1
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Dravecka M, Mikkola I, Johansen T, Seternes OM, Mejlvang J. Low extracellular pH protects cancer cells from ammonia toxicity. Cell Death Discov 2025; 11:137. [PMID: 40180899 PMCID: PMC11968834 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-025-02440-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/05/2025] Open
Abstract
Ammonia is a natural waste product of cellular metabolism which, through its lysosomotropic ability, can have detrimental effects on various cellular functions. Increased levels of ammonia were recently detected in the interstitial fluid of various tumours, substantiating that high ammonia concentrations are a pathophysiological condition in the tumour microenvironment, alongside hypoxia and acidosis. Since little is known about how cancer cells respond to elevated levels of ammonia in the tumour microenvironment, we investigated how a panel of cancer cell lines derived from solid tumours behaved when exposed to increasing concentrations of ammonia. We found that ammonia represses cell growth, induces genome instability, and inhibits lysosome-mediated proteolysis in a dose-dependent manner. Unexpectedly, we also found that small fluctuations in the pH of the extracellular environment, had a significant impact on the cytotoxic effects of ammonia. In summary, our data show that the balance of pH and ammonia within the interstitial fluids of cancerous tumours significantly impacts the behaviour and fate of cells residing in the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dravecka
- Cell Signalling and Targeted therapy, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingvild Mikkola
- Cell Signalling and Targeted therapy, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole Morten Seternes
- Cell Signalling and Targeted therapy, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jakob Mejlvang
- Cell Signalling and Targeted therapy, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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2
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Suvac A, Ashton J, Bristow RG. Tumour hypoxia in driving genomic instability and tumour evolution. Nat Rev Cancer 2025; 25:167-188. [PMID: 39875616 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2025]
Abstract
Intratumour hypoxia is a feature of all heterogenous solid tumours. Increased levels or subregions of tumour hypoxia are associated with an adverse clinical prognosis, particularly when this co-occurs with genomic instability. Experimental evidence points to the acquisition of DNA and chromosomal alterations in proliferating hypoxic cells secondary to inhibition of DNA repair pathways such as homologous recombination, base excision repair and mismatch repair. Cell adaptation and selection in repair-deficient cells give rise to a model whereby novel single-nucleotide mutations, structural variants and copy number alterations coexist with altered mitotic control to drive chromosomal instability and aneuploidy. Whole-genome sequencing studies support the concept that hypoxia is a critical microenvironmental cofactor alongside the driver mutations in MYC, BCL2, TP53 and PTEN in determining clonal and subclonal evolution in multiple tumour types. We propose that the hypoxic tumour microenvironment selects for unstable tumour clones which survive, propagate and metastasize under reduced immune surveillance. These aggressive features of hypoxic tumour cells underpin resistance to local and systemic therapies and unfavourable outcomes for patients with cancer. Possible ways to counter the effects of hypoxia to block tumour evolution and improve treatment outcomes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Suvac
- Translational Oncogenomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jack Ashton
- Translational Oncogenomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Translational Oncogenomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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3
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Dong L, Luo L, Wang Z, Lian S, Wang M, Wu X, Fan J, Zeng Y, Li S, Lv S, Yang Y, Chen R, Shen E, Yang W, Li C, Wang K. Targeted degradation of NDUFS1 by agrimol B promotes mitochondrial ROS accumulation and cytotoxic autophagy arrest in hepatocellular carcinoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 220:111-124. [PMID: 38697493 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a global public health problem with increased morbidity and mortality. Agrimol B, a natural polyphenol, has been proved to be a potential anticancer drug. Our recent report showed a favorable anticancer effect of agrimol B in HCC, however, the mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we found agrimol B inhibits the growth and proliferation of HCC cells in vitro as well as in an HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Notably, agrimol B drives autophagy initiation and blocks autophagosome-lysosome fusion, resulting in autophagosome accumulation and autophagy arrest in HCC cells. Mechanistically, agrimol B downregulates the protein level of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1 (NDUFS1) through caspase 3-mediated degradation, leading to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) accumulation and autophagy arrest. NDUFS1 overexpression partially restores mROS overproduction, autophagosome accumulation, and growth inhibition induced by agrimol B, suggesting a cytotoxic role of agrimol B-induced autophagy arrest in HCC cells. Notably, agrimol B significantly enhances the sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our study uncovers the anticancer mechanism of agrimol B in HCC involving the regulation of oxidative stress and autophagy, and suggests agrimol B as a potential therapeutic drug for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Dong
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Li Luo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, PR China
| | - Shan Lian
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Mao Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xingyun Wu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Jiawu Fan
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yan Zeng
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Sijia Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Sinan Lv
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yurong Yang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Enhao Shen
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Wenyong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Center, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, the Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Changlong Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Kui Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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4
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Bhattacharya R, Brown JS, Gatenby RA, Ibrahim-Hashim A. A gene for all seasons: The evolutionary consequences of HIF-1 in carcinogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 102-103:17-24. [PMID: 38969311 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen played a pivotal role in the evolution of multicellularity during the Cambrian Explosion. Not surprisingly, responses to fluctuating oxygen concentrations are integral to the evolution of cancer-a disease characterized by the breakdown of multicellularity. Poorly organized tumor vasculature results in chaotic patterns of blood flow characterized by large spatial and temporal variations in intra-tumoral oxygen concentrations. Hypoxia-inducible growth factor (HIF-1) plays a pivotal role in enabling cells to adapt, metabolize, and proliferate in low oxygen conditions. HIF-1 is often constitutively activated in cancers, underscoring its importance in cancer progression. Here, we argue that the phenotypic changes mediated by HIF-1, in addition to adapting the cancer cells to their local environment, also "pre-adapt" them for proliferation at distant, metastatic sites. HIF-1-mediated adaptations include a metabolic shift towards anaerobic respiration or glycolysis, activation of cell survival mechanisms like phenotypic plasticity and epigenetic reprogramming, and formation of tumor vasculature through angiogenesis. Hypoxia induced epigenetic reprogramming can trigger epithelial to mesenchymal transition in cancer cells-the first step in the metastatic cascade. Highly glycolytic cells facilitate local invasion by acidifying the tumor microenvironment. New blood vessels, formed due to angiogenesis, provide cancer cells a conduit to the circulatory system. Moreover, survival mechanisms acquired by cancer cells in the primary site allow them to remodel tissue at the metastatic site generating tumor promoting microenvironment. Thus, hypoxia in the primary tumor promoted adaptations conducive to all stages of the metastatic cascade from the initial escape entry into a blood vessel, intravascular survival, extravasation into distant tissues, and establishment of secondary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjini Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of South Florida, United States; Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, United States
| | - Joel S Brown
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, United States; Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois, at Chicago, United States
| | - Robert A Gatenby
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, United States; Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, United States.
| | - Arig Ibrahim-Hashim
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, United States.
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5
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Tan Q, Joshua AM, Saggar JK, Yu M, Wang M, Kanga N, Zhang JY, Chen X, Wouters BG, Tannock IF. Retraction Note: Effect of pantoprazole to enhance activity of docetaxel against human tumour xenografts by inhibiting autophagy. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1232. [PMID: 38509357 PMCID: PMC10991281 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Q Tan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada
| | - A M Joshua
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada
| | - J K Saggar
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada
| | - M Yu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada
| | - M Wang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada
| | - N Kanga
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada
| | - J Y Zhang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada
| | - X Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada
| | - B G Wouters
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada
| | - I F Tannock
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada.
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2M9, Canada.
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6
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Tsai CH, Huang HC, Lin KJ, Liu JM, Chen GL, Yeh YH, Lu TL, Lin HW, Lu MT, Chu PC. Inhibition of Autophagy Aggravates Arachis hypogaea L. Skin Extracts-Induced Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1345. [PMID: 38279345 PMCID: PMC10816816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin of Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut or groundnut) is a rich source of polyphenols, which have been shown to exhibit a wider spectrum of noteworthy biological activities, including anticancer effects. However, the anticancer activity of peanut skin extracts against melanoma and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells remains elusive. In this study, we systematically investigated the cytotoxic, antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-migration effects of peanut skin ethanolic extract and its fractions on melanoma and CRC cells. Cell viability results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction (AHE) of peanut skin ethanolic crude extract and one of the methanolic fractions (AHE-2) from ethyl acetate extraction exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against melanoma and CRC cells but not in nonmalignant human skin fibroblasts. AHE and AHE-2 effectively modulated the cell cycle-related proteins, including the suppression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma (p-Rb), E2F1, Cyclin A, and activation of tumor suppressor p53, which was associated with cell cycle arrest and paralleled their antiproliferative efficacies. AHE and AHE-2 could also induce caspase-dependent apoptosis and inhibit migration activities in melanoma and CRC cells. Moreover, it is noteworthy that autophagy, manifested by microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B) conversion and the aggregation of GFP-LC3, was detected after AHE and AHE-2 treatment and provided protective responses in cancer cells. Significantly, inhibition of autophagy enhanced AHE- and AHE-2-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Together, these findings not only elucidate the anticancer potential of peanut skin extracts against melanoma and CRC cells but also provide a new insight into autophagy implicated in peanut skin extracts-induced cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 427213, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Chi Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine & Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
| | - Kuan-Jung Lin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 33004, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ming Liu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 33004, Taiwan;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114202, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Lin Chen
- Department of Cosmeceutics and Graduate Institute of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (G.-L.C.); (M.-T.L.)
| | - Yi-Hsien Yeh
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
| | - Te-Ling Lu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (T.-L.L.); (H.-W.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Wen Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (T.-L.L.); (H.-W.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Tien Lu
- Department of Cosmeceutics and Graduate Institute of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (G.-L.C.); (M.-T.L.)
| | - Po-Chen Chu
- Department of Cosmeceutics and Graduate Institute of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (G.-L.C.); (M.-T.L.)
