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Nishiyama A, Tanaka S, Tuszynski JA. Quantum Brain Dynamics and Virtual Reality. Biosystems 2024; 242:105259. [PMID: 38936537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
In this paper we propose a control theory of manipulating holograms in Quantum Brain Dynamics (QBD) involving our subjective experiences, i.e. qualia. We begin with the Lagrangian density in QBD and extend our theory to a hierarchical model involving multiple layers covering the neocortex. We adopt reservoir computing approach or morphological computation to manipulate waveforms of holograms involving our subjective experiences. Numerical simulations performed indicate that the convergence to target waveforms of holograms is realized by external electric fields in QBD in a hierarchy. Our theory can be applied to non-invasive neuronal stimulation of the neocortex and adopted to check whether or not our brain adopts the language of holography. In case the protocol in a brain is discovered and the brain adopts the language of holography, our control theory will be applied to develop virtual reality devices by which our subjective experiences provided by the five senses in the form of qualia are manipulated non-invasively. Then, the information content of qualia might be directly transmitted into our brain without passing through sensory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Shigenori Tanaka
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Jack A Tuszynski
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, I-1029, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada; Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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Nishiyama A, Tanaka S, Tuszynski JA, Tsenkova R. Holographic Brain Theory: Super-Radiance, Memory Capacity and Control Theory. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2399. [PMID: 38397075 PMCID: PMC10889214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigate Quantum Electrodynamics corresponding to the holographic brain theory introduced by Pribram to describe memory in the human brain. First, we derive a super-radiance solution in Quantum Electrodynamics with non-relativistic charged bosons (a model of molecular conformational states of water) for coherent light sources of holograms. Next, we estimate memory capacity of a brain neocortex, and adopt binary holograms to manipulate optical information. Finally, we introduce a control theory to manipulate holograms involving biological water's molecular conformational states. We show how a desired waveform in holography is achieved in a hierarchical model using numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-0851, Japan
- Yunosato Aquaphotomics Lab, Hashimoto 648-0086, Japan
| | - Shigenori Tanaka
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Jack A. Tuszynski
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-1029 Turin, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Roumiana Tsenkova
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-0851, Japan
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3
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Increment of spontaneous human biophoton emission caused by anger emotional states. Proof of concept. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Matos LC, Machado JP, Monteiro FJ, Greten HJ. Perspectives, Measurability and Effects of Non-Contact Biofield-Based Practices: A Narrative Review of Quantitative Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6397. [PMID: 34199174 PMCID: PMC8296239 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Practices such as "Reiki", therapeutic touch, healing touch, and external "Qigong" have been regarded as some form of "energy medicine" or "biofield therapy". The biofield concept has been studied and debated by researchers of distinct areas of expertise, and although the phenomenon was sometimes described as physically related to electromagnetics, other factors such as "subtle energy" and focused intention might be involved. These nonconventional practices integrate contact and non-contact techniques, and those dealing with so-called distant healing interventions are perhaps the most difficult to understand and accept. Practitioners describe these so-called nonlocal interventions as involving intentional factors and particular states of consciousness. With a spiritual mindset and a particular state of awareness, compassion is said to work out as a catalyst to produce physiological and physical changes through mechanisms that are still unknown. At the body level, these vegetative changes might be related to individual self-perception variations as part of the body neurovegetative feedback system of regulation. Further mechanisms are difficult to document and measure, and might be more accessible to research by using physical signal detectors, chemical dynamics methods, detectors using biological materials, detectors using living sensors, and detectors using the human body. The growing interest in these practices and the considerable amount of research exploring their effects and clinical applications encouraged this narrative review, which aims to provide an easy to consult partial overview of the history, theory and findings of quantitative research strategies exploring non-contact biofield-based practices. This work also aims to stimulate the reader's mind with the raised hypotheses, catalyzing further research on the subject to confirm or deny the reported outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Carlos Matos
