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Sharif N. Neuroaxonal and cellular damage/protection by prostanoid receptor ligands, fatty acid derivatives and associated enzyme inhibitors. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:5-17. [PMID: 35799502 PMCID: PMC9241399 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and mitochondrial membrane phospholipids provide the substrate for synthesis and release of prostaglandins in response to certain chemical, mechanical, noxious and other stimuli. Prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2α, prostaglandin I2 and thromboxane-A2 interact with five major receptors (and their sub-types) to elicit specific downstream cellular and tissue actions. In general, prostaglandins have been associated with pain, inflammation, and edema when they are present at high local concentrations and involved on a chronic basis. However, in acute settings, certain endogenous and exogenous prostaglandins have beneficial effects ranging from mediating muscle contraction/relaxation, providing cellular protection, regulating sleep, and enhancing blood flow, to lowering intraocular pressure to prevent the development of glaucoma, a blinding disease. Several classes of prostaglandins are implicated (or are considered beneficial) in certain central nervous system dysfunctions (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis; stroke, traumatic brain injuries and pain) and in ocular disorders (e.g., ocular hypertension and glaucoma; allergy and inflammation; edematous retinal disorders). This review endeavors to address the physiological/pathological roles of prostaglandins in the central nervous system and ocular function in health and disease, and provides insights towards the therapeutic utility of some prostaglandin agonists and antagonists, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
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Sileo P, Simonin C, Melnyk P, Chartier-Harlin MC, Cotelle P. Crosstalk between the Hippo Pathway and the Wnt Pathway in Huntington's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223631. [PMID: 36429058 PMCID: PMC9688160 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway consists of a cascade of kinases that controls the phosphorylation of the co-activators YAP/TAZ. When unphosphorylated, YAP and TAZ translocate into the nucleus, where they mainly bind to the TEAD transcription factor family and activate genes related to cell proliferation and survival. In this way, the inhibition of the Hippo pathway promotes cell survival, proliferation, and stemness fate. Another pathway can modulate these processes, namely the Wnt/β-catenin pathway that is indeed involved in cellular functions such as proliferation and cell survival, as well as apoptosis, growth, and cell renewal. Wnt signaling can act in a canonical or noncanonical way, depending on whether β-catenin is involved in the process. In this review, we will focus only on the canonical Wnt pathway. It has emerged that YAP/TAZ are components of the β-catenin destruction complex and that there is a close relationship between the Hippo pathway and the canonical Wnt pathway. Furthermore, recent data have shown that both of these pathways may play a role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Thus, this review analyzes the Hippo pathway and the Wnt pathway, their crosstalk, and their involvement in Huntington's disease, as well as in other neurodegenerative disorders. Altogether, these data suggest possible therapeutic approaches targeting key players of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sileo
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Clémence Simonin
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France
- Centre de Référence Maladie de Huntington, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Patricia Melnyk
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France
- Correspondence: (M.-C.C.-H.); (P.C.)
| | - Philippe Cotelle
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France
- ENSCL-Centrale Lille, CS 90108, F-59652 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- Correspondence: (M.-C.C.-H.); (P.C.)
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3
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Leuti A, Fazio D, Fava M, Piccoli A, Oddi S, Maccarrone M. Bioactive lipids, inflammation and chronic diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:133-169. [PMID: 32628989 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous bioactive lipids are part of a complex network that modulates a plethora of cellular and molecular processes involved in health and disease, of which inflammation represents one of the most prominent examples. Inflammation serves as a well-conserved defence mechanism, triggered in the event of chemical, mechanical or microbial damage, that is meant to eradicate the source of damage and restore tissue function. However, excessive inflammatory signals, or impairment of pro-resolving/anti-inflammatory pathways leads to chronic inflammation, which is a hallmark of chronic pathologies. All main classes of endogenous bioactive lipids - namely eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, lysoglycerophopsholipids and endocannabinoids - have been consistently involved in the chronic inflammation that characterises pathologies such as cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, asthma, as well as autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases. This review gathers the current knowledge concerning the involvement of endogenous bioactive lipids in the pathogenic processes of chronic inflammatory pathologies.
