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Ishida A, Ohta M, Kobayashi T, Yamamoto Y, Hori A, Ryu M, Ueda T. Influence of Chewing Gummy Jelly Containing Aroma Compound on Psychological Stress and Autonomic Nervous System Activity: A Randomized Crossover Trial. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2023; 64:97-104. [PMID: 37599088 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2022-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this randomized crossover trial was to clarify the effects of chewing gummy jelly containing a compound of decanoic acid, oligonol, methyl cellulose, and citral (DOMAC) on mental stress and autonomic nervous activity in facemask wearers. A placebo gummy jelly was used in conjunction with DOMAC. Eight healthy adults with no tooth loss (mean age: 35±5 yr) were included. The participants were required to chew one DOMAC or placebo gummy jelly for 5 min after wearing a facemask for 20 min in the laboratory, then the other gummy jelly after a washout period. Rate of change in salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) as a marker of stress was compared between before and after chewing. Additionally, sympathetic and parasympathetic activity was compared at both time points. A significant difference was observed in the percentage change in salivary IgA from that at before wearing a facemask: 127±34% (mean±standard deviation) while wearing a facemask; 46±20% while chewing DOMAC gummies; and 47±26% while chewing placebo gummies (p<0.05). Parasympathetic nervous system activity was 971.2±1040.7 ms2 at 20 min after facemask wearing; 295.0±253.0 ms2 after DOMAC gummy chewing; and 1956.1±2798.0 ms2 after chewing a placebo gummy jelly; with significant differences only being found between 20 min after facemask wearing and after DOMAC gummy chewing (p<0.05). Sympathetic nervous system activity was 1.80±1.83 at 20 min after facemask wearing; 4.06±3.33 after DOMAC gummy chewing; and 4.95±7.02 after chewing a placebo gummy jelly; with significant differences only being found between 20 min after facemask wearing and after DOMAC gummy chewing. These results suggest that chewing gummy jellies containing DOMAC relieves stress caused by facemask wearing and activates sympathetic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishida
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Midori Ohta
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Takafumi Kobayashi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Yoshinori Yamamoto
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Ayaka Hori
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Masahiro Ryu
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Takayuki Ueda
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
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Batiha GES, Teibo JO, Wasef L, Shaheen HM, Akomolafe AP, Teibo TKA, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Garbeeb AI, Alexiou A, Papadakis M. A review of the bioactive components and pharmacological properties of Lavandula species. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:877-900. [PMID: 36773055 PMCID: PMC10079719 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Lavandula species is a flowering plant that is common in Europe and across the Mediterranean. Lavender has many health benefits for humans. In addition to its use in herbal medicine, it is widely used in the fields of cosmetics, perfumes, foods, and aromatherapy. Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to search for relevant material on the phytochemical ingredients, the pharmacologic effects of the ingredients, and the mechanism of action of the Lavandula species identified. These materials were reviewed in order to have access to important updates about the Lavandula species. Lavender as referred to in English contains essential oils, anthocyanins, phytosterols, sugars, minerals, coumaric acid, glycolic acid, valeric acid, ursolic acid, herniarins, coumarins, and tannins. It has been used to treat colic and chest ailments, worrisome headaches, and biliousness, and in cleaning wounds. It has antifungal, antibacterial, neurologic, antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, anti-diabetic, and analgesic effects among others. Lavandula species has prospects for various biological applications, especially with its dermatological application. Advances in drug development would enable characterization of various bioactive constituents; thus, its development and application can have a more positive impact on humanity. Here, we highlighted updated information on the history, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemical components, pharmacology, and various biological activities of Lavandula species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
| | - John Oluwafemi Teibo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lamiaa Wasef
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Hazem M Shaheen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | | | - Titilade Kehinde Ayandeyi Teibo
- Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Garbeeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia.,AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
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Kawai E, Takeda R, Ota A, Morita E, Imai D, Suzuki Y, Yokoyama H, Ueda SY, Nakahara H, Miyamoto T, Okazaki K. Increase in diastolic blood pressure induced by fragrance inhalation of grapefruit essential oil is positively correlated with muscle sympathetic nerve activity. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:2. [PMID: 32039689 PMCID: PMC6992548 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fragrance inhalation of essential oils is widely used in aromatherapy, and it is known to affect blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) via autonomic control of circulation. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that the changes in hemodynamics with fragrance inhalation were observed along with changes in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). In study 1, thirteen healthy men were exposed to fragrance stimulation of grapefruit essential oil for 10 min, and BP, HR, and MSNA were continuously measured. In study 2, another nine healthy men were exposed to the same fragrance stimulation; responses in BP and HR were continuously measured, and plasma noradrenaline and cortisol concentrations were determined. We found that diastolic BP increased significantly during fragrance inhalation, while the other variables remained unchanged in both studies. Although MSNA burst frequency, burst incidence, and total activity remained unchanged during fragrance inhalation, we found a significant linear correlation between changes in diastolic BP in the last 5 min of fragrance inhalation and changes in MSNA burst frequency. The plasma cortisol concentration decreased significantly at 10 min of fragrance inhalation, though the noradrenaline concentration remained unchanged. These results suggest, for the first time, that changes in BP with fragrance inhalation of essential oil are associated with changes in MSNA even with decreased stress hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kawai
- Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takeda
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akemi Ota
- Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Emiko Morita
- Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daiki Imai
- Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Suzuki
- Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisayo Yokoyama
- Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Ueda
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Nakahara
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Miyamoto
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Osaka Sangyo University, Daito, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Okazaki
- Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan. .,Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
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Yamanaka Y, Yamada Y, Honma KI, Honma S. Cryptochrome deficiency enhances transcription but reduces protein levels of pineal Aanat. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:219-229. [PMID: 30328353 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochrome (Cry) 1 and 2 are essential for circadian rhythm generation, not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the site of the mammalian master circadian clock, but also in peripheral organs throughout the body. CRY is also known as a repressor of arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (Aanat) transcription; therefore, Cry deficiency is expected to induce constantly high pineal melatonin content. Nevertheless, we previously found that the content was consistently low in melatonin-proficient Cry1 and Cry2 double-deficient mice (Cry1−/−/Cry2−/−) on C3H background. This study aims to clarify the mechanism underlying this discrepancy. In the Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− pineal, expression levels of Aanat and clock gene Per1 were consistently high with no circadian fluctuation on the first day in constant darkness, demonstrating that CRY acts in vivo as a repressor of the pineal circadian clock and AANAT. In contrast, the enzyme activity and protein levels of AANAT remained low throughout the day, supporting our previous observation of continuously low melatonin. Thus, effects of Cry deficiency on the responses of β-adrenergic receptors were examined in cultured pineal glands. Isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic stimulant, significantly increased melatonin content, although the increase was smaller in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− than in WT mice, during both the day and night. However, the increase in cAMP in response to forskolin was similar in both genotypes, indicating that CRY deficiency does not affect the pathway downstream of the β-adrenergic receptor. These results suggest that a lack of circadian adrenergic input due to CRY deficiency decreases β-receptor activity and cAMP levels, resulting in consistently low AANAT levels despite abundant Aanat mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamanaka
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Laboratory of Life and Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Education, Sapporo, Japan
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Yamada
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Honma
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sato Honma
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Nagai K, Horii Y, Fujisaki Y, Fuyuki R, Misonou Y. Effects of olfactory stimulation with scents of grapefruit and lavender essential oils on the skeletal muscle sympathetic nerve and muscle blood flow in rats. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Nagai
- ANBAS Corporation; 4-12-10 Toyosaki, Kita-Ku Osaka Osaka 531-0072 Japan
- Osaka University; 1-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuko Horii
- ANBAS Corporation; 4-12-10 Toyosaki, Kita-Ku Osaka Osaka 531-0072 Japan
| | | | - Risa Fuyuki
- ANBAS Corporation; 4-12-10 Toyosaki, Kita-Ku Osaka Osaka 531-0072 Japan
| | - Yoshiko Misonou
- ANBAS Corporation; 4-12-10 Toyosaki, Kita-Ku Osaka Osaka 531-0072 Japan
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Matsumoto T, Kimura T, Hayashi T. Does Japanese Citrus Fruit Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) Fragrance Have Lavender-Like Therapeutic Effects That Alleviate Premenstrual Emotional Symptoms? A Single-Blind Randomized Crossover Study. J Altern Complement Med 2017; 23:461-470. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2016.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Matsumoto
- Department of Health Education, Faculty of Education, Shitennoji University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kimura
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Cognitive and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Shang X, Pati P, Anea CB, Fulton DJ, Rudic RD. Differential Regulation of BMAL1, CLOCK, and Endothelial Signaling in the Aortic Arch and Ligated Common Carotid Artery. J Vasc Res 2016; 53:269-278. [PMID: 27923220 PMCID: PMC5765856 DOI: 10.1159/000452410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is rhythmically expressed in blood vessels, but the interaction between the circadian clock and disturbed blood flow remains unclear. We examined the relationships between BMAL1 and CLOCK and 2 regulators of endothelial function, AKT1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), in vascular regions of altered blood flow. We found that the aortic arch from WT mice exhibited reduced sensitivity to acetylcholine (Ach)-mediated relaxation relative to the thoracic aorta. In Clock-mutant (mut) mice the aorta exhibited a reduced sensitivity to Ach. In WT mice, the phosphorylated forms of eNOS and AKT were decreased in the aortic arch, while BMAL1 and CLOCK expression followed a similar pattern of reduction in the arch. In conditions of surgically induced flow reduction, phosphorylated-eNOS (serine 1177) increased, as did p-AKT in the ipsilateral left common carotid artery (LC) of WT mice. Similarly, BMAL1 and CLOCK exhibited increased expression after 5 days in the remodeled LC. eNOS expression was increased at 8 p.m. versus 8 a.m. in WT mice, and this pattern was abolished in mut and Bmal1-KO mice. These data suggest that the circadian clock may be a biomechanical and temporal sensor that acts to coordinate timing, flow dynamics, and endothelial function.