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- Centro de Biociências em Saúde Integrativa (CBSIn), Atlântico Business School, 4405-604 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal;
- Centro Transdisciplinar de Estudos da Consciência (CTEC), Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pereira Machado
- Centro de Biociências em Saúde Integrativa (CBSIn), Atlântico Business School, 4405-604 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal;
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Fernando Jorge Monteiro
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Henry Johannes Greten
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- German Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Zapata F, Pastor-Ruiz V, Ortega-Ojeda F, Montalvo G, Ruiz-Zolle AV, García-Ruiz C. Human ultra-weak photon emission as non-invasive spectroscopic tool for diagnosis of internal states - A review. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 216:112141. [PMID: 33540236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the knowledge that human ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) is mainly due to the metabolic oxidative stress processes that the skin cells undergo in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), external stressors (like UV radiation), but also internal stressors (like diseases or brain activity) might strongly influence the UPE. This manuscript revises the scientific advances focused on the influence of internal factors on the human UPE. According to literature, the UPE seems to be influenced by some diseases (including diabetes, hemiparesis, protoporphyria, or a typical cold), and even by the cerebral intention/relaxation (brain activity/meditation). These allow to consider UPE as a natural and promising non-invasive spectroscopic tool for helping during the diagnosis of a variety of illnesses or stress- / mood-state disorders. Nonetheless, further research is required for answering some still unresolved controversial points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Zapata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoria Pastor-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Ortega-Ojeda
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Libreros 27, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Montalvo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Libreros 27, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Libreros 27, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Piao D. On the stress-induced photon emission from organism: I, will the scattering-limited delay affect the temporal course? SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Tessaro LWE, Dotta BT, Persinger MA. Bacterial biophotons as non-local information carriers: Species-specific spectral characteristics of a stress response. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00761. [PMID: 30381897 PMCID: PMC6562132 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies by Alexander Gurwitsch in the 1920' s with onion root cells revealed the phenomenon of mitogenetic radiation. Subsequent works by Popp, Van Wijk, Quickenden, Tillbury, and Trushin have demonstrated a link between Gurwitsch's mitogenetic radiation and the biophoton, emissions of light correlated with biological processes. The present study seeks to expand upon these and other works to explore whether biophoton emissions of bacterial cultures is used as an information carrier of environmental stress. Bacterial cultures (Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens) were incubated for 24 hr in 5 ml of nutrient broth to stationary phase and cell densities of ~107 cells/mL. Cultures of E. coli were placed upon a photomultiplier tube housed within a dark box. A second bacterial culture, either E. coli or S. marcescens, was placed in an identical dark box at a distance of 5 m and received injections of hydrogen peroxide. Spectral analyses revealed significant differences in peak frequencies of 7.2, 10.1, and 24.9 Hz in the amplitude modulation of the emitted biophoton signal with respect to whether a peroxide injection occurred or not, and whether the species receiving the injection was E. coli or S. marcescens. These and the subsequent results of discriminant functions suggest that bacteria may release biophotons as a non-local communication system in response to stress, and that these biophotons are species specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas W. E. Tessaro
- Behavioural Neuroscience ProgramLaurentian UniversitySudburyOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychologyLaurentian UniversitySudburyOntarioCanada
- Interdisciplinary Human StudiesLaurentian UniversitySudburyOntarioCanada
| | - Blake T. Dotta
- Behavioural Neuroscience ProgramLaurentian UniversitySudburyOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychologyLaurentian UniversitySudburyOntarioCanada
| | - Michael A. Persinger
- Behavioural Neuroscience ProgramLaurentian UniversitySudburyOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychologyLaurentian UniversitySudburyOntarioCanada
- Interdisciplinary Human StudiesLaurentian UniversitySudburyOntarioCanada
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8
