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Hassan M, Shahzadi S, Yasir M, Chun W, Kloczkowski A. Computational prognostic evaluation of Alzheimer's drugs from FDA-approved database through structural conformational dynamics and drug repositioning approaches. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18022. [PMID: 37865690 PMCID: PMC10590448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug designing is high-priced and time taking process with low success rate. To overcome this obligation, computational drug repositioning technique is being promptly used to predict the possible therapeutic effects of FDA approved drugs against multiple diseases. In this computational study, protein modeling, shape-based screening, molecular docking, pharmacogenomics, and molecular dynamic simulation approaches have been utilized to retrieve the FDA approved drugs against AD. The predicted MADD protein structure was designed by homology modeling and characterized through different computational resources. Donepezil and galantamine were implanted as standard drugs and drugs were screened out based on structural similarities. Furthermore, these drugs were evaluated and based on binding energy (Kcal/mol) profiles against MADD through PyRx tool. Moreover, pharmacogenomics analysis showed good possible associations with AD mediated genes and confirmed through detail literature survey. The best 6 drug (darifenacin, astemizole, tubocurarine, elacridar, sertindole and tariquidar) further docked and analyzed their interaction behavior through hydrogen binding. Finally, MD simulation study were carried out on these drugs and evaluated their stability behavior by generating root mean square deviation and fluctuations (RMSD/F), radius of gyration (Rg) and soluble accessible surface area (SASA) graphs. Taken together, darifenacin, astemizole, tubocurarine, elacridar, sertindole and tariquidar displayed good lead like profile as compared with standard and can be used as possible therapeutic agent in the treatment of AD after in-vitro and in-vivo assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Hassan
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Saba Shahzadi
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Wanjoo Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Andrzej Kloczkowski
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
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2
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Cunliffe G, Lim YT, Chae W, Jung S. Alternative Pharmacological Strategies for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Neuromodulator Function. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123064. [PMID: 36551821 PMCID: PMC9776382 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, comprising 70% of dementia diagnoses worldwide and affecting 1 in 9 people over the age of 65. However, the majority of its treatments, which predominantly target the cholinergic system, remain insufficient at reversing pathology and act simply to slow the inevitable progression of the disease. The most recent neurotransmitter-targeting drug for AD was approved in 2003, strongly suggesting that targeting neurotransmitter systems alone is unlikely to be sufficient, and that research into alternate treatment avenues is urgently required. Neuromodulators are substances released by neurons which influence neurotransmitter release and signal transmission across synapses. Neuromodulators including neuropeptides, hormones, neurotrophins, ATP and metal ions display altered function in AD, which underlies aberrant neuronal activity and pathology. However, research into how the manipulation of neuromodulators may be useful in the treatment of AD is relatively understudied. Combining neuromodulator targeting with more novel methods of drug delivery, such as the use of multi-targeted directed ligands, combinatorial drugs and encapsulated nanoparticle delivery systems, may help to overcome limitations of conventional treatments. These include difficulty crossing the blood-brain-barrier and the exertion of effects on a single target only. This review aims to highlight the ways in which neuromodulator functions are altered in AD and investigate how future therapies targeting such substances, which act upstream to classical neurotransmitter systems, may be of potential therapeutic benefit in the sustained search for more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Cunliffe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yi Tang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Woori Chae
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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3
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Gallego-Villarejo L, Wallin C, Król S, Enrich-Bengoa J, Suades A, Aguilella-Arzo M, Gomara MJ, Haro I, Wärmlander S, Muñoz FJ, Gräslund A, Perálvarez-Marín A. Big dynorphin is a neuroprotector scaffold against amyloid β-peptide aggregation and cell toxicity. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5672-5679. [PMID: 36284704 PMCID: PMC9582793 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) misfolding into β-sheet structures triggers neurotoxicity inducing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Molecules able to reduce or to impair Aβ aggregation are highly relevant as possible AD treatments since they should protect against Aβ neurotoxicity. We have studied the effects of the interaction of dynorphins, a family of opioid neuropeptides, with Aβ40 the most abundant species of Aβ. Biophysical measurements indicate that Aβ40 interacts with Big Dynorphin (BigDyn), lowering the amount of hydrophobic aggregates, and slowing down the aggregation kinetics. As expected, we found that BigDyn protects against Aβ40 aggregates when studied in human neuroblastoma cells by cell survival assays. The cross-interaction between BigDyn and Aβ40 provides insight into the mechanism of amyloid pathophysiology and may open up new therapy possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Gallego-Villarejo
- Unit of Biophysics Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Facultat de Medicina, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cecilia Wallin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sylwia Król
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Enrich-Bengoa
- Unit of Biophysics Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Facultat de Medicina, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Suades
- Unit of Biophysics Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Facultat de Medicina, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Catalonia, Spain,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcel Aguilella-Arzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - María José Gomara
- Unitat de Síntesis i Aplicacions Biomèdiques de Pèptids, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unitat de Síntesis i Aplicacions Biomèdiques de Pèptids, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sebastian Wärmlander
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco J. Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Astrid Gräslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alex Perálvarez-Marín
- Unit of Biophysics Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Facultat de Medicina, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Catalonia, Spain,Corresponding author.
