1
|
Verma T, Marshall C, Dantey KE, Thompson DV, Banizs A, Finkelstein SD, DelTondo J. The role of the ThyGeNEXT oncogene panel used in combination with the expanded miRNA panel ThyraMIRv2 in Indeterminate thyroid nodules: A large, blinded, real-world, observational study. Cancer Cytopathol 2024. [PMID: 38814813 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular analysis of fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) improves the diagnostic accuracy of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITNs). Recently, the use of MPTXv2 has been shown to further improve the accuracy of risk stratification of ITNs. METHODS A total of 338 patient samples with atypia of undetermined significance (n = 260) or follicular neoplasm (n = 78) cytology diagnosis and corresponding surgical outcomes or clinical follow-up, collected between 2016 and 2020 were included. All samples underwent multiplatform testing (MPTXv1), which includes an oncogene panel (ThyGeNEXT®) plus a microRNA risk classifier (ThyraMIR®). A blinded, secondary analysis was performed to assess the added utility of MPTXv2 (ThyraMIR®v2). The average length of follow-up for the surveillance group (n = 248) was 30 months. RESULTS Sensitivity at moderate threshold was 96% and specificity at positive threshold was 99% for MPTXv2. At 14% disease prevalence, the negative predictive value at the moderate threshold was 99% and the positive predictive value at the positive threshold was 89% for MPTXv2. MPTXv2 had fewer patients classified into the moderate-risk group than MPTXv1, which was statistically significant (p < .001). Using surgical resection, the gold standard for outcomes, MPTXv2 showed a statistically greater area under the curve (p = .028) than MPTXv1, demonstrating greater accuracy for MPTXv2. CONCLUSION Both test versions demonstrated robust performance with low false-positive molecular results. Data suggest that incorporation of MPTXv1, and more recently MPTXv2, into clinical practice within our healthcare network resulted in improved accuracy of ITN risk stratification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Verma
- Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cody Marshall
- Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Anna Banizs
- Interpace Diagnostics, Inc, Parsipanny, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
SHAKIBA ELHAM, BOROOMAND SETI, KHERADMAND KIA SIMA, HEDAYATI MEHDI. MicroRNAs in thyroid cancer with focus on medullary thyroid carcinoma: potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic/prognostic markers and web based tools. Oncol Res 2024; 32:1011-1019. [PMID: 38827323 PMCID: PMC11136686 DOI: 10.32604/or.2024.049235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to describe the inculpation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in thyroid cancer (TC) and its subtypes, mainly medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), and to outline web-based tools and databases for bioinformatics analysis of miRNAs in TC. Additionally, the capacity of miRNAs to serve as therapeutic targets and biomarkers in TC management will be discussed. This review is based on a literature search of relevant articles on the role of miRNAs in TC and its subtypes, mainly MTC. Additionally, web-based tools and databases for bioinformatics analysis of miRNAs in TC were identified and described. MiRNAs can perform as oncomiRs or antioncoges, relying on the target mRNAs they regulate. MiRNA replacement therapy using miRNA mimics or antimiRs that aim to suppress the function of certain miRNAs can be applied to correct miRNAs aberrantly expressed in diseases, particularly in cancer. MiRNAs are involved in the modulation of fundamental pathways related to cancer, resembling cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair pathways. MiRNAs are also rather stable and can reliably be detected in different types of biological materials, rendering them favorable diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers as well. MiRNAs have emerged as promising tools for evaluating medical outcomes in TC and as possible therapeutic targets. The contribution of miRNAs in thyroid cancer, particularly MTC, is an active area of research, and the utility of web applications and databases for the biological data analysis of miRNAs in TC is becoming increasingly important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ELHAM SHAKIBA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 1651153511, Iran
| | - SETI BOROOMAND
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - SIMA KHERADMAND KIA
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Laboratory for Red Blood Cell Diagnostics, Sanquin, Amsterdam, 1006 AN, The Netherlands
| | - MEHDI HEDAYATI
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717413, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang L, Wong C, Li Y, Huang T, Wang J, Lin C. Artificial intelligence assisted diagnosis of early tc markers and its application. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:172. [PMID: 38761260 PMCID: PMC11102422 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is a common endocrine malignancy with an increasing incidence worldwide. Early diagnosis is particularly important for TC patients, because it allows patients to receive treatment as early as possible. Artificial intelligence (AI) provides great advantages for complex healthcare systems by analyzing big data based on machine learning. Nowadays, AI is widely used in the early diagnosis of cancer such as TC. Ultrasound detection and fine needle aspiration biopsy are the main methods for early diagnosis of TC. AI has been widely used in the detection of malignancy in thyroid nodules by ultrasound images, cytopathology images and molecular markers. It shows great potential in auxiliary medical diagnosis. The latest clinical trial has shown that the performance of AI models matches with the diagnostic efficiency of experienced clinicians, and more efficient AI tools will be developed in the future. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the recent advances in the application of AI algorithms in assessing the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules. The objective of this review was to provide a data base for the clinical use of AI-assisted diagnosis in TC, as well as to provide new ideas for the next generation of AI-assisted diagnosis in TC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laney Zhang
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chinting Wong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yungeng Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | | | - Jiawen Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chenghe Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodrigues L, Da Cruz Paula A, Soares P, Vinagre J. Unraveling the Significance of DGCR8 and miRNAs in Thyroid Carcinoma. Cells 2024; 13:561. [PMID: 38607000 PMCID: PMC11011343 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as negative regulators for protein-coding gene expression impacting cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. These miRNAs are frequently dysregulated in cancer and constitute classes of blood-based biomarkers useful for cancer detection and prognosis definition. In thyroid cancer (TC), the miRNA biogenesis pathway plays a pivotal role in thyroid gland formation, ensuring proper follicle development and hormone production. Several alterations in the miRNA biogenesis genes are reported as a causality for miRNA dysregulation. Mutations in microprocessor component genes are linked to an increased risk of developing TC; in particular, a recurrent mutation affecting DGCR8, the E518K. In this review, we explore these novel findings and resume the current state-of-the-art in miRNAs in thyroid carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lia Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (A.D.C.P.); (P.S.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Arnaud Da Cruz Paula
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (A.D.C.P.); (P.S.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (A.D.C.P.); (P.S.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Vinagre
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (A.D.C.P.); (P.S.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taheri M, Shirvani-Farsani Z, Harsij A, Fathi M, Khalilian S, Ghafouri-Fard S, Baniahmad A. A review on the role of KCNQ1OT1 lncRNA in human disorders. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155188. [PMID: 38330620 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