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Schiffer F. The physical nature of subjective experience and its interaction with the brain. Med Hypotheses 2019; 125:57-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Calcerrada M, Garcia-Ruiz C. Human Ultraweak Photon Emission: Key Analytical Aspects, Results and Future Trends - A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:368-381. [PMID: 30582823 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1534199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Living systems emit what is called ultraweak photon emission (UPE). This visually undetectable phenomenon has only been studied in humans for the last 30 years, finding that UPE is a complex process depending on multitude factors. Considering previous literature, this review discusses the current trends in the analysis of in vivo UPE from human beings. To this aim, Analytical Approaches Employed for UPE Measurement section focuses on the analytical techniques employed (photomultipliers and charged coupled device cameras), summarizing analytical conditions and reporting figures of merit reached to date. Then, Human UPE Depending on External Factors and Human UPE Depending on Internal Factors sections address external and internal factors, which have proved to affect UPE, pointing out the important influence on oxidative processes outside and inside the body, and also highlighting some personal states of the individuals affecting UPE. Last section is devoted to give a general view on the goals and achieved up to date regarding UPE measurement, emphasizing some potential applications as well as recommendations which include: use of UPE spectra information together with UPE intensity, larger populations (≈50-100 subjects), further studies on internal states of individuals, and use of statistical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Calcerrada
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry , University of Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares , Madrid , Spain
| | - C Garcia-Ruiz
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry , University of Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares , Madrid , Spain.,b University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), Law Faculty, Colegio Máximo de Jesuitas , University of Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares , Madrid , Spain
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Measuring the Human Ultra-Weak Photon Emission Distribution Using an Electron-Multiplying, Charge-Coupled Device as a Sensor. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18041152. [PMID: 29642593 PMCID: PMC5948505 DOI: 10.3390/s18041152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) is the spontaneous emission from living systems mainly attributed to oxidation reactions, in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play a major role. Given the capability of the next-generation electron-multiplying CCD (EMCCD) sensors and the easy use of liquid crystal tunable filters (LCTF), the aim of this work was to explore the potential of a simple UPE spectrometer to measure the UPE from a human hand. Thus, an easy setup was configured based on a dark box for inserting the subject’s hand prior to LCTF as a monochromator and an EMCCD sensor working in the full vertical binning mode (FVB) as a spectra detector. Under controlled conditions, both dark signals and left hand UPE were acquired by registering the UPE intensity at different selected wavelengths (400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, and 700 nm) during a period of 10 min each. Then, spurious signals were filtered out by ignoring the pixels whose values were clearly outside of the Gaussian distribution, and the dark signal was subtracted from the subject hand signal. The stepped spectrum with a peak of approximately 880 photons at 500 nm had a shape that agreed somewhat with previous reports, and agrees with previous UPE research that reported UPE from 420 to 570 nm, or 260 to 800 nm, with a range from 1 to 1000 photons s−1 cm−2. Obtaining the spectral distribution instead of the total intensity of the UPE represents a step forward in this field, as it may provide extra information about a subject’s personal states and relationship with ROS. A new generation of CCD sensors with lower dark signals, and spectrographs with a more uniform spectral transmittance, will open up new possibilities for configuring measuring systems in portable formats.
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Császár N, Scholkmann F, Salari V, Szőke H, Bókkon I. Phosphene perception is due to the ultra-weak photon emission produced in various parts of the visual system: glutamate in the focus. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:291-9. [PMID: 26544101 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphenes are experienced sensations of light, when there is no light causing them. The physiological processes underlying this phenomenon are still not well understood. Previously, we proposed a novel biopsychophysical approach concerning the cause of phosphenes based on the assumption that cellular endogenous ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) is the biophysical cause leading to the sensation of phosphenes. Briefly summarized, the visual sensation of light (phosphenes) is likely to be due to the inherent perception of UPE of cells in the visual system. If the intensity of spontaneous or induced photon emission of cells in the visual system exceeds a distinct threshold, it is hypothesized that it can become a conscious light sensation. Discussing several new and previous experiments, we point out that the UPE theory of phosphenes should be really considered as a scientifically appropriate and provable mechanism to explain the physiological basis of phosphenes. In the present paper, we also present our idea that some experiments may support that the cortical phosphene lights are due to the glutamate-related excess UPE in the occipital cortex.