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7
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Fok M, Hill R, Fowler H, Clifford R, Kler A, Uzzi-Daniel J, Rocha S, Grundy G, Parsons J, Vimalachandran D. Enhancing radiotherapy outcomes in rectal cancer: A systematic review of targeting hypoxia-induced radioresistance. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2024; 44:100695. [PMID: 37961749 PMCID: PMC10637894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2023.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neoadjuvant radiotherapy is successfully used in rectal cancer to improve overall survival. However, treatment response is both unpredictable and variable. There is strong evidence to show that the phenomenon of tumour hypoxia is associated with radioresistance, however the mechanism(s) behind this are poorly understood. Consequently, there have only been a small number of studies evaluating methods targeting hypoxia-induced radioresistance. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the potential effectiveness of targeting hypoxia-induced radioresistance in rectal cancer and provide recommendations for future research in this area. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. This study was registered on the Prospero database (CRD42023441983). Results Eight articles met the inclusion criteria. All studies identified were in vitro or in vivo studies, there were no clinical trials. Of the 8 studies identified, 5 assessed the efficacy of drugs which directly or indirectly targeted hypoxia and three that identified potential targets. There was conflicting in vivo evidence for the use of metformin to overcome hypoxia induced radioresistance. Vorinostat, atovaquone, and evofosfamide showed promising preclinical evidence that they can overcome hypoxia-induced radioresistance. Discussion The importance of investigating hypoxia-induced radioresistance in rectal cancer is crucial. However, to date, only a small number of preclinical studies exist evaluating this phenomenon. This systematic review highlights the importance of further research to fully understand the mechanism behind this radioresistance. There are promising targets identified in this systematic review however, substantially more pre-clinical and clinical research as a priority for future research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Fok
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Rhianna Hill
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Hayley Fowler
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachael Clifford
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Aaron Kler
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Jayanma Uzzi-Daniel
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Gabrielle Grundy
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Jason Parsons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Dale Vimalachandran
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology University of Liverpool, UK
- Countess of Chester Hospital, Colorectal Surgery Department, Chester, UK
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8
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García-Torres I, De la Mora-De la Mora I, López-Velázquez G, Cabrera N, Flores-López LA, Becker I, Herrera-López J, Hernández R, Pérez-Montfort R, Enríquez-Flores S. Repurposing of rabeprazole as an anti- Trypanosoma cruzi drug that targets cellular triosephosphate isomerase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2231169. [PMID: 37401012 PMCID: PMC10351538 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2231169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of American trypanosomiasis, which mainly affects populations in Latin America. Benznidazole is used to control the disease, with severe effects in patients receiving this chemotherapy. Previous studies have demonstrated the inhibition of triosephosphate isomerase from T. cruzi, but cellular enzyme inhibition has yet to be established. This study demonstrates that rabeprazole inhibits both cell viability and triosephosphate isomerase activity in T. cruzi epimastigotes. Our results show that rabeprazole has an IC50 of 0.4 µM, which is 14.5 times more effective than benznidazole. Additionally, we observed increased levels of methyl-glyoxal and advanced glycation end products after the inhibition of cellular triosephosphate isomerase by rabeprazole. Finally, we demonstrate that the inactivation mechanisms of rabeprazole on triosephosphate isomerase of T. cruzi can be achieved through the derivatization of three of its four cysteine residues. These results indicate that rabeprazole is a promising candidate against American trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhel García-Torres
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, CDMX, México
| | | | | | - Nallely Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Luis Antonio Flores-López
- CONAHCYT Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, CDMX, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Juliana Herrera-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Roberto Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Ruy Pérez-Montfort
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Sergio Enríquez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, CDMX, México
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9
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Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes form a vast family of molecules characterized by their finely tuned photochemical and photophysical properties. Their ability to undergo excited-state deactivation via photosubstitution reactions makes them quite unique in inorganic photochemistry. As a consequence, they have been used, in general, for building dynamic molecular systems responsive to light but, more particularly, in the field of oncology, as prodrugs for a new cancer treatment modality called photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). Indeed, the ability of a coordination bond to be selectively broken under visible light irradiation offers fascinating perspectives in oncology: it is possible to make poorly toxic agents in the dark that become activated toward cancer cell killing by simple visible light irradiation of the compound inside a tumor. In this Perspective, we review the most important concepts behind the PACT idea, the relationship between ruthenium compounds used for PACT and those used for a related phototherapeutic approach called photodynamic therapy (PDT), and we discuss important questions about real-life applications of PACT in the clinic. We conclude this Perspective with important challenges in the field and an outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Strużyńska L. Dual Implications of Nanosilver-Induced Autophagy: Nanotoxicity and Anti-Cancer Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15386. [PMID: 37895066 PMCID: PMC10607027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, efforts have been made to identify new anti-cancer therapies. Various types of nanomaterials, including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are being considered as an option. In addition to its well-known antibacterial activity, AgNPs exhibit cytotoxic potential in both physiological and cancer cells by inducing stress-mediated autophagy and apoptotic cell death. A rapidly growing collection of data suggests that the proper regulation of autophagic machinery may provide an efficient tool for suppressing the development of cancer. In this light, AgNPs have emerged as a potential anti-cancer agent to support therapy of the disease. This review summarizes current data indicating the dual role of AgNP-induced autophagy and highlights factors that may influence its protective vs. its toxic potential. It also stresses that our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of autophagy machinery in cancer cells, as well as AgNP-triggered autophagy in both normal and diseased cells, remains insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Strużyńska
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Rizk NI, Midan HM, Helal GK, Abulsoud AI, Elshaer SS, El-Husseiny AA, Fathi D, Abdelmaksoud NM, Abdel Mageed SS, Elballal MS, Zaki MB, Abd-Elmawla MA, Al-Noshokaty TM, Elrebehy MA, El-Dakroury WA, Abulsoud LA, Doghish AS. The emerging role of miRNAs in Merkel cell carcinoma pathogenesis: Signaling pathway crosstalk. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154771. [PMID: 37611429 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon invasive form of skin cancer that typically manifests as a nodule on the face, head, or neck that is flesh-colored or bluish-red in appearance. Rapid growth and metastasis are hallmarks of MCC. MCC has the second-greatest mortality rate among skin cancers after melanoma. Despite the recent cascade of molecular investigations, no universal molecular signature has been identified as responsible for MCC's pathogenesis. The microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Variations in the expression of these short, non-coding RNAs have been associated with various malignancies, including MCC. Although the incidence of MCC is very low, a significant amount of study has focused on the interaction of miRNAs in MCC. As such, the current survey is a speedy intensive route revealing the potential involvement of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of MCC beyond their association with survival in MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal I Rizk
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Heba M Midan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Gouda Kamel Helal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11231, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shereen Saeid Elshaer
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11823, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Husseiny
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231 Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, 11829 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Fathi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | | | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Elballal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bakr Zaki
- Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd-Elmawla
- Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tohada M Al-Noshokaty
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Elrebehy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Logyna A Abulsoud
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231 Cairo, Egypt.