KCNQ1OT1 is an lncRNA located within KCNQ1 gene on chromosome 11p15.5. This lncRNAs participates in the pathogenesis of a diversity of cancers as well as non-cancerous conditions. In most types of cancers, KCNQ1OT1 is regarded as an oncogene. In a wide array of cancers, high level of KCNQ1OT1 is associated with lower overall survival time. This lncRNA has been found to adsorb a variety of miRNAs, namely miR-15a, miR-211-5p, hsa-miR-107, miR-145, miR-34a, miR-204-5p, miR-129-5p, miR-372-3p, miR-491-5p, miR-153, miR-185-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-211-5p, miR-149, miR-148a-3p, miR-140-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-9, miR-329-3p, miR-760, miR-296-5p, miR-3666 and miR-129-5p, thus regulating the downstream targets of these miRNAs. In this manuscript, our attention is on this lncRNA and its biomolecular roles in human cancers and other disorders. KCNQ1OT1 plays significant roles in the tumorigenesis and may function as a prospective target for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Zeinab Shirvani-Farsani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Harsij
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Fathi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheyda Khalilian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Silaghi H, Pop LA, Georgescu CE, Muntean D, Crișan D, Silaghi P, Lungu I, Nasui BA, Dulf EH, Braicu C, Berindan-Neagoe I, Silaghi CA. MicroRNA Expression Profiling-Potential Molecular Discrimination of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Subtypes. Biomedicines 2024; 12:136. [PMID: 38255241 PMCID: PMC10813560 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research has revealed the importance of miRNAs in the diagnosis and clinical evolution of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). We aim to identify a specific miRNA profile that could differentiate between specific subtypes of PTC. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, total RNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissues of 43 patients, 17 with an infiltrative follicular variant of PTC (iFVPTC) and 26 with a conventional variant of PTC (cPTC). Nine miRNAs were evaluated using qRT-PCR technology and specific miRNA assays. RESULTS We found specific patterns for cPTC and iFVPTC, such as miRNA altered in both types of tumours (miR-146b-5p, miR-181a-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-21-5p and miR-222-3p) and two miRNAs significantly expressed only in cPTC (miR-20b-5p, miR-21-5p). The iFVPTC group presented strong and moderate correlations between miRNA expression and clinical data. miR-221-3p, miR-195-5p, miR-181-5p, miR-146b-5p and miR-222 were correlated with age, tumour size (TS) or lymph node metastases (N), while only miR-20b-5p, miR-195-5p and miR-181-5p were correlated with TS, N and age in the cPTC group. CONCLUSIONS The present study allowed the identification of a signature of two miRNAs to confirm miRNA differences between the two histological subtypes of TC. Our results provide advances in the molecular diagnosis of TC and could help to improve the diagnostic performance of already existing molecular classifiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Horatiu Silaghi
- Department of Surgery V, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Laura Ancuța Pop
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Carmen Emanuela Georgescu
- Department of Endocrinology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.E.G.); (C.A.S.)
| | - Diana Muntean
- Department of Pathology, Clinic Municipal Hospital Cluj-Napoca, Tăbăcarilor Street 11, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Doinița Crișan
- Department of Pathology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Patricia Silaghi
- Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ionela Lungu
- Cardiomed Medical Center, 17 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Bogdana Adriana Nasui
- Department of Community Health, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Eva-H. Dulf
- Department of Automation, Faculty of Automation and Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400014 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Cristina Alina Silaghi
- Department of Endocrinology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.E.G.); (C.A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ghafouri-Fard S, Shoorei H, Dabiri Oskuei S, Hussen BM, Rasool Abdullah S, Taheri M, Jamali E. The interaction between miRNAs and hazardous materials. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:507-519. [PMID: 37497124 PMCID: PMC10365984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic agents are broadly present in the environment, households, and workplaces. Contamination of food and drinking water with these agents results in entry of these materials to the body. The crosstalk between these agents and microRNAs (miRNAs) affects pathoetiology of several disorders. These agents can influence the redox status, release of inflammatory cytokines and mitochondrial function. Altered expression of miRNA is involved in the dysregulation of several pathophysiological conditions and signaling pathways. These molecules are also implicated in the adaption to environmental stimuli. Thus, the interactions between miRNAs and toxic materials might participate in the hazardous effects of these materials in the body. This review describes the effects of the toxic materials on miRNAs and the consequences of these interactions on the human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahram Dabiri Oskuei
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Clinical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Snur Rasool Abdullah
- Medical Laboratory Science, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Urology and Nephrology Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elena Jamali
- Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mardente S, Romeo MA, Asquino A, Po A, Gilardini Montani MS, Cirone M. HHV-6A Infection of Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cells Induces Several Effects Related to Cancer Progression. Viruses 2023; 15:2122. [PMID: 37896899 PMCID: PMC10612057 DOI: 10.3390/v15102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that thyrocytes are permissive to HHV-6A infection and that the virus may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis. Thyroid autoimmune diseases increase the risk of papillary cancer, which is not surprising considering that chronic inflammation activates pathways that are also pro-oncogenic. Moreover, in this condition, cell proliferation is stimulated as an attempt to repair tissue damage caused by the inflammatory process. Interestingly, it has been reported that the well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the less aggressive form of thyroid tumor, may progress to the more aggressive follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and eventually to the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), and that to such progression contributes the presence of an inflammatory/immune suppressive tumor microenvironment. In this study, we investigated whether papillary tumor cells (BCPAP) could be infected by human herpes virus-6A (HHV-6A), and if viral infection could induce effects related to cancer progression. We found that the virus dysregulated the expression of several microRNAs, such as miR-155, miR-9, and the miR-221/222 cluster, which are involved in different steps of carcinogenesis, and increased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, which may also sustain thyroid tumor cell growth and promote cancer progression. Genomic instability and the expression of PTEN, reported to act as an oncogene in mutp53-carrying cells such as BCPAP, also increased following HHV-6A-infection. These findings suggest that a ubiquitous herpesvirus such as HHV-6A, which displays a marked tropism for thyrocytes, could be involved in the progression of PTC towards more aggressive forms of thyroid tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mardente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (M.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.G.M.)
| | - Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (M.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.G.M.)
| | - Angela Asquino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (M.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.G.M.)