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Salari V, Scholkmann F, Vimal RLP, Császár N, Aslani M, Bókkon I. Phosphenes, retinal discrete dark noise, negative afterimages and retinogeniculate projections: A new explanatory framework based on endogenous ocular luminescence. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:101-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Rouleau N, Murugan NJ, Tessaro LWE, Costa JN, Persinger MA. When Is the Brain Dead? Living-Like Electrophysiological Responses and Photon Emissions from Applications of Neurotransmitters in Fixed Post-Mortem Human Brains. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167231. [PMID: 27907050 PMCID: PMC5131983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of the post-mortem human brain can be preserved by immersing the organ within a fixative solution. Once the brain is perfused, cellular and histological features are maintained over extended periods of time. However, functions of the human brain are not assumed to be preserved beyond death and subsequent chemical fixation. Here we present a series of experiments which, together, refute this assumption. Instead, we suggest that chemical preservation of brain structure results in some retained functional capacity. Patterns similar to the living condition were elicited by chemical and electrical probes within coronal and sagittal sections of human temporal lobe structures that had been maintained in ethanol-formalin-acetic acid. This was inferred by a reliable modulation of frequency-dependent microvolt fluctuations. These weak microvolt fluctuations were enhanced by receptor-specific agonists and their precursors (i.e., nicotine, 5-HTP, and L-glutamic acid) as well as attenuated by receptor-antagonists (i.e., ketamine). Surface injections of 10 nM nicotine enhanced theta power within the right parahippocampal gyrus without any effect upon the ipsilateral hippocampus. Glutamate-induced high-frequency power densities within the left parahippocampal gyrus were correlated with increased photon counts over the surface of the tissue. Heschl’s gyrus, a transverse convexity on which the primary auditory cortex is tonotopically represented, retained frequency-discrimination capacities in response to sweeps of weak (2μV) square-wave electrical pulses between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Together, these results suggest that portions of the post-mortem human brain may retain latent capacities to respond with potential life-like and virtual properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rouleau
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nirosha J. Murugan
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucas W. E. Tessaro
- Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Human Studies Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin N. Costa
- Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A. Persinger
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Human Studies Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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14
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Karbowski LM, Saroka KS, Murugan NJ, Persinger MA. LORETA indicates frequency-specific suppressions of current sources within the cerebrums of blindfolded subjects from patterns of blue light flashes applied over the skull. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 51:127-32. [PMID: 26276250 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An array of eight cloistered (completely covered) 470-nm LEDs was attached to the right caudal scalp of subjects while each sat blindfolded within a darkened chamber. The LEDs were activated by a computer-generated complex (frequency-modulated) temporal pattern that, when applied as weak magnetic fields, has elicited sensed presences and changes in LORETA (low-resolution electromagnetic tomography) configurations. Serial 5-min on to 5-min off presentations of the blue light (10,000lx) resulted in suppression of gamma activity within the right cuneus (including the extrastriate area), beta activity within the left angular and right superior temporal regions, and alpha power within the right parahippocampal region. The effect required about 5min to emerge followed by a transient asymptote for about 15 to 20min when diminished current source density was evident even during no light conditions. Subjective experiences, as measured by our standard exit questionnaire, reflected sensations similar to those reported when the pattern was presented as a weak magnetic field. Given previous evidence that photon flux density of this magnitude can penetrate the skull, these results suggest that properly configured LEDs that generate physiologically patterned light sequences might be employed as noninvasive methods to explore the dynamic characteristics of cerebral activity in epileptic and nonepileptic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz M Karbowski
- Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada; Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Kevin S Saroka
- Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada; Human Studies Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Nirosha J Murugan
- Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada; Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Michael A Persinger
- Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada; Human Studies Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada; Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada.
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15
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Salari V, Valian H, Bassereh H, Bókkon I, Barkhordari A. Ultraweak photon emission in the brain. J Integr Neurosci 2015; 14:419-29. [PMID: 26336891 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635215300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the low-frequency electromagnetic body-processes measurable through the electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), etc. there are processes that do not need external excitation, emitting light within or close to the visible spectra. Such ultraweak photon emission (UPE), also named biophoton emission, reflects the cellular (and body) oxidative status. Recently, a growing body of evidence shows that UPE may play an important role in the basic functioning of living cells. Moreover, interesting evidences are beginning to emerge that UPE may well play an important role in neuronal functions. In fact, biophotons are byproducts in cellular metabolism and produce false signals (e.g., retinal discrete dark noise) but on the other side neurons contain many light sensitive molecules that makes it hard to imagine how they might not be influenced by UPE, and thus UPE may carry informational contents. Here, we investigate UPE in the brain from different points of view such as experimental evidences, theoretical modeling, and physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Salari
- 1 Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.,2 School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran 19395-5531, Iran
| | - H Valian
- 3 Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - H Bassereh
- 3 Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - I Bókkon
- 4 Psychoszomatic OutPatient Department of the National Center for Spinal Disorders, Hungary.,5 Vision Research Institute, 25 Rita St, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - A Barkhordari
- 6 Department of Physics, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Mahan, Kerman, Iran
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16
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Karbowski LM, Murugan NJ, Persinger MA. Novel Cosic resonance (standing wave) solutions for components of the JAK-STAT cellular signaling pathway: A convergence of spectral density profiles. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:245-50. [PMID: 25870784 PMCID: PMC4392064 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosic discovered that spectral analyses of a protein sequence after each constituent amino acid had been transformed into an appropriate pseudopotential predicted a resonant energy between interacting molecules. Several experimental studies have verified the predicted peak wavelength of photons within the visible or near-visible light band for specific molecules. Here, this concept has been applied to a classic signaling pathway, JAK-STAT, traditionally composed of nine sequential protein interactions. The weighted linear average of the spectral power density (SPD) profiles of each of the eight "precursor" proteins displayed remarkable congruence with the SPD profile of the terminal molecule (CASP-9) in the pathway. These results suggest that classic and complex signaling pathways in cells can also be expressed as combinations of resonance energies.