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MESH Headings
- ARNTL Transcription Factors/deficiency
- ARNTL Transcription Factors/genetics
- ARNTL Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- CLOCK Proteins/genetics
- CLOCK Proteins/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Diseases/genetics
- Carotid Artery Diseases/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Diseases/physiopathology
- Carotid Artery, External/metabolism
- Carotid Artery, External/physiopathology
- Carotid Artery, External/surgery
- Circadian Rhythm
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genotype
- Ligation
- Male
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mutation
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Regional Blood Flow
- Stress, Mechanical
- Time Factors
- Vasodilation
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Shang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Paramita Pati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ciprian B. Anea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David J.R. Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - R. Daniel Rudic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Matsumoto T, Kimura T, Hayashi T. Aromatic effects of a Japanese citrus fruit-yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka)-on psychoemotional states and autonomic nervous system activity during the menstrual cycle: a single-blind randomized controlled crossover study. Biopsychosoc Med 2016; 10:11. [PMID: 27103942 PMCID: PMC4839105 DOI: 10.1186/s13030-016-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka), a yellow-golden colored citrus fruit, has traditionally been used to promote psychosomatic health in Japan. While the yuzu produces a distinctive, pleasing aroma of citrus and floral, the efficacy of its fragrance remains unknown. The present study investigated the soothing effects of the fragrance of yuzu essential oil from the perspective of autonomic nervous system activity, which plays a crucial role in the integrity of the mind-body connection. METHODS Twenty one women in their 20s participated in a single-blind randomized controlled crossover study. Subjects were examined twice each in the follicular and late-luteal phases. Two kinds of aromatic stimulation (yuzu and water as a control) were used. This experiment measured heart rate variability (HRV) reflecting autonomic nervous system activity and used the Profile of Mood States (POMS) as a psychological index before and after the aromatic stimulation. RESULTS Only a 10-min inhalation of the yuzu scent significantly decreased heart rate and increased high frequency power of HRV reflecting parasympathetic nervous system activity, regardless of menstrual phase. This significant physiological effect continued for at least 25 min. In addition, the POMS tests revealed that inhalation of the aromatic yuzu oil significantly decreased total mood disturbance, a global measure of affective state, together with two POMS subscales-tension-anxiety and fatigue, as long as 35 min after the aroma stimulation, both in the symptomatic late-luteal and non-symptomatic follicular phases. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides the novel information that yuzu's aromatic effects could serve to alleviate negative emotional stress, which, at least in part, would contribute to the improvement of parasympathetic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Matsumoto
- Department of Health Education, Faculty of Education, Shitennoji University, 3-2-1 Gakuenmae, Habikino, Osaka 583-8501 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kimura
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Cognitive and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
The circadian clock plays an integral role in the regulation of physiological processes, including the regulation of blood pressure. However, deregulation of the clock can lead to pathophysiological states including hypertension. Recent work has implicated the circadian clock genes in the regulation of processes in the heart, kidney, vasculature, and the metabolic organs, which are all critical in the regulation of the blood pressure. The goal of this review is to provide an introduction and general overview into the role of circadian clock genes in the regulation of blood pressure with a focus on their deregulation in the etiology of hypertension. This review will focus on the core circadian clock genes CLOCK, BMAL1, Per, and Cry.