| | - Agnese Po
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (M.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alzahrani AS. Clinical use of Molecular Data in Thyroid Nodules and Cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2759-2771. [PMID: 37200449 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 3 decades, advances in the molecular genetics of thyroid cancer (TC) have been translated into diagnostic tests, prognostic markers, and therapeutic agents. The main drivers in differentiated TC pathogenesis are single-point mutations and gene fusions in components of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathways. Other important genetic alterations in the more advanced types of TC include TERT promoter, TP53, EIF1AX, and epigenetic alterations. Using this knowledge, several molecular tests have been developed for cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. Currently, 3 commercially available tests are in use including a DNA/RNA-based test (ThyroSeq v.3), an RNA-based test (Afirma Gene Sequencing Classifier), and a hybrid DNA/miRNA test, ThyGeNEXT/ThyraMIR. These tests are mostly used to rule out malignancy in Bethesda III and IV thyroid nodules because they all have high sensitivities and negative predictive values. Their common use, predominantly in the United States, has resulted in a significant reduction in unnecessary thyroid surgeries for benign nodules. Some of these tests also provide information on the underlying molecular drivers of TC; this may support decision making in initial TC management planning, although this practice has not yet been widely adopted. More importantly, molecular testing is essential in patients with advanced disease before using specific mono-kinase inhibitors (eg, selpercatinib for RET-altered TC) because these drugs are ineffective in the absence of a specific molecular target. This mini-review discusses the utilization of molecular data in the clinical management of patients with thyroid nodules and TC in these different clinical situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Alzahrani
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghafouri-Fard S, Shoorei H, Noferesti L, Hussen BM, Moghadam MHB, Taheri M, Rashnoo F. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of microRNAs-based therapies for treatment of disorders. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154667. [PMID: 37422972 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
miRNAs represent appropriate candidates for treatment of several disorders. However, safe and efficient delivery of these small-sized transcripts has been challenging. Nanoparticle-based delivery of miRNAs has been used for treatment of a variety of disorders, particularly cancers as well as ischemic stroke and pulmonary fibrosis. The wide range application of this type of therapy is based on the important roles of miRNAs in the regulation of cell behavior in physiological and pathological conditions. Besides, the ability of miRNAs to inhibit or increase expression of several genes gives them the superiority over mRNA or siRNA-based therapies. Preparation of nanoparticles for miRNA delivery is mainly achieved through using protocols originally developed for drugs or other types of biomolecules. In brief, nanoparticle-based delivery of miRNAs is regarded as a solution for overcoming all challenges in the therapeutic application of miRNAs. Herein, we provide an overview of studies which used nanoparticles as delivery systems for facilitation of miRNAs entry into target cells for the therapeutic purposes. However, our knowledge about miRNA-loaded nanoparticles is limited, and it is expected that numerous therapeutic possibilities will be revealed for miRNA-loaded nanoparticles in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Noferesti
- Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Clinical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | | | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fariborz Rashnoo
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ruiz-Pozo VA, Cadena-Ullauri S, Guevara-Ramírez P, Paz-Cruz E, Tamayo-Trujillo R, Zambrano AK. Differential microRNA expression for diagnosis and prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1139362. [PMID: 37089590 PMCID: PMC10113479 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1139362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer accounts for 85% of thyroid cancer. The diagnosis is based on ultrasound methods and tumor biopsies (FNA). In recent years, research has revealed the importance of miRNAs, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and are involved in many diseases. The present mini review describes upregulated and downregulated miRNAs expression in papillary thyroid cancer patient samples (tissue, serum, plasma) and the genes regulated by these non-coding molecules. In addition, a bibliographic search was performed to identify the expression of miRNAs that are common in tumor tissue and blood. The miRNAs miR-146b, miR-221-3p, miRNA 222, miR-21, miR-296-5p, and miR-145 are common in both tissue and bloodstream of PTC patient samples. Furthermore, these miRNAs regulate genes involved in biological processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. In conclusion, miRNAs could potentially become valuable biomarkers, which could help in the early diagnosis and prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hua T, Yang J, Zhu Y, Luo Y. Long non‑coding RNA DSCAM‑AS1 functions as an oncogene in thyroid cancer via regulating miR‑211. Oncol Lett 2023; 25:165. [PMID: 36960191 PMCID: PMC10028226 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule-antisense 1 (DSCAM-AS1) has been reported to play key roles in the progression and initiation of several cancer types. However, the various functional roles of DSCAM-AS1 in thyroid cancer tumorigenesis remain largely elusive. In the present study, the expression of DSCAM-AS1 was examined in thyroid cancer tissues and cell lines. Cell Counting Kit-8, wound healing, Transwell and clonogenic assays were conducted to detect cell proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation, respectively. The association of DSCAM-AS1 with microRNA 211 (miR-211) was determined by luciferase reporter assay. It was found that the expression of DSCAM-AS1 was upregulated in thyroid cancer cells and tissues. Furthermore, enhanced DSCAM-AS1 expression was positively associated with lymph node metastasis and tumor-node-metastasis stage. Functional experiments demonstrated that DSCAM-AS1 knockdown inhibited the migration, proliferation and invasion of TPC-1 cells. Mechanistically, DSCAM-AS1 could bind to miR-211. Prevention of miR-211 by a miR-211 inhibitor reversed the effect of DSCAM-AS1 depletion in thyroid cancer tumorigenesis. Briefly, the current findings suggested that knockdown of DSCAM-AS1 suppressed the tumorigenesis of thyroid cancer via regulating miR-211, suggesting that DSCAM-AS1 may be a favorable therapeutic target for thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tebo Hua
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Yong Luo, Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, 57 Xingning Road, Yinzhou, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghafouri-Fard S, Hussen BM, Shoorei H, Abak A, Poornajaf Y, Taheri M, Samadian M. Interactions between non-coding RNAs and HIF-1α in the context of cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 943:175535. [PMID: 36731723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is a subunit of the HIF-1 transcription factor which is encoded by the HIF1A gene. This transcription factor is the main modulator of the cell response to hypoxia. Hypoxia-induced up-regulation of HIF-1α is involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. Recently, the interactions of several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) with HIF-1α have been reported. These ncRNAs regulate the expression of HIF-1α through different mechanisms. The regulatory roles of ncRNAs on HIF-1α are involved in the response of cancer cells to a wide range of anticancer drugs such as sorafenib, cisplatin, propofol, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel. Therefore, identification of the complex network between ncRNAs and HIF-1α not only facilitates the design of novel therapies but also promotes the efficacy of conventional anticancer treatments. This review aims to explain the interactions between these classes of ncRNAs and HIF-1α in the context of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Atefe Abak
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Poornajaf
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Samadian
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Significance of miRNAs on the thyroid cancer progression and resistance to treatment with special attention to the role of cross-talk between signaling pathways. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 243:154371. [PMID: 36791561 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most prevalent endocrine malignant tumor. It has many types, the Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC)(most common and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). Several risk factors have been associated with TC radiation exposure, autoimmunity, and genetics. Microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are the most important genetic determinants of TC. They are small chains of nucleic acids that are able to inhibit the expression of several target genes. They could target several genes involved in TC proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, development, and even resistance to therapy. Besides, they could influence the stemness of TC. Moreover, they could regulate several signaling pathways such as WNT/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis, JAK/STAT, TGF- β, EGFR, and P53. Besides signaling pathways, miRNAs are also involved in the resistance of TC to major treatments such as surgery, thyroid hormone-inhibiting therapy, radioactive iodine, and adjuvant radiation. The stability and sensitivity of several miRNAs might be exploited as an approach for the usage of miRNAs as diagnostic and/or prognostic tools in TC.
