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Gow NAR. Fungal cell wall biogenesis: structural complexity, regulation and inhibition. Fungal Genet Biol 2025; 179:103991. [PMID: 40334812 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.103991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2025] [Accepted: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025]
Abstract
The cell wall is the defining organelle of filamentous and yeast-like fungi. It is responsible for morphology, biotic and abiotic interactions and its components confer its unique and variable signature, making it a natural target for antifungal drugs, but a moving target for immune recognition. The wall is however more than the sum of its many parts. The polysaccharides and proteins of the cell wall must be made at the right time and the right place, but also linked together and remodelled throughout the cell cycle and in response to environmental challenges, nutrient availability, damage after predation and to be complaint to the need to establish mutualistic and parasitic associations. This review summarises recent advances in our understanding of the complex and vital process of fungal cell wall biogenesis using the human pathogens Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus as the principal model fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A R Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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2
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Kou E, Luo Z, Ye J, Chen X, Lu D, Landry MP, Zhang H, Zhang H. Sunlight-sensitive carbon dots for plant immunity priming and pathogen defence. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2025; 23:2150-2161. [PMID: 40089980 PMCID: PMC12120895 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.70050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2025] [Revised: 02/24/2025] [Accepted: 02/27/2025] [Indexed: 03/18/2025]
Abstract
Global food production faces persistent threats from environmental challenges and pathogenic attacks, leading to significant yield losses. Conventional strategies to combat pathogens, such as fungicides and disease-resistant breeding, are limited by environmental contamination and emergence of pathogen resistance. Herein, we engineered sunlight-sensitive and biodegradable carbon dots (CDs) capable of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), offering a novel and sustainable approach for plant protection. Our study demonstrates that CDs function as dual-purpose materials: priming plant immune responses and serving as broad-spectrum antifungal agents. Foliar application of CDs generated ROS under light, and the ROS could damage the plant cell wall and trigger cell wall-mediated immunity. Immune activation enhanced plant resistance against pathogens without compromising photosynthetic efficiency or yield. Specifically, spray treatment with CDs at 240 mg/L (2 mL per plant) reduced the incidence of grey mould in N. benthamiana and tomato leaves by 44% and 12%, respectively, and late blight in tomato leaves by 31%. Moreover, CDs (480 mg/L, 1 mL) combined with continuous sunlight irradiation (simulated by xenon lamp, 9.4 × 105 lux) showed a broad-spectrum antifungal activity. The inhibition ratios for mycelium growth were 66.5% for P. capsici, 8% for S. sclerotiorum and 100% for B. cinerea, respectively. Mechanistic studies revealed that CDs effectively inhibited mycelium growth by damaging hyphae and spore structures, thereby disrupting the propagation and vitality of pathogens. These findings suggest that CDs offer a promising, eco-friendly strategy for sustainable crop protection, with potential for practical agricultural applications that maintain crop yields and minimize environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfeng Kou
- School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhongxu Luo
- School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jingyi Ye
- School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dan Lu
- School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Markita P. Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Honglu Zhang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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3
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Lee C, Epstein L, Kaur S, Henry PM, Postma-Haarsma AD, Monroe JG, Van Deynze A. A well-annotated genome of Apium graveolens var. dulce cv. Challenger, a celery with resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii race 2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2025; 122:e70251. [PMID: 40489902 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2025] [Revised: 05/07/2025] [Accepted: 05/19/2025] [Indexed: 06/11/2025]
Abstract
Celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) production can be limited by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii (Foa), particularly at temperatures above 22°C. Because celery has a narrow genetic base, an intraspecific admixture of Apium graveolens was developed into cv. Challenger, which is resistant to Foa race 2, the causal agent of Fusarium yellows, but susceptible to Foa race 4, a relatively unrelated causal agent of Fusarium wilt. We assembled a high-quality, chromosome-level physical map of Challenger with 40 464 RNA-based, protein-coding gene models in 3.3 Gbp and anchored it with a genetic map. Although there is high gene density and higher recombination at the ends of the chromosomes, an average of 56% of the genes/chromosome are in lower recombination zones (<0.025 cM/Mb). We identified Challenger's nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the two gene families that encode most resistance (R) genes. In three treatment groups (mock-infested or infested with either Foa race 2 or race 4), 243 NLRs and 445 PRRs were quantified in the celery crowns via Quant-Seq 3' mRNA-Seq (Tag-Seq). We compared the genomes of Challenger with that of the previously published cv. Ventura, which is moderately susceptible to Foa race 2. We present a toolbox for genome-assisted breeding for celery that includes annotated gene models, a protocol for genotype-by-sequencing, documentation of the expression of NLRs and PRRs, and a straightforward strategy for introgressing selected NLR superclusters, 83% of which are in higher recombination regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaehee Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Lynn Epstein
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Peter M Henry
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1636 E. Alisal St, Salinas, California, 93905, USA
