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Akar Z, Akay S, Ejder N, Özad Düzgün A. Determination of the Cytotoxicity and Antibiofilm Potential Effect of Equisetum arvense Silver Nanoparticles. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:909-922. [PMID: 37273097 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by green synthesis from Equisetum arvense (Ea) extracts and to investigate their cytotoxicity, antibiofilm activity, and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition. Diverse characterization techniques were applied to verify the production of nanoparticles. SEM examination confirmed that the size of nanoparticles is in the range of 40-60 nm. Also, interactions between silver and natural compounds of plant extract were confirmed through FT-IR and EDX analyses. It was determined that Equisetum arvense silver nanoparticles had antibiofilm activity against three different clinical strains with high biofilm-forming ability. AgNPs reduced the biofilm-forming capacity of clinical A. baumannii isolate with strong biofilm-forming capacity by approximately twofold, while the capacity of clinical K.pneumonaie and E.coli isolates decreased by 1.5 and 1.2 fold, respectively. The α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition potential of the AgNPs, which is determined as 93.50%, was higher than the plant extract with, and the α- 30.37%. MTT was performed to assess whether incubation of nanoparticles with A549 and ARPE-19 cell lines affected their viability, and a dramatic reduction in cell growth inhibition of both A549 and ARPE-19 cells was observed. It has been shown that A549 cells treated with 200 and 150 µg/mL nanoparticles had less cell proliferation compared to control cells at 24-h and 48-h incubation time. According to these results, Ea-derived AgNPs appear to have potential anticancer activity against A549 cancer cells. Investigating the effects of green synthesis nanoparticles on microbial biofilm and various tumors may be important for developing new therapies. The outcomes of this study have showed that Ea-AgNPsmay have a high potential both in the treatment of pathogenic strains that form biofilms, as well as in anticancer therapy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Akar
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gumushane University, 29100, Gümüşhane, Turkey
| | - Seref Akay
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya/Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nebahat Ejder
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Azer Özad Düzgün
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gumushane University, 29100, Gümüşhane, Turkey.
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Yakoup AY, Kamel AG, Elbermawy Y, Abdelsattar AS, El-Shibiny A. Characterization, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of silver nanoparticles using the whole biofilm layer as a macromolecule in biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:364. [PMID: 38172225 PMCID: PMC10764356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria are responsible for a large number of infectious diseases that can be life-threatening. Globally, new approaches are targeted to solve this essential issue. This study aims to discover novel antibiotic alternatives by using the whole components of the biofilm layer as a macromolecule to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a promising agent against MDR. In particular, the biosynthesized biofilm-AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, electron microscopes, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), zeta sizer and potential while their effect on bacterial strains and normal cell lines was identified. Accordingly, biofilm-AgNPs have a lavender-colored solution, spherical shape, with a size range of 20-60 nm. Notably, they have inhibitory effects when used on various bacterial strains with concentrations ranging between 12.5 and 25 µg/mL. In addition, they have an effective synergistic effect when combined with phage ZCSE9 to inhibit and kill Salmonella enterica with a concentration of 3.1 µg/mL. In conclusion, this work presents a novel biosynthesis preparation of AgNPs using biofilm for antibacterial purposes to reduce the possible toxicity by reducing the MICs using phage ZCSE9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghapy Yermans Yakoup
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Azza G Kamel
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Yasmin Elbermawy
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Abdallah S Abdelsattar
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt.
- Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Arish, 45511, Egypt.