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Key Words
- BCLxl, B-cell lymphoma-extra large
- Bovine albumin
- CASP-9, caspase 9
- Cosic Resonance Recognition Model
- EIIP, pseudopotential of electron–ion interaction
- Il, interleukin
- JAK, Janus Kinase
- JAK–STAT
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- RRM, Resonance Recognition Model
- SPD, spectral power density
- STAT, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription
- Signaling pathways
- Spectral analysis
- Tyk2, tyrosine kinase 2
- cSrc, cellular Src kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz M Karbowski
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Bioquantum Chemistry Laboratory, Laurentian University , Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Nirosha J Murugan
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Bioquantum Chemistry Laboratory, Laurentian University , Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Michael A Persinger
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Bioquantum Chemistry Laboratory, Laurentian University , Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
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Insect spontaneous ultraweak photon emission as an indicator of insecticidal compounds. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 140:79-84. [PMID: 25108203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The influence of beta-cypermethrin, a commercial insecticide, and Cicuta virosa L. var. latisecta Celak (Umbelliferae:Cicutal), an insecticidal plant, on the spontaneous ultraweak photon emissions from larvae of Spodoptera litura Fabricius and Zophobas morio Fabricius were studied. The increased percentages of spontaneous photon emission intensities from S. litura treated with 0.1 and 1 μg/ml beta-cypermethrin were both lower than those of the control in the 24 post-treatment hours, remarkable difference could also be observed during the same period from Z. morio treated with beta-cypermethrin at 0.156, 0.313 and 0.625 μg/ml. The increased percentages of spontaneous photon emission intensities from the two mentioned insects treated with 10,100 and 1000 μg/ml petroleum ether fraction of C. virosa L. var. latisecta, which displayed little activity against whole insects, could also be changed noticeably. The present study indicated that change in the intensity of spontaneous ultraweak photon emission from insect could be used as a novel method for screening insecticidal compounds with very low content in plant.
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Ventura AC, Persinger MA. Enhanced coherence within the theta band between pairs of brains engaging in experienced versus naïve Reiki procedures. J Altern Complement Med 2014; 20:649-53. [PMID: 24967637 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2012.0909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study objective was to discern whether the coherence between brain activities of the "patient" and practitioner differ between Reiki experts and novices. RATIONALE If the physical process associated with Reiki involves "convergence" between the practitioner and subject, then this congruence should be evident in time-dependent shared power within specific and meaningful frequency electroencephalographic bands. DESIGN Simultaneous quantitative electroencephalogram measures (19 channels) were recorded from 9 pairs of subjects when 1 of the pairs was an experienced Reiki practitioner or had just been shown the procedure. Pairs recorded their experiences and images. SETTING/LOCATION The "practitioner" and "patient" pairs were measured within a quiet, comfortable acoustic chamber. OUTCOME MEASURES Real-time correlations and coherence between pairs of brains for power (μV(2)·Hz(-1)) within the various frequency bands over the 10-min sessions were recorded and analyzed for each pair. Descriptors of experiences were analyzed for word meanings. RESULTS Only the coherence within the theta range increased over time between the brains of the Reiki pairs relative to the Sham pairs, particularly over the left hemisphere. The pleasantness-unpleasantness rating for the words employed to describe experiences written after the experiment were more congruent for the Reiki pairs compared to the reference pairs. CONCLUSIONS The increased synchronization of the cerebral activity of the participant and the practitioner during proximal therapies involving touch such as Reiki may be an important component of any subsequent beneficial effects.