Collapse
|
15
|
Khalilian S, Abedinlou H, Hussen BM, Imani SZH, Ghafouri-Fard S. The emerging role of miR-20b in human cancer and other disorders: Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Front Oncol 2022; 12:985457. [PMID: 36582800 PMCID: PMC9792503 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.985457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-20b is a microRNA with diverse and somehow contradictory roles in the pathogenesis of human disorders, especially cancers. It has been known to be a tumor suppressor in colon cancer, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, osteosarcoma and papillary thyroid cancer. In lung cancer and breast cancers, both tumor suppressor and oncogenic effects have been identified for this miRNA. Finally, in T cell leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and cervical and gastric cancers, miR-20b is regarded as an oncogenic miRNA. In several types of cancer, dysregulation of miR-20b has been recognized as a predictive marker for patients' survival. Dysregulation of miR-20b has also been recognized in Alzheimer's disease, diabetic retinopathy, myocardial ischemia/infarction, chronic hepatitis B and multiple sclerosis. In the current review, we have summarized the miR-20b targets and related cellular processes. We have also provided a review of participation of this miRNA in different human disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Khalilian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Abedinlou
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cihan University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq,Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Seyedeh Zahra Hosseini Imani
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Finkelstein SD, Sistrunk JW, Malchoff C, Thompson DV, Kumar G, Timmaraju VA, Repko B, Mireskandari A, Evoy-Goodman LA, Massoll NA, Lupo MA. A Retrospective Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of an Interdependent Pairwise MicroRNA Expression Analysis with a Mutation Panel in Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules. Thyroid 2022; 32:1362-1371. [PMID: 35943886 PMCID: PMC9700378 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: The addition of genetic analysis to the evaluation of thyroid nodule fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples improves diagnostic accuracy of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITNs) with Bethesda III or IV cytopathology. We previously reported the performance of a multiplatform molecular test, referred to in this study as MPTXv1, that includes a mutation panel (ThyGeNEXT®) plus an algorithmic microRNA (miRNA) risk classifier (ThyraMIR®). Complex interactions of growth-promoting and -suppressing miRNAs affect the phenotype. We previously demonstrated that accounting for these interactions with pairwise miRNA expression analysis improves the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma. In this study, we assess the impact of pairwise miRNA expression analysis on risk stratification of ITNs. Methods: Pairwise expression analysis of 11 miRNAs was performed on a training cohort of histopathology-proven benign nodules (n = 50) to define the mean and standard deviation of each pairwise analysis and create a Benign/Malignant Profiler (MPTXv2), deviations from which predicted the malignancy risk. Clinical validation of MPTXv2 was assessed using a cohort of 178 ITN (Bethesda III and IV) samples from a multicentered, blinded retrospective study, previously evaluated by MPTXv1. Results: Compared with MPTXv1, MPTXv2 significantly improved the test performance. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) areas under the curve (AUC) increased from 0.85 to 0.97 (p < 0.001), and the diagnostic accuracy at the positive threshold increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 83% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 76-88] to 93% [CI = 89-96]. The significant improvement in the ROC AUC and the diagnostic accuracy was due to a strong statistical trend for improvement in specificity at the positive threshold. At the positive threshold, the specificity for MPTXv1 was 90% [CI = 84-95] and improved to 98% [CI = 94-99] for MPTXv2. Using the MPTXv2, the Moderate-Risk cohort decreased from 50 samples (28% of the cohort) to 24 samples (13% of the cohort). This 52% decrease is statistically significant (p < 0.001) and clinically meaningful. Conclusion: As compared with MPTXv1, pairwise miRNA expression analysis used in MPTXv2 significantly improved the diagnostic accuracy of ITN risk stratification and reduced the size of the Moderate-Risk group. Prospective trials are indicated to confirm these findings in a clinical practice setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney D. Finkelstein
- Interpace Diagnostics, Parsippany, New Jersey, USA
- Address correspondence to: Sydney D. Finkelstein, MD, Interpace Diagnostics, 300 Interpace Parkway, Parsippany, NJ 07054, USA
| | | | - Carl Malchoff
- UConn Health, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicole A. Massoll
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Mark A. Lupo
- Thyroid and Endocrine Center of Florida, Sarasota, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ahmed R, Samanta S, Banerjee J, Kar SS, Dash SK. Modulatory role of miRNAs in thyroid and breast cancer progression and insights into their therapeutic manipulation. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100131. [PMID: 36568259 PMCID: PMC9780070 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, thyroid cancer has become one of the most common types of endocrine cancer, contributing to an increase in prevalence. In the year 2020, there were 586,202 newly diagnosed cases of thyroid cancer around the world. This constituted approximately 3.0% of all patients diagnosed with cancer. The World Health Organization reported that there will be 2.3 million women receiving treatment for breast cancer in 2020, with 685,000. Despite the fact that carcinoma is one of the world's leading causes of death, there is still a paucity of information about its biology. MicroRNAs (miRNAs; miRs) are non-coding RNAs that can reduce gene expression by cleaving the 3' untranslated regions of mRNA. These factors make them a potential protein translation inhibitor. Diverse biological mechanisms implicated in the genesis of cancer are modulated by miRNA. The investigation of global miRNA expression in cancer showed regulatory activity through up regulation and down-regulation in several cancers, including thyroid cancer and breast cancer. In thyroid cancer, miRNA influences several cancers related signaling pathways through modulating MAPK, PI3K, and the RAS pathway. In breast cancer, the regulatory activity of miRNA was played through the cyclin protein family, protein kinases and their inhibitors, and other growth promoters or suppressors, which modulated cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. This article's goal is to discuss key miRNA expressions that are involved in the development of thyroid and breast cancer as well as their therapeutic manipulation for these two specific cancer types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubai Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sovan Samanta
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Jhimli Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Suvrendu Sankar Kar
- Department of Medicine, R.G.Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, 700004, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dash
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Saltiki K, Simeakis G, Karapanou O, Alevizaki M. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Medullary thyroid cancer: from molecular biology and therapeutic pitfalls to future targeted treatment perspectives. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 187:R53-R63. [PMID: 35895692 DOI: 10.1530/eje-22-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, knowledge of the molecular biology in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and specifically on the role of rearranged during transfection (RET)-activating mutations in tumorigenesis has led to the evolution of novel targeted therapies, mainly tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Vandetanib and cabozantinib have been approved for the management of metastatic progressive MTC. Two novel, highly selective RET inhibitors, selpercatinib and pralsetinib, have recently been approved for the treatment of RET-mutant MTCs and RET-fusion differentiated thyroid cancer. The administration of targeted therapies in MTC patients has changed the therapeutic strategies; however, in the majority of cases, there are no real data showing an improvement of prognosis by TKIs in MTC. Drug resistance remains the main reason for treatment failure. Thus, the understanding of the molecular landscape of tumorigenesis and the mechanisms underlying resistance to targeted therapies is of paramount importance for the further development of more efficient therapies for MTC. The present review focuses on the molecular pathways implicated in MTC tumorigenesis, the approved targeted therapies, the tumoral escape mechanisms, as well as the future perspectives for targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Saltiki