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12
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Doering KRS, Ermakova G, Taubert S. Nuclear hormone receptor NHR-49 is an essential regulator of stress resilience and healthy aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1241591. [PMID: 37645565 PMCID: PMC10461480 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1241591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of Caenorhabditis elegans encodes 284 nuclear hormone receptor, which perform diverse functions in development and physiology. One of the best characterized of these is NHR-49, related in sequence and function to mammalian hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. Initially identified as regulator of lipid metabolism, including fatty acid catabolism and desaturation, additional important roles for NHR-49 have since emerged. It is an essential contributor to longevity in several genetic and environmental contexts, and also plays vital roles in the resistance to several stresses and innate immune response to infection with various bacterial pathogens. Here, we review how NHR-49 is integrated into pertinent signaling circuits and how it achieves its diverse functions. We also highlight areas for future investigation including identification of regulatory inputs that drive NHR-49 activity and identification of tissue-specific gene regulatory outputs. We anticipate that future work on this protein will provide information that could be useful for developing strategies to age-associated declines in health and age-related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie R. S. Doering
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Edwin S. H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Glafira Ermakova
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Edwin S. H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Edwin S. H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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13
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Bettecken A, Heß L, Hölzen L, Reinheckel T. Dipeptidyl-Aminopeptidases 8 and 9 Regulate Autophagy and Tamoxifen Response in Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2031. [PMID: 37626841 PMCID: PMC10453625 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic dipeptidyl-aminopeptidases 8 (DPP8) and 9 (DPP9) belong to the DPPIV serine proteases with the unique characteristic of cleaving off a dipeptide post-proline from the N-termini of substrates. To study the role of DPP8 and DPP9 in breast cancer, MCF-7 cells (luminal A-type breast cancer) and MDA.MB-231 cells (basal-like breast cancer) were used. The inhibition of DPP8/9 by 1G244 increased the number of lysosomes in both cell lines. This phenotype was more pronounced in MCF-7 cells, in which we observed a separation of autophagosomes and lysosomes in the cytosol upon DPP8/9 inhibition. Likewise, the shRNA-mediated knockdown of either DPP8 or DPP9 induced autophagy and increased lysosomes. DPP8/9 inhibition as well as the knockdown of the DPPs reduced the cell survival and proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Additional treatment of MCF-7 cells with tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to treat patients with luminal breast tumors, further decreased survival and proliferation, as well as increased cell death. In summary, both DPP8 and DPP9 activities confine macroautophagy in breast cancer cells. Thus, their inhibition or knockdown reduces cell viability and sensitizes luminal breast cancer cells to tamoxifen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Bettecken
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Heß
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena Hölzen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre of Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Yadav P, Pandey A, Kakani P, Mutnuru SA, Samaiya A, Mishra J, Shukla S. Hypoxia-induced loss of SRSF2-dependent DNA methylation promotes CTCF-mediated alternative splicing of VEGFA in breast cancer. iScience 2023; 26:106804. [PMID: 37235058 PMCID: PMC10206493 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) generates numerous isoforms with unique roles in tumor angiogenesis, and investigating the underlying mechanism during hypoxia necessitates diligent pursuance. Our research systematically demonstrated that the splicing factor SRSF2 causes the inclusion of exon-8b, leading to the formation of the anti-angiogenic VEGFA-165b isoform under normoxic conditions. Additionally, SRSF2 interacts with DNMT3A and maintains methylation on exon-8a, inhibiting CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) recruitment and RNA polymerase II (pol II) occupancy, causing exon-8a exclusion and decreased expression of pro-angiogenic VEGFA-165a. Conversely, SRSF2 is downregulated by HIF1α-induced miR-222-3p under hypoxic conditions, which prevents exon-8b inclusion and reduces VEGFA-165b expression. Furthermore, reduced SRSF2 under hypoxia promotes hydroxymethylation on exon-8a, increasing CTCF recruitment, pol II occupancy, exon-8a inclusion, and VEGFA-165a expression. Overall, our findings unveil a specialized dual mechanism of VEGFA-165 alternative splicing, instrumented by the cross-talk between SRSF2 and CTCF, which promotes angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Anchala Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Parik Kakani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Srinivas Abhishek Mutnuru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Atul Samaiya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, BH, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462016, India
| | - Jharna Mishra
- Department of Pathology, Bansal Hospital (BH), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462016, India
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
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15
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Hypoxia-induced autophagy in triple negative breast cancer: association with prognostic variables, patients' survival and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Virchows Arch 2023; 482:823-837. [PMID: 36939902 PMCID: PMC10156790 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular response to diverse stresses within tumor microenvironment (TME) such as hypoxia. It enhances cell survival and triggers resistance to therapy. This study investigated the prognostic importance of HIF-1α and miR-210 in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Also, we studied the relation between beclin-1 and Bcl-2 and their prognostic relevance in triple negative breast cancer. Furthermore, the involvement of hypoxia-related markers, beclin-1 and Bcl-2 in mediating resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in TNBC was evaluated. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate HIF-1α, beclin-1 and Bcl-2 expression whereas, miR-210 mRNA was detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (q-PCR) in 60 TNBC patients. High HIF-1α expression was related to larger tumors, grade III cases, positive lymphovascular invasion, advanced stage, high Ki-67 and poor overall survival (OS). High miR-210 and negative Bcl-2 expression were related to nodal metastasis, advanced stage and poor OS. High beclin-1 was associated with grade III, nodal metastasis, advanced stage and poor OS. Also, high beclin-1 and negative Bcl-2 were significantly associated with high HIF-1α and high miR-210. High HIF- 1α, miR-210 and beclin-1 as well as negative Bcl-2 were inversely related to pathologic complete response following NACT. High beclin-1 and lack of Bcl-2 are significantly related to hypoxic TME in TNBC. High HIF-1α, miR-210, and beclin-1 expression together with lack of Bcl-2 are significantly associated with poor prognosis as well as poor response to NACT. HIF-1α and miR-210 could accurately predict response to NACT in TNBC.
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16
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Tannock IF, Gordon Steel G. Cell proliferation, drug distribution and therapeutic effects in relation to the vascular system of solid tumours. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:413-418. [PMID: 36564562 PMCID: PMC9938243 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this perspective, the authors summarise some properties of the solid tumour micro-environment that have been explored during the last 55 years. It is well established that the concentrations of nutrients, including oxygen, decrease with increasing distance from tumour blood vessels, and that low extracellular pH is found in nutrient-poor regions. Cell proliferation is dependent on nutrient metabolites and decreases in regions distal from patent blood vessels. Proliferating cells cause migration of neighbouring cells further from blood vessels where they may die, and their breakdown products pass into regions of necrosis. Anticancer drugs reach solid tumours via the vascular system and establish concentration gradients such that drug concentration within tumours may be quite variable. Treatment with chemotherapy such as doxorubicin or docetaxel can kill well-nourished proliferating cells close to blood vessels, thereby interrupting migration toward necrotic regions and lead to re-oxygenation and renewed proliferation of distal cells, as can occur with radiotherapy. This effect leads to the paradox that cancer treatment can rescue cells that were destined to die in the untreated tumour. Renewed and sometimes accelerated repopulation of surviving tumour cells can counter the effects of cell killing from repeated treatments, leading to tumour shrinkage and regrowth without changes in the intrinsic sensitivity of cells to the administered treatment. Strategies to prevent these effects include the combined use of chemotherapy with agents that selectively kill hypoxic tumour cells, including inhibitors of autophagy, since this is a process that may allow recycling of cellular macromolecules from dying cells and improve their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Tannock
- Emeritus Professor of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.
| | - G Gordon Steel
- Emeritus Professor of Radiation Biology at the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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17
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Siswanto FM, Mitsuoka Y, Nakamura M, Oguro A, Imaoka S. Nrf2 and Parkin-Hsc70 regulate the expression and protein stability of p62/SQSTM1 under hypoxia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21265. [PMID: 36481701 PMCID: PMC9731985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors often contain regions with very low oxygen concentrations or hypoxia resulting from altered metabolism, uncontrolled proliferation, and abnormal tumor blood vessels. Hypoxia leads to resistance to both radio- and chemotherapy and a predisposition to tumor metastases. Under hypoxia, sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62), a multifunctional stress-inducible protein involved in various cellular processes, such as autophagy, is down-regulated. The hypoxic depletion of p62 is mediated by autophagic degradation. We herein demonstrated that hypoxia down-regulated p62 in the hepatoma cell line Hep3B at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. At the transcriptional level, hypoxia down-regulated p62 mRNA by inhibiting nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The overexpression of Nrf2 and knockdown of Siah2, a negative regulator of Nrf2 under hypoxia, diminished the effects of hypoxia on p62 mRNA. At the post-translational level, the proteasome inhibitor MG132, but not the lysosomal inhibitors ammonium chloride and bafilomycin, prevented the hypoxic depletion of p62, suggesting the involvement of the proteasome pathway. Under hypoxia, the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin was up-regulated in a hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-dependent manner. Parkin ubiquitinated p62 and led to its proteasomal degradation, ensuring low levels of p62 under hypoxia. We demonstrated that the effects of Parkin on p62 required heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein (Hsc70). We also showed that the overexpression of Nrf2 and knockdown of Parkin or Hsc70 induced the accumulation of p62 and reduced the viability of cells under hypoxia. We concluded that a decrease in p62, which involves regulation at the transcriptional and post-translational levels, is critical for cell survival under hypoxia. The present results show the potential of targeting Nrf2/Parkin-Hsc70-p62 as a novel strategy to eradicate hypoxic solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferbian Milas Siswanto
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Yumi Mitsuoka
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Misato Nakamura
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Ami Oguro
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Susumu Imaoka
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan.
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18
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Changotra H, Kaur S, Yadav SS, Gupta GL, Parkash J, Duseja A. ATG5: A central autophagy regulator implicated in various human diseases. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:650-667. [PMID: 36062813 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular conserved degradative process, plays a central role in the renewal/recycling of a cell to maintain the homeostasis of nutrients and energy within the cell. ATG5, a key component of autophagy, regulates the formation of the autophagosome, a hallmark of autophagy. ATG5 binds with ATG12 and ATG16L1 resulting in E3 like ligase complex, which is necessary for autophagosome expansion. Available data suggest that ATG5 is indispensable for autophagy and has an imperative role in several essential biological processes. Moreover, ATG5 has also been demonstrated to possess autophagy-independent functions that magnify its significance and therapeutic potential. ATG5 interacts with various molecules for the execution of different processes implicated during physiological and pathological conditions. Furthermore, ATG5 genetic variants are associated with various ailments. This review discusses various autophagy-dependent and autophagy-independent roles of ATG5, highlights its various deleterious genetic variants reported until now, and various studies supporting it as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Changotra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Sargeet Kaur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Suresh Singh Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyoti Parkash
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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19
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Hill RM, Rocha S, Parsons JL. Overcoming the Impact of Hypoxia in Driving Radiotherapy Resistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4130. [PMID: 36077667 PMCID: PMC9454974 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is very common in most solid tumours and is a driving force for malignant progression as well as radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance. Incidences of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have increased in the last decade and radiotherapy is a major therapeutic technique utilised in the treatment of the tumours. However, effectiveness of radiotherapy is hindered by resistance mechanisms and most notably by hypoxia, leading to poor patient prognosis of HNSCC patients. The phenomenon of hypoxia-induced radioresistance was identified nearly half a century ago, yet despite this, little progress has been made in overcoming the physical lack of oxygen. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia and the underpinning radiobiological response of tumours to this phenotype is much needed. In this review, we will provide an up-to-date overview of how hypoxia alters molecular and cellular processes contributing to radioresistance, particularly in the context of HNSCC, and what strategies have and could be explored to overcome hypoxia-induced radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna M. Hill
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Jason L. Parsons
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Clatterbridge Road, Bebington CH63 4JY, UK
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20
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Ke J, Wang J, Wu X, Yan Y. Salidroside Ameliorates Ultraviolet-Induced Keratinocyte Injury by Inducing SIRT1-Dependent Autophagy. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:1499-1508. [PMID: 35941856 PMCID: PMC9356605 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s367233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Methods Results Discussion
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ke
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuehua Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yuehua Yan, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-18918181952, Email
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21
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Chloroquine-Induced DNA Damage Synergizes with Nonhomologous End Joining Inhibition to Cause Ovarian Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147518. [PMID: 35886866 PMCID: PMC9323666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy; therefore, more effective treatments are urgently needed. We recently reported that chloroquine (CQ) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in OC cell lines (OCCLs), causing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Here, we analyzed whether these lesions are repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), one of the main pathways involved in DSB repair, and if the combination of CQ with NHEJ inhibitors (NHEJi) could be effective against OC. We found that NHEJ inhibition increased the persistence of γH2AX foci after CQ-induced DNA damage, revealing an essential role of this pathway in the repair of the lesions. NHEJi decreased the proliferation of OCCLs and a strong in vitro synergistic effect on apoptosis induction was observed when combined with CQ. This effect was largely abolished by the antioxidant N-Acetyl-L-cysteine, revealing the critical role of ROS and DSB generation in CQ/NHEJi-induced lethality. We also found that the NHEJ efficiency in OCCLs was not affected by treatment with Panobinostat, a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor that also synergizes with CQ in OCCLs by impairing homologous recombination. Accordingly, the triple combination of CQ-NHEJi-Panobinostat exerted a stronger in vitro synergistic effect. Altogether, our data suggest that the combination of these drugs could represent new therapeutic strategies against OC.