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Horii Y, Maeda K, Shen J, Fujisaki Y, Nagai K. Effect of grapefruit and lavender essential oil scents on pancreatic sympathetic nerve activity and plasma glucose in rats. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Horii
- Division of Protein Metabolism, Institute for Protein Research; Osaka University; 3-2 Yamada-Oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- ANBAS Corporation; 4-12-10 Toyosaki Kita-ku Osaka 531-0072 Japan
| | - Keiko Maeda
- Division of Protein Metabolism, Institute for Protein Research; Osaka University; 3-2 Yamada-Oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Jiao Shen
- Division of Protein Metabolism, Institute for Protein Research; Osaka University; 3-2 Yamada-Oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- ANBAS Corporation; 4-12-10 Toyosaki Kita-ku Osaka 531-0072 Japan
| | | | - Katsuya Nagai
- Division of Protein Metabolism, Institute for Protein Research; Osaka University; 3-2 Yamada-Oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- ANBAS Corporation; 4-12-10 Toyosaki Kita-ku Osaka 531-0072 Japan
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11
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Nagai K, Niijima A, Horii Y, Shen J, Tanida M. Olfactory stimulatory with grapefruit and lavender oils change autonomic nerve activity and physiological function. Auton Neurosci 2014; 185:29-35. [PMID: 25002406 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the effects of olfactory stimulation with grapefruit and lavender oils on autonomic nerve activity and physiological function. Olfactory stimulation with the scent of grapefruit oil (GFO) increases the activity of sympathetic nerves that innervate white and brown adipose tissues, the adrenal glands, and the kidneys, decreases the activity of the gastric vagal nerve in rats and mice. This results in an increase in lipolysis, thermogenesis, and blood pressure, and a decrease in food intake. Olfactory stimulation with the scent of lavender oil (LVO) elicits the opposite changes in nerve activity and physiological variables. Olfactory stimulation with scent of limonene, a component of GFO, and linalool, a component of LVO, has similar effects to stimulation with GFO and LVO, respectively. The histamine H1-receptor antagonist, diphenhydramine, abolishes all GFO-induced changes in nerve activity and physiological variables, and the hitstamine H3-receptor antagonist, thioperamide, eliminates all LVO-induced changes. Lesions to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and anosmic treatment with ZnSO4 also abolish all GFO- and LVO-induced changes. These findings indicate that limonene and linalool might be the active substances in GFO and LVO, and suggest that the suprachiasmatic nucleus and histamine are involved in mediating the GFO- and LVO-induced changes in nerve activity and physiological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Nagai
- ANBAS Corporation, 4-12-17 Toyosaki, Kita-Ku, Osaka 531-0072, Japan; Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan.
| | | | - Yuko Horii
- ANBAS Corporation, 4-12-17 Toyosaki, Kita-Ku, Osaka 531-0072, Japan; Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Jiao Shen
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanida
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan; Kanazawa Medical University, Japan
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12
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Matsumoto T, Asakura H, Hayashi T. Effects of olfactory stimulation from the fragrance of the Japanese citrus fruit yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) on mood states and salivary chromogranin A as an endocrinologic stress marker. J Altern Complement Med 2014; 20:500-6. [PMID: 24742226 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2013.0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the soothing effects of fragrance from yuzu, a Japanese citrus fruit (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka), with salivary chromogranin A (CgA) used as an endocrinologic stress marker reflecting sympathetic nervous system activity. METHODS Twenty healthy women (mean age, 20.5 ± 0.1 years) participated in a randomized, controlled, crossover study. Participants were examined on two separate occasions-once using the yuzu scent and once using unscented water as a control-in the follicular phase. This experiment measured salivary CgA and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) as a psychological index before and after the aromatic stimulation. RESULTS Ten-minute inhalation of the yuzu scent significantly decreased salivary CgA. At 30 minutes after the inhalation period, the salivary CgA level further decreased. In addition, POMS revealed that inhalation of the aromatic yuzu oil significantly decreased total mood disturbance, a global measure of affective state, as well as four subscores of emotional symptoms (tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, and confusion), as long as 30 minutes after the olfactory stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Yuzu's aromatic effects may alleviate negative emotional stress, which, at least in part, would contribute to the suppression of sympathetic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Matsumoto