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Famitafreshi H, Karimian M. Prostaglandins as the Agents That Modulate the Course of Brain Disorders. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2020; 10:1-13. [PMID: 32021549 PMCID: PMC6970614 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s240800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases are associated with great morbidity and mortality. Prostaglandins (PGs) are formed by sequential oxygenation of arachidonic acid in physiologic and pathologic conditions. For the production of PGs cyclooxygenase is a necessary enzyme that has two isoforms, that are named COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 produces type 1 prostaglandins and on the other hand, COX-2 produces type 2 prostaglandins. Recent studies suggest PGs abnormalities are present in a variety of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. In a disease state, type 2 prostaglandins are mostly responsible and type 1 PGs are not so important in the disease state. In this review, the importance of prostaglandins especially type 2 in brain diseases has been discussed and their possible role in the initiation and outcome of brain diseases has been assessed. Overall the studies suggest prostaglandins are the agents that modulate the course of brain diseases in a positive or negative manner. Here in this review article, the various aspects of PGs in the disease state have discussed. It appears more studies must be done to understand the exact role of these agents in the pathophysiology of brain diseases. However, the suppression of prostaglandin production may confer the alleviation of some brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Karimian
- Physiology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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iNKT Cell Activation Exacerbates the Development of Huntington's Disease in R6/2 Transgenic Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:3540974. [PMID: 30766446 PMCID: PMC6350536 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3540974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder which is caused by a mutation of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Although the pathogenesis of HD has been associated with inflammatory responses, if and how the immune system contributes to the onset of HD is largely unknown. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a group of innate-like regulatory T lymphocytes that can rapidly produce various cytokines such as IFNγ and IL4 upon stimulation with the glycolipid α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). By employing both R6/2 Tg mice (murine HD model) and Jα18 KO mice (deficient in iNKT cells), we investigated whether alterations of iNKT cells affect the development of HD in R6/2 Tg mice. We found that Jα18 KO R6/2 Tg mice showed disease progression comparable to R6/2 Tg mice, indicating that the absence of iNKT cells did not have any significant effects on HD development. However, repeated activation of iNKT cells with α-GalCer facilitated HD progression in R6/2 Tg mice, and this was associated with increased infiltration of iNKT cells in the brain. Taken together, our results demonstrate that repeated α-GalCer treatment of R6/2 Tg mice accelerates HD progression, suggesting that immune activation can affect the severity of HD pathogenesis.
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Lee SW, Park HJ, Im W, Kim M, Hong S. Repeated immune activation with low-dose lipopolysaccharide attenuates the severity of Huntington's disease in R6/2 transgenic mice. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:219-226. [PMID: 30460101 PMCID: PMC6138304 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1473291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene. Previously, therapeutic approaches using anti-inflammatory agents were reportedly not effective for preventing HD progression. Since whether immune responses contribute to the onset of HD is not entirely understood, we herein investigated the role of immune activation in HD using the R6/2 transgenic (Tg) HD model mouse. IL12 production and the expression of costimulatory molecules (e.g. CD86 and CD40) on innate immune cells (DCs and macrophages) were diminished in the disease stage of R6/2 Tg mice. Moreover, the number of adaptive T cells (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) and the frequency of effector memory phenotype CD4+ T cells were decreased in these mice. These results suggest that the severity of HD is closely related to an impaired immune system and might be reversed by activation of the immune system. Since lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent TLR4 agonist, activates immune cells, we evaluated the effect of immune activation on the pathogenesis of HD using LPS. The repeated immune activation with low-dose LPS significantly recovered the impaired immune status back to normal levels and attenuated both severe weight loss and the increased clasping phenotype found in the disease stage of R6/2 Tg mice, consequently resulting in prolonged survival. Taken together, these results strongly indicate that immune activation has beneficial influences on alleviating HD pathology and could provide new therapeutic strategies for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wooseok Im
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Manho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seokmann Hong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
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7
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Saavedra A, García-Díaz Barriga G, Pérez-Navarro E, Alberch J. Huntington's disease: novel therapeutic perspectives hanging in the balance. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:385-399. [PMID: 29671352 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1465930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Huntington's disease (HD), an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene, has long been characterized by the presence of motor symptoms due to the loss of striatal projection neurons. Cognitive dysfunction and neuropsychiatric symptoms are also present and they occur in the absence of cell death in most mouse models, pointing to neuronal dysfunction and abnormal synaptic plasticity as causative mechanisms. Areas covered: Here, we focus on those common mechanisms altered by the presence of mutant huntingtin affecting corticostriatal and hippocampal function as therapeutic targets that could prove beneficial to ameliorate both cognitive and motor function in HD. Specifically, we discuss the importance of reestablishing the balance in (1) synaptic/extrasynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor signaling, (2) mitochondrial dynamics/trafficking, (3) TrkB/p75NTR signaling, and (4) transcriptional activity. Expert opinion: Mutant huntingtin has a broad impact on multiple cellular processes, which makes it very challenging to design a curative therapeutic strategy. As we point out here, novel therapeutic interventions should look for multi-purpose drugs targeting common and early affected processes leading to corticostriatal and hippocampal dysfunction that additionally operate in a feedforward vicious cycle downstream the activation of extrasynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Saavedra
- a Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,b Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona , Spain.,c Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain
| | - Gerardo García-Díaz Barriga
- a Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,b Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona , Spain.,c Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain
| | - Esther Pérez-Navarro
- a Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,b Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona , Spain.,c Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- a Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,b Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona , Spain.,c Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain
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8
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García-Díaz Barriga G, Giralt A, Anglada-Huguet M, Gaja-Capdevila N, Orlandi JG, Soriano J, Canals JM, Alberch J. 7,8-dihydroxyflavone ameliorates cognitive and motor deficits in a Huntington's disease mouse model through specific activation of the PLCγ1 pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3144-3160. [PMID: 28541476 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with motor, cognitive and psychiatric impairment. Dysfunctions in HD models have been related to reduced levels of striatal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and imbalance between its receptors TrkB and p75(NTR). Thus, molecules with activity on the BDNF/TrkB/p75 system can have therapeutic potential. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) was described as a TrkB agonist in several models of neuro-degenerative diseases, however, its TrkB activation profile needs further investigation due to its pleiotropic properties and divergence from BDNF effect. To investigate this, we used in vitro and in vivo models of HD to dissect TrkB activation upon 7,8-DHF treatment. 7,8-DHF treatment in primary cultures showed phosphorylation of TrkBY816 but not TrkBY515 with activation of the PLCγ1 pathway leading to morphological and functional improvements. Chronic administration of 7,8-DHF delayed motor deficits in R6/1 mice and reversed deficits on the Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT) at 17 weeks. Morphological and biochemical analyses revealed improved striatal levels of enkephalin, and prevention of striatal volume loss. We found a TrkBY816 but not TrkBY515 phosphorylation recovery in striatum concordant with in vitro results. Additionally, 7,8-DHF normalized striatal levels of induced and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (iNOS and nNOS, respectively) and ameliorated the imbalance of p75/TrkB. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism of action of 7,8-DHF suggesting that its effect through the TrkB receptor in striatum is via selective phosphorylation of its Y816 residue and activation of PLCγ1 pathway, but pleiotropic effects of the drug also contribute to its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo García-Díaz Barriga
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Anglada-Huguet
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Gaja-Capdevila
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier G Orlandi
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Soriano
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep-Maria Canals
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Of rodents and men: understanding the emergence of motor and cognitive symptoms in Huntington disease. Behav Pharmacol 2017; 27:403-14. [PMID: 26886208 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Arguably, one of the most important milestones in Huntington disease research since the discovery of the gene responsible has been the generation of different genetic animal models. Although clinical reports have shown evidence of progressive cognitive impairments in gene carriers before motor symptoms are diagnosed, such symptoms have been much less obvious in animal models. In this review, we summarize the three main classes of animal models for Huntington disease and describe some relevant translational assays for behavioural deficits evaluation. Finally, we argue that a good knowledge of the emergence of motor and cognitive symptoms in mice and rat models is indispensable for the selection of endpoint measures in early preclinical drug screening studies.
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Kelly MEM, Lehmann C, Zhou J. The Endocannabinoid System in Local and Systemic Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4199/c00151ed1v01y201702isp074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Jhelum P, Wahul AB, Kamle A, Kumawat S, Kumar A, Bhutani KK, Tripathi SM, Chakravarty S. Sameerpannag Ras Mixture (SRM) improved neurobehavioral deficits following acute ischemic stroke by attenuating neuroinflammatory response. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 197:147-156. [PMID: 27457696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cerebral ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. Unfortunately, due to the failure of most of drugs in clinical trials recently, attentions have moved towards the traditional system of medicines including Ayurveda. In Ayurveda, Sameerpannag Ras (SR) is a mineral and metallic origin based formulation which has been used for the treatment of arthritis and chronic systematic inflammatory disorder. The current study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Sameerpannag Ras Mixture (SRM), on the neurobehavioral dysfunction and associated neuroinflammation, induced by transient Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion (ICAO) in mice model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, mice were treated with Sameerpannag Ras Mixture (SRM) at the dose of 40mg/kg body weight by oral gavages for 3 and 7days respectively, twice a day, after the induction of ICAO for 90min followed by reperfusion. The efficacy of SRM was examined by scoring neurological behavioral deficit using the standard neurological deficit score (NDS), grip strength and rotarod performance tests at different time intervals of post-ICAO. RESULTS Post-ischemic treatment with Sameerpannag Ras Mixture (SRM) at 40mg/kg significantly reduced Neurological Deficit Score and improved the motor coordination at different time intervals post-ICAO. The analysis of RT-qPCR data showed that transient cerebral ischemia could induce the inflammatory response genes in the affected striatal region of ICAO group, as compared to sham group, on day3 and day7 post-ICAO. Interestingly, SRM treatment showed marked improvement in the ischemia-induced neurobehavioral deficits by attenuating ischemia-induced neuroinflammatory response at both gene and protein level. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that Sameerpannag Ras Mixture (SRM) treatment ameliorates behavioral outcomes after mild ischemia through the suppression of a number of inflammatory response genes involved in neuronal damage. This is the first report of the molecular mechanism underlying the significant neuroprotective action of the Ayurvedic drug, Sameerpannag Ras Mixture (SRM), using a mild stroke in mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Jhelum
- Chemical Biology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Abhipradnya B Wahul
- Chemical Biology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Avijeet Kamle
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Sudhir Kumawat
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Bhutani
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Chandigarh 500037, India
| | - Shailendra Mani Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Chandigarh 500037, India.