- Thyroid Neoplasia Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - George Simeakis
- Department of Endocrinology, 401 Military Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Karapanou
- Department of Endocrinology, 401 Military Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Alevizaki
- Thyroid Neoplasia Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Macerola E, Poma AM, Proietti A, Rago T, Romani R, Vignali P, Ugolini C, Torregrossa L, Basolo A, Santini F, Basolo F. Down-regulation of miR-7-5p and miR-548ar-5p predicts malignancy in indeterminate thyroid nodules negative for BRAF and RAS mutations. Endocrine 2022; 76:677-686. [PMID: 35347579 PMCID: PMC9156468 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The value of molecular markers in refining preoperative risk assessment of indeterminate thyroid nodules is being widely investigated. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are emerging as promising biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The aim of this study is to identify miRNAs specifically deregulated in mutation-negative indeterminate thyroid nodules. METHODS Ninety-eight nodules preoperatively diagnosed as TIR 3A or TIR 3B with available histological diagnosis of follicular adenoma (FA), noninvasive follicular neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), and follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma (FV-PTC) have been retrospectively selected. Mutations in BRAF and RAS genes have been tested in all samples by real-time PCR; miRNAs were purified from cytology slides of 60 samples; expression analysis of 798 miRNAs was measured by the nCounter system. RESULTS Point mutations in BRAF and RAS genes were detected in 32 out of 98 nodules (32.7%), the majority of which in FV-PTCs. Differential expression of miRNA in wild-type nodules highlighted that two miRNAs, namely miR-7-5p and miR-548ar-5p, were downregulated in FV-PTCs compared to FAs. The combined expression of these miRNAs, tested by ROC analysis, showed an area under the curve of 0.79. Sensitivity and negative predictive value were high both in wild-type (93% and 92%, respectively) and in mutated nodules (94% and 85%, respectively). CONCLUSION The analysis of miR-7-5p and miR-548ar-5p expression in indeterminate thyroid nodules demonstrated a promising value in ruling out malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Macerola
- University of Pisa, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area - via Savi, 10 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anello Marcello Poma
- University of Pisa, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area - via Savi, 10 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Agnese Proietti
- University of Pisa, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area - via Savi, 10 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Teresa Rago
- University of Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - via Roma, 67 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossana Romani
- University Hospital of Pisa - via Roma, 67 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Vignali
- University of Pisa, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area - via Savi, 10 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Clara Ugolini
- University of Pisa, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area - via Savi, 10 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liborio Torregrossa
- University of Pisa, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area - via Savi, 10 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessio Basolo
- University of Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - via Roma, 67 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Santini
- University of Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - via Roma, 67 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- University of Pisa, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area - via Savi, 10 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu H, Hu X, Yan X, Zhong W, Yin D, Gai Y. Exploring noncoding RNAs in thyroid cancer using a graph convolutional network approach. Comput Biol Med 2022; 145:105447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
21
|
Román-Gil MS, Pozas J, Rosero-Rodríguez D, Chamorro-Pérez J, Ruiz-Granados Á, Caracuel IR, Grande E, Molina-Cerrillo J, Alonso-Gordoa T. Resistance to RET targeted therapy in Thyroid Cancer: Molecular basis and overcoming strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 105:102372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
|
22
|
BRAFV600E Induction in Thyrocytes Triggers Important Changes in the miRNAs Content and the Populations of Extracellular Vesicles Released in Thyroid Tumor Microenvironment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040755. [PMID: 35453506 PMCID: PMC9029139 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy for which diagnosis and recurrences still challenge clinicians. New perspectives to overcome these issues could come from the study of extracellular vesicle (EV) populations and content. Here, we aimed to elucidate the heterogeneity of EVs circulating in the tumor and the changes in their microRNA content during cancer progression. Using a mouse model expressing BRAFV600E, we isolated and characterized EVs from thyroid tissue by ultracentrifugations and elucidated their microRNA content by small RNA sequencing. The cellular origin of EVs was investigated by ExoView and that of deregulated EV-microRNA by qPCR on FACS-sorted cell populations. We found that PTC released more EVs bearing epithelial and immune markers, as compared to the healthy thyroid, so that changes in EV-microRNAs abundance were mainly due to their deregulated expression in thyrocytes. Altogether, our work provides a full description of in vivo-derived EVs produced by, and within, normal and cancerous thyroid. We elucidated the global EV-microRNAs signature, the dynamic loading of microRNAs in EVs upon BRAFV600E induction, and their cellular origin. Finally, we propose that thyroid tumor-derived EV-microRNAs could support the establishment of a permissive immune microenvironment.
Collapse
|
23
|
Effects of Annurca Flesh Apple Polyphenols in Human Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6268755. [PMID: 35222800 PMCID: PMC8872649 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6268755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Among natural macromolecules, the polyphenol extract from Annurca flesh (AFPE) apple could play a potential therapeutic role for a large spectrum of human cancer also by exerting antioxidant properties. Thyroid cancer is a common neoplasia in women, and it is in general responsive to treatments although patients may relapse and metastasize or therapy-related side effects could occur. In this study, we explored the effects of AFPE on papillary (TPC-1) and anaplastic (CAL62) thyroid cancer cell line proliferation and viability. We found that AFPE exposure induced a reduction of cell proliferation and cell viability in dose-dependent manner. The effect was associated with the reduction of phosphorylation of Rb protein. To study the mechanisms underlying the biological effects of AFPE treatment in thyroid cancer cells, we investigated the modulation of miRNA (miR) expression. We found that AFPE treatment increased the expression of the miR-141, miR-145, miR-200a-5p, miR-425, and miR-551b-5p. Additionally, since natural polyphenols could exert their beneficial effects through the antioxidant properties, we investigated this aspect, and we found that AFPE treatment reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in CAL62 cells. Moreover, AFPE pretreatment protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in thyroid cancer cell lines. Taken together, our findings suggest that AFPE, by acting at micromolar concentration in thyroid cancer cell lines, may be considered a promising adjuvant natural agent for thyroid cancer treatment approach.