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22
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Signature for Prostate Cancer Based on Autophagy-Related Genes and a Nomogram for Quantitative Risk Stratification. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7598942. [PMID: 35860692 PMCID: PMC9293571 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7598942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Prostate cancer (PCa) ranks as the most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related death among males worldwide. The essential role of autophagy in the progression of PCa and treatment resistance has been preliminarily revealed. However, comprehensive molecular elucidations of the correlation between PCa and autophagy are rare. Method. We obtained transcription information and corresponding clinicopathological profiles of PCa patients from TCGA, MSKCC, and GEO datasets. LAASO analysis was employed to select gene signatures and estimate the autophagy score for each patient. Correlations between the signature and prognosis of PCa were investigated by K-M and multivariate Cox regression analyses. A nomogram was established on the basis of the above results. Further validations relied on ROC, calibration analysis, decision curve analysis, and external cohorts. Variable activated signaling pathways were revealed using GSVA algorithms, and the genetic alteration landscape was elucidated via the oncodrive module from the “maftools” R package. In addition, we also examined the therapeutic role of the signature based on phenotype data from GDSC 2016. Result. Six autophagy-related genes were eventually selected to establish the signature, including ULK1, CAPN10, FKBP5, UBE2T, NLRC4, and BNIP3L. We used these genes and corresponding coefficients to calculate an autophagy score (AutS) for each patient in this study. A high AutS group and a low AutS group were divided on the mean AutS of the patients. Longer overall survival, higher Gleason score and PSA, and better response to ADT were observed in patients with high AutS. Meanwhile, we found that high AutS PCa was related to more proliferation-associated signaling activation and higher genetic mutation frequencies, manifesting a poor prognosis. A nomogram was constructed based on GS, T stage, PSA, and AutS as covariates. Its discriminative efficacy and clinical value were validated using robust statistical methods. Finally, we tested its prognostic value through two external cohorts and six published signatures. Conclusion. The autophagy-related gene signature is a highly discriminative model for risk stratification and drug therapy in PCa, and a nomogram incorporating AutS might be a promising tool for precision medicine.
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Kim S, Han J, Ahn YH, Ha CH, Hwang JJ, Lee SE, Kim JJ, Kim N. Protective Role of miR-34c in Hypoxia by Activating Autophagy through BCL2 Repression. Mol Cells 2022; 45:403-412. [PMID: 35611688 PMCID: PMC9200661 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia leads to significant cellular stress that has diverse pathological consequences such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are one of regulators of the adaptive pathway in hypoxia. We identified a hypoxia-induced miRNA, miR-34c, that was significantly upregulated in hypoxic human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in murine blood vessels on day 3 of hindlimb ischemia (HLI). miR-34c directly inhibited BCL2 expression, acting as a toggle switch between apoptosis and autophagy in vitro and in vivo. BCL2 repression by miR-34c activated autophagy, which was evaluated by the expression of LC3-II. Overexpression of miR-34c inhibited apoptosis in HUVEC as well as in a murine model of HLI, and increased cell viability in HUVEC. Importantly, the number of viable cells in the blood vessels following HLI was increased by miR-34c overexpression. Collectively, our findings show that miR-34c plays a protective role in hypoxia, suggesting a novel therapeutic target for hypoxic and ischemic diseases in the blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Department of Convergence Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Asan Medical Institute for Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Ahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Ha
- Department of Convergence Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jung Jin Hwang
- Department of Convergence Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jae-Joong Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
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Schmidt A, Fuchs M, Stojanović SD, Liang C, Schmidt K, Jung M, Xiao K, Weusthoff J, Just A, Pfanne A, Distler JHW, Dandekar T, Fiedler J, Thum T, Kunz M. Deciphering Pro-angiogenic Transcription Factor Profiles in Hypoxic Human Endothelial Cells by Combined Bioinformatics and in vitro Modeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:877450. [PMID: 35783871 PMCID: PMC9247153 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.877450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Constant supply of oxygen is crucial for multicellular tissue homeostasis and energy metabolism in cardiac tissue. As a first response to acute hypoxia, endothelial cells (ECs) promote recruitment and adherence of immune cells to the dysbalanced EC barrier by releasing inflammatory mediators and growth factors, whereas chronic hypoxia leads to the activation of a transcription factor (TF) battery, that potently induces expression of growth factors and cytokines including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We report a hypoxia-minded, targeted bioinformatics approach aiming to identify and validate TFs that regulate angiogenic signaling. Results A comprehensive RNA-Seq dataset derived from human ECs subjected to normoxic or hypoxic conditions was selected to identify significantly regulated genes based on (i) fold change (normoxia vs. hypoxia) and (ii) relative abundancy. Transcriptional regulation of this gene set was confirmed via qPCR in validation experiments where HUVECs were subjected to hypoxic conditions for 24 h. Screening the promoter and upstream regulatory elements of these genes identified two TFs, KLF5 and SP1, both with a potential binding site within these regions of selected target genes. In vitro, siRNA experiments confirmed SP1- and KLF5-mediated regulation of identified hypoxia-sensitive endothelial genes. Next to angiogenic signaling, we also validated the impact of TFs on inflammatory signaling, both key events in hypoxic sensing. Both TFs impacted on inflammatory signaling since endogenous repression led to increased NF-κB signaling. Additionally, SP1 silencing eventuated decreased angiogenic properties in terms of proliferation and tube formation. Conclusion By detailed in silico analysis of promoter region and upstream regulatory elements for a list of hypoxia-sensitive genes, our bioinformatics approach identified putative binding sites for TFs of SP or KLF family in vitro. This strategy helped to identify TFs functionally involved in human angiogenic signaling and therefore serves as a base for identifying novel RNA-based drug entities in a therapeutic setting of vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hanover, Germany
| | - Maximilian Fuchs
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hanover, Germany
| | - Stevan D. Stojanović
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Chunguang Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hanover, Germany
| | - Mira Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ke Xiao
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hanover, Germany
| | - Jan Weusthoff
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hanover, Germany
| | - Annette Just
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Angelika Pfanne
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jörg H. W. Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Fiedler
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hanover, Germany
- Jan Fiedler,
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hanover, Germany
- Thomas Thum,
| | - Meik Kunz
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hanover, Germany
- Chair of Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Meik Kunz,
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Ravi S, Alencar AM, Arakelyan J, Xu W, Stauber R, Wang CCI, Papyan R, Ghazaryan N, Pereira RM. An Update to Hallmarks of Cancer. Cureus 2022; 14:e24803. [PMID: 35686268 PMCID: PMC9169686 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, there has been remarkable progress in research toward understanding and refining the hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we propose a new hallmark - "pro-survival autophagy." The importance of pro-survival autophagy is well established in tumorigenesis, as it is related to multiple steps in cancer progression and vital for some cancers. Autophagy is a potential anti-cancer therapeutic target. For this reason, autophagy is a good candidate as a new hallmark of cancer. We describe two enabling characteristics that play a major role in enabling cells to acquire the hallmarks of cancer - "tumor-promoting microenvironment and macroenvironment" and "cancer epigenetics, genome instability and mutation." We also discuss the recent updates, therapeutic and prognostic implications of the eight hallmarks of cancer described by Hanahan et al. in 2011. Understanding these hallmarks and enabling characteristics is key not only to developing new ways to treat cancer efficiently but also to exploring options to overcome cancer resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Ravi
- Department of Medicine, St. Luke's Hospital, Duluth, USA
| | - Antonio M Alencar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Hospital São Domingos, São Luís, BRA
| | - Jemma Arakelyan
- Department of Oncology/Solid Tumors, Yerevan State Medical University, Hematology Center After Prof. R. Yeolyan, Yerevan, ARM
| | - Weihao Xu
- Department of Business Development, Harbour BioMed, Boston, USA
| | - Roberta Stauber
- Department of Oncology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BRA
| | - Cheng-Chi I Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Beltie Bio, Inc, San Diego, USA
| | - Ruzanna Papyan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Yerevan State Medical University, Pediatric Center and Blood Disorders Center of Armenia, Yerevan, ARM
| | - Narine Ghazaryan
- Department of Molecular Biology, L.A. Orbeli Institute of Physiology National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Armenia (NAS RA) Hematology Center After Prof. R. Yeolyan, Yerevan, ARM
| | - Rosalina M Pereira
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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Chipurupalli S, Ganesan R, Martini G, Mele L, Reggio A, Esposito M, Kannan E, Namasivayam V, Grumati P, Desiderio V, Robinson N. Cancer cells adapt FAM134B/BiP mediated ER-phagy to survive hypoxic stress. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:357. [PMID: 35436985 PMCID: PMC9016075 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells experience hypoxia resulting in the accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins largely in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Consequently, ER proteotoxicity elicits unfolded protein response (UPR) as an adaptive mechanism to resolve ER stress. In addition to canonical UPR, proteotoxicity also stimulates the selective, autophagy-dependent, removal of discrete ER domains loaded with misfolded proteins to further alleviate ER stress. These mechanisms can favor cancer cell growth, metastasis, and long-term survival. Our investigations reveal that during hypoxia-induced ER stress, the ER-phagy receptor FAM134B targets damaged portions of ER into autophagosomes to restore ER homeostasis in cancer cells. Loss of FAM134B in breast cancer cells results in increased ER stress and reduced cell proliferation. Mechanistically, upon sensing hypoxia-induced proteotoxic stress, the ER chaperone BiP forms a complex with FAM134B and promotes ER-phagy. To prove the translational implication of our mechanistic findings, we identified vitexin as a pharmacological agent that disrupts FAM134B-BiP complex, inhibits ER-phagy, and potently suppresses breast cancer progression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Chipurupalli
- Cellular-Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, India.,Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Cellular-Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Giulia Martini
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Mele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessio Reggio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Marianna Esposito
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Elango Kannan
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Paolo Grumati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Desiderio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Cellular-Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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27