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Chemical Biology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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12
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Insights into the epigenetic mechanisms involving histone lysine methylation and demethylation in ischemia induced damage and repair has therapeutic implication. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:152-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Wright DJ, Renoir T, Gray LJ, Hannan AJ. Huntington’s Disease: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 15:93-128. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Colpo GD, Stimming EF, Rocha NP, Teixeira AL. Promises and pitfalls of immune-based strategies for Huntington's disease. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1422-1425. [PMID: 29089980 PMCID: PMC5649455 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.215245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective loss of neurons in the striatum and cortex, leading to progressive motor dysfunction, cognitive decline and behavioral symptoms. HD is caused by a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat expansion in the gene encoding for huntingtin. Several studies have suggested that inflammation is an important feature of HD and it is already observed in the early stages of the disease. Recently, new molecules presenting anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory have been investigated for HD. The objective of this review is to discuss the data obtained so far on the immune-based therapeutic strategies for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Delevati Colpo
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erin Furr Stimming
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia Pessoa Rocha
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Neuroimmunology of Huntington's Disease: Revisiting Evidence from Human Studies. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8653132. [PMID: 27578922 PMCID: PMC4992798 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8653132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of neurons in the striatum and cortex, which leads to progressive motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and psychiatric disorders. Although the cause of HD is well described—HD is a genetic disorder caused by a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat expansion in the gene encoding for huntingtin (HTT) on chromosome 4p16.3—the ultimate cause of neuronal death is still uncertain. Apart from impairment in systems for handling abnormal proteins, other metabolic pathways and mechanisms might contribute to neurodegeneration and progression of HD. Among these, inflammation seems to play a role in HD pathogenesis. The current review summarizes the available evidence about immune and/or inflammatory changes in HD. HD is associated with increased inflammatory mediators in both the central nervous system and periphery. Accordingly, there have been some attempts to slow HD progression targeting the immune system.
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Linares GR, Chiu CT, Scheuing L, Leng Y, Liao HM, Maric D, Chuang DM. Preconditioning mesenchymal stem cells with the mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid enhances therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 281:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Peña-Altamira E, Prati F, Massenzio F, Virgili M, Contestabile A, Bolognesi ML, Monti B. Changing paradigm to target microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: from anti-inflammatory strategy to active immunomodulation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:627-40. [PMID: 26568363 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1121237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The importance of microglia in most neurodegenerative pathologies, from Parkinson's disease to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, is increasingly recognized. Until few years ago, microglial activation in pathological conditions was considered dangerous to neurons due to its causing inflammation. Today we know that these glial cells also play a crucial physiological and neuroprotective role, which is altered in neurodegenerative conditions. AREAS COVERED The neuroinflammatory hypothesis for neurodegenerative diseases has led to the trial of anti-inflammatory agents as therapeutics with largely disappointing results. New information about the physiopathological role of microglia has highlighted the importance of immunomodulation as a potential new therapeutic approach. This review summarizes knowledge on microglia as a potential therapeutic target in the most common neurodegenerative diseases, with focus on compounds directed toward the modulation of microglial immune response through specific molecular pathways. EXPERT OPINION Here we support the innovative concept of targeting microglial cells by modulating their activity, rather than simply trying to counteract their inflammatory neurotoxicity, as a potential therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases. The advantage of this therapeutic approach could be to reduce neuroinflammation and toxicity, while at the same time strengthening intrinsic neuroprotective properties of microglia and promoting neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Prati
- a Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Francesca Massenzio
- a Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Marco Virgili
- a Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Antonio Contestabile
- a Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- a Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- a Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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Abstract