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Tang R, Dai J. Spatiotemporal imaging of glutamate-induced biophotonic activities and transmission in neural circuits. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85643. [PMID: 24454909 PMCID: PMC3893221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing of neural information in neural circuits plays key roles in neural functions. Biophotons, also called ultra-weak photon emissions (UPE), may play potential roles in neural signal transmission, contributing to the understanding of the high functions of nervous system such as vision, learning and memory, cognition and consciousness. However, the experimental analysis of biophotonic activities (emissions) in neural circuits has been hampered due to technical limitations. Here by developing and optimizing an in vitro biophoton imaging method, we characterize the spatiotemporal biophotonic activities and transmission in mouse brain slices. We show that the long-lasting application of glutamate to coronal brain slices produces a gradual and significant increase of biophotonic activities and achieves the maximal effect within approximately 90 min, which then lasts for a relatively long time (>200 min). The initiation and/or maintenance of biophotonic activities by glutamate can be significantly blocked by oxygen and glucose deprivation, together with the application of a cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor (sodium azide), but only partly by an action potential inhibitor (TTX), an anesthetic (procaine), or the removal of intracellular and extracellular Ca(2+). We also show that the detected biophotonic activities in the corpus callosum and thalamus in sagittal brain slices mostly originate from axons or axonal terminals of cortical projection neurons, and that the hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau leads to a significant decrease of biophotonic activities in these two areas. Furthermore, the application of glutamate in the hippocampal dentate gyrus results in increased biophotonic activities in its intrahippocampal projection areas. These results suggest that the glutamate-induced biophotonic activities reflect biophotonic transmission along the axons and in neural circuits, which may be a new mechanism for the processing of neural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendong Tang
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiapei Dai
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Tang R, Dai J. Biophoton signal transmission and processing in the brain. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 139:71-5. [PMID: 24461927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The transmission and processing of neural information in the nervous system plays a key role in neural functions. It is well accepted that neural communication is mediated by bioelectricity and chemical molecules via the processes called bioelectrical and chemical transmission, respectively. Indeed, the traditional theories seem to give valuable explanations for the basic functions of the nervous system, but difficult to construct general accepted concepts or principles to provide reasonable explanations of higher brain functions and mental activities, such as perception, learning and memory, emotion and consciousness. Therefore, many unanswered questions and debates over the neural encoding and mechanisms of neuronal networks remain. Cell to cell communication by biophotons, also called ultra-weak photon emissions, has been demonstrated in several plants, bacteria and certain animal cells. Recently, both experimental evidence and theoretical speculation have suggested that biophotons may play a potential role in neural signal transmission and processing, contributing to the understanding of the high functions of nervous system. In this paper, we review the relevant experimental findings and discuss the possible underlying mechanisms of biophoton signal transmission and processing in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendong Tang
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiapei Dai
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Bókkon I, Mallick BN, Tuszynski JA. Near death experiences: a multidisciplinary hypothesis. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:533. [PMID: 24062655 PMCID: PMC3769617 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we proposed a novel biophysical concept regarding on the appearance of brilliant lights during near death experiences (NDEs) (Bókkon and Salari, 2012). Specifically, perceiving brilliant light in NDEs has been proposed to arise due to the reperfusion that produces unregulated overproduction of free radicals and energetically excited molecules that can generate a transient enhancement of bioluminescent biophotons in different areas of the brain, including retinotopic visual areas. If this excess of bioluminescent photon emission exceeds a threshold in retinotopic visual areas, this can appear as (phosphene) lights because the brain interprets these intrinsic retinotopic bioluminescent photons as if they originated from the external physical world. Here, we review relevant literature that reported experimental studies (Imaizumi et al., 1984; Suzuki et al., 1985) that essentially support our previously published conception, i.e., that seeing lights in NDEs may be due to the transient enhancement of bioluminescent biophotons. Next, we briefly describe our biophysical visual representation model that may explain brilliant lights experienced during NDEs (by phosphenes as biophotons) and REM sleep associated dream-like intrinsic visual imageries through biophotons in NDEs. Finally, we link our biophysical visual representation notion to self-consciousness that may involve extremely low-energy quantum entanglements. This article is intended to introduce novel concepts for discussion and does not pretend to give the ultimate explanation for the currently unanswerable questions about matter, life and soul; their creation and their interrelationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Bókkon
- Neuroscience Department, Vision Research Institute Lowell, MA, USA
