Evidence against involvement of Bmp receptor 1b signaling in fate specification of the chick mesencephalic alar plate at HH16

Identification of an early subset of cerebellar nuclei neurons in mice

Cerebellar nuclei (CN) neurons serve as the primary output of the cerebellum and originate from the cerebellar primordium at early stages of cerebellar development. These neurons are diverse, integrating information from the cerebellar cortex and relaying it to various brain regions. Employing various methodologies, we have characterized a specific subset of CN neurons that do not originate from the rhombic lip or ventricular zone of the cerebellar primordium. Embryos were collected at early stages of development and processed for immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blotting, in situ hybridization (ISH), embryonic culture, DiI labeling, and flow cytometry analysis (FCM). Our findings indicate that a subset of CN neurons expressing α-synuclein (SNCA), OTX2, MEIS2, and p75NTR (NGFR) are located in the rostroventral region of the NTZ. While CN neurons derived from the rhombic lip are positioned in the caudodorsal area of the NTZ in the cerebellar primordium. Utilizing Otx2-GFP and Atoh1-/- mice, we have determined that these cells do not originate from the germinal zone of the cerebellar primordium. These results suggest the existence of a novel extrinsic germinal zone for the cerebellar primordium, possibly the mesencephalon, from which early CN neurons originate.

The emergence of mesencephalic trigeminal neurons

Background

The cells of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) are the proprioceptive sensory neurons that innervate the jaw closing muscles. These cells differentiate close to the two key signalling centres that influence the dorsal midbrain, the isthmus, which mediates its effects via FGF and WNT signalling and the roof plate, which is a major source of BMP signalling as well as WNT signalling.

Methods

In this study, we have set out to analyse the importance of FGF, WNT and BMP signalling for the development of the MTN. We have employed pharmacological inhibitors of these pathways in explant cultures as well as utilising the electroporation of inhibitory constructs in vivo in the chick embryo.

Results

We find that interfering with either FGF or WNT signalling has pronounced effects on MTN development whilst abrogation of BMP signalling has no effect. We show that treatment of explants with either FGF or WNT antagonists results in the generation of fewer MTN neurons and affects MTN axon extension and that inhibition of both these pathways has an additive effect. To complement these studies, we have used in vivo electroporation to inhibit BMP, FGF and WNT signalling within dorsal midbrain cells prior to, and during, their differentiation as MTN neurons. Again, we find that inhibition of BMP signalling has no effect on the development of MTN neurons. We additionally find that cells electroporated with inhibitory constructs for either FGF or WNT signalling can differentiate as MTN neurons suggesting that these pathways are not required cell intrinsically for the emergence of these neurons. Indeed, we also show that explants of dorsal mesencephalon lacking both the isthmus and roof plate can generate MTN neurons. However, we did find that inhibiting FGF or WNT signalling had consequences for MTN differentiation.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the emergence of MTN neurons is an intrinsic property of the dorsal mesencephalon of gnathostomes, and that this population undergoes expansion, and maturation, along with the rest of the dorsal midbrain under the influence of FGF and WNT signalling.

Experimental approaches for gene regulatory network construction: the chick as a model system

Setting up the body plan during embryonic development requires the coordinated action of many signals and transcriptional regulators in a precise temporal sequence and spatial pattern. The last decades have seen an explosion of information describing the molecular control of many developmental processes. The next challenge is to integrate this information into logic "wiring diagrams" that visualize gene actions and outputs, have predictive power and point to key control nodes. Here, we provide an experimental workflow on how to construct gene regulatory networks using the chick as model system.

Bone morphogenetic proteins regulate hinge point formation during neural tube closure by dynamic modulation of apicobasal polarity

BACKGROUND

A critical event in neural tube closure is the formation of median hinge points (MHPs) and dorsolateral hinge points (DLHPs). Together, they buckle the ventral midline and elevate and juxtapose the neural folds for proper neural tube closure. Dynamic cell behaviors occur at hinge points (HPs), but their molecular regulation is largely unexplored. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been implicated in a variety of neural tube closure defects, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood.

METHODS

In this study, we used in vivo electroporations, high-resolution microscopy, and biochemical analyses to explore the role of BMP signaling in chick midbrain neural tube closure.

RESULTS

We identified a cell-cycle-dependent BMP gradient in the midbrain neural plate, which results in low-level BMP activity at the MHP. We show that although BMP signaling does not have a role in midbrain cell-fate specification, its attenuation is necessary and sufficient for MHP formation and midbrain closure. BMP blockade induces MHP formation by regulating apical constriction and basal nuclear migration. Furthermore, BMP signaling is critically important for maintaining epithelial organization by biochemically interacting with apicobasal polarity proteins (e.g., PAR3). As a result, prolonged BMP blockade disrupts apical junctions, desegregating the apical (PAR3(+), ZO1(+)) and basolateral (LGL(+)) compartments. Direct apical LGL-GFP misexpression in turn is sufficient to induce ectopic HPs.

CONCLUSIONS

BMPs have a critical role in maintaining epithelial organization, a role that is conserved across species and tissue types. Its cell-cycle-dependent modulation in the neural plate dynamically regulates apicobasal polarity and helps to bend, shape, and close the neural tube.