In this review, we explore the similarities and differences in the behavioural neurobiology found in the mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD) and the human disease state. The review is organised with a comparative focus on the functional domains of motor control, cognition and behavioural disturbance (akin to psychiatric disturbance in people) and how our knowledge of the underlying physiological changes that are manifest in the HD mouse lines correspond to those seen in the HD clinical population. The review is framed in terms of functional circuitry and neurotransmitter systems and how abnormalities in these systems impact on the behavioural readouts across the mouse lines and how these may correspond to the deficits observed in people. In addition, interpretational issues associated with the data from animal studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Brooks
- Brain Repair Group, Division of Neuroscience, Cardiff University School of Bioscience, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, UK,
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Zheng X, Zhang X, Kang A, Ran C, Wang G, Hao H. Thinking outside the brain for cognitive improvement: Is peripheral immunomodulation on the way? Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:94-104. [PMID: 24978103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a devastating condition commonly observed with normal aging and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Although major efforts to prevent or slow down cognitive decline are largely focused within the central nervous system (CNS), it has become clear that signals from the systemic milieu are closely associated with the dysfunctional brain. In particular, the bidirectional crosstalk between the CNS and peripheral immune system plays a decisive role in shaping neuronal survival and function via neuroimmune, neuroendocrinal and bioenergetic mechanisms. Importantly, it is emerging that some neuroprotective and cognition-strengthening drugs may work by targeting the brain-periphery interactions, which could be intriguingly achieved without entering the CNS. We describe here how recent advances in dissecting cognitive deficits from a systems-perspective have contributed to a non-neurocentric understanding of its pathogenesis and treatment strategy. We also discuss the therapeutic and diagnostic implications of these exciting progresses and consider some key issues in the clinical translation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zheng
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - An Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, United States
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Chakraborty J, Rajamma U, Mohanakumar KP. A mitochondrial basis for Huntington's disease: therapeutic prospects. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 389:277-91. [PMID: 24374792 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disease, with overt movement dysfunctions. Despite focused research on the basis of neurodegeneration in HD for last few decades, the mechanism for the site-specific lesion of neurons in the brain is not clear. All the explanations that partially clarify the phenomenon of neurodegeneration leads to one organelle, mitochondrion, which is severely affected in HD at the level of electron transport chain, Ca(2+) buffering efficiency and morphology. But, with the existing knowledge, it is not clear whether the cell death processes in HD initiate from mitochondria, though the Huntingtin (Htt) aggregates show close proximity to this organelle, or do some extracellular stimuli like TNFα or FasL trigger the process. Mainly because of the disparity in the different available experimental models, the results are quite confusing or at least inconsistent to a great extent. The fact remains that the mutant Htt protein was seen to be associated with mitochondria directly, and as the striatum is highly enriched with dopamine and glutamate, it may make the striatal mitochondria more vulnerable because of the presence of dopa-quinones, and due to an imbalance in Ca(2+). The current therapeutic strategies are based on symptomatic relief, and, therefore, mainly target neurotransmitter(s) and their receptors to modulate behavioral outputs, but none of them targets mitochondria or try to address the basic molecular events that cause neurons to die in discrete regions of the brain, which could probably be resulting from grave mitochondrial dysfunctions. Therefore, targeting mitochondria for their protection, while addressing symptomatic recovery, holds a great potential to tone down the progression of the disease, and to provide better relief to the patients and caretakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Rooms 117&119, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
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Ellrichmann G, Reick C, Saft C, Linker RA. The role of the immune system in Huntington's disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:541259. [PMID: 23956761 PMCID: PMC3727178 DOI: 10.1155/2013/541259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by a progressive course of disease until death 15-20 years after the first symptoms occur and is caused by a mutation with expanded CAG repeats in the huntingtin (htt) protein. Mutant htt (mhtt) in the striatum is assumed to be the main reason for neurodegeneration. Knowledge about pathophysiology has rapidly improved discussing influences of excitotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, free radicals, and inflammatory mechanisms. Both innate and adaptive immune systems may play an important role in HD. Activation of microglia with expression of proinflammatory cytokines, impaired migration of macrophages, and deposition of complement factors in the striatum indicate an activation of the innate immune system. As part of the adaptive immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) prime T-cell responses secreting inflammatory mediators. In HD, DCs may contain mhtt which brings the adaptive immune system into the focus of interest. These data underline an increasing interest in the peripheral immune system for pathomechanisms of HD. It is still unclear if neuroinflammation is a reactive process or if there is an active influence on disease progression. Further understanding the influence of inflammation in HD using mouse models may open various avenues for promising therapeutic approaches aiming at slowing disease progression or forestalling onset of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisa Ellrichmann
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany.