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4
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Leung HW, Foo G, VanDongen A. Arc Regulates Transcription of Genes for Plasticity, Excitability and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081946. [PMID: 36009494 PMCID: PMC9405677 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immediate early gene Arc is a master regulator of synaptic function and a critical determinant of memory consolidation. Here, we show that Arc interacts with dynamic chromatin and closely associates with histone markers for active enhancers and transcription in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Both these histone modifications, H3K27Ac and H3K9Ac, have recently been shown to be upregulated in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). When Arc induction by pharmacological network activation was prevented using a short hairpin RNA, the expression profile was altered for over 1900 genes, which included genes associated with synaptic function, neuronal plasticity, intrinsic excitability, and signalling pathways. Interestingly, about 100 Arc-dependent genes are associated with the pathophysiology of AD. When endogenous Arc expression was induced in HEK293T cells, the transcription of many neuronal genes was increased, suggesting that Arc can control expression in the absence of activated signalling pathways. Taken together, these data establish Arc as a master regulator of neuronal activity-dependent gene expression and suggest that it plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Foo
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Antonius VanDongen
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence:
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5
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Baik JY, Kim M, Bao J, Long Q, Shen L. Identifying Alzheimer's genes via brain transcriptome mapping. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:116. [PMID: 35590321 PMCID: PMC9118564 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive decline in cognitive function. Targeted genetic analyses, genome-wide association studies, and imaging genetic analyses have been performed to detect AD risk and protective genes and have successfully identified dozens of AD susceptibility loci. Recently, brain imaging transcriptomics analyses have also been conducted to investigate the relationship between neuroimaging traits and gene expression measures to identify interesting gene-traits associations. These imaging transcriptomic studies typically do not involve the disease outcome in the analysis, and thus the identified brain or transcriptomic markers may not be related or specific to the disease outcome. RESULTS We propose an innovative two-stage approach to identify genes whose expression profiles are related to diagnosis phenotype via brain transcriptome mapping. Specifically, we first map the effects of a diagnosis phenotype onto imaging traits across the brain using a linear regression model. Then, the gene-diagnosis association is assessed by spatially correlating the brain transcriptome map with the diagnostic effect map on the brain-wide imaging traits. To demonstrate the promise of our approach, we apply it to the integrative analysis of the brain transcriptome data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA) and the amyloid imaging data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. Our method identifies 12 genes whose brain-wide transcriptome patterns are highly correlated with six different diagnostic effect maps on the amyloid imaging traits. These 12 genes include four confirmatory findings (i.e., AD genes reported in DisGeNET) and eight novel genes that have not be associated with AD in DisGeNET. CONCLUSION We have proposed a novel disease-related brain transcriptomic mapping method to identify genes whose expression profiles spatially correlated with regional diagnostic effects on a studied brain trait. Our empirical study on the AHBA and ADNI data shows the promise of the approach, and the resulting AD gene discoveries provide valuable information for better understanding biological pathways from transcriptomic signatures to intermediate brain traits and to phenotypic disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Baik
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mansu Kim
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Department of Artificial intelligence, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingxuan Bao
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Qi Long
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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6
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Perini DA, Aguilella-Arzo M, Alcaraz A, Perálvarez-Marín A, Queralt-Martín M. Dynorphin A induces membrane permeabilization by formation of proteolipidic pores. Insights from electrophysiology and computational simulations. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:230-240. [PMID: 35024095 PMCID: PMC8718563 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynorphins are endogenous neuropeptides that function as ligands for the κ-opioid receptor. In addition to opioid activity, dynorphins can induce several pathological effects such as neurological dysfunctions and cell death. Previous studies have suggested that Dynorphin A (DynA) mediates some pathogenic actions through formation of transient pores in lipid domains of the plasma membrane. Here, we use planar bilayer electrophysiology to show that DynA induces pore formation in negatively charged membranes. We find a large variability in pore conformations showing equilibrium conductance fluctuations, what disregards electroporation as the dominant mechanism of pore formation. Ion selectivity measurements showing cationic selectivity indicate that positive protein charges of DynA are stabilized by phosphatidyl serine negative charges in the formation of combined structures. We complement our study with computational simulations that assess the stability of diverse peptide arrangements in the hydrophobic core of the bilayer. We show that DynA is capable of assembling in charged membranes to form water-filled pores that conduct ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Aurora Perini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics. Department of Physics. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Marcel Aguilella-Arzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics. Department of Physics. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcaraz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics. Department of Physics. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Alex Perálvarez-Marín
- Biophysics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - María Queralt-Martín
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics. Department of Physics. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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7
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Barranco N, Plá V, Alcolea D, Sánchez-Domínguez I, Fischer-Colbrie R, Ferrer I, Lleó A, Aguado F. Dense core vesicle markers in CSF and cortical tissues of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:37. [PMID: 34565482 PMCID: PMC8466657 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) that reveal synaptic and neural network dysfunctions are needed for clinical practice and therapeutic trial design. Dense core vesicle (DCV) cargos are promising cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicators of synaptic failure in AD patients. However, their value as biomarkers has not yet been determined. Methods Immunoassays were performed to analyze the secretory proteins prohormone convertases PC1/3 and PC2, carboxypeptidase E (CPE), secretogranins SgIII and SgII, and Cystatin C in the cerebral cortex (n = 45, provided by Bellvitge University Hospital) and CSF samples (n = 66, provided by The Sant Pau Initiative on Neurodegeneration cohort) from AD patients (n = 56) and age-matched controls (n = 55).
Results In AD tissues, most DCV proteins were aberrantly accumulated in dystrophic neurites and activated astrocytes, whereas PC1/3, PC2 and CPE were also specifically accumulated in hippocampal granulovacuolar degeneration bodies. AD individuals displayed an overall decline of secretory proteins in the CSF. Interestingly, in AD patients, the CSF levels of prohormone convertases strongly correlated inversely with those of neurodegeneration markers and directly with cognitive impairment status. Conclusions These results demonstrate marked alterations of neuronal-specific prohormone convertases in CSF and cortical tissues of AD patients. The neuronal DCV cargos are biomarker candidates for synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-021-00263-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Barranco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Plá
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute. Sant Pau Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08041, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Sánchez-Domínguez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, and Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute. Sant Pau Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08041, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Aguado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Nosova O, Bazov I, Karpyak V, Hallberg M, Bakalkin G. Epigenetic and Transcriptional Control of the Opioid Prodynorphine Gene: In-Depth Analysis in the Human Brain. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113458. [PMID: 34200173 PMCID: PMC8201134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides serve as neurohormones and local paracrine regulators that control neural networks regulating behavior, endocrine system and sensorimotor functions. Their expression is characterized by exceptionally restricted profiles. Circuit-specific and adaptive expression of neuropeptide genes may be defined by transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms controlled by cell type and subtype sequence-specific transcription factors, insulators and silencers. The opioid peptide dynorphins play a critical role in neurological and psychiatric disorders, pain processing and stress, while their mutations cause profound neurodegeneration in the human brain. In this review, we focus on the prodynorphin gene as a model for the in-depth epigenetic and transcriptional analysis of expression of the neuropeptide genes. Prodynorphin studies may provide a framework for analysis of mechanisms relevant for regulation of neuropeptide genes in normal and pathological human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Nosova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (I.B.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: (O.N.); (G.B.)
| | - Igor Bazov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (I.B.); (M.H.)
| | | | - Mathias Hallberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (I.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (I.B.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: (O.N.); (G.B.)