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Gong W, Li X. Biosynthesis and characterization of selenium nanoparticles from Andrographis alata: Assessment of their potential antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer's and wound healing properties. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23513. [PMID: 37698485 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a lot of focus on the environmentally friendly, specifically plant-based, synthesis of nanoparticles. The extract of leaves from Andrographis alata (A. alata) was used in the current work as a reducing agent to create selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), which will be used in biological applications (antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer's and wound healing properties). As part of detailed characterization, the UV-Vis spectra showed an absorption peak at 274 nm with a size in the range of 55-75 nm were shown in morphological investigations using EDS, DLS and SEM analysis to have crystalline spherical-shaped structures. Against several harmful bacterial strains, SeNPs demonstrated a remarkable antibacterial effectiveness. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of synthesized SeNPs completely prevented the development of various pathogens. Furthermore, bio-reduced SeNPs showed high cholinesterase inhibition efficacy and good antipotential Alzheimer's. According to the current research, treatment with biosynthesized SeNPs stimulates faster wound healing in NIH3T3 murine fibroblast cell lines without cytotoxicity. Different in vitro biological experiments also showed that, when compared with the extract of A. alata, bio-reduced SeNPs had considerable antibacterial, antioxidant effects, antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer's and wound healing. In general, the findings demonstrate the efficacy and prospective therapeutic uses of SeNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gong
- Department of Neurology, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
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Sureshkumar J, Jenipher C, Sriramavaratharajan V, Gurav SS, Gandhi GR, Ravichandran K, Ayyanar M. Genus Equisetum L: Taxonomy, toxicology, phytochemistry and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116630. [PMID: 37207877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The genus Equisetum (Equisetaceae) is cosmopolitan in distribution, with 41 recognized species. Several species of Equisetum are widely used in treating genitourinary and related diseases, inflammatory and rheumatic problems, hypertension, and wound healing in traditional medicine practices worldwide. This review intends to present information on the traditional uses, phytochemical components, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of Equisetum spp. and to analyze the new insights for further study. METHODS Relevant literature has been scanned and collected via various electronic repositories, including PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer Connect, and Science Online, from 1960 to 2022. RESULTS Sixteen Equisetum spp. were documented as widely used in traditional medicine practices by different ethnic groups throughout the world. A total of 229 chemical compounds were identified from Equisetum spp. with the major group of constituents being flavonol glycosides and flavonoids. The crude extracts and phytochemicals of Equisetum spp. exhibited significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and diuretic properties. A wide range of studies have also demonstrated the safety of Equisetum spp. CONCLUSION The reported pharmacological properties of Equisetum spp. support its use in traditional medicine, though there are gaps in understanding the traditional usage of these plants for clinical experiments. The documented information revealed that the genus is not only a great herbal remedy but also has several bioactives with the potential to be discovered as novel drugs. Detailed scientific investigation is still needed to fully understand the efficacy of this genus; hence, very few Equisetum spp. were studied in detail for phytochemical and pharmacological investigation. Moreover, its bioactives, structure-activity connection, in vivo activity, and associated mechanism of action ought to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sureshkumar
- Department of Botany, Sri Kaliswari College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University), Sivakasi, 626 123, India.
| | - C Jenipher
- Department of Botany, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Poondi, Thanjavur, 613 503, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - V Sriramavaratharajan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India.
| | - S S Gurav
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Goa College of Pharmacy, Panaji, Goa University, Goa, 403 001, India.
| | - G Rajiv Gandhi
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kalamaserry, Kochi, 683104, India.
| | - K Ravichandran
- Department of Physics, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Poondi, Thanjavur, 613 503, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - M Ayyanar
- Department of Botany, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Poondi, Thanjavur, 613 503, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Nandini B, Krishna L, Jogigowda SC, Nagaraja G, Hadimani S, Ali D, Sasaki K, Jogaiah S. Significance of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) for green synthesis of anti-bacterial copper and selenium nanoparticles and their influence on soil microflora. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-023-02798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Hussain FS, Abro NQ, Ahmed N, Memon SQ, Memon N. Nano-antivirals: A comprehensive review. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.1064615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles can be used as inhibitory agents against various microorganisms, including bacteria, algae, archaea, fungi, and a huge class of viruses. The mechanism of action includes inhibiting the function of the cell membrane/stopping the synthesis of the cell membrane, disturbing the transduction of energy, producing toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibiting or reducing RNA and DNA production. Various nanomaterials, including different metallic, silicon, and carbon-based nanomaterials and nanoarchitectures, have been successfully used against different viruses. Recent research strongly agrees that these nanoarchitecture-based virucidal materials (nano-antivirals) have shown activity in the solid state. Therefore, they are very useful in the development of several products, such as fabric and high-touch surfaces. This review thoroughly and critically identifies recently developed nano-antivirals and their products, nano-antiviral deposition methods on various substrates, and possible mechanisms of action. By considering the commercial viability of nano-antivirals, recommendations are made to develop scalable and sustainable nano-antiviral products with contact-killing properties.