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Figiel M, Szlachcic WJ, Switonski PM, Gabka A, Krzyzosiak WJ. Mouse models of polyglutamine diseases: review and data table. Part I. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:393-429. [PMID: 22956270 PMCID: PMC3461215 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders share many similarities, such as a common mutation type in unrelated human causative genes, neurological character, and certain aspects of pathogenesis, including morphological and physiological neuronal alterations. The similarities in pathogenesis have been confirmed by findings that some experimental in vivo therapy approaches are effective in multiple models of polyQ disorders. Additionally, mouse models of polyQ diseases are often highly similar between diseases with respect to behavior and the features of the disease. The common features shared by polyQ mouse models may facilitate the investigation of polyQ disorders and may help researchers explore the mechanisms of these diseases in a broader context. To provide this context and to promote the understanding of polyQ disorders, we have collected and analyzed research data about the characterization and treatment of mouse models of polyQ diseases and organized them into two complementary Excel data tables. The data table that is presented in this review (Part I) covers the behavioral, molecular, cellular, and anatomic characteristics of polyQ mice and contains the most current knowledge about polyQ mouse models. The structure of this data table is designed in such a way that it can be filtered to allow for the immediate retrieval of the data corresponding to a single mouse model or to compare the shared and unique aspects of many polyQ models. The second data table, which is presented in another publication (Part II), covers therapeutic research in mouse models by summarizing all of the therapeutic strategies employed in the treatment of polyQ disorders, phenotypes that are used to examine the effects of the therapy, and therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Figiel
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland.
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Switonski PM, Szlachcic WJ, Gabka A, Krzyzosiak WJ, Figiel M. Mouse models of polyglutamine diseases in therapeutic approaches: review and data table. Part II. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:430-66. [PMID: 22944909 PMCID: PMC3461214 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of human diseases are created both to understand the pathogenesis of the disorders and to find successful therapies for them. This work is the second part in a series of reviews of mouse models of polyglutamine (polyQ) hereditary disorders and focuses on in vivo experimental therapeutic approaches. Like part I of the polyQ mouse model review, this work is supplemented with a table that contains data from experimental studies of therapeutic approaches in polyQ mouse models. The aim of this review was to characterize the benefits and outcomes of various therapeutic strategies in mouse models. We examine whether the therapeutic strategies are specific to a single disease or are applicable to more than one polyQ disorder in mouse models. In addition, we discuss the suitability of mouse models in therapeutic approaches. Although the majority of therapeutic studies were performed in mouse models of Huntington disease, similar strategies were also used in other disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel M Switonski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
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Lima IVDA, Bastos LFS, Limborço-Filho M, Fiebich BL, de Oliveira ACP. Role of prostaglandins in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:946813. [PMID: 22778499 PMCID: PMC3385693 DOI: 10.1155/2012/946813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing data demonstrates that inflammation participates in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Among the different inflammatory mediators involved, prostaglandins play an important role. The effects induced by prostaglandins might be mediated by activation of their known receptors or by nonclassical mechanisms. In the present paper, we discuss the evidences that link prostaglandins, as well as the enzymes that produce them, to some neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vieira de Assis Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro Francisco Silva Bastos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Muenzinger Building, Colorado University of Colorado Boulder, Avenida, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA
| | - Marcelo Limborço-Filho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bernd L. Fiebich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical School, Hauptstraße 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- VivaCell Biotechnology GmbH, Ferdinand-Porsche-Straße 5, 79211 Denzlingen, Germany
| | - Antonio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical School, Hauptstraße 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating and incurable neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive, psychiatric and motor impairments. Although the disease has been seen as a disorder purely of the brain, there is now emerging evidence that abnormalities outside the central nervous system are commonly seen in HD. Indeed, the mutant huntingtin (mHtt) coded for by the abnormal gene in HD is found in every cell type where its presence has been sought. In particular, there are a number of recent observations in HD patients that mHtt interacts with the immune system with accumulating evidence that changes in the immune system may critically contribute to the pathology of HD. However, the nature of this contribution remains unclear, to the extent that it is not even known whether the immune system has a beneficial or detrimental role in HD patients. In this review, we attempt to bring a novel understanding to the interaction of the immune system to HD pathology, thereby shedding light on its potential pathogenic role. As part of this discussion, we revisit the clinical data on the anti-inflammatory drug trials in HD and propose new experimental approaches to interrogate the role of immunity in this currently incurable disorder.
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Godin JD, Poizat G, Hickey MA, Maschat F, Humbert S. Mutant huntingtin-impaired degradation of beta-catenin causes neurotoxicity in Huntington's disease. EMBO J 2010; 29:2433-45. [PMID: 20531388 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder causing selective neuronal death in the brain. Dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system may contribute to the disease; however, the exact mechanisms are still unknown. We report here a new pathological mechanism by which mutant huntingtin specifically interferes with the degradation of beta-catenin. Huntingtin associates with the beta-catenin destruction complex that ensures its equilibrated degradation. The binding of beta-catenin to the destruction complex is altered in HD, leading to the toxic stabilization of beta-catenin. As a consequence, the beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP) rescues polyglutamine (polyQ)-huntingtin-induced toxicity in striatal neurons and in a Drosophila model of HD, through the specific degradation of beta-catenin. Finally, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin that decreases beta-catenin levels has a neuroprotective effect in a neuronal model of HD and in Drosophila and increases the lifespan of HD flies. We thus suggest that restoring beta-catenin homeostasis in HD is of therapeutic interest.