- 1 Department of Health Education, Faculty of Education, Shitennoji University , Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Many physiological and behavioral processes such as sleep and wakefulness, hormone secretion, and olfactory sensitivity exhibit a 24-h rhythmicity that persists in constant conditions with a period close to (circa) 24 h. These circadian rhythms are driven by a network of endogenous clocks residing in various tissues, including the olfactory system, and are synchronized to the outside world by environmental time cues such as light, temperature, and food. In addition to having these well-known zeitgebers of circadian clocks, most environments consist of a multitude of odors that report, for example, the availability of food or the presence of predators--and often, they do so in a time-of-day-dependent manner. Considering the evolutionary significance of odors for various fitness-related behaviors such as mate choice, predator avoidance, and foraging strategies, we asked whether odors--similar to light, temperature, or food--might act as a circadian time cue able to influence circadian locomotor behavior in mammals. Administering individual air flow, periodically saturated with an artificial odor mix, to running wheel-equipped mouse cages, we found that rhythmic odor administrations significantly lengthened the period of circadian activity rhythms. Additionally, odor cues led to partial reemergence of circadian locomotor rhythmicity in suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)-lesioned mice, suggesting that the SCN as the central circadian pacemaker are not immediately required for odor-mediated effects on circadian behavior. However, odor-based modulation of circadian behavior did not occur in clock mutant (cry1(-/-) /cry2(-/-)) mice, indicating an odor-mediated mechanism that involves extra-SCN canonical clocks, such as the olfactory clock itself. Our results indicate not only that odor stimuli can act as a circadian time cue modulating circadian behavior but also that odor effects are even more pronounced in the absence of the SCN but nevertheless require the presence of a functional canonical clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Abraham
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Okano S, Hayasaka K, Igarashi M, Togashi Y, Nakajima O. Characterization of age-associated alterations of islet function and structure in diabetic mutant cryptochrome 1 transgenic mice. J Diabetes Investig 2013; 4:428-35. [PMID: 24843691 PMCID: PMC4025103 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction In earlier reports, we described that transgenic (Tg) mice ubiquitously expressing cryptochrome1 (CRY1) with a mutation in cysteine414 (CRY1‐AP Tg mice) show an early‐onset insulin‐secretory defect of diabetes mellitus resembling human maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (MODY). To clarify the yet undiscovered molecular pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in which the mutant of CRY1 is involved, we examined age‐dependent characteristics of islets of CRY1‐AP Tg mice. Materials and Methods Immunohistochemical analyses of islets were carried out for 2‐, 4‐ and 19‐week‐old mice. Insulin contents in the pancreas and glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion of isolated islets of mice were measured at 4 weeks. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction analyses using pancreases of mice at 4 and 21 weeks‐of‐age were carried out. Results Already at a young stage, the proliferation of β‐cells was reduced in CRY1‐AP Tg mice. Insulin contents and the levels of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion were lower than those of wild‐type controls in CRY1‐AP Tg mice at the young stage. The expression of insulin and glucose‐sensing genes was reduced at the young stage. At the mature stage, altered distribution and hyperplasia of α‐cells were observed in the islets of CRY1‐AP Tg mice. Conclusions Architectural abnormality in islets progressed with age in CRY1‐AP Tg mice. The reduced expression of insulin and glucose‐sensing genes, along with the lowered proliferation of β‐cells from an early stage, is a possible primary cause of early‐onset insulin‐secretory defect in CRY1‐AP Tg mice. Our results suggest that CRY1 is crucial for the maintenance of β‐cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okano
- Research Laboratory for Molecular Genetics Yamagata Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hayasaka
- Department of Pediatrics Yamagata University School of Medicine Yamagata Japan
| | | | | | - Osamu Nakajima
- Research Laboratory for Molecular Genetics Yamagata Japan
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Richards J, Gumz ML. Mechanism of the circadian clock in physiology. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 304:R1053-64. [PMID: 23576606 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00066.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been well established that the circadian clock plays a crucial role in the regulation of almost every physiological process. It also plays a critical role in pathophysiological states including those of obesity and diabetes. Recent evidence has highlighted the potential for targeting the circadian clock as a potential drug target. New studies have also demonstrated the existence of "clock-independent effects" of the circadian proteins, leading to exciting new avenues of research in the circadian clock field in physiology. The goal of this review is to provide an introduction to and overview of the circadian clock in physiology, including mechanisms, targets, and role in disease states. The role of the circadian clocks in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, renal function, metabolism, the endocrine system, immune, and reproductive systems will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Richards