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Zhang D, Zhou Z, Du J, Liao X, Xu G, Hong Y, Xiong J. Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of
Lonicera japonica Thunb
. Leaves mediated Silver Nanoparticles and Mechanism Investigation. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan‐Feng Zhang
- College of Food Science & Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang 330045 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi‐E Zhou
- College of Food Science & Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang 330045 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- College of Food Science & Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang 330045 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science & Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang 330045 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Ning Liao
- Research center of Mycotoxin Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang 330045 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Gao‐Ding Xu
- College of Food Science & Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang 330045 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan‐Ping Hong
- College of Food Science & Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang 330045 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science & Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang 330045 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian‐Hua Xiong
- College of Food Science & Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang 330045 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
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Therapeutic potential of biogenic and optimized silver nanoparticles using Rubia cordifolia L. leaf extract. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8831. [PMID: 35614187 PMCID: PMC9133087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubia cordifolia L. is a widely used traditional medicine in the Indian sub-continent and Eastern Asia. In the present study, the aqueous leaf extract of the R. Cordifolia was used to fabricate silver nanoparticles (RC@AgNPs), following a green synthesis approach. Effect of temperature (60 °C), pH (8), as well the concentration of leaf extract (2 ml) and silver nitrate (2 mM) were optimized for the synthesis of stable RC@AgNPs. The phytofabrication of nanosilver was validated by UV–visible spectral analysis, which displayed a distinctive surface plasmon resonance peak at 432 nm. The effective functional molecules as capping and stabilizing agents, and responsible for the conversion of Ag+ to nanosilver (Ag0) were identified using the FTIR spectra. The spherical RC@AgNPs with an average size of ~ 20.98 nm, crystalline nature, and 61% elemental composition were revealed by TEM, SEM, XRD, and. EDX. Biogenic RC@AgNPs displayed a remarkable anticancer activity against B16F10 (melanoma) and A431 (carcinoma) cell lines with respective IC50 of 36.63 and 54.09 µg/mL, respectively. Besides, RC@AgNPs showed strong antifungal activity against aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus, DNA-binding properties, and DPPH and ABTS free radical inhibition. The presented research provides a potential therapeutic agent to be utilized in various biomedical applications.
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Nagasundari SM, Murugan K, Jeyakumar P, Muthu K. Plant ( Pedalium murex L.) mucilage green synthesized and capped silver nanoparticles: in vitro biological and solar-driven photocatalytic dye degradation activity. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2021.2012675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasi Murugan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Jeyakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karuppiah Muthu
- Department of Chemistry, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Batir-Marin D, Mircea C, Boev M, Burlec AF, Corciova A, Fifere A, Iacobescu A, Cioanca O, Verestiuc L, Hancianu M. In Vitro Antioxidant, Antitumor and Photocatalytic Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Equisetum Species: A Green Approach. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237325. [PMID: 34885906 PMCID: PMC8658848 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ethanolic extracts of three Equisetum species (E. pratense Ehrh., E. sylvaticum L. and E. telmateia Ehrh.) were used to reduce silver ions to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements. FTIR data revealed the functional groups of biomolecules involved in AgNPs synthesis, such as O-H, C-H, C=O, C-O, and C-C. EDX spectroscopy was used to highlight the presence of silver, while DLS spectroscopy provided information on the mean diameter of AgNPs, that ranged from 74.4 to 314 nm. The negative Zeta potential values (−23.76 for Ep–AgNPs, −29.54 for Es–AgNPs and −20.72 for Et–AgNPs) indicate the stability of the obtained colloidal solution. The study also focused on establishing the photocatalytic activity of AgNPs, which is an important aspect in terms of removing organic dyes from the environment. The best photocatalytic activity was observed for AgNPs obtained from E. telmateia, which degraded malachite green in a proportion of 97.9%. The antioxidant action of the three AgNPs samples was highlighted comparatively through four tests, with the best overall antioxidant capacity being observed for AgNPs obtained using E. sylvaticum. Moreover, the biosynthesized AgNPs showed promising cytotoxic efficacy against cancerous cell line MG63, the AgNPs obtained from E. sylvaticum L. providing the best result, with a LD50 value around 1.5 mg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Batir-Marin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University, 800010 Galati, Romania; (D.B.-M.); (M.B.)