Collapse
|
24
|
Feng YL, Ke T, Wang GL, Qi HY, Xiao Y. MicroRNA-200c-3p Negatively Regulates ATP2A2 and Promotes the Progression of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Biochem Genet 2022; 60:1676-1694. [PMID: 35079913 PMCID: PMC8788908 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-022-10184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
microRNA-200c-3p (miR-200c-3p) has emerged as an important tumor growth regulator. However, its function in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is poorly understood. This study was conducted to investigate the role of miR-200c-3p in the progression of human PTC. The miR-200c-3p expression in human PTC tissues and cell lines was evaluated. The target relationship between miR-200c-3p and candidate genes was predicted through bioinformatic analysis and confirmed with a luciferase reporter assay. miRNA or gene expression was altered using transfection, and cell behavior was analyzed using CCK-8, wound healing, Transwell, and colony formation assays. The tumor-promoting effects of miR-200c-3p were evaluated by xenografting tumors with K1 cells in nude mice. The expression level of miR-200c-3p in human PTC tissues and cell lines markedly increased, and this increased expression was significantly associated with a worse overall survival. When inactivated, miR-200c-3p suppressed K1 cells’ malignant behaviors, including decreasing proliferation and attenuating colony formation, migration, and invasion. Its inactivation also attenuated the development of xenografted K1 cells in nude mice. The effects of miR-200c-3p mimics on promoting the malignant behaviors of PTC cells were remarkably reversed by the overexpression of ATP2A2, as a downstream target of miR-200c-3p. miR-200c-3p acts as an oncogenic gene and promotes the malignant biological behaviors of human PTC cells, thereby directly targeting ATP2A2. This regulated axis may be used as a potential therapy of PTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lai Feng
- Department of Oncology, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang Middle Road, No. 160, Lianyungang, 222004, China
| | - Ting Ke
- Second Department of Endocrinology, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xihuamen, Lianhu district, No. 2, Xi'an, 710003, China
| | - Gao-Lei Wang
- Second Department of Endocrinology, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xihuamen, Lianhu district, No. 2, Xi'an, 710003, China
| | - Hai-Yan Qi
- Second Department of Endocrinology, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xihuamen, Lianhu district, No. 2, Xi'an, 710003, China.
| | - Yang Xiao
- Second Department of Endocrinology, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xihuamen, Lianhu district, No. 2, Xi'an, 710003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Changes in Exosomal miRNA Composition in Thyroid Cancer Cells after Prolonged Exposure to Real Microgravity in Space. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312841. [PMID: 34884646 PMCID: PMC8657878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As much as space travel and exploration have been a goal since humankind looked up to the stars, the challenges coming with it are manifold and difficult to overcome. Therefore, researching the changes the human organism undergoes following exposure to weightlessness, on a cellular or a physiological level, is imperative to reach the goal of exploring space and new planets. Building on the results of our CellBox-1 experiment, where thyroid cancer cells were flown to the International Space Station, we are now taking advantage of the newest technological opportunities to gain more insight into the changes in cell–cell communication of these cells. Analyzing the exosomal microRNA composition after several days of microgravity might elucidate some of the proteomic changes we have reported earlier. An array scan of a total of 754 miRNA targets revealed more than 100 differentially expressed miRNAs in our samples, many of which have been implicated in thyroid disease in other studies.
Collapse
|
26
|
Xiong H, Yu H, Jia G, Yu J, Su Y, Zhang J, Zhou J. circZFR regulates thyroid cancer progression by the miR-16/MAPK1 axis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:2236-2244. [PMID: 34323000 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified the dysregulation of various circRNAs in many types of human cancers including thyroid cancer (TC). Circular RNA ZFR (circZFR) serves as an oncogenic circRNA in TC. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of circZFR in TC progression remains to be further explored. CircZFR and miR-16 expressions in TC cells were analyzed through qRT-PCR. Cell viability, invasion, and apoptosis were detected using CCK-8, transwell invasion assay, and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. The relationship between circZFR and miR-16 was explored using luciferase reporter assay, RNA pull-down assay, and qRT-PCR. The relationship between miR-16 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) was explored using luciferase reporter assay and western blot analysis. Results showed that circZFR was upregulated and miR-16 was downregulated in TC cells. CircZFR knockdown inhibited the viability and invasion and induced apoptosis in TC cells. CircZFR inhibited miR-16 expression by sponging miR-16 and miR-16 repressed MAPK1 expression by targeting MAPK1. Moreover, circZFR positively regulated MAPK1 expression in TC cells by serving as a ceRNA of miR-16. Mechanistically, circZFR knockdown-induced inhibition of cell viability and invasion and promotion of apoptosis were overturned after miR-16 downregulation and promotion of MAPK1. Collectively, circZFR knockdown retarded TC progression by sponging miR-16 and modulating MAPK1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiong
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital, Nanyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Thyroid Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Nanyang First People's Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Huimei Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaiyin Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Guangwei Jia
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Jinsong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Thyroid Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Nanyang First People's Hospital, Nanyang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Jianliang Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Role of Advanced Glycation End-Products and Other Ligands for AGE Receptors in Thyroid Cancer Progression. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184084. [PMID: 34575195 PMCID: PMC8470575 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, thyroid cancers (TCs) remain a clinical challenge owing to their heterogeneous nature. The etiopathology of TCs is associated not only with genetic mutations or chromosomal rearrangements, but also non-genetic factors, such as oxidative-, nitrosative-, and carbonyl stress-related alterations in tumor environment. These factors, through leading to the activation of intracellular signaling pathways, induce tumor tissue proliferation. Interestingly, the incidence of TCs is often coexistent with various simultaneous mutations. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), their precursors and receptors (RAGEs), and other ligands for RAGEs are reported to have significant influence on carcinogenesis and TCs progression, inducing gene mutations, disturbances in histone methylation, and disorders in important carcinogenesis-related pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/NF-kB, p21/MEK/MPAK, or JAK/STAT, RAS/ERK/p53, which induce synthesis of interleukins, growth factors, and cytokines, thus influencing metastasis, angiogenesis, and cancer proliferation. Precursors of AGE (such as methylglyoxal (MG)) and selected ligands for RAGEs: AS1004, AS1008, and HMGB1 may, in the future, become potential targets for TCs treatment, as low MG concentration is associated with less aggressive anaplastic thyroid cancer, whereas the administration of anti-RAGE antibodies inhibits the progression of papillary thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer. This review is aimed at collecting the information on the role of compounds, engaged in glycation process, in the pathogenesis of TCs. Moreover, the utility of these compounds in the diagnosis and treatment of TCs is thoroughly discussed. Understanding the mechanism of action of these compounds on TCs pathogenesis and progression may potentially be the grounds for the development of new treatment strategies, aiming at quality-of-life improvements.