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Koulivand PH, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. Lavender and the nervous system. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:681304. [PMID: 23573142 PMCID: PMC3612440 DOI: 10.1155/2013/681304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lavender is traditionally alleged to have a variety of therapeutic and curative properties, ranging from inducing relaxation to treating parasitic infections, burns, insect bites, and spasm. There is growing evidence suggesting that lavender oil may be an effective medicament in treatment of several neurological disorders. Several animal and human investigations suggest anxiolytic, mood stabilizer, sedative, analgesic, and anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties for lavender. These studies raised the possibility of revival of lavender therapeutic efficacy in neurological disorders. In this paper, a survey on current experimental and clinical state of knowledge about the effect of lavender on the nervous system is given.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Khaleghi Ghadiri
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ali Gorji
- Razavi Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad 9198613636, Iran
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Institut für Physiologie I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, 48149 Münster, Germany
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17
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de Siqueira RJ, Rodrigues KMS, da Silva MTB, Correia Junior CAB, Duarte GP, Magalhães PJC, dos Santos AA, Maia JGS, da Cunha PJS, Lahlou S. Linalool-rich rosewood oil induces vago-vagal bradycardic and depressor reflex in rats. Phytother Res 2013; 28:42-8. [PMID: 23447129 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular effects of the linalool-rich essential oil of Aniba rosaeodora (here named as EOAR) in normotensive rats were investigated. In anesthetized rats, intravenous (i.v.) injection of EOAR induced dose-dependent biphasic hypotension and bradycardia. Emphasis was given to the first phase (phase 1) of the cardiovascular effects, which is rapid (onset time of 1-3 s) and not observed in animals submitted to bilateral vagotomy or selective blockade of neural conduction of vagal C-fibre afferents by perineural treatment with capsaicin. Phase 1 was also absent when EOAR was directly injected into the left ventricle injection, but it was unaltered by i.v. pretreatment with capsazepine, ondansetron or HC030031. In conscious rats, EOAR induced rapid and monophasic hypotensive and bradycardiac (phase 1) effects that were abolished by i.v. methylatropine. In endothelium-intact aortic rings, EOAR fully relaxed phenylephrine-induced contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. The present findings reveal that phase 1 of the bradycardiac and depressor responses induced by EOAR has a vago-vagal reflex origin resulting from the vagal pulmonary afferents stimulation. Such phenomenon appears not to involve the recruitment of C-fibre afferents expressing 5HT3 receptors or the two chemosensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1 . Phase 2 hypotensive response appears resulting from a direct vasodilatory action.
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18
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Huang MY, Liao MH, Wang YK, Huang YS, Wen HC. Effect of lavender essential oil on LPS-stimulated inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 40:845-59. [PMID: 22809036 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x12500632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lavender essential oil (LEO) is one the most favorite and widely used essential oils in aromatherapy. Many studies have demonstrated its functions in calming, assisting sleep, reducing pain and muscular spasms and its antiseptic function. To date, however, the mechanism of LEO on inflammation response is not well understood. In this study, we examined the effect of LEO on 5 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation reaction in human monocyte THP-1 cells. We found treatment of 0.1% LEO significantly increased cell viability and inhibited the IL-1β and superoxide anion generation in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. Treatment with LEO down-regulated both LPS-induced protein levels of phospho-NF-κB and membrane Toll-like receptor 4. To determine whether the chaperone protein was involved in the reaction, we determined the levels of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70). Our results showed that LEO increased HSP70 expression in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells, suggesting that the LEO inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory effect might be associated with the expression of HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yu Huang
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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19
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Richards J, Gumz ML. Advances in understanding the peripheral circadian clocks. FASEB J 2012; 26:3602-13. [PMID: 22661008 PMCID: PMC3425819 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-203554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, it has become increasingly evident that the circadian clock system plays an important role in many physiological processes. The circadian clock can be divided into 2 parts: the central clock, residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, which receives light cues, and the peripheral clocks that reside in various tissues throughout the body. The peripheral clocks play an integral and unique role in each of their respective tissues, driving the circadian expression of specific genes involved in a variety of physiological functions. The goal of this review is to provide an introduction to and overview of the peripheral clocks, including potential mechanisms, targets, and implications for disease states. The peripheral clocks include the cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Richards