| | - Cornelia Mircea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Monica Boev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University, 800010 Galati, Romania; (D.B.-M.); (M.B.)
| | - Ana Flavia Burlec
- Department of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.F.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Andreia Corciova
- Department of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.F.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Adrian Fifere
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.F.); (A.I.)
| | - Alexandra Iacobescu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.F.); (A.I.)
| | - Oana Cioanca
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Liliana Verestiuc
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Monica Hancianu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.)
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Sellami H, Khan SA, Ahmad I, Alarfaj AA, Hirad AH, Al-Sabri AE. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Olea europaea Leaf Extract for Their Enhanced Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Biocompatibility Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12562. [PMID: 34830442 PMCID: PMC8621457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (OE-Ag NPs) by ecofriendly green processes using biological molecules of Olea europaea leaf extract. Green synthesized OE-Ag NPs were successfully characterized using different spectroscopic techniques. Antibacterial activity of OE-Ag NPs was assessed against four different bacteriological strains using the dilution serial method. The cytotoxic potential was determined against MCF-7 carcinoma cells using MTT assay in terms of cell viability percentage. Antioxidant properties were evaluated in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging. Biocompatibility was further examined by incubating the synthesized NPs with hMSC cells for 24 h. The results were demonstrated that synthesized OE-Ag NPs presented excellent log10 reduction in the growth of all the tested bacterial strains, which as statistically equivalent (p > 0.05) to the standard antibiotic drug. Moreover, they also demonstrated excellent cytotoxic efficacy against the MCF-7 carcinoma cells compared to plant lead extract and Com-Ag NPs. Green synthesized OE-Ag NPs appeared more biocompatible to hMSC and 293T cells compared to Com-Ag NPs. Excellent biological results of the OE-Ag NPs might be attributed to the synergetic effect of NPs' properties and the adsorbed secondary metabolites of plant leaf extract. Hence, this study suggests that synthesized OE-Ag NPs can be a potential contender for their various biological and nutraceutical applications. Moreover, this study will open a new avenue to produce biocompatible nanoparticles with additional biological functionalities from the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanen Sellami
- Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects, Water Research and Technologies Center (CERTE), Borj-Cedria Technopark, University of Carthage, Soliman 8020, Tunisia;
| | - Shakeel Ahmad Khan
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ishaq Ahmad
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Abdullah A. Alarfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (A.H.H.); (A.E.A.-S.)
| | - Abdurahman H. Hirad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (A.H.H.); (A.E.A.-S.)
| | - Ahmed E. Al-Sabri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (A.H.H.); (A.E.A.-S.)