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Interdisciplinary implications on autism, savantism, Asperger syndrome and the biophysical picture representation: Thinking in pictures. COGN SYST RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Persinger MA, Saroka KS. Comparable proportions of classes of experiences and intracerebral consequences for surgical stimulation and external application of weak magnetic field patterns: implications for converging effects in complex partial seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2013; 27:220-4. [PMID: 23348244 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The similarity of the proportions of different types of experiences reported during surgical electrical stimulation of epileptic temporal lobes published in the scientific literature and those reported following exposures to weak, applied magnetic fields was supported by direct comparisons in a retrospective analysis. Of the 20 types of specific experiences, the surgical stimulation groups reported proportionally more fear experiences, while the groups exposed to temporally patterned magnetic fields applied across the temporoparietal regions reported more somesthetic and vestibular experiences. There were no group differences for the other 17 types of experiences. Calculations indicated that the spread of charge displacement from neuronal membranes by the currents employed in the surgical studies and the magnetic field energy associated with the applied fields could affect similar numbers of cortical neurons. The similar subjective experiences of the two techniques indicate that the less invasive procedures might be employed to systematically study complex partial seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Persinger
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6.
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Tehovnik EJ, Slocum WM. Electrical induction of vision. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:803-18. [PMID: 23535445 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We assess what monkeys see during electrical stimulation of primary visual cortex (area V1) and relate the findings to visual percepts evoked electrically from human V1. Discussed are: (1) the electrical, cytoarchitectonic, and visuo-behavioural factors that affect the ability of monkeys to detect currents in V1; (2) the methods used to ascertain what monkeys see when electrical stimulation is delivered to V1; (3) a corticofugal mechanism for the induction of visual percepts; and (4) the quantity of information transferred to V1 by electrical stimulation. Experiments are proposed that should advance our understanding of how electrical stimulation affects macaque and human V1. This work contributes to the development of a cortical visual prosthesis for the blind. We dedicate this work to the late Robert W. Doty.
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Persinger MA, Dotta BT, Saroka KS. Bright light transmits through the brain: Measurement of photon emissions and frequency-dependent modulation of spectral electroencephalographic power. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/wjns.2013.31002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Solutions for real values in Minkowski four-dimensional space may link macro- and micro-quantum processes in the brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:2334-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Persinger MA. Brain electromagnetic activity and lightning: potentially congruent scale-invariant quantitative properties. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:19. [PMID: 22615688 PMCID: PMC3351789 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The space-time characteristics of the axonal action potential are remarkably similar to the scaled equivalents of lightning. The energy and current densities from these transients within their respective volumes or cross-sectional areas are the same order of magnitude. Length–velocity ratios and temporal durations are nearly identical. There are similar chemical consequences such as the production of nitric oxide. Careful, quantitative examination of the characteristics of lightning may reveal analogous features of the action potential that could lead to a more accurate understanding of these powerful correlates of neurocognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Persinger
- Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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Bókkon I, Salari V. Hypothesis about brilliant lights by bioluminescent photons in near death experiences. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:47-9. [PMID: 22543076 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In near death experiences (NDEs), seeing a brilliant light may arise in the recovery period following cardiac arrest, but the subjects can think that these experiences had happened during the actual period itself. Here we hypothesize a biophysical explanation about the encounter with a brilliant light in NDEs. Accordingly, meeting brilliant light in NDEs is due to the reperfusion that induces unregulated overproduction of free radicals and excited biomolecules among them in numerous parts in the visual system. Unregulated free radicals and excited species can produce a transient increase of bioluminescent photons in different areas of the visual system. If this excess of bioluminescent photon emission exceeds a threshold, they can appear as (phosphene) lights in our mind. In other words, seeing a brilliant light in NDEs may due to bioluminescent photons simultaneously generated in the recovery phase of numerous areas of the visual system and the brain interprets these intrinsic bioluminescent photons as if they were originated from the external visual world. Although our biophysical explanation about brilliant light phenomenon in NDEs can be promising, we do not reject further potential notions.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Bókkon
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Semmelweis University, Hungary; Vision Research Institute, 25 Rita Street, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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