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle L. Gumz
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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20
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Role of l-carnosine in the control of blood glucose, blood pressure, thermogenesis, and lipolysis by autonomic nerves in rats: involvement of the circadian clock and histamine. Amino Acids 2012; 43:97-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cheng B, Anea CB, Yao L, Chen F, Patel V, Merloiu A, Pati P, Caldwell RW, Fulton DJ, Rudic RD. Tissue-intrinsic dysfunction of circadian clock confers transplant arteriosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17147-52. [PMID: 21969583 PMCID: PMC3193243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112998108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain is the circadian center, relaying rhythmic environmental and behavioral information to peripheral tissues to control circadian physiology. As such, central clock dysfunction can alter systemic homeostasis to consequently impair peripheral physiology in a manner that is secondary to circadian malfunction. To determine the impact of circadian clock function in organ transplantation and dissect the influence of intrinsic tissue clocks versus extrinsic clocks, we implemented a blood vessel grafting approach to surgically assemble a chimeric mouse that was part wild-type (WT) and part circadian clock mutant. Arterial isografts from donor WT mice that had been anastamosed to common carotid arteries of recipient WT mice (WT:WT) exhibited no pathology in this syngeneic transplant strategy. Similarly, when WT grafts were anastamosed to mice with disrupted circadian clocks, the structural features of the WT grafts immersed in the milieu of circadian malfunction were normal and absent of lesions, comparable to WT:WT grafts. In contrast, aortic grafts from Bmal1 knockout (KO) or Period-2,3 double-KO mice transplanted into littermate control WT mice developed robust arteriosclerotic disease. These lesions observed in donor grafts of Bmal1-KO were associated with up-regulation in T-cell receptors, macrophages, and infiltrating cells in the vascular grafts, but were independent of hemodynamics and B and T cell-mediated immunity. These data demonstrate the significance of intrinsic tissue clocks as an autonomous influence in experimental models of arteriosclerotic disease, which may have implications with regard to the influence of circadian clock function in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Department of Stomatology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | | | - Lin Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | | | - Vijay Patel
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | | | | | | | - David J. Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Vascular Biology Center, and
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22
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Okano S, Hayasaka K, Igarashi M, Iwai H, Togashi Y, Nakajima O. Non-obese early onset diabetes mellitus in mutant cryptochrome1 transgenic mice. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:1011-7. [PMID: 20678120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An earlier report described that transgenic mice ubiquitously expressing cryptochrome1 (CRY1) with a mutation in cystein414 (CRY1-AP Tg mice) display diabetes mellitus in addition to anomalous circadian behaviours. This study examined characteristic aspects of symptoms to clarify the diabetes type and pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The body weights and blood glucose levels of CRY1-AP Tg mice were measured for 7weeks starting at 3weeks after birth. Glucose tolerance test for the mice of various ages and insulin tolerance test at 6weeks of age were conducted. Immunohistochemical analysis of islets was carried out for the mice of 19 and 40weeks of age. Basal and glucose-stimulated serum insulin levels of mice at 27weeks were also measured. RESULTS Three-week-old CRY1-AP Tg mice, which showed mild retardation in growth, already displayed glucose intolerance. Hyperglycaemia progressed with age, without accompanying insulin resistance. Insulin-stained areas in islets in CRY1-AP Tg mice were smaller than that in wild-type controls. Both basal and glucose-stimulated secretion of insulin decreased in CRY1-AP Tg mice. CONCLUSION The symptoms of diabetes in CRY1-AP Tg mice turned out to be similar to those of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) in humans in terms of early onset, non-obesity and primary dysfunction of beta cells. The CRY1-AP Tg mice might serve as an animal model of early onset insulin-secretory defect of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okano
- Research Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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23