| | | | - J Grey Monroe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Allen Van Deynze
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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4
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Liu M, Yao X, Wang H, Xu X, Kong J, Wang Y, Chen W, Bai H, Wang Z, Setati ME, Crauwels S, Blancquaert E, Fan P, Liang Z, Dai Z. Carposphere microbiota alters grape volatiles and shapes the wine grape typicality. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2025; 246:2280-2294. [PMID: 40247820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.70152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/19/2025]
Abstract
While specific environments are known to shape plant metabolomes and the makeup of their associated microbiome, it is as yet unclear whether carposphere microbiota contribute to the characteristics of grape fruit flavor of a particular wine region. Here, carposphere microbiomes and berry transcriptomes and metabolomes of three grape cultivars growing at six geographic sites were analyzed. The composition of the carposphere microbiome was determined mainly by environmental conditions, rather than grape genotype. Bacterial microbiota likely contributed to grape volatile profiles. Particularly, candidate operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in genus Sphingomonas were highly correlated with grape C6 aldehyde volatiles (also called green leaf volatiles, GLVs), which contribute to a fresh taste. Furthermore, a core set of expressed genes was enriched in lipid metabolism, which is responsible for bacterial colonization and C6 aldehyde volatile synthesis activation. Finally, a similar grape volatile profile was observed after inoculating the berry skin of two grape cultivars with Sphingomonas sp., thus providing evidence for the hypothetical microbe-metabolite relationship. These results provide novel insight into how the environment-microbiome-plant quality (E × Mi × Q) interaction may shape berry flavor and thereby typicality, serving as a foundation for decision-making in vineyard microbial management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xuenan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Haiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Junhua Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yongjian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- Horticultural Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ningxia, 750002, China
| | - Huiqing Bai
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Mathabatha Evodia Setati
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute (SAGWRI), Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa
| | - Sam Crauwels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Erna Blancquaert
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute (SAGWRI), Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa
| | - Peige Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhenchang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhanwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
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Liu M, Yang Y, Liang T, Hou F, Zhang M, He S, Liu P, Zou C, Ma L, Pan G, Shen Y. Dynamic transcriptome and GWAS uncover a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein that suppresses Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in maize. MOLECULAR PLANT 2025; 18:747-764. [PMID: 40114443 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2025.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2025] [Accepted: 03/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Genetic transformation is a crucial tool for investigating gene function and advancing molecular breeding in crops, with Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation being the primary method for plant genetic modification. However, this approach exhibits significant genotypic dependence in maize. Therefore, to overcome these limitations, we combined dynamic transcriptome analysis and genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify the key genes controlling Agrobacterium infection frequency (AIF) in immature maize embryos. Transcriptome analysis of Agrobacterium-infected embryos uncovered 8483 and 1580 genotype-specific response genes in the maize line 18-599R with low AIF and A188 with high AIF, respectively. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed five and seven stage-specific co-expression modules in each corresponding line. Based on a self-developed AIF quantitation method, the GWAS revealed 30 AIF-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 315 candidate genes under multiple environments. Integration of GWAS and WGCNA further identified 12 key genes associated with high AIF in A188. ZmHRGP, encoding a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein, was functionally validated as a key factor of AIF in immature embryos. Knockout of ZmHRGP enabled us to establish a high-efficiency genetic transformation system for the 18-599R line, with the transformation frequency being approximately 80%. Moreover, the transient reduction of ZmHRGP expression significantly enhanced the AIF of maize calluses and leaves. Collectively, these findings advance our understanding of plant factors controlling Agrobacterium infection and contribute to developing more efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation systems in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tianhu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fengxia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Minyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chaoying Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Langlang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangtang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yaou Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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6
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Pinto L, Soler-López L, Serrano A, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. Between Host and Invaders: The Subcellular Cell Wall Dynamics at the Plant-Pathogen Interface. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2025; 76:255-284. [PMID: 40393731 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-061824-115733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2025]
