Notably, when acutely exposed to high-palatable/high-fat diet, mice that went through cumulative fasting episodes presented higher calorie intake and reduced energy expenditure and fat oxidation, compared to mice that had never been subjected to fasting. When chronically exposed to high-fat diet, mice that experienced cumulative fasting episodes showed higher gain of body and fat mass and reduced energy expenditure and calorie intake. In summary, cumulative episodes of prolonged fasting lead to hypothalamic epigenetic changes and long-lasting metabolic adaptations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- João A B Pedroso
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Pereira FV, Melo ACL, Silva MB, de Melo FM, Terra FF, Castro IA, Perandini LA, Miyagi MT, Sato FT, Origassa CST, Hiyane MI, Donato J, Wasinski F, Araujo RC, Festuccia WTL, da Silva JS, Camara NOS. Interleukin-6 and the Gut Microbiota Influence Melanoma Progression in Obese Mice. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:642-651. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1764982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe V. Pereira
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda C. L. Melo
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina B. Silva
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe M. de Melo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F. Terra
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iris A. Castro
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A. Perandini
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelli T. Miyagi
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio T. Sato
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice S. T. Origassa
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meire I. Hiyane
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo C. Araujo
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William T. L. Festuccia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joao Santana da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen S. Camara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wasinski F, Furigo IC, Teixeira PDS, Ramos-Lobo AM, Peroni CN, Bartolini P, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Growth Hormone Receptor Deletion Reduces the Density of Axonal Projections from Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus Neurons. Neuroscience 2020; 434:136-147. [PMID: 32229232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The arcuate nucleus (ARH) is an important hypothalamic area for the homeostatic control of feeding and other metabolic functions. In the ARH, proopiomelanocortin- (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons play a key role in the central regulation of metabolism. These neurons are influenced by circulating factors, such as leptin and growth hormone (GH). The objective of the present study was to determine whether a direct action of GH on ARH neurons regulates the density of POMC and AgRP axonal projections to major postsynaptic targets. We studied POMC and AgRP axonal projections to the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVH), lateral (LHA) and dorsomedial (DMH) nuclei in leptin receptor (LepR)-deficient mice (Leprdb/db), GH-deficient mice (Ghrhrlit/lit) and in mice carrying specific ablations of GH receptor (GHR) either in LepR- or AgRP-expressing cells. Leprdb/db mice presented reduction in the density of POMC innervation to the PVH compared to wild-type and Ghrhrlit/lit mice. Additionally, both Leprdb/db and Ghrhrlit/lit mice showed reduced AgRP fiber density in the PVH, LHA and DMH. LepR GHR knockout mice showed decreased density of POMC innervation in the PVH and DMH, compared to control mice, whereas a reduction in the density of AgRP innervation was observed in all areas analyzed. Conversely, AgRP-specific ablation of GHR led to a significant reduction in AgRP projections to the PVH, LHA and DMH, without affecting POMC innervation. Our findings indicate that GH has direct trophic effects on the formation of POMC and AgRP axonal projections and provide additional evidence that GH regulates hypothalamic neurocircuits controlling energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Furigo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cibele N Peroni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Paolo Bartolini
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Teixeira PDS, Wasinski F, Lima LB, Frazão R, Bittencourt JC, Donato J. Regulation and neurochemical identity of melanin-concentrating hormone neurones in the preoptic area of lactating mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12818. [PMID: 31782183 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurones expressing the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) can be found in the medial preoptic area (mPOA) and ventral aspects of the periventricular preoptic nucleus of rats by mid-to-late lactation and this expression disappears after weaning. The transitory expression of MCH in the preoptic area suggests a role for these neurones in the control of the end of lactation. However, the neurochemical identity of mPOA MCH neurones and the regulatory factors that control the transient MCH expression remain largely unknown, especially in the mouse. In the present study, we showed that mice also present the transitory expression of MCH in the mPOA at late lactation. mPOA MCH cells did not colocalise significantly with markers of GABAergic (VGAT), glutamatergic (VGLUT2 and VGLUT3) or dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase) neurones. mPOA MCH cells also did not express Kiss1 or oxytocin. By contrast, approximately 70% and 90% of mPOA MCH neurones colocalised with oestrogen receptor α and prolactin-induced phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), respectively. Finally, we demonstrated that the number of MCH neurones in the mPOA is significantly higher in females during the first lactation, compared to mice on the second lactation or pregnant mice during the first lactation or brain-specific STAT5 knockout mice during the first lactation. In summary, our findings indicate that MCH neurones in the mPOA of lactating mice are sensitive to oestrogens and prolactin. Thus, mPOA MCH expression is possibly influenced by hormonal variations. Furthermore, the STAT5 signalling pathway is likely involved in the regulation of MCH expression in the mPOA of lactating mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro B Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazão
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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50
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Furigo IC, Teixeira PDS, Quaresma PGF, Mansano NS, Frazão R, Donato J. STAT5 ablation in AgRP neurons increases female adiposity and blunts food restriction adaptations. J Mol Endocrinol 2020; 64:13-27. [PMID: 31756168 DOI: 10.1530/jme-19-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AgRP neurons are important players in the control of energy homeostasis and are responsive to several hormones. In addition, STAT5 signalling in the brain, which is activated by metabolic hormones and growth factors, modulates food intake, body fat and glucose homeostasis. Given that, and the absence of studies that describe STAT5 function in AgRP cells, the present study investigated the metabolic effects of Stat5a/b gene ablation in these neurons. We observed that STAT5 signalling in AgRP neurons regulates body fat in female mice. However, male and female STAT5-knockout mice did not exhibit altered food intake, energy expenditure or glucose homeostasis compared to control mice. The counter-regulatory response or glucoprivic hyperphagia induced by 2-deoxy-d-glucose treatment were also not affected by AgRP-specific STAT5 ablation. However, under 60% food restriction, AgRP STAT5-knockout mice had a blunted upregulation of hypothalamic Agrp mRNA expression and corticosterone serum levels compared to control mice, suggesting a possible role for STAT5 in AgRP neurons for neuroendocrine adaptations to food restriction. Interestingly, ad libitum fed knockout male mice had reduced Pomc and Ucp-1 mRNA expression compared to control group. Taken together, these results suggest that STAT5 signalling in AgRP neurons regulates body adiposity in female mice, as well as some neuroendocrine adaptations to food restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora C Furigo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula G F Quaresma
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naira S Mansano
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazão
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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