Collapse
|
28
|
Romano C, Martorana F, Pennisi MS, Stella S, Massimino M, Tirrò E, Vitale SR, Di Gregorio S, Puma A, Tomarchio C, Manzella L. Opportunities and Challenges of Liquid Biopsy in Thyroid Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7707. [PMID: 34299334 PMCID: PMC8303548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system, encompassing different entities with distinct histological features and clinical behavior. The diagnostic definition, therapeutic approach, and follow-up of thyroid cancers display some controversial aspects that represent unmet medical needs. Liquid biopsy is a non-invasive approach that detects and analyzes biological samples released from the tumor into the bloodstream. With the use of different technologies, tumor cells, free nucleic acids, and extracellular vesicles can be retrieved in the serum of cancer patients and valuable molecular information can be obtained. Recently, a growing body of evidence is accumulating concerning the use of liquid biopsy in thyroid cancer, as it can be exploited to define a patient's diagnosis, estimate their prognosis, and monitor tumor recurrence or treatment response. Indeed, liquid biopsy can be a valuable tool to overcome the limits of conventional management of thyroid malignancies. In this review, we summarize currently available data about liquid biopsy in differentiated, poorly differentiated/anaplastic, and medullary thyroid cancer, focusing on circulating tumor cells, circulating free nucleic acids, and extracellular vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Romano
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (F.M.); (M.S.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (S.R.V.); (S.D.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Federica Martorana
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (F.M.); (M.S.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (S.R.V.); (S.D.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Pennisi
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (F.M.); (M.S.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (S.R.V.); (S.D.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Stella
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (F.M.); (M.S.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (S.R.V.); (S.D.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Massimino
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (F.M.); (M.S.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (S.R.V.); (S.D.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Tirrò
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (F.M.); (M.S.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (S.R.V.); (S.D.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Rita Vitale
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (F.M.); (M.S.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (S.R.V.); (S.D.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Sandra Di Gregorio
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (F.M.); (M.S.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (S.R.V.); (S.D.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana Puma
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (F.M.); (M.S.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (S.R.V.); (S.D.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Tomarchio
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (F.M.); (M.S.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (S.R.V.); (S.D.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Livia Manzella
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (F.M.); (M.S.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (S.R.V.); (S.D.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wieczorek-Szukala K, Lewinski A. The Role of Snail-1 in Thyroid Cancer-What We Know So Far. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112324. [PMID: 34073413 PMCID: PMC8197874 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinomas, despite the usually indolent behaviour and relatively good overall prognosis, show a high tendency to gain invasive phenotype and metastasise in some cases. However, due to a relatively slow progression, the exact mechanisms governing the metastatic process of thyroid carcinomas, including the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), are poorly described. One of the best-known regulators of cancer invasiveness is Snail-1-a zinc-finger transcription factor that plays a key role as an EMT inducer. More and more attention is being paid to the role of Snail with regard to thyroid cancer development. Apart from the obvious implications in the EMT process, Snail-1 plays an important role in the regulation of chemoresistance of the thyroid cells and cancer stem cell (CSC) formation, and it also interacts with miRNA specific to the thyroid gland. The aim of this review was to summarise the knowledge on Snail-1, especially in the context of thyroid oncogenesis.
Collapse
|
30
|
Ma X, Li Y, Song Y, Xu G. Long Noncoding RNA CCDC26 Promotes Thyroid Cancer Malignant Progression via miR-422a/EZH2/Sirt6 Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:3083-3094. [PMID: 34007185 PMCID: PMC8124016 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s282011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Long noncoding RNAs are crucial regulators in thyroid cancer progression. However, the role of lncRNA CCDC26 in thyroid cancer remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of CCDC26 on thyroid cancer progression and the underlying mechanism. Materials and Methods A total of 50 clinical thyroid cancer samples were studied in patients' samples, cultured cells, and nude mice before and after treatment using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, CCK-8 assays, BrdU incorporation assays, Transwell assays, cell apoptosis analysis, luciferase reporter gene assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis, and tumorigenicity analysis. Results CCDC26 expression was elevated in patients' thyroid cancer tissues and thyroid cancer cell lines. CCDC26 depletion remarkably reduced proliferation, invasion, and migration but induced apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells. Mechanically, miR-422a mimic remarkably reduced the luciferase activity of CCDC26 transfected cells but failed to affect cells transfected with CCDC26 containing the mutated miR-422a-binding site. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays showed that CCDC26 and miR-422a preferentially interacted with Ago2, but not IgG, in the micro-ribonucleoprotein complexes (miRNPs). CCDC26 depletion enhanced miR-422a expression and MiR-422a inhibitor reversed CCDC26 knockdown-induced inhibition of thyroid cancer progression in vitro. CCDC26 upregulated EZH2 and Sirt6 expression by sponging miR-422a in thyroid cancer cells. Tumorigenicity analysis in nude mice revealed that CCDC26 contributed to thyroid tumor growth via miR-422a/EZH2/Sirt6 axis in vivo. Conclusion CCDC26 promotes thyroid cancer malignant progression via miR-422a/EZH2/Sirt6 axis. This finding provides new insights into the mechanism by which CCDC26 promotes malignant thyroid cancer development, advances our understanding of lncRNAs' association with thyroid cancer, and indicates that CCDC26 and miR-422a may serve as potential targets for thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Head and Neck, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, 100036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Song
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Head and Neck, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Head and Neck, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Epigenetic signature associated with thyroid cancer progression and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 83:261-268. [PMID: 33785448 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is not among the top cancers in terms of diagnosis or mortality but it still ranks fifth among the cancers diagnosed in women. Infact, women are more likely to be diagnosed with thyroid cancer than the males. The burden of thyroid cancer has dramatically increased in last two decades in China and, in the United States, it is the most diagnosed cancer in young adults under the age of twenty-nine. All these factors make it worthwhile to fully understand the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer. Towards this end, microRNAs (miRNAs) have constantly emerged as the non-coding RNAs of interest in various thyroid cancer subtypes on which there have been numerous investigations over the last decade and half. This comprehensive review takes a look at the current knowledge on the topic with cataloging of miRNAs known so far, particularly related to their utility as epigenetic signatures of thyroid cancer progression and metastasis. Such information could be of immense use for the eventual development of miRNAs as therapeutic targets or even therapeutic agents for thyroid cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