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Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Metabolic Dysfunction Inhibits the Tumor Growth of Pituitary Adenomas. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5652586. [PMID: 35368865 PMCID: PMC8967574 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5652586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic changes have been suggested to be a hallmark of tumors and are closely associated with tumorigenesis. In a previous study, we demonstrated the role of lactate dehydrogenase in regulating abnormal glucose metabolism in pituitary adenomas (PA). As the key organelle of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), mitochondria play a vital role in the energy supply for tumor cells. However, few attempts have been made to elucidate mitochondrial metabolic homeostasis in PA. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is a member of the dynamin superfamily of GTPases, which mediates mitochondrial fission. This study is aimed at investigating whether Drp1 affects the progression of PA through abnormal mitochondrial metabolism. We analyzed the expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) in 20 surgical PA samples. The effects of Drp1 on PA growth were assessed in vitro and in xenograft models. We found an upregulation of Drp1 in PA samples with a low proliferation index. Knockdown or inhibition of Drp1 enhanced the proliferation of PA cell lines in vitro, while overexpression of Drp1 could reversed such effects. Mechanistically, overexpressed Drp1 damaged mitochondria by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induced mitochondrial OXPHOS inhibition and decline of ATP production. The energy deficiency inhibited proliferation of PA cells. In addition, overexpressed Drp1 promoted cytochrome c release from damaged mitochondria into the cytoplasm and then activated the downstream caspase apoptotic cascade reaction, which induced apoptosis of PA cells. Moreover, the decreased ATP production induced by Drp1 overexpressing activated the AMPK cellular energy stress sensor and enhanced autophagy through the AMPK-ULK1 pathway, which might play a protective role in PA growth. Furthermore, overexpression of Drp1 repressed PA growth in vivo. Our data indicates that Drp1-mediated mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction inhibits PA growth by affecting cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Selectively targeting mitochondrial metabolic homeostasis stands out as a promising antineoplastic strategy for PA therapy.
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28
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Subcellular localization of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in cancer: does that matter? BBA ADVANCES 2022; 2:100050. [PMID: 37082602 PMCID: PMC10074912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) finely tunes the balance between survival and death to control homeostasis. XIAP is found aberrantly expressed in cancer, which has been shown to promote resistance to therapy-induced apoptosis and confer poor outcome. Despite its predominant cytoplasmic localization in human tissues, growing evidence implicates the expression of XIAP in other subcellular compartments in sustaining cancer hallmarks. Herein, we review our current knowledge on the prognostic role of XIAP localization and discuss molecular mechanisms underlying differential biological functions played in each compartment. The comprehension of XIAP subcellular shuttling and functional dynamics might provide the rationale for future anticancer therapeutics.
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29
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He L, Wang X, Jin Y, Xu W, Lyu J, Guan Y, Wu J, Han S, Liu G. A Prognostic Nomogram for Predicting Overall Survival in Pediatric Wilms Tumor Based on an Autophagy-related Gene Signature. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2022; 25:1385-1397. [PMID: 34525929 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210826143727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilms Tumor (WT) is the most common primary renal malignancy in children. Autophagy plays dual roles in the promotion and suppression of various cancers. OBJECTIVE The goal of our study was to develop a novel autophagy-related gene (ARG) prognostic nomogram for WT. METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used. We screened the expression profiles of ARGs in 136 WT patients. The differentially expressed prognostic ARGs were evaluated by multivariate Cox regression analysis and survival analysis. A novel prognostic nomogram based on the ARGs and clinical characteristics was established using multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS First, 69 differentially expressed ARGs were identified in WT patients. Then, multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to determine 4 key prognostic ARGs (CC3CL1, ERBB2, HIF-α and CXCR4) in WT. According to their ARG expression levels, the patients were clustered into high- and low-risk groups. Next, survival analysis indicated that high-risk patients had significantly poorer overall survival than low-risk patients. The results of functional enrichment analysis suggested that autophagy may play a tumor-suppressive role in the initiation of WT. Finally, a prognostic nomogram with a Harrell's concordance index (C-index) of 0.841 was used to predict the survival probability of WT patients by integrating clinical characteristics and the 4-ARG signature. The calibration curve indicated its excellent predictive performance. CONCLUSION In summary, the ARG signature could be a promising biomarker for monitoring the outcomes of WT. We established a novel nomogram based on the ARG signature, which accurately predicts the overall survival of WT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longkai He
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weipeng Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Lyu
- Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingchao Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shasha Han
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Martano M, Altamura G, Power K, Liguori P, Restucci B, Borzacchiello G, Maiolino P. Beclin 1, LC3 and P62 Expression in Equine Sarcoids. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010020. [PMID: 35011126 PMCID: PMC8749869 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine sarcoids, caused by bovine papillomaviruses, are equine skin tumors of fibroblastic origin. It is well known that bovine papillomaviruses are able to interfere with the survival and proliferation of cells by regulating autophagy, a mechanism implicated in the breakdown and reuse of old and damaged cellular material. The present study focused on the evaluation in equine sarcoids and normal skins of the expression level of some of the main proteins involved in the autophagic pathway, such as Beclin 1, LC3 and P62, by immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques. Results obtained in equine sarcoids suggested an alteration of the autophagic process which could lead to a predominance of a particular population of fibroblast. Those fibroblasts could survive longer in a hypoxic microenvironment and produce more and/or altered collagen, giving an origin to the equine sarcoid. Abstract Background: It is well known that δ-bovine papillomaviruses (BPV-1, BPV-2 and BPV-13) are one of the major causative agents of equine sarcoids, the most common equine skin tumors. Different viruses, including papillomaviruses, evolved ingenious strategies to modulate autophagy, a complex process involved in degradation and recycling of old and damaged material. Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate, by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB) analysis, the expression of the main related autophagy proteins (Beclin 1, protein light chain 3 (LC3) and P62), in 35 BPV1/2 positive equine sarcoids and 5 BPV negative normal skin samples. Results: Sarcoid samples showed from strong-to-moderate cytoplasmic immunostaining, respectively, for Beclin 1 and P62 in >60% of neoplastic fibroblasts, while LC3 immunostaining was weak to moderate in ≤60% of neoplastic fibroblasts. Western blot analysis confirmed the specificity of the antibodies and revealed no activation of autophagic flux despite Beclin 1 overexpression in sarcoid samples. Conclusion: Results could suggest the activation of the initial phase of autophagy in equine sarcoids, and its impairment during the following steps. The impairment of autophagy could lead to a selection of a quiescent population of fibroblasts, which survive longer in a hypoxic microenvironment and produced more and/or altered collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2536465; Fax: +39-081-2536186
| | - Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Karen Power
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | | | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
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Romo-Perez A, Dominguez-Gomez G, Chavez-Blanco A, Taja-Chayeb L, Gonzalez-Fierro A, Martinez EG, Correa-Basurto J, Duenas-Gonzalez A. BAPST. A Combo of Common use drugs as metabolic therapy of cancer-a theoretical proposal. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:815-831. [PMID: 34620071 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666211006123728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in cancer therapy have yet to impact worldwide cancer mortality. Poor cancer drug affordability is one of the factors limiting mortality burden strikes. Up to now, cancer drug repurposing had no meet expectations concerning drug affordability. The three FDA-approved cancer drugs developed under repurposing -all-trans-retinoic acid, arsenic trioxide, and thalidomide- do not differ in price from other drugs developed under the classical model. Though additional factors affect the whole process from inception to commercialization, the repurposing of widely used, commercially available, and cheap drugs may help. This work reviews the concept of the malignant metabolic phenotype and its exploitation by simultaneously blocking key metabolic processes altered in cancer. We elaborate on a combination called BAPST, which stands for the following drugs and pathways they inhibit: Benserazide (glycolysis), Apomorphine (glutaminolysis), Pantoprazole (Fatty-acid synthesis), Simvastatin (mevalonate pathway), and Trimetazidine (Fatty-acid oxidation). Their respective primary indications are: • Parkinson's disease (benserazide and apomorphine). • Peptic ulcer disease (pantoprazole). • Hypercholesterolemia (simvastatin). • Ischemic heart disease (trimetazidine). When used for their primary indication, the literature review on each of these drugs shows they have a good safety profile and lack predicted pharmacokinetic interaction among them. Most importantly, the inhibitory enzymatic concentrations required for inhibiting their cancer targets enzymes are below the plasma concentrations observed when these drugs are used for their primary indication. Based on that, we propose that the regimen BAPTS merits preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Romo-Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City. Mexico
| | | | - Alma Chavez-Blanco
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City. Mexico
| | - Lucia Taja-Chayeb
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City. Mexico
| | - Aurora Gonzalez-Fierro
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City. Mexico
| | | | - Jose Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City. Mexico
| | - Alfonso Duenas-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City. Mexico
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Targeting Drug Chemo-Resistance in Cancer Using Natural Products. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101353. [PMID: 34680470 PMCID: PMC8533186 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. The development of drug resistance is the main contributor to cancer-related mortality. Cancer cells exploit multiple mechanisms to reduce the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs, thereby causing chemotherapy failure. Natural products are accessible, inexpensive, and less toxic sources of chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, they have multiple mechanisms of action to inhibit various targets involved in the development of drug resistance. In this review, we have summarized the basic research and clinical applications of natural products as possible inhibitors for drug resistance in cancer. The molecular targets and the mechanisms of action of each natural product are also explained. Diverse drug resistance biomarkers were sensitive to natural products. P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein can be targeted by a large number of natural products. On the other hand, protein kinase C and topoisomerases were less sensitive to most of the studied natural products. The studies discussed in this review will provide a solid ground for scientists to explore the possible use of natural products in combination anticancer therapies to overcome drug resistance by targeting multiple drug resistance mechanisms.