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions have profound ecological implications and are crucial for food security. Usually studied at the two extreme scales of plant organ symptomatology and host-microbe molecules, they are a cell-cell event mainly occurring at the subcellular level of the plant apoplast. Here, the cell walls of both organisms suffer an intense alteration as a consequence of active degradation by the opponent and self-protection mechanisms to survive and continue growing. The plant cell wall modifications and their role in defense as danger signals and activators of signaling cascades have been studied for a few decades, mainly at the organ plane. Still, much remains unknown about this process, including cellular and subcellular minority decorations, proteins, and mechanical cues. Comparatively, the microbial cell wall changes in planta are virtually unexplored. By investigating the interface between plant and microbial cell walls biochemically, structurally, and mechanically, we aim to highlight the dynamic interplay in these subcellular areas and its significance for the host-invader interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Pinto
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain; ,
| | - Luis Soler-López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain; ,
| | - Antonio Serrano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain; ,
| | - Clara Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain; ,
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Zhang L, Gao C, Gao Y, Yang H, Jia M, Wang X, Zhang B, Zhou Y. New insights into plant cell wall functions. J Genet Genomics 2025:S1673-8527(25)00122-5. [PMID: 40287129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2025.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2025] [Revised: 04/17/2025] [Accepted: 04/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is an extremely complicated natural nanoscale structure composed of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix of noncellulosic polysaccharides, further reinforced by the phenolic compound lignins in some cell types. Such network formed by the interactions of multiscale polymers actually reflects functional form of cell wall to meet the requirements of plant cell functionalization. Therefore, how plants assemble cell wall functional structure is fundamental in plant biology and critical for crop trait formation and domestication as well. Due to the lack of effective analytical techniques to characterize this fundamental but complex network, it remains difficult to establish direct links between cell-wall genes and phenotypes. The roles of plant cell walls are often underestimated as indirect. Over the past decades, many genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis, modification, and remodeling have been identified. The application of a variety of state-of-the-art techniques has made it possible to reveal the fine cell wall networks and polymer interactions. Hence, many exciting advances in cell wall biology have been achieved in recent years. This review provides an updated overview of the mechanistic and conceptual insights in cell wall functionality, and prospects the opportunities and challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjun Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Breeding Technologies, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengxu Gao
- Laboratory of Advanced Breeding Technologies, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- Laboratory of Advanced Breeding Technologies, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hanlei Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Breeding Technologies, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meiru Jia
- Laboratory of Advanced Breeding Technologies, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yihua Zhou
- Laboratory of Advanced Breeding Technologies, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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8
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Shi L, Wang L, Liu R, Zhu J, Shi L, Ren A, Chen H, Zhao M. The GCN4-Swi6B module mediates low nitrogen-induced cell wall remodeling in Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2025; 91:e0016425. [PMID: 40145759 PMCID: PMC12016525 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00164-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 02/27/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
In natural habitats, microorganisms encounter various unfavorable environmental stresses, including nitrogen deficiency. As the outermost barrier, the cell wall plays a crucial role in the interaction between the cell and the external environment. However, the effect of low nitrogen on cell wall thickness, especially the underlying molecular mechanism, is unclear. Here, we found that compared with those under normal nitrogen conditions, both the cell wall thickness and polysaccharide content of Ganoderma lucidum are increased under low nitrogen conditions. Furthermore, the abundance of SWI6B, a transcription factor that participates in cell wall remodeling, is also increased in low-nitrogen environments. The thickness and polysaccharide content of the cell wall increased in SWI6B-overexpression strains (SWI6B-OEs) but decreased in SWI6-knockdown strains (swi6-kds). Moreover, although the cell wall thickness of all the genotypes increased under nitrogen-limited conditions, the percentage of upregulated swi6-kds was significantly lower than that of the WT, and the percentage of increased SWI6B-OEs was the highest. Moreover, GCN4, a key transcription factor of the low-nitrogen signaling pathway, was found to directly bind to the promoter of SWI6. The transcriptional and translational levels of SWI6B were reduced in GCN4-knockdown strains (gcn4-kds), indicating a positive regulation of SWI6B by GCN4. Consistently, the cell wall thickness of gcn4-kds was also lower than that of the wild type. Taken together, our results revealed that the GCN4-Swi6B module regulates cell wall remodeling in G. lucidum under nitrogen deficiency conditions. IMPORTANCE To survive in stressful environments, fungi initiate cell wall remodeling pathways to adaptively modify the cell wall composition and structure. Here, we found that nitrogen deficiency upregulated the cell wall polysaccharide content and cell wall thickness through the GCN4-SWI6B signaling pathway. Our findings provide valuable insights into the environmental adaptation of fungal cell walls, contributing to a deeper understanding of fungal responses to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingshuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Salvati A, Diomaiuti A, Locci F, Gravino M, Gramegna G, Ilyas M, Benedetti M, Costantini S, De Caroli M, Castel B, Jones JDG, Cervone F, Pontiggia D, De Lorenzo G. Berberine bridge enzyme-like oxidases orchestrate homeostasis and signaling of oligogalacturonides in defense and upon mechanical damage. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2025; 122:e70150. [PMID: 40220003 PMCID: PMC11992967 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2025] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025]
Abstract
Plant immunity is triggered by endogenous elicitors known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are DAMPs released from the cell wall (CW) demethylated homogalacturonan during microbial colonization, mechanical or pest-provoked mechanical damage, and physiological CW remodeling. Berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-l) proteins named OG oxidases (OGOXs) oxidize and inactivate OGs to avoid deleterious growth-affecting hyper-immunity and possible cell death. Using OGOX1 over-expressing lines and ogox1/2 double mutants, we show that these enzymes determine the levels of active OGs vs. inactive oxidized products (ox-OGs). The ogox1/2-deficient plants have elevated levels of OGs, while plants overexpressing OGOX1 accumulate ox-OGs. The balance between OGs and ox-OGs affects disease resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Pectobacterium carotovorum, and Botrytis cinerea depending on the microbial capacity to respond to OGs and metabolize ox-OGs. Gene expression upon plant infiltration with OGs reveals that OGOXs orchestrate OG signaling in defense as well as upon mechanical damage, pointing to these enzymes as apoplastic players in immunity and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascenzo Salvati
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies'Charles Darwin' Sapienza University of RomeRome00185Italy
| | - Alessandra Diomaiuti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies'Charles Darwin' Sapienza University of RomeRome00185Italy
| | - Federica Locci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies'Charles Darwin' Sapienza University of RomeRome00185Italy
- Present address:
Department of Plant–Microbe InteractionsMax‐Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCarl‐von‐Linné‐Weg 10Cologne50829Germany
| | - Matteo Gravino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies'Charles Darwin' Sapienza University of RomeRome00185Italy
- Present address:
Department of Crop GeneticsJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Giovanna Gramegna
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies'Charles Darwin' Sapienza University of RomeRome00185Italy
- Present address:
Department of Environmental biologySapienza University of RomeRome00185Italy
| | - Muhammad Ilyas
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies'Charles Darwin' Sapienza University of RomeRome00185Italy
| | - Manuel Benedetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies'Charles Darwin' Sapienza University of RomeRome00185Italy
- Present address:
Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'Aquila67100Italy
| | - Sara Costantini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies'Charles Darwin' Sapienza University of RomeRome00185Italy
- Present address:
Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR‐NANOTEC)Campus EcotekneLecce73100Italy
| | - Monica De Caroli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of SalentoCampus EcotekneLecce73100Italy
- NBFC National Biodiversity Future CenterPalermo90133Italy
| | - Baptiste Castel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkColney LaneNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Present address:
Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales (LRSV)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617Castanet Tolosan31326France
| | - Jonathan D. G. Jones
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkColney LaneNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Felice Cervone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies'Charles Darwin' Sapienza University of RomeRome00185Italy
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies'Charles Darwin' Sapienza University of RomeRome00185Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences for the Protection of the Environment and Cultural HeritageSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies'Charles Darwin' Sapienza University of RomeRome00185Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences for the Protection of the Environment and Cultural HeritageSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
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10
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Degli Esposti C, Guerrisi L, Peruzzi G, Giulietti S, Pontiggia D. Cell wall bricks of defence: the case study of oligogalacturonides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2025; 16:1552926. [PMID: 40201780 PMCID: PMC11975879 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1552926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is more than a structural barrier; it serves as the first line of defence against pathogens and environmental stresses. During pathogen attacks or physical damage, fragments of the CW, known as CW-derived Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (CW-DAMPs), are released. These molecular signals play a critical role in activating the plant's immune responses. Among CW-DAMPs, oligogalacturonides (OGs), fragments derived from the breakdown of pectin, are some of the most well-studied. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the functional and signalling roles of OGs, beginning with their formation through enzymatic CW degradation during pathogen invasion or mechanical injury. We discuss how OGs perception triggers intracellular signalling pathways that enhance plant defence and regulate interactions with microbes. Given that excessive OG levels can negatively impact growth and development, we also examine the regulatory mechanisms plants use to fine-tune their responses, avoiding immune overactivation or hyper- immunity. As natural immune modulators, OGs (and more generally CW-DAMPs), offer a promising, sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides by enhancing crop resilience without harming the environment. By strengthening plant defences and supporting eco-friendly agricultural practices, OGs hold great potential for advancing resilient and sustainable farming systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Degli Esposti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Guerrisi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Peruzzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sarah Giulietti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences for the Protection of the Environment and Cultural Heritage, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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11
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Biregeya J, Otieno FJ, Chen M, Mabeche AW, Felix A, Aimable N, Abubakar YS, Aron O, Lu G, Wang Z, Hong Y, Tang W. Protein Phosphatases MoPtc5, MoPtc1, and MoPtc2 Contribute to the Vegetative Growth, Stress Adaptation, and Virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2025; 11:231. [PMID: 40137268 PMCID: PMC11943610 DOI: 10.3390/jof11030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2025] [Revised: 03/11/2025] [Accepted: 03/14/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatases are crucial enzymes that regulate key cellular processes such as the cell cycle, gene transcription, and translation in eukaryotes. Seven PP2C protein phosphatases have been identified in Magnaporthe oryzae. However, their synergistic roles in the pathology and physiology of M. oryzae remain poorly investigated. By qRT-PCR analysis, we found that PTC1 and PTC2 are significantly upregulated in the PTC5 deletion mutant. The double deletion of the MoPTC5/MoPTC1 and MoPTC5/MoPTC2 genes significantly reduced hyphal growth, conidiophore formation, sporulation, and virulence in M. oryzae. In addition, the double-knockout mutants were increasingly sensitive to different osmotic, oxidative, and cell wall stresses. Western blot analysis revealed that MoPtc5 plays a synergistic function with MoPtc1 and MoPtc2 in the regulation of MoMps1 and MoOsm1 phosphorylation levels. Lastly, appressorium formation and turgor generation were remarkably affected in the ΔMoptc5ΔMoptc1 and ΔMoptc5ΔMoptc2 double-deletion mutants. These findings demonstrate the overlapping roles of PP2c protein phosphatase in the fungal development and pathogenesis of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Biregeya
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.B.); (F.J.O.); (A.W.M.); (A.F.); (N.A.); (Y.S.A.); (O.A.); (G.L.); (Z.W.)
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China
| | - Frankline Jagero Otieno
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.B.); (F.J.O.); (A.W.M.); (A.F.); (N.A.); (Y.S.A.); (O.A.); (G.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Meilian Chen
- Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Anjago Wilfred Mabeche
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.B.); (F.J.O.); (A.W.M.); (A.F.); (N.A.); (Y.S.A.); (O.A.); (G.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Abah Felix
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.B.); (F.J.O.); (A.W.M.); (A.F.); (N.A.); (Y.S.A.); (O.A.); (G.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Nsanzinshuti Aimable
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.B.); (F.J.O.); (A.W.M.); (A.F.); (N.A.); (Y.S.A.); (O.A.); (G.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.B.); (F.J.O.); (A.W.M.); (A.F.); (N.A.); (Y.S.A.); (O.A.); (G.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Osakina Aron
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.B.); (F.J.O.); (A.W.M.); (A.F.); (N.A.); (Y.S.A.); (O.A.); (G.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Guodong Lu
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.B.); (F.J.O.); (A.W.M.); (A.F.); (N.A.); (Y.S.A.); (O.A.); (G.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.B.); (F.J.O.); (A.W.M.); (A.F.); (N.A.); (Y.S.A.); (O.A.); (G.L.); (Z.W.)
- Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Yonghe Hong
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.B.); (F.J.O.); (A.W.M.); (A.F.); (N.A.); (Y.S.A.); (O.A.); (G.L.); (Z.W.)
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12
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Li B, Song Z, Zhang M, Ma Q, Hu W, Ding C, Chen H. Study on the damage and variation of Agropyron mongolicum induced by the combined action of discharge plasma and plasma-activated water. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2025; 220:109486. [PMID: 39793327 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2024] [Revised: 12/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2025] [Indexed: 01/13/2025]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of combined action of discharge plasma (DP) and plasma-activated water (PAW) in mutagenesis breeding, this study focuses on Agropyron mongolicum. We utilized high-voltage DC pulsed dielectric barrier discharge for seed treatment, alone and in combination with PAW. The research focused on germination rates, evolution of physicochemical properties of imbibition residual solution, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to assess DP-induced damage and variability in Agropyron mongolicum. Results indicated that after 18 h of combined treatment, the germination rate of Agropyron mongolicum dropped to 29.67%, below the LD50 threshold. Treated seedlings exhibited elevated ROS and MDA levels compared to controls. The concentration of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RONS) in the imbibition residual solution of the combined treatment group was lower than in freshly prepared PAW, indicating RONS penetration into the seed embryo via water, leading to oxidative damage. Enhanced lateral root differentiation, early tillering, increased biomass, and albino variant plants were observed in the surviving seedlings post-treatment. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (GC-IMS) analysis confirmed that plasma treatment induced oxidative damage in Agropyron mongolicum. In conclusion, high-power, long-duration direct DP treatment caused oxidative damage and reduced germination rates in Agropyron mongolicum, with PAW intensifying these effects. PAW was identified as the main driver of variation and lethality, while DP played a supportive role. Combined DP and PAW treatment induced variations in Agropyron mongolicum, providing experimental evidence and theoretical insights for applying DP treatment in plant mutagenesis breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bufan Li
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China; Application Laboratory for Discharge Plasma & Functional Materials, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China
| | - Zhiqing Song
- College of Electric Power, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010080, China; Application Laboratory for Discharge Plasma & Functional Materials, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China.
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- College of Electric Power, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010080, China
| | - Qingjie Ma
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China; Application Laboratory for Discharge Plasma & Functional Materials, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China; Application Laboratory for Discharge Plasma & Functional Materials, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China
| | - Changjiang Ding
- College of Electric Power, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010080, China; Application Laboratory for Discharge Plasma & Functional Materials, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China; Application Laboratory for Discharge Plasma & Functional Materials, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China
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13
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Nakajima M, Motouchi S, Tanaka N, Masaike T. Enzymes that catalyze cyclization of β-1,2-glucans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2025; 109:49. [PMID: 39976643 PMCID: PMC11842490 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-025-13429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2025] [Accepted: 02/06/2025] [Indexed: 02/23/2025]
Abstract
β-1,2-Glucans are physiologically important polymers for interactions such as symbiosis and pathogenesis between organisms and adaptation to environmental changes. However, rarity of β-1,2-glucans in nature limits exploration of related enzymes. Recently, many β-1,2-glucan-degrading enzymes have been found after identification of a novel phosphorylase acting on β-1,2-glucooligosaccharides. The expansion of the repertoire has reached revelation of the cyclization mechanism of cyclic β-1,2-glucan synthase and led to finding of new enzymes catalyzing cyclization of β-1,2-glucans in a manner different from cyclic β-1,2-glucan synthase. In this review, we mainly focus on newly found enzymes that catalyze cyclization of β-1,2-glucans along with existence of β-1,2-glucan-associated carbohydrates in nature and introduction of the repertoire of β-1,2-glucan-degrading enzymes. KEY POINTS: • Newly found domain which cyclizes β-1,2-glucan created a new glycoside hydrolase family. • Cyclization is performed with a unique mechanism. • α-1,6-Cyclized β-1,2-glucan is produced by an enzyme in another newly found family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nakajima
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Sei Motouchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Nobukiyo Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Masaike
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
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14
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Munzert KS, Engelsdorf T. Plant cell wall structure and dynamics in plant-pathogen interactions and pathogen defence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2025; 76:228-242. [PMID: 39470457 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell walls delimit cells from their environment and provide mechanical stability to withstand internal turgor pressure as well as external influences. Environmental factors can be beneficial or harmful for plants and vary substantially depending on prevailing combinations of climate conditions and stress exposure. Consequently, the physicochemical properties of plant cell walls need to be adaptive, and their functional integrity needs to be monitored by the plant. One major threat to plants is posed by phytopathogens, which employ a diversity of infection strategies and lifestyles to colonize host tissues. During these interactions, the plant cell wall represents a barrier that impedes the colonization of host tissues and pathogen spread. In a competition for maintenance and breakdown, plant cell walls can be rapidly and efficiently remodelled by enzymatic activities of plant and pathogen origin, heavily influencing the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. We review the role of locally and systemically induced cell wall remodelling and the importance of tissue-dependent cell wall properties for the interaction with pathogens. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of cell wall-dependent signalling for defence response induction and the influence of abiotic factors on cell wall integrity and cell wall-associated pathogen resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Munzert
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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15
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Oyarce P, Xiao TT, Henkel C, Frederiksen SF, Gonzalez-Kise JK, Smet W, Wang JY, Al-Babili S, Blilou I. Microscopy and spatial-metabolomics identify tissue-specific metabolic pathways uncovering salinity and drought tolerance mechanisms in Avicennia marina and Phoenix dactylifera roots. Sci Rep 2025; 15:1076. [PMID: 39775192 PMCID: PMC11707284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-85416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2025] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
In arid and semi-arid climates, native plants have developed unique strategies to survive challenging conditions. These adaptations often rely on molecular pathways that shape plant architecture to enhance their resilience. Date palms (Phoenix dactylifera) and mangroves (Avicennia marina) endure extreme heat and high salinity, yet the metabolic pathways underlying this resilience remain underexplored. Here, we integrate tissue imaging with spatial metabolomics to uncover shared and distinct adaptive features in these species. We found that mangrove roots accumulate suberin and lignin in meristematic tissues, this is unlike other plant species, where only the differentiation zones contain these compounds. Our metabolomic analysis shows that date palm roots are enriched in metabolites involved in amino acid biosynthesis, whereas compounds involved in lignin and suberin production were more abundant in mangrove roots. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) revealed tissue- and species-specific metabolite distributions in root tissues. We identified common osmoprotectants accumulating in the exodermis/epidermis of date palm and mangrove root meristems, along with a unique metabolite highly abundant in the inner cortex of date palm roots. These findings provide valuable insights into stress adaptation pathways and highlight key tissue types involved in root stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Oyarce
- BESE Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ting Ting Xiao
- BESE Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Signe Frost Frederiksen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Jose Kenyi Gonzalez-Kise
- BESE Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wouter Smet
- BESE Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jian You Wang
- BESE Division, BioActives Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- BESE Division, BioActives Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- BESE Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Fuertes-Rabanal M, Rebaque D, Largo-Gosens A, Encina A, Mélida H. Cell walls, a comparative view of the composition of cell surfaces of plants, algae and microorganisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024:erae512. [PMID: 39705009 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024]
Abstract
While evolutionary studies indicate that the most ancient groups of organisms on Earth likely descended from a common wall-less ancestor, contemporary organisms lacking a carbohydrate-rich cell surface are exceedingly rare. By developing a cell wall to cover the plasma membrane, cells were able to withstand higher osmotic pressures, colonise new habitats and develop complex multicellular structures. This way, the cells of plants, algae and microorganisms are covered by a cell wall, which can generally be defined as a highly complex structure whose main framework is usually composed of carbohydrates. Rather than static structures, they are highly dynamic and serve a multitude of functions that modulate vital cellular processes, such as growth and interactions with neighbouring cells or the surrounding environment. Thus, despite its vital importance for many groups of life, it is striking that there are few comprehensive documents comparing the cell wall composition of these groups. Thus, the aim of this review was to compare the cell walls of plants with those of algae and microorganisms, paying particular attention to their polysaccharide components. It should be highlighted that, despite the important differences in composition, we have also found numerous common aspects and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fuertes-Rabanal
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Diego Rebaque
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asier Largo-Gosens
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
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17
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Fuertes-Rabanal M, Largo-Gosens A, Fischer A, Munzert KS, Carrasco-López C, Sánchez-Vallet A, Engelsdorf T, Mélida H. Linear β-1,2-glucans trigger immune hallmarks and enhance disease resistance in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:7337-7350. [PMID: 39225413 PMCID: PMC11630039 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Immune responses in plants are triggered by molecular patterns or elicitors, recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors. Such molecular patterns are the consequence of host-pathogen interactions, and the response cascade activated after their perception is known as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Glucans have emerged as key players in PTI, but the ability of certain glucans to stimulate defensive responses in plants remains understudied. This work focused on identifying novel glucan oligosaccharides as molecular patterns. The ability of various microorganism-derived glucans to trigger PTI responses was tested, revealing that specific microbial-derived molecules, such as short linear β-1,2-glucans, trigger this response in plants by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, and differential expression of defence-related genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Pre-treatments with β-1,2-glucan trisaccharide (B2G3) improved Arabidopsis defence against bacterial and fungal infections in a hypersusceptible genotype. The knowledge generated was then transferred to the monocotyledonous model species maize and wheat, demonstrating that these plants also respond to β-1,2-glucans, with increased ROS production and improved protection against fungal infections following B2G3 pre-treatments. In summary, as with other β-glucans, plants perceive β-1,2-glucans as warning signals which stimulate defence responses against phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fuertes-Rabanal
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Asier Largo-Gosens
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Alicia Fischer
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristina S Munzert
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cristian Carrasco-López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)–Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón(Madrid), Spain
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)–Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón(Madrid), Spain
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
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18
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Molina A, Sánchez-Vallet A, Jordá L, Carrasco-López C, Rodríguez-Herva JJ, López-Solanilla E. Plant cell walls: source of carbohydrate-based signals in plant-pathogen interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 82:102630. [PMID: 39306957 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 12/06/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are essential elements for disease resistance that pathogens need to overcome to colonise the host. Certain pathogens secrete a large battery of enzymes to hydrolyse plant cell wall polysaccharides, which leads to the release of carbohydrate-based molecules (glycans) that are perceived by plant pattern recognition receptors and activate pattern-triggered immunity and disease resistance. These released glycans are used by colonizing microorganisms as carbon source, chemoattractants to locate entry points at plant surface, and as signals triggering gene expression reprogramming. The release of wall glycans and their perception by plants and microorganisms determines plant-microbial interaction outcome. Here, we summarise and discuss the most recent advances in these less explored aspects of plant-microbe interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristian Carrasco-López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - José Juan Rodríguez-Herva
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia López-Solanilla
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Gan Z, Du W, Ai X, Zhu W, Wang H, Wang F, Gong L, He H. Transcriptomic and sugar metabolic analysis reveals molecular mechanisms of peach gummosis in response to Neofusicoccum parvum infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1478055. [PMID: 39464283 PMCID: PMC11503026 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1478055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024]
Abstract
Peach gummosis, a devastating disease caused by Neofusicoccum parvum, significantly shortens peach tree lifespan and reduces the yield of peach trees. Despite its impact, the molecular mechanism underlying this disease remains largely unexplored. In this study, we used RNA-seq, sugar metabolism measurements, and an integrated transcriptional and metabolomic analysis to uncover the molecular events driving peach gummosis. Our results revealed that N. parvum infection drastically altered the transcripts of cell wall degradation-related genes, the log2Fold change in the transcript level of Prupe.1G088900 encoding xyloglucan endotransglycosylase decreased 2.6-fold, while Prupe.6G075100 encoding expansin increased by 2.58-fold at 12 hpi under N. parvum stress. Additionally, sugar content analysis revealed an increase in maltose, sucrose, L-rhamnose, and inositol levels in the early stages of infection, while D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose consistently declined as gummosis progressed. Key genes related to cell wall degradation and starch degradation, as well as UDP-sugar biosynthesis, were significantly upregulated in response to N. parvum. These findings suggest that N. parvum manipulates cell wall degradation and UDP-sugar-related genes to invade peach shoot cells, ultimately triggering gum secretion. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified two transcription factors, ERF027 and bZIP9, as central regulators in the downregulated and upregulated modules, respectively. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the physiological and molecular responses of peach trees to N. parvum infection and provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of peach defense against biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linzhong Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Trees, Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaping He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Trees, Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
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van Boerdonk S, Saake P, Wanke A, Neumann U, Zuccaro A. β-Glucan-binding proteins are key modulators of immunity and symbiosis in mutualistic plant-microbe interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102610. [PMID: 39106787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
In order to discriminate between detrimental, commensal, and beneficial microbes, plants rely on polysaccharides such as β-glucans, which are integral components of microbial and plant cell walls. The conversion of cell wall-associated β-glucan polymers into a specific outcome that affects plant-microbe interactions is mediated by hydrolytic and non-hydrolytic β-glucan-binding proteins. These proteins play crucial roles during microbial colonization: they influence the composition and resilience of host and microbial cell walls, regulate the homeostasis of apoplastic concentrations of β-glucan oligomers, and mediate β-glucan perception and signaling. This review outlines the dual roles of β-glucans and their binding proteins in plant immunity and symbiosis, highlighting recent discoveries on the role of β-glucan-binding proteins as modulators of immunity and as symbiosis receptors involved in the fine-tuning of microbial accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah van Boerdonk
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia Saake
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Alan Wanke
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany.
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Xia Y, Sun G, Xiao J, He X, Jiang H, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Li K, Zhang S, Shi X, Wang Z, Liu L, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Duan K, Ye W, Wang Y, Dong S, Wang Y, Ma Z, Wang Y. AlphaFold-guided redesign of a plant pectin methylesterase inhibitor for broad-spectrum disease resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1344-1368. [PMID: 39030909 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are a critical site where plants and pathogens continuously struggle for physiological dominance. Here we show that dynamic remodeling of pectin methylesterification of plant cell walls is a component of the physiological and co-evolutionary struggles between hosts and pathogens. A pectin methylesterase (PsPME1) secreted by Phytophthora sojae decreases the degree of pectin methylesterification, thus synergizing with an endo-polygalacturonase (PsPG1) to weaken plant cell walls. To counter PsPME1-mediated susceptibility, a plant-derived pectin methylesterase inhibitor protein, GmPMI1, protects pectin to maintain a high methylesterification status. GmPMI1 protects plant cell walls from enzymatic degradation by inhibiting both soybean and P. sojae pectin methylesterases during infection. However, constitutive expression of GmPMI1 disrupted the trade-off between host growth and defense responses. We therefore used AlphaFold structure tools to design a modified form of GmPMI1 (GmPMI1R) that specifically targets and inhibits pectin methylesterases secreted from pathogens but not from plants. Transient expression of GmPMI1R enhanced plant resistance to oomycete and fungal pathogens. In summary, our work highlights the biochemical modification of the cell wall as an important focal point in the physiological and co-evolutionary conflict between hosts and microbes, providing an important proof of concept that AI-driven structure-based tools can accelerate the development of new strategies for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqiang Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Guangzheng Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xinyi He
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Haibin Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Kainan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xuechao Shi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhaoyun Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Kaixuan Duan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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