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Jayeoye TJ, Eze FN, Olatunde OO, Singh S, Zuo J, Olatunji OJ. Multifarious Biological Applications and Toxic Hg 2+ Sensing Potentiality of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Based on Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk Stem Extract. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7557-7574. [PMID: 34803379 PMCID: PMC8597655 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s325996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of environmentally benign resources for nanoparticles synthesis is consistently pushed to the front burner in a bid to ensure and enhance environmental protection and beneficiation. In this light, application of different plant parts for the reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles is gaining popularity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this contribution, we have exploited Securidaca inappendiculata stem extract (SISE), as the reducing and stabilizing agent for room temperature synthesis of highly stable and dispersed AgNPs. The major bioactive compounds in SISE were profiled using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS-QTOF-MS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SISE could reduce silver salts to its nanoparticles almost instantaneously with a maximum absorption spectrum at 423 nm, under the optimal conditions. The fabricated SISE AgNPs was extensively characterized using FTIR, TEM, SEM, XRD, EDS, Zeta analysis/DLS and TGA/DTG analysis. SISE AgNPs with average particles size between 10-15 nm and a zeta potential value of -19.5 ± 1.8 mV was obtained. It was investigated for in-vitro biological applications by carrying out, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hemolytic, cytotoxicity and antidiabetic assays. It was found that SISE AgNPs exhibited potent antimicrobial capacity against some food borne microbes, good antioxidant property, while also demonstrating high biocompatibility. Moreover, with a view to extending further the applications SISE AgNPs, it was tested as a colorimetric nanoprobe for Hg2+ detection in aqueous environment, where good linearity between 0.10 and 10.0 μM, with a detection limit of 26.5 nM, were obtained. The practicality of the probe was investigated by carrying out Hg2+ detection in water sample, with good accuracy and precision. DISCUSSION Overall, this work introduced a new stabilizer for biocompatible AgNPs with far-reaching applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titilope John Jayeoye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Abakalilki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Fredrick Nwude Eze
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
- Drug Delivery System Excellence of Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Oladipupo Odunayo Olatunde
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 6C5, Canada
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Research and Innovation, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, 241001, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Opeyemi Joshua Olatunji
- Faculty of Thai Traditional Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Thailand
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Paul RK, Kesharwani P, Raza K. Recent update on nano-phytopharmaceuticals in the management of diabetes. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 32:2046-2068. [PMID: 34228585 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1952381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to changed lifestyle and other reasons, diabetes has become one of the common metabolic disorder of the globe. Numerous therapeutic options are available, which controls the plasma glucose levels. However, most of the drugs are associated with some undesired side effects. Owing to the side effects and enhanced understanding of the phytochemicals, an inclination toward herbal medicine is seen in the population. These herbal products are also associated with concerns like poor aqueous solubility, compromised permeation, and a low degree of bioavailability. So, the emergence of nanotechnology in the herbal medicine is required to nullify the associated concerns of conventional antidiabetic drugs. The present review aims to compile the literature available for the nano-interventions pertinent to herbal products for diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Paul
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Kaisar Raza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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14
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Ben Salah M, Aouadhi C, Khadhri A. Green Roccella phycopsis Ach. mediated silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, phenolic content, antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-acetylcholinesterase capacities. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:2257-2268. [PMID: 34136955 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we develop here for the first time an easy, eco-friendly method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the lichen Roccella phycopsis. AgNPs formation was first determined by a color change of the lichen filtrate to brown, subsequent to addition of AgNO3 solution, and confirmed by a maximum absorbance peak at 425 nm in UV-vis spectrum. Scanning electron microscope images showed a spherical shape with a size distribution between 11 and 18 nm, while the elemental composition was elucidated by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The chemical compounds responsible for reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles were detected by Frourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The synthesized R. phycopsis silver nanoparticles displayed a strong antioxidant activity. Further, the antibacterial activity was more effective against Gram-negative than Gram-positive bacteria. Besides, the R. phycopsis-AgNPs were potent in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme with IC50 value of 1.65 ± 0.07 mg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Ben Salah
- Faculty of Sciences, Plant, Soil, Environment Interactions Laboratory, University of El-Manar II, Campus Academia, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chedia Aouadhi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology Veterinary Bacteriology Groups and Biotechnology Development, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ayda Khadhri
- Faculty of Sciences, Plant, Soil, Environment Interactions Laboratory, University of El-Manar II, Campus Academia, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
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15
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Fierascu I, Fierascu RC, Ungureanu C, Draghiceanu OA, Soare LC. Application of Polypodiopsida Class in Nanotechnology-Potential towards Development of More Effective Bioactive Solutions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:748. [PMID: 34066800 PMCID: PMC8151343 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The area of phytosynthesized nanomaterials is rapidly developing, with numerous studies being published yearly. The use of plant extracts is an alternative method to reduce the toxic potential of the nanomaterials and the interest in obtaining phytosynthesized nanoparticles is usually directed towards accessible and common plant species, ferns not being explored to their real potential in this field. The developed nanoparticles could benefit from their superior antimicrobial and antioxidant properties (compared with the nanoparticles obtained by other routes), thus proposing an important alternative against health care-associated and drug-resistant infections, as well as in other types of applications. The present review aims to summarize the explored application of ferns in nanotechnology and related areas, as well as the current bottlenecks and future perspectives, as emerging from the literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Claudiu Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Ungureanu
- Department of General Chemistry, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Alexandra Draghiceanu
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Pitesti, 1 Targu din Vale Str., 110040 Pitesti, Romania; (O.A.D.); (L.C.S.)