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Güçlü E, Eroğlu Güneş C, Kurar E, Vural H. Knockdown of lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 increases drug sensitivity of SCLC cells in association with autophagy. Med Oncol 2021; 38:113. [PMID: 34378101 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 on autophagy-associated drug resistance in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. The expression of HIF1A-AS2 was silenced by siRNA in doxorubicin-sensitive H69 and doxorubicin-resistant H69AR cells. Then, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and autophagy analyses were carried out in the normoxic and CoCl2-induced hypoxic environment. The effect of HIF1A-AS2 on the expression levels of genes, which are associated with drug resistance and autophagy, was determinated by qRT-PCR analysis. The levels of MRP1, HIF-1α and Beclin-1 were analyzed by western blot method. Knockdown of HIF1A-AS2 increased doxorubicin sensitivity of SCLC cells and decreased autophagy. Knockdown of HIF1A-AS2 has also affected the expression of several genes that will increase drug sensitivity and inhibit autophagy in both cell lines. The levels of HIF-1α and Beclin-1 were decreased in both cell lines by knockdown of HIF1A-AS2. MRP1 expression was decrease in H69AR cells. In addition, CoCl2-induced hypoxic environment decreased in doxorubicin sensitivity of H69 cells, and knockdown of HIF1A-AS2 reversed this effect of hypoxia. Knockdown of HIF1A-AS2 increased drug sensitivity of SCLC cells in relation to autophagy. Therefore, hypoxia-HIF1A-AS2-autophagy interaction is thought to be determinative in drug sensitivity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Güçlü
- Department of Medical Biology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Canan Eroğlu Güneş
- Department of Medical Biology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ercan Kurar
- Department of Medical Biology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hasibe Vural
- Department of Medical Biology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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You L, Zhang D, Geng H, Sun F, Lei M. Salidroside protects endothelial cells against LPS-induced inflammatory injury by inhibiting NLRP3 and enhancing autophagy. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:146. [PMID: 34011327 PMCID: PMC8136193 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salidroside (SAL) is a bioactive compound extracted from Rhodiola rosea with various biological properties. This study was designed to explore the functions of SAL on the endothelial damage induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its related mechanisms. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were pretreated with SAL (0, 10, 25, 50, 100 μM), and then incubated with LPS (10 μg/mL). Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay, cell injury by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and inflammatory cytokines release by ELISA assay. Oxidative stress was evaluated by malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cell lysate. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity. Western blot were performed to determine expression levels of autophagy and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) related proteins. RESULTS SAL at 50 μM concentration showed no toxicity on HUVECs, but attenuated LPS-induced injury, as evidenced by increased cell viability, reduction in LDH level and inflammatory cytokines in culture media. SAL also reduced MDA level and increased SOD activity in HUVECs, and inhibited apoptosis rate and caspase-3 activity. (P < 0.05). Moreover, LPS enhanced HUVECs autophagy, and SAL pretreatment further enhanced autophagy, with increased Beclin-1 protein and decreased P62 protein. SAL also attenuated LPS-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, reduced the protein expression of NLRP3-related proteins, including ASC and caspase-1. Autophagy inhibition by 3-MA markedly reversed SAL-modulated changes in cell viability and NLRP3 expression in LPS-stimulated HUVECs. CONCLUSION SAL protects endothelial cells against LPS-induced injury through inhibition of NLRP3 pathways and enhancing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao You
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, No.358 Datong Road, Gaoqiao Town, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, P.R. China
| | - Huan Geng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, No.358 Datong Road, Gaoqiao Town, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Fangyuan Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, No.358 Datong Road, Gaoqiao Town, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, No.358 Datong Road, Gaoqiao Town, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200137, China.
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Zhou L, Huo M, Qian X, Ding L, Yu L, Feng W, Cui X, Chen Y. Autophagy blockade synergistically enhances nanosonosensitizer-enabled sonodynamic cancer nanotherapeutics. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:112. [PMID: 33879173 PMCID: PMC8056542 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-triggered sonodynamic therapy (SDT) represents an emerging therapeutic modality for cancer treatment based on its specific feature of noninvasiveness, high tissue-penetrating depth and desirable therapeutic efficacy, but the SDT-induced pro-survival cancer-cell autophagy would significantly lower the SDT efficacy for cancer treatment. Here we propose an "all-in-one" combined tumor-therapeutic strategy by integrating nanosonosensitizers-augmented noninvasive SDT with autophagy inhibition based on the rationally constructed nanoliposomes that co-encapsulates clinically approved sonosensitizers protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and early-phase autophagy-blocking agent 3-methyladenine (3-MA). It has been systematically demonstrated that nanosonosensitizers-augmented SDT induced cytoprotective pro-survival autophagy through activation of MAPK signaling pathway and inhibition of AMPK signaling pathway, and this could be efficaciously inhibited by 3-MA in early-phase autophagy, which significantly decreased the cell resistance to intracellular oxidative stress and complied a remarkable synergistic effect on SDT medicated cancer-cell apoptosis both in vitro at cellular level and in vivo on tumor-bearing animal model. Therefore, our results provide a proof-of-concept combinatorial tumor therapeutics based on nanosonosensitizers for the treatment of ROS-resistant cancer by autophagy inhibition-augmented SDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Zhou
- Sino-German Tongji-Caritas Research Center of Ultrasound in Medicine, Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Minfeng Huo
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Qian
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212002, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ding
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Luodan Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwu Cui
- Sino-German Tongji-Caritas Research Center of Ultrasound in Medicine, Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China.
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de Almeida A, Parthimos D, Dew H, Smart O, Wiltshire M, Errington RJ. Aquaglyceroporin-3's Expression and Cellular Localization Is Differentially Modulated by Hypoxia in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040838. [PMID: 33917751 PMCID: PMC8068192 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins are required by cells to enable fast adaptation to volume and osmotic changes, as well as microenvironmental metabolic stimuli. Aquaglyceroporins play a crucial role in supplying cancer cells with glycerol for metabolic needs. Here, we show that AQP3 is differentially expressed in cells of a prostate cancer panel. AQP3 is located at the cell membrane and cytoplasm of LNCaP cell while being exclusively expressed in the cytoplasm of Du145 and PC3 cells. LNCaP cells show enhanced hypoxia growth; Du145 and PC3 cells display stress factors, indicating a crucial role for AQP3 at the plasma membrane in adaptation to hypoxia. Hypoxia, both acute and chronic affected AQP3′s cellular localization. These outcomes were validated using a machine learning classification approach of the three cell lines and of the six normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Classifiers trained on morphological features derived from cytoskeletal and nuclear labeling alongside corresponding texture features could uniquely identify each individual cell line and the corresponding hypoxia exposure. Cytoskeletal features were 70–90% accurate, while nuclear features allowed for 55–70% accuracy. Cellular texture features (73.9% accuracy) were a stronger predictor of the hypoxic load than the AQP3 distribution (60.3%).