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Yamanaka Y, Suzuki Y, Todo T, Honma KI, Honma S. Loss of circadian rhythm and light-induced suppression of pineal melatonin levels in Cry1 and Cry2 double-deficient mice. Genes Cells 2010; 15:1063-71. [PMID: 20825493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochrome 1 and 2 (Cry1 and Cry2) are considered essential for generating circadian rhythms in mammals. The role of Cry1 and Cry2 in circadian rhythm expression and acute light-induced suppression of pineal melatonin was assessed using Cry1 and Cry2 double-deficient mice (Cry1(-/-) /Cry2(-/-) ) developed from the C3H strain that synthesizes melatonin. We examined the circadian variation of pineal melatonin under a 12:12-h light-dark (LD) cycle and constant darkness (DD). Light suppression of pineal melatonin concentration was analyzed by subjecting a 30-min light pulse at the peak phase of melatonin concentration. Wild-type mice showed significant rhythmicity in pineal melatonin concentration with the highest level at Zeitgeber time 22 (ZT22, where time of light on was defined as ZT0) under LD or ZT18 on the first day of DD. In contrast, Cry1(-/-) /Cry2(-/-) mice did not show significant circadian rhythmicity, with only a small peak observed at ZT22 in LD. Nevertheless, a significant daily variation could be observed under DD, with a small increase at ZT6 and ZT18 h. Melatonin concentration was significantly suppressed by acute light pulse at ZT22 in wild-type mice but not in Cry1(-/-) /Cry2(-/-) mice. The present results suggest that Cry genes are required for regulating pineal melatonin synthesis via circadian and photic signals from the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamanaka
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Okano S, Akashi M, Hayasaka K, Nakajima O. Unusual circadian locomotor activity and pathophysiology in mutant CRY1 transgenic mice. Neurosci Lett 2009; 451:246-51. [PMID: 19159659 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the widely accepted molecular model underlying mammalian circadian rhythm, cryptochrome proteins (CRYs) play indispensable roles as inhibitive components of the CLOCK-BMAL1-mediated transcriptional-translational negative feedback loop. In order to clarify yet uncovered aspects of mammalian CRYs in vivo, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice ubiquitously overexpressing CRY1 as well as CRY1 having a mutation in the dipeptide motif of cysteine and proline that is conserved beyond evolutional divergence among animal CRYs: cysteine414 of the motif was replaced with alanine (CRY1-AP). The mice overexpressing CRY1 (CRY1 Tg) exhibited robust circadian rhythms of locomotor activity. In sharp contrast, the mice overexpressing CRY1-AP (CRY1-AP Tg) displayed a unique circadian phenotype. Their locomotor free-running periods were very long (around 28h) with rhythm splitting: the bout of activity of CRY1-AP Tg mice was split into two equal components in constant darkness. Moreover, CRY1-AP Tg mice displayed abnormal entrainment behavior: their bout of activity shifted immediately in response to a shift of the light-dark cycles. In addition, we found that CRY1-AP Tg mice showed symptoms characteristic of diabetes mellitus. The results indicate that the motif of CRY1 is crucial to the mammalian clock system and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okano
- Research Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Lack of light-induced elevation of renal sympathetic nerve activity and plasma corticosterone levels in PACAP-deficient mice. Neurosci Lett 2008; 444:153-6. [PMID: 18722505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PACAP is a neurotransmitter involved in the signal transduction of light stimulation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Light stimulation affects autonomic nerve activity via the SCN, and here we tested whether PACAP participates in light-induced regulation of sympatho-adrenal activity by using PACAP-deficient (Adcyap1(-/-)) mice. Light stimulation (100 lux, 30 min) significantly elevated both renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), which was monitored on a digital oscilloscope, and plasma corticosterone levels in wild-type mice, but both responses were almost abolished in Adcyap1(-/-) mice. Although light-induced c-Fos expression in the SCN was observed in both genotypes, the numbers of c-Fos positive cells were significantly decreased in Adcyap1(-/-) mice. These data suggest that PACAP signaling pathway is involved in light-induced stimulation of RSNA and plasma corticosterone release through SCN of brain.
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van Baak MA. Meal-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system and its cardiovascular and thermogenic effects in man. Physiol Behav 2008; 94:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Effects of olfactory stimulations with scents of grapefruit and lavender oils on renal sympathetic nerve and blood pressure in Clock mutant mice. Auton Neurosci 2008; 139:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ikeda H, Yong Q, Kurose T, Todo T, Mizunoya W, Fushiki T, Seino Y, Yamada Y. Clock gene defect disrupts light-dependency of autonomic nerve activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:457-63. [PMID: 17964540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of clock genes revealed the major molecular components responsible for circadian time-keeping in mammals, but the mechanism by which autonomic nervous system may control circadian rhythm and its relationship to metabolism is unclear. As the Cry1 and Cry2 genes are indispensable for molecular core oscillator function, we investigated autonomic nervous system activity and metabolism in Cry1-/-Cry2-/- mice. The mice were kept in a light-dark cycle, and showed normal circadian locomotor activities including feeding. However, the circadian rhythmicity of oxygen consumption, heart rate, and body temperature were abolished, suggesting hypermetabolism in these mice. Cry1-/-Cry2-/- mice also showed impaired glucose tolerance due to decreased insulin secretion. These results indicate that sympathetic neural activity in Cry1-/-Cry2-/- mice is elevated, reducing adiposity and impairing insulin secretion and suggest that dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system may induce metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ikeda
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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