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9
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Babić Leko M, Hof PR, Šimić G. Alterations and interactions of subcortical modulatory systems in Alzheimer's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 261:379-421. [PMID: 33785136 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not fully understood. Here we summarize current knowledge on the involvement of the serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and opioid systems in AD, emphasizing the importance of interactions between the serotonergic and the other subcortical modulatory systems during the progression of AD. In physiological conditions, all neurotransmitter systems function in concert and are interdependent at both the neuroanatomical and molecular levels. Through their early involvement in AD, cognitive and behavioral abilities that rely on their interactions also become disrupted. Considering that serotonin (5HT) regulates the release of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh), any alteration in 5HT levels leads to disturbance of NA, DA, and ACh homeostasis in the brain. One of the earliest pathological changes during the prodromal phase of AD is a decrease of serotonergic transmission throughout the brain, with serotonergic receptors being also affected. Additionally, serotonergic and noradrenergic as well as serotonergic and dopaminergic nuclei are reciprocally interconnected. As the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is affected by pathological changes early in AD, and the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) and dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA) exhibit AD-related pathological changes, their connectivity also becomes altered in AD. Such disrupted interactions among neurotransmitter systems in AD can be used in the development of multi-target drugs. Some of the potential AD therapeutics (such as ASS234, RS67333, tropisetron) target multiple neurotransmitter systems to achieve the best possible improvement of cognitive and behavioral deficits observed in AD. Here, we review how serotonergic system interacts with other subcortical modulatory systems (noradrenergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and opioid systems) during AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department for Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department for Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia.
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10
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Deshpande D, Agarwal N, Fleming T, Gaveriaux-Ruff C, Klose CSN, Tappe-Theodor A, Kuner R, Nawroth P. Loss of POMC-mediated antinociception contributes to painful diabetic neuropathy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:426. [PMID: 33462216 PMCID: PMC7814083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Painful neuropathy is a frequent complication in diabetes. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is an endogenous opioid precursor peptide, which plays a protective role against pain. Here, we report dysfunctional POMC-mediated antinociception in sensory neurons in diabetes. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice the Pomc promoter is repressed due to increased binding of NF-kB p50 subunit, leading to a loss in basal POMC level in peripheral nerves. Decreased POMC levels are also observed in peripheral nervous system tissue from diabetic patients. The antinociceptive pathway mediated by POMC is further impaired due to lysosomal degradation of μ-opioid receptor (MOR). Importantly, the neuropathic phenotype of the diabetic mice is rescued upon viral overexpression of POMC and MOR in the sensory ganglia. This study identifies an antinociceptive mechanism in the sensory ganglia that paves a way for a potential therapy for diabetic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divija Deshpande
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, INF 366, Heidelberg, 69120 Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, INF 366, Heidelberg, 69120 Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.452622.5German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claire Gaveriaux-Ruff
- grid.420255.40000 0004 0638 2716Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Illkirch, France ,grid.420255.40000 0004 0638 2716Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104 Illkirch, France ,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258 Illkirch, France ,grid.418692.00000 0004 0610 0264Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Christoph S. N. Klose
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Tappe-Theodor
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, INF 366, Heidelberg, 69120 Germany
| | - Rohini Kuner
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, INF 366, Heidelberg, 69120 Germany
| | - Peter Nawroth
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.452622.5German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany ,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Helmholtz Zentrum, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 (SCA23): a review. J Neurol 2020; 268:4630-4645. [PMID: 33175256 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), formerly known as autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs), are a group of hereditary heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases. Gait, progressive ataxia, dysarthria, and eye movement disorder are common symptoms of spinocerebellar ataxias. Other symptoms include peripheral neuropathy, cognitive impairment, psychosis, and seizures. Patients may lose their lives due to out of coordinated respiration and/or swallowing. Neurological signs cover pyramidal or extrapyramidal signs, spasm, ophthalmoplegia, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, and so on. Different subtypes of SCAs present various clinical features. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 (SCA23), one subtype of the SCA family, is characterized by mutant prodynorphin (PDYN) gene. Based on literatures, this review details a series of SCA23, to improve a whole understanding of clinicians and point out the potential research direction of this dysfunction, including a history, pathophysiological mechanism, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, epigenetics, penetrance and prevalence, genetic counseling, treatment and prognosis.
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12
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Remnestål J, Öijerstedt L, Ullgren A, Olofsson J, Bergström S, Kultima K, Ingelsson M, Kilander L, Uhlén M, Månberg A, Graff C, Nilsson P. Altered levels of CSF proteins in patients with FTD, presymptomatic mutation carriers and non-carriers. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:27. [PMID: 32576262 PMCID: PMC7310563 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical presentations of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are diverse and overlap with other neurological disorders. There are, as of today, no biomarkers in clinical practice for diagnosing the disorders. Here