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Lingo DE, Shukla N, Osmani AH, Osmani SA. Aspergillus nidulans biofilm formation modifies cellular architecture and enables light-activated autophagy. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1181-1192. [PMID: 33826367 PMCID: PMC8351559 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-11-0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After growing on surfaces, including those of medical and industrial importance, fungal biofilms self-generate internal microenvironments. We previously reported that gaseous microenvironments around founder Aspergillus nidulans cells change during biofilm formation causing microtubules to disassemble under control of the hypoxic transcription factor SrbA. Here we investigate if biofilm formation might also promote changes to structures involved in exocytosis and endocytosis. During biofilm formation, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remained intact but ER exit sites and the Golgi apparatus were modified as were endocytic actin patches. The biofilm-driven changes required the SrbA hypoxic transcription factor and could be triggered by nitric oxide, further implicating gaseous regulation of biofilm cellular architecture. By tracking green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Atg8 dynamics, biofilm founder cells were also observed to undergo autophagy. Most notably, biofilm cells that had undergone autophagy were triggered into further autophagy by spinning disk confocal light. Our findings indicate that fungal biofilm formation modifies the secretory and endocytic apparatus and show that biofilm cells can also undergo autophagy that is reactivated by light. The findings provide new insights into the changes occurring in fungal biofilm cell biology that potentially impact their unique characteristics, including antifungal drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Lingo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Nandini Shukla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Aysha H Osmani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Stephen A Osmani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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38
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AlMuzaini AAAY, Boesze-Battaglia K, Alawi F, Akintoye SO. Hypoxia enhances basal autophagy of epithelial-derived ameloblastoma cells. Oral Dis 2021; 28:2175-2184. [PMID: 33721362 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ameloblastoma is a locally aggressive odontogenic tumor. Etiopathogenesis and locally aggressive growth properties of ameloblastoma can be attributed to a hypoxic microenvironment conducive to tumor cell survival. Epithelial-derived follicular ameloblastoma cells (EP-AMCs) display enhanced basal autophagy, but the interplay of hypoxia and autophagy in EP-AMCs survival and ameloblastoma recurrence is unclear. We evaluated differential expression of autophagic markers in primary and recurrent ameloblastomas and hypothesized that hypoxia-induced autophagy supports EP-AMC survival. Primary and recurrent ameloblastomas were comparatively assessed for expression levels of pan-cytokeratin, Vimentin, and autophagic markers SQSTM1/p62, LC3, and pS6. EP-AMCs compared with human odontoma-derived cells (HODCs) were subjected to severe hypoxia to determine the interplay of hypoxia and autophagic process in posthypoxia survival. Pan-cytokeratin and SQSTM1/p62 were expressed by both primary and recurrent ameloblastoma epithelial cells while the ameloblastoma connective tissues displayed weak reactivity to vimentin. Under hypoxia, EP-AMC expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, p62, and LC3 were increased while pS6 was decreased posthypoxia. The combined decrease in pS6 and enhanced LC3 in EP-AMCs under hypoxia indicate that EP-AMCs re-establish basal autophagy under hypoxia. Taken together, these suggest a possible role of LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) in ameloblastoma cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A A Y AlMuzaini
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Faizan Alawi
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunday O Akintoye
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of Autophagy in Paediatric Brain Tumours. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030481. [PMID: 33803216 PMCID: PMC8000899 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative process occurring in eukaryotic cells to maintain homeostasis and cell survival. After stressful conditions including nutrient deprivation, hypoxia or drugs administration, autophagy is induced to counteract pathways that could lead to cell death. In cancer, autophagy plays a paradoxical role, acting both as tumour suppressor—by cleaning cells from damaged organelles and inhibiting inflammation or, alternatively, by promoting genomic stability and tumour adaptive response—or as a pro-survival mechanism to protect cells from stresses such as chemotherapy. Neural-derived paediatric solid tumours represent a variety of childhood cancers with unique anatomical location, cellular origins, and clinical presentation. These tumours are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children and new molecular diagnostics and therapies are necessary for longer survival and reduced morbidity. Here, we review advances in our understanding of how autophagy modulation exhibits antitumor properties in experimental models of paediatric brain tumours, i.e., medulloblastoma (MB), ependymoma (EPN), paediatric low-grade and high-grade gliomas (LGGs, HGGs), atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours (ATRTs), and retinoblastoma (RB). We also discuss clinical perspectives to consider how targeting autophagy may be relevant in these specific paediatric tumours.
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40
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Lin C, Blessing AM, Pulliam TL, Shi Y, Wilkenfeld SR, Han JJ, Murray MM, Pham AH, Duong K, Brun SN, Shaw RJ, Ittmann MM, Frigo DE. Inhibition of CAMKK2 impairs autophagy and castration-resistant prostate cancer via suppression of AMPK-ULK1 signaling. Oncogene 2021; 40:1690-1705. [PMID: 33531625 PMCID: PMC7935762 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has suggested androgen receptor (AR) signaling mediates prostate cancer progression in part through the modulation of autophagy. However, clinical trials testing autophagy inhibition using chloroquine derivatives in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have yet to yield promising results, potentially due to the side effects of this class of compounds. We hypothesized that identification of the upstream activators of autophagy in prostate cancer could highlight alternative, context-dependent targets for blocking this important cellular process during disease progression. Here, we used molecular, genetic, and pharmacological approaches to elucidate an AR-mediated autophagy cascade involving Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2; a kinase with a restricted expression profile), 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), but independent of canonical mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. Increased CAMKK2-AMPK-ULK1 signaling correlated with disease progression in genetic mouse models and patient tumor samples. Importantly, CAMKK2 disruption impaired tumor growth and prolonged survival in multiple CRPC preclinical mouse models. Similarly, an inhibitor of AMPK-ULK1 blocked autophagy, cell growth, and colony formation in prostate cancer cells. Collectively, our findings converge to demonstrate that AR can co-opt the CAMKK2-AMPK-ULK1 signaling cascade to promote prostate cancer by increasing autophagy. Thus, this pathway may represent an alternative autophagic target in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchu Lin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alicia M Blessing
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas L Pulliam
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yan Shi
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sandi R Wilkenfeld
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jenny J Han
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mollianne M Murray
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander H Pham
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Duong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sonja N Brun
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Reuben J Shaw
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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King KE, Losier TT, Russell RC. Regulation of Autophagy Enzymes by Nutrient Signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:687-700. [PMID: 33593593 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is the primary catabolic program of the cell that promotes survival in response to metabolic stress. It is tightly regulated by a suite of kinases responsive to nutrient status, including mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), protein kinase C-α (PKCα), MAPK-activated protein kinases 2/3 (MAPKAPK2/3), Rho kinase 1 (ROCK1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK), and Casein kinase 2 (CSNK2). Here, we highlight recently uncovered mechanisms linking amino acid, glucose, and oxygen levels to autophagy regulation through mTORC1 and AMPK. In addition, we describe new pathways governing the autophagic machinery, including the Unc-51-like (ULK1), vacuolar protein sorting 34 (VPS34), and autophagy related 16 like 1 (ATG16L1) enzyme complexes. Novel downstream targets of ULK1 protein kinase are also discussed, such as the ATG16L1 subunit of the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-lipidating enzyme and the ATG14 subunit of the VPS34 complex. Collectively, we describe the complexities of the autophagy pathway and its role in maintaining cellular nutrient homeostasis during times of starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn E King
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada
| | - Truc T Losier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada
| | - Ryan C Russell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada; Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada.
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Tumor Hypoxia as a Barrier in Cancer Therapy: Why Levels Matter. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030499. [PMID: 33525508 PMCID: PMC7866096 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors and associated with poor outcome in most cancer types and treatment modalities, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery and, most likely, immunotherapy. Emerging strategies, such as proton therapy and combination therapies with radiation and hypoxia targeted drugs, provide new opportunities to overcome the hypoxia barrier and improve therapeutic outcome. Hypoxia is heterogeneously distributed both between and within tumors and shows large variations across patients not only in prevalence, but importantly, also in level. To best exploit the emerging strategies, a better understanding of how individual hypoxia levels from mild to severe affect tumor biology is vital. Here, we discuss our current knowledge on this topic and how we should proceed to gain more insight into the field. Abstract Hypoxia arises in tumor regions with insufficient oxygen supply and is a major barrier in cancer treatment. The distribution of hypoxia levels is highly heterogeneous, ranging from mild, almost non-hypoxic, to severe and anoxic levels. The individual hypoxia levels induce a variety of biological responses that impair the treatment effect. A stronger focus on hypoxia levels rather than the absence or presence of hypoxia in our investigations will help development of improved strategies to treat patients with hypoxic tumors. Current knowledge on how hypoxia levels are sensed by cancer cells and mediate cellular responses that promote treatment resistance is comprehensive. Recently, it has become evident that hypoxia also has an important, more unexplored role in the interaction between cancer cells, stroma and immune cells, influencing the composition and structure of the tumor microenvironment. Establishment of how such processes depend on the hypoxia level requires more advanced tumor models and methodology. In this review, we describe promising model systems and tools for investigations of hypoxia levels in tumors. We further present current knowledge and emerging research on cellular responses to individual levels, and discuss their impact in novel therapeutic approaches to overcome the hypoxia barrier.
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Gao LB, Zhu XL, Shi JX, Yang L, Xu ZQ, Shi SL. HnRNPA2B1 promotes the proliferation of breast cancer MCF-7 cells via the STAT3 pathway. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:472-484. [PMID: 33399232 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
HnRNPA2/B1 is highly expressed in many tumors. However, the role of hnRNPA2/B1 in breast cancer is not clear. In this study, we found the proliferation rate was decreased after knockout of hnRNPA2/B1 by CRISPR-CAS9 in MCF-7 cells, as demonstrated by the reduced expression of CDK4 and p-AKT, and the increased expression of P27. Besides this, the western blot results showed that knockout of hnRNPA2/B1 increased the rate of apoptosis and declined autophagy. By in vivo assay, we found that knockout of hnRNPA2/B1 suppressed tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Immunohistochemical staining results confirmed knockout of hnRNPA2/B1 impaired tumor angiogenesis, as illustrated by downregulated expression of VEGF-A. Besides this, interacting proteins with hnRNPA2/B1 were identified by mass spectrometry and the PPI network was constructed. GO analysis suggests that the Interacting proteins are mainly enriched in the Wnt signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway, translation, and so on. We then identified hnRNPA2/B1 interacted with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), as supported by the colocalization of hnRNPA2/B1 and STAT3. Meanwhile, knockout of hnRNPA2/B1 inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3. Collectively, our results demonstrate that hnRNPA2/B1 promotes tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo by activating the STAT3 pathway, regulating apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bin Gao
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xin-Le Zhu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing-Xian Shi
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhen-Qiang Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Song-Lin Shi
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Characteristics of the Tumor Microenvironment That Influence Immune Cell Functions: Hypoxia, Oxidative Stress, Metabolic Alterations. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123802. [PMID: 33348579 PMCID: PMC7765870 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy (IMT) is now a core component of cancer treatment, however, many patients do not respond to these novel therapies. Investigating the resistance mechanisms behind this differential response is now a critical area of research. Immune-based therapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), rely on a robust infiltration of T-cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME) for an effective response. While early efforts relied on quantifying tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in the TME, characterizing the functional quality and degree of TIL exhaustion correlates more strongly with ICI response. Even with sufficient TME infiltration, immune cells face a harsh metabolic environment that can significantly impair effector function. These tumor-mediated metabolic perturbations include hypoxia, oxidative stress, and metabolites of cellular energetics. Primarily through HIF-1-dependent processes, hypoxia invokes an immunosuppressive phenotype via altered molecular markers, immune cell trafficking, and angiogenesis. Additionally, oxidative stress can promote lipid peroxidation, ER stress, and Treg dysfunction, all associated with immune dysregulation. Finally, the metabolic byproducts of lipids, amino acids, glucose, and cellular energetics are associated with immunosuppression and ICI resistance. This review will explore these biochemical pathways linked to immune cell dysfunction in the TME and highlight potential adjunctive therapies to be used alongside current IMT.