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Lai TS, Davies C, Greenberg CS. Human tissue transglutaminase is inhibited by pharmacologic and chemical acetylation. Protein Sci 2010; 19:229-35. [PMID: 19998405 DOI: 10.1002/pro.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human tissue transglutaminase (TGM2) is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases. TGM2 promotes formation of soluble and insoluble high molecular weight aggregates by catalyzing a covalent linkage between peptide-bound Q residues in polyQ proteins and a peptide-bound Lys residue. Therapeutic approaches to modulate the activity of TGM2 are needed to proceed with studies to test the efficacy of TGM2 inhibition in disease processes. We investigated whether acetylation of Lys-residues by sulfosuccinimidyl acetate (SNA) or aspirin (ASA) would alter the crosslinking activity of TGM2. Acetylation by either SNA and/or ASA resulted in a loss of >90% of crosslinking activity. The Lys residues that were critical for inhibition were identified by mass spectrometry as Lys(444), Lys(468), and Lys(663). Hence, acetylation of Lys-residues may modulate the enzymatic function of TGM2 in vivo and offer a novel approach to treatment of TGM2 mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thung S Lai
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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Does neuroinflammation fan the flame in neurodegenerative diseases? Mol Neurodegener 2009; 4:47. [PMID: 19917131 PMCID: PMC2784760 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-4-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While peripheral immune access to the central nervous system (CNS) is restricted and tightly controlled, the CNS is capable of dynamic immune and inflammatory responses to a variety of insults. Infections, trauma, stroke, toxins and other stimuli are capable of producing an immediate and short lived activation of the innate immune system within the CNS. This acute neuroinflammatory response includes activation of the resident immune cells (microglia) resulting in a phagocytic phenotype and the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. While an acute insult may trigger oxidative and nitrosative stress, it is typically short-lived and unlikely to be detrimental to long-term neuronal survival. In contrast, chronic neuroinflammation is a long-standing and often self-perpetuating neuroinflammatory response that persists long after an initial injury or insult. Chronic neuroinflammation includes not only long-standing activation of microglia and subsequent sustained release of inflammatory mediators, but also the resulting increased oxidative and nitrosative stress. The sustained release of inflammatory mediators works to perpetuate the inflammatory cycle, activating additional microglia, promoting their proliferation, and resulting in further release of inflammatory factors. Neurodegenerative CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), tauopathies, and age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), are associated with chronic neuroinflammation and elevated levels of several cytokines. Here we review the hallmarks of acute and chronic inflammatory responses in the CNS, the reasons why microglial activation represents a convergence point for diverse stimuli that may promote or compromise neuronal survival, and the epidemiologic, pharmacologic and genetic evidence implicating neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Boudreau RL, McBride JL, Martins I, Shen S, Xing Y, Carter BJ, Davidson BL. Nonallele-specific silencing of mutant and wild-type huntingtin demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in Huntington's disease mice. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1053-63. [PMID: 19240687 PMCID: PMC2835182 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by mutant huntingtin (htt) protein, and there are currently no effective treatments. Recently, we and others demonstrated that silencing mutant htt via RNA interference (RNAi) provides therapeutic benefit in HD mice. We have since found that silencing wild-type htt in adult mouse striatum is tolerated for at least 4 months. However, given the role of htt in various cellular processes, it remains unknown whether nonallele-specific silencing of both wild-type and mutant htt is a viable therapeutic strategy for HD. Here, we tested whether cosilencing wild-type and mutant htt provides therapeutic benefit and is tolerable in HD mice. After treatment, HD mice showed significant reductions in wild-type and mutant htt, and demonstrated improved motor coordination and survival. We performed transcriptional profiling to evaluate the effects of reducing wild-type htt in adult mouse striatum. We identified gene expression changes that are concordant with previously described roles for htt in various cellular processes. Also, several abnormally expressed transcripts associated with early-stage HD were differentially expressed in our studies, but intriguingly, those involved in neuronal function changed in opposing directions. Together, these encouraging and surprising findings support further testing of nonallele-specific RNAi therapeutics for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Boudreau
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, USA
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Gil JM, Rego AC. The R6 lines of transgenic mice: a model for screening new therapies for Huntington's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 59:410-31. [PMID: 19118572 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the HD gene that results in cortical and striatal degeneration, and mutant huntingtin aggregation. Current treatments are unsatisfactory. R6 transgenic mice replicate many features of the human condition, show early onset of symptoms and fast disease progression, being one of the most used models for therapy screening. Here we review the therapies that have been tested in these mice: environmental enrichment, inhibition of histone deacetylation and methylation, inhibition of misfolding and oligomerization, transglutaminase inhibition, rescue of metabolic impairment, amelioration of the diabetic phenotype, use of antioxidants, inhibition of excitotoxicity, caspase inhibition, transplantation, genetic manipulations, and restoration of neurogenesis. Although many of these treatments were beneficial in R6 mice, they may not be as effective in HD patients, and thus the search for a combination of therapies that will rescue the human condition continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Gil
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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31
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Olsson IAS, Hansen AK, Sandøe P. Animal welfare and the refinement of neuroscience research methods – a case study of Huntington's disease models. Lab Anim 2008; 42:277-83. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2008.007147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of animals in biomedical and other research presents an ethical dilemma: we do not want to lose scientific benefits, nor do we want to cause laboratory animals to suffer. Scientists often refer to the potential human benefits of animal models to justify their use. However, even if this is accepted, it still needs to be argued that the same benefits could not have been achieved with a mitigated impact on animal welfare. Reducing the adverse effects of scientific protocols (‘refinement’) is therefore crucial in animal-based research. It is especially important that researchers share knowledge on how to avoid causing unnecessary suffering. We have previously demonstrated that even in studies in which animal use leads to spontaneous death, scientists often fail to report measures to minimize animal distress ( Olsson et al. 2007 ). In this paper, we present the full results of a case study examining reports, published in peer-reviewed journals between 2003 and 2004, of experiments employing animal models to study the neurodegenerative disorder Huntington's disease. In 51 references, experiments in which animals were expected to develop motor deficits so severe that they would have difficulty eating and drinking normally were conducted, yet only three references were made to housing adaptation to facilitate food and water intake. Experiments including end-stages of the disease were reported in 14 papers, yet of these only six referred to the euthanasia of moribund animals. If the reference in scientific publications reflects the actual application of refinement, researchers do not follow the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement) principle. While in some cases, it is clear that less-than-optimal techniques were used, we recognize that scientists may apply refinement without referring to it; however, if they do not include such information in publications, it suggests they find it less relevant. Journal publishing policy could play an important role: first, in ensuring that referees seriously consider whether submitted studies were indeed carried out with the smallest achievable negative impact on the animals and, secondly, in encouraging scientists to share refinements through the inclusion of a 3Rs section in papers publishing the results of animal-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Anna S Olsson
- Laboratory Animal Science, IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Danish Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Axel K Hansen
- Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Welfare, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 88, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Sandøe
- Danish Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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32
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Li JY, Popovic N, Brundin P. The use of the R6 transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease in attempts to develop novel therapeutic strategies. NeuroRx 2006; 2:447-64. [PMID: 16389308 PMCID: PMC1144488 DOI: 10.1602/neurorx.2.3.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder. Since identification of the disease-causing gene in 1993, a number of genetically modified animal models of HD have been generated. The first transgenic mouse models, R6/1 and R6/2 lines, were established 8 years ago. The R6/2 mice have been the best characterized and the most widely used model to study pathogenesis of HD and therapeutic interventions. In the present review, we especially focus on the characteristics of R6 transgenic mouse models and, in greater detail, describe the different therapeutic strategies that have been tested in these mice. We also, at the end, critically assess the relevance of the HD mouse models compared with the human disease and discuss how they can be best used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yi Li
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden.
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Petri S, Kiaei M, Kipiani K, Chen J, Calingasan NY, Crow JP, Beal MF. Additive neuroprotective effects of a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a catalytic antioxidant in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 22:40-9. [PMID: 16289867 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ALS is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder for which no effective treatment exists. Multiple molecular mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis. We tested the catalytic antioxidant AEOL 10150, the histone deacetylase inhibitor phenylbutyrate (PBA), and the combination of PBA and AEOL 10150 in the G93A transgenic mouse model, administered from disease onset. AEOL 10150 alone improved motor function and extended survival by 11%, PBA alone significantly improved motor function and extended survival by 13%. PBA and AEOL 10150 together increased survival by 19%. Increased histone acetylation was confirmed by Western blot. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed upregulation of compounds capable of protecting cells against oxidative stress and apoptosis. Markers of oxidative damage were reduced in the lumbar spinal cord as compared to vehicle administration. These results suggest that agents inhibiting apoptosis and blocking oxidative stress show efficacy in treating mutant-SOD1-associated ALS and that a combination of agents targeting different disease mechanisms may exert additive therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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