32
|
Molecular Genetics of Follicular-Derived Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051139. [PMID: 33799953 PMCID: PMC7961716 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Thyroid tumors that derive from follicular cells are not a homogeneous entity, showing variable morphological appearance and different degrees of differentiation. Molecular markers are useful for both diagnostic purposes and prognostic stratification of patients. In presurgical setting, molecular testing of indeterminate thyroid nodules on aspirates provides useful diagnostic information; the molecular analysis on tumor tissues can also reveal the presence of genetic alterations related to patients’ prognosis. In recent years, the molecular characterization of these tumors has acquired even more importance thanks to the introduction of targeted drugs. This review summarizes the current literature on the molecular landscape of follicular-derived thyroid tumors. Abstract Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine-related malignancy, whose incidence rates have increased dramatically in the last few decades. Neoplasms of follicular origin generally have excellent prognosis, with the exception of less differentiated tumors. Follicular-derived thyroid cancer can manifest as a variety of morphologically distinct entities, characterized by various degrees of differentiation and invasiveness. Histological evaluation is thus crucial for the definition of patients’ prognosis. However, within each histological subtype, tumor behavior can be highly variable, and, in this respect, molecular characterization can provide insightful information to refine the risk stratification of tumors. In addition to the importance of its prognostic role, molecular testing can be used to support the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules in the absence of marked cyto-morphological aberrations. Finally, with the advent of targeted drugs, the presence of molecular alterations will guide the therapeutic strategies for patients with advanced tumors who do not respond to standard treatment. This review aims to describe the genetic landscape of follicular-derived thyroid tumors also highlighting differences across histological subtypes.
Collapse
|
33
|
Park JL, Kim SK, Jeon S, Jung CK, Kim YS. MicroRNA Profile for Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:632. [PMID: 33562573 PMCID: PMC7916038 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The challenge in managing thyroid nodules is to accurately diagnose the minority of those with malignancy. We aimed to identify diagnostic and prognostic miRNA markers for thyroid nodules. In a discovery cohort, we identified 20 candidate miRNAs to differentiate between noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) and papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) by using the high-throughput small RNA sequencing method. We then selected three miRNAs (miR-136, miR-21, and miR-127) that were differentially expressed between the PTC follicular variant and other variants in The Cancer Genome Atlas data. High expression of three miRNAs differentiated thyroid cancer from nonmalignant tumors, with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.76-0.81 in an independent cohort. In patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, the high-level expression of the three miRNAs was an independent indicator for both distant metastases and recurrent or persistent disease. In patients with PTC, a high expression of miRNAs was associated with an aggressive histologic variant, extrathyroidal extension, distant metastasis, or recurrent or persistent disease. Three miRNAs may be used as diagnostic markers for differentiating thyroid cancers from benign tumors and tumors with extremely low malignant potential (NIFTP), as well as prognostic markers for predicting the risk of recurrent/persistent disease for differentiated thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Lyul Park
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Seon-Kyu Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sora Jeon
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Chan-Kwon Jung
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ansari I, Chaturvedi A, Chitkara D, Singh S. CRISPR/Cas mediated epigenome editing for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 83:570-583. [PMID: 33421620 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the relationship between epigenetic alterations, their effects on gene expression and the knowledge that these epigenetic alterations are reversible, have opened up new therapeutic pathways for treating various diseases, including cancer. This has led the research for a better understanding of the mechanism and pathways of carcinogenesis and provided the opportunity to develop the therapeutic approaches by targeting such pathways. Epi-drugs, DNA methyl transferase (DNMT) inhibitors and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are the best examples of epigenetic therapies with clinical applicability. Moreover, precise genome editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas has proven their efficacy in epigenome editing, including the alteration of epigenetic markers, such as DNA methylation or histone modification. The main disadvantage with DNA gene editing technologies is off-target DNA sequence alteration, which is not an issue with epigenetic editing. It is known that cancer is linked with epigenetic alteration, and thus CRISPR/Cas system shows potential for cancer therapy via epigenome editing. This review outlines the epigenetic therapeutic approach for cancer therapy using CRISPR/Cas, from the basic understanding of cancer epigenetics to potential applications of CRISPR/Cas in treating cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ansari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Novartis Healthcare Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rehman S, Aatif M, Rafi Z, Khan MY, Shahab U, Ahmad S, Farhan M. Effect of non-enzymatic glycosylation in the epigenetics of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:543-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
36
|
Nylén C, Mechera R, Maréchal-Ross I, Tsang V, Chou A, Gill AJ, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Robinson BG, Sywak MS, Sidhu SB, Glover AR. Molecular Markers Guiding Thyroid Cancer Management. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082164. [PMID: 32759760 PMCID: PMC7466065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer is rapidly increasing, mostly due to the overdiagnosis and overtreatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (TC). The increasing use of potent preclinical models, high throughput molecular technologies, and gene expression microarrays have provided a deeper understanding of molecular characteristics in cancer. Hence, molecular markers have become a potent tool also in TC management to distinguish benign from malignant lesions, predict aggressive biology, prognosis, recurrence, as well as for identification of novel therapeutic targets. In differentiated TC, molecular markers are mainly used as an adjunct to guide management of indeterminate nodules on fine needle aspiration biopsies. In contrast, in advanced thyroid cancer, molecular markers enable targeted treatments of affected signalling pathways. Identification of the driver mutation of targetable kinases in advanced TC can select treatment with mutation targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) to slow growth and reverse adverse effects of the mutations, when traditional treatments fail. This review will outline the molecular landscape and discuss the impact of molecular markers on diagnosis, surveillance and treatment of differentiated, poorly differentiated and anaplastic follicular TC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Nylén
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna L1:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Mechera
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Maréchal-Ross
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
| | - Venessa Tsang
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Angela Chou
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Gill
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Roderick J. Clifton-Bligh
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Kolling Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Bruce G. Robinson
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Kolling Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mark S. Sywak
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
| | - Stan B. Sidhu
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Kolling Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anthony R. Glover
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9463-1477
| |
Collapse
|