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Maloney SM, Hoover CA, Morejon-Lasso LV, Prosperi JR. Mechanisms of Taxane Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3323. [PMID: 33182737 PMCID: PMC7697134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxane family of chemotherapy drugs has been used to treat a variety of mostly epithelial-derived tumors and remain the first-line treatment for some cancers. Despite the improved survival time and reduction of tumor size observed in some patients, many have no response to the drugs or develop resistance over time. Taxane resistance is multi-faceted and involves multiple pathways in proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and the transport of foreign substances. In this review, we dive deeper into hypothesized resistance mechanisms from research during the last decade, with a focus on the cancer types that use taxanes as first-line treatment but frequently develop resistance to them. Furthermore, we will discuss current clinical inhibitors and those yet to be approved that target key pathways or proteins and aim to reverse resistance in combination with taxanes or individually. Lastly, we will highlight taxane response biomarkers, specific genes with monitored expression and correlated with response to taxanes, mentioning those currently being used and those that should be adopted. The future directions of taxanes involve more personalized approaches to treatment by tailoring drug-inhibitor combinations or alternatives depending on levels of resistance biomarkers. We hope that this review will identify gaps in knowledge surrounding taxane resistance that future research or clinical trials can overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Maloney
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN 46617, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
| | - Camden A. Hoover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (C.A.H.); (L.V.M.-L.)
| | - Lorena V. Morejon-Lasso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (C.A.H.); (L.V.M.-L.)
| | - Jenifer R. Prosperi
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN 46617, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (C.A.H.); (L.V.M.-L.)
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Georgakopoulos A, Kalampaliki AD, Gioti K, Hamdoun S, Giannopoulou AF, Efferth T, Stravopodis DJ, Tenta R, Marakos P, Pouli N, Kostakis IK. Synthesis of novel xanthone and acridone carboxamides with potent antiproliferative activities. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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The Regulatory Properties of the Ccr4-Not Complex. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112379. [PMID: 33138308 PMCID: PMC7692201 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Ccr4–Not complex, carbon catabolite repression 4 (Ccr4)-negative on TATA-less (Not), is a large, highly conserved, multifunctional assembly of proteins that acts at different cellular levels to regulate gene expression. In the nucleus, it is involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, chromatin modification, activation and inhibition of transcription initiation, control of transcription elongation, RNA export, nuclear RNA surveillance, and DNA damage repair. In the cytoplasm, the Ccr4–Not complex plays a central role in mRNA decay and affects protein quality control. Most of our original knowledge of the Ccr4–Not complex is derived, primarily, from studies in yeast. More recent studies have shown that the mammalian complex has a comparable structure and similar properties. In this review, we summarize the evidence for the multiple roles of both the yeast and mammalian Ccr4–Not complexes, highlighting their similarities.
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Takeda A, Takano N, Kokuba H, Hino H, Moriya S, Abe A, Hiramoto M, Tsukahara K, Miyazawa K. Macrolide antibiotics enhance the antitumor effect of lansoprazole resulting in lysosomal membrane permeabilization‑associated cell death. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:1280-1292. [PMID: 33173988 PMCID: PMC7646592 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole (LPZ) inhibits the growth of several cancer cell lines, including A549 and CAL 27. We previously reported that macrolide antibiotics such as azithromycin (AZM) and clarithromycin (CAM) potently inhibit autophagic flux and that combining AZM or CAM with the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors enhanced their antitumor effect against various cancer cells. In the present study, we conducted the combination treatment with LPZ and macrolide antibiotics against A549 and CAL 27 cells and evaluated cytotoxicity and morphological changes using cell proliferation and viability assays, flow cytometric analysis, immunoblotting, and morphological assessment. Combination therapy with LPZ and AZM greatly enhanced LPZ-induced cell death, whereas treatment with AZM alone exhibited negligible cytotoxicity. The observed cytotoxic effect was not mediated through apoptosis or necroptosis. Transmission electron microscopy of A549 cells treated with the LPZ + AZM combination revealed morphological changes associated with necrosis and accumulated autolysosomes with undigested contents. Furthermore, the A549 cell line with ATG5 knockout exhibited complete inhibition of autophagosome formation, which did not affect LPZ + AZM treatment-induced cytotoxicity, thus excluding the involvement of autophagy-dependent cell death in LPZ + AZM treatment-induced cell death. A549 cells treated with LPZ + AZM combination therapy retained the endosomal Alexa-dextran for extended duration as compared to untreated control cells, thus indicating impairment of lysosomal digestion. Notably, lysosomal galectin-3 puncta expression induced due to lysosomal membrane permeabilization was increased in cells treated with LPZ + AZM combination as compared to the treatment by either agent alone. Collectively, the present results revealed AZM-induced autolysosome accumulation, potentiated LPZ-mediated necrosis, and lysosomal membrane permeabilization, thus suggesting the potential clinical application of LPZ + AZM combination therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Takeda
- Department of Otolaryngology (Head and Neck Surgery), Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Naoharu Takano
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kokuba
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Hino
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Shota Moriya
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Akihisa Abe
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Masaki Hiramoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Kiyoaki Tsukahara
- Department of Otolaryngology (Head and Neck Surgery), Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
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Tumors Responsive to Autophagy-Inhibition: Identification and Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092463. [PMID: 32878084 PMCID: PMC7563256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although the principle of personalized medicine has been the focus of attention, many cancer therapies are still based on a one-size-fits-all approach. The same holds true for targeting cancer cell survival mechanism that allows cancer cells to recycle their constituents (autophagy). In the past several indicators of elevated dependence of cancer cells on autophagy have been described. Addition of autophagy-inhibiting agents could be beneficial in treatment of these tumors. The biomarkers and mechanisms that lead to elevated dependence on autophagy are reviewed in the current manuscript. Abstract Recent advances in cancer treatment modalities reveal the limitations of the prevalent “one-size-fits-all” therapies and emphasize the necessity to develop personalized approaches. In this perspective, identification of predictive biomarkers and intrinsic vulnerabilities are an important advancement for further therapeutic strategies. Autophagy is an important lysosomal degradation and recycling pathway that provides energy and macromolecular precursors to maintain cellular homeostasis. Although all cells require autophagy, several genetic and/or cellular changes elevate the dependence of cancer cells on autophagy for their survival and indicates that autophagy inhibition in these tumors could provide a favorable addition to current therapies. In this context, we review the current literature on tumor (sub)types with elevated dependence on autophagy for their survival and highlight an exploitable vulnerability. We provide an inventory of microenvironmental factors, genetic alterations and therapies that may be exploited with autophagy-targeted approaches to improve efficacy of conventional anti-tumor therapies.
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Xing Q, Ji C, Zhu B, Cong R, Wang Y. Identification of small molecule drugs and development of a novel autophagy-related prognostic signature for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2020; 9:7034-7051. [PMID: 32780567 PMCID: PMC7541166 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal autophagic levels have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple cancers, however, its role in tumors is complex and has not yet been explored clearly. Hence, we aimed to explore the prognostic values of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). Differentially expressed ARGs and transcription factors (TFs) were identified in KIRC patients obtaining from the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Then, networks between TFs and ARGs, gene ontology functional annotations and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis were conducted. Next, we performed consensus clustering, COX regression analysis and Lasso regression analysis to identify the prognostic ARGs. Finally, an individual prognostic index (PI, riskScore) was established. Based on TCGA cohort and ArrayExpress cohort, Survival analysis, ROC curve, independent prognostic analysis, and clinical correlation analysis were also performed to evaluate this PI. Based on differentially expressed ARGs, KIRC patients were successfully divided into two clusters (P = 5.916e-04). AS for PI, it was constructed based on 11 ARGs and significantly classified KIRC patients into high-risk group and low-risk group in terms of OS (P = 4.885e-15 for TCGA cohort, P = 6.366e-03 for ArrayExpress cohort). AUC of its ROC curve reached 0.747 for TCGA cohort and 0.779 for ArrayExpress cohort. What's more, this PI was proven to be a valuable independent prognostic factor in both univariate and multivariate COX regression analysis (P < .001). Prognostic nomograms were also performed to visualize the relationship between individual predictors and survival rates in patients with KIRC. By means of connectivity map database, emetine, cephaeline and co-dergocrine mesilate related to ARGs were found to be negatively correlated with KIRC. This study provided an effective PI for KIRC and also displayed networks between TFs and ARGs. KIRC patients were successfully divided into two clusters based on differentially expressed ARGs. Besides, small molecule drugs related to ARGs were also identified for KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwei Xing
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chengjian Ji
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingye Zhu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Rong Cong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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