| | - Liliana Cristina Soare
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Pitesti, 1 Targu din Vale Str., 110040 Pitesti, Romania; (O.A.D.); (L.C.S.)
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16
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Chandraker SK, Lal M, Dhruve P, Singh RP, Shukla R. Cytotoxic, Antimitotic, DNA Binding, Photocatalytic, H 2O 2 Sensing, and Antioxidant Properties of Biofabricated Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:593040. [PMID: 33585553 PMCID: PMC7876318 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.593040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bryophyllum pinnatum is a perennial herb traditionally used in ethnomedicine. In the present report, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using B. pinnatum leaf extract. BP-AgNPs were confirmed following UV-Vis spectroscopy with SPR peak at 412 nm and further characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and TEM. Microscopic images confirmed the spherical shape and ~15 nm average size of nanostructures. BP-AgNPs were evaluated for photocatalytic degradation of hazardous dyes (methylene blue and Rhodamine-B) and showed their complete reduction within 100 and 110 min., respectively. BP-AgNPs have emerged as a unique SPR-based novel sensor for the detection of H2O2, which may deliver exciting prospects in clinical and industrial areas. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity were studied with respective IC50 values of 89 and 259 μg/mL. A strong intercalating interaction of CT-DNA with BP-AgNPs was investigated. Observed chromosomal abnormalities confirm the antimitotic potential of BP-AgNPs in the meristematic root tip. The cytotoxicity of BP-AgNPs against B16F10 (melanoma cell line) and A431 (squamous cell carcinoma cell line), was assessed with respective IC50 values of 59.5 and 96.61 μg/ml after 24 h of treatment. The presented green synthetic approach provides a novel and new door for environmental, industrial, and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Kumar Chandraker
- Laboratory of Bio-Resource Technology, Department of Botany, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India
| | - Mishri Lal
- Laboratory of Bio-Resource Technology, Department of Botany, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India
| | - Preeti Dhruve
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana P. Singh
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravindra Shukla
- Laboratory of Bio-Resource Technology, Department of Botany, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India
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17
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Zhang D, Ramachandran G, Mothana RA, Siddiqui NA, Ullah R, Almarfadi OM, Rajivgandhi G, Manoharan N. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Caulerpa taxifolia against A549 lung cancer cell line through cytotoxicity effect/morphological damage. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:3421-3427. [PMID: 33304151 PMCID: PMC7715053 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Caulerpa taxifolia is excellent marine green algae, which produced enormous bioactive compounds with more biological activities. Also, it is an excellent source for synthesis of Ag NPs with increased bioactivity against various infections. In our study, the marine algae marine algae Caulerpa taxifolia mediated Ag NPs was synthesized effectively. The synthesized Ag NPs was characterized well using UV-spectrometer and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and confirmed as synthesized particle was Ag NPs. The available structure of the Ag NPs was morphologically identified by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and exact minimum size, polydispersive spherical shape of the entire Ag NPs structure was confirmed by Transmission electron microscope (TEM). Further, the anti-cancer efficiency of biosynthesized Ag NPs against A549 lung cancer cells was found at 40 µg/mL concentration by cytotoxicity experiment. In addition, the phase contrast images of the result were supported the Ag NPs, which damaged the A549 morphologically clearly. Finally, florescence microscopic images were effectively proved the anti-cancerous effect against A549 lung cancer cells due to the condensed morphology of increased death cells. All the confirmed in-vitro results were clearly stated that the Caulerpa taxifolia mediated Ag NPs has superior anti-cancer agent against A549 lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danjie Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Govindan Ramachandran
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramzi A. Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasir A. Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omer M. Almarfadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Govindan Rajivgandhi
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natesan Manoharan
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
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18
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Das C, Paul SS, Saha A, Singh T, Saha A, Im J, Biswas G. Silver-Based Nanomaterials as Therapeutic Agents Against Coronaviruses: A Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9301-9315. [PMID: 33262589 PMCID: PMC7695609 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s280976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of the first human coronavirus in the 1960s, a total of six coronaviruses that are known to affect humans have been identified: 229E, OC43, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), NL63, HKU1, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Presently, the human world is affected by a novel version of the coronavirus family known as SARS-CoV-2, which has an extremely high contagion rate. Although the infection fatality rate (IFR) of this rapidly spreading virus is not high (ranging from 0.00% to 1.54% across 51 different locations), the increasing number of infections and deaths has created a worldwide pandemic situation. To provide therapy to severely infected patients, instant therapeutic support is urgently needed and the repurposing of already approved drugs is presently in progress. In this regard, the development of nanoparticles as effective transporters for therapeutic drugs or as alternative medicines is highly encouraged and currently needed. The size range of the viruses is within 60-140 nm, which is slightly larger than the diameters of nanoparticles, making nanomaterials efficacious tools with antiviral properties. Silver-based nanomaterials (AgNMs) demonstrate antimicrobial and disinfectant effects mostly by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are presently considered as a versatile tool for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Other metal-based nanoparticles have been primarily reported as delivery agents or surface modifying agents, vaccine adjuvant against coronavirus. The present review summarizes and discusses the possible effectiveness of various surface-modified AgNMs against animal coronaviruses and presents a concept for AgNM-based therapeutic treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal736101, India
| | - Subha Sankar Paul
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore637551, Singapore
| | - Arighna Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal736101, India
| | - Tejinder Singh
- Department of Electronic Materials and Devices Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhijit Saha
- Chemistry Department, UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata700106, India
| | - Jungkyun Im
- Department of Electronic Materials and Devices Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan31538, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Goutam Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal736101, India
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Das G, Shin HS, Kumar A, Vishnuprasad CN, Patra JK. Photo-mediated optimized synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the extracts of outer shell fibre of Cocos nucifera L. fruit and detection of its antioxidant, cytotoxicity and antibacterial potential. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 28:980-987. [PMID: 33424390 PMCID: PMC7785444 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, photo-mediated optimized synthesis of SNPs (CS-AgNPs) was carried out with the help of aqueous extracts of coconut (Cocos nucifera) outer shell fibre. Green synthesis of CS-AgNPs was undertaken under laboratory light conditions and characterized by several standard techniques such as UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). UV–Vis spectra displayed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 468 nm equivalent to CS-AgNPs, and the FT-IR spectra confirmed the association of biological molecules from the extract in the synthesis process. The SEM image data confirmed the round and circular nature of CS-AgNPs. The EDX data presented the elemental configuration with a solid peak at 3 KeV that matched with the Ag. The synthesized CS-AgNPs exhibited substantial cytotoxicity potential against the HepG2 cells with (effective concentration (IC50) value of 15.28 µg/ml along with robust antioxidant potential, with respect to its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging (IC50 of 96.39 µg/ml) and reducing assay (IC0.5 of 209.96 µg/ml). The CS-AgNPs demonstrated encouraging antimicrobial potential against four different pathogenic bacteria and one Candida sp. with inhibition zone diameter ranged between 8.87 and 13.07 mm. Overall, the existing investigation suggested that CS-AgNPs can be an attractive, cost-effective, and environment-friendly candidate for its possible uses in the food, cosmetics, and therapeutic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Anuj Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Chethala N. Vishnuprasad
- Centre for Ayurveda Biology and Holistic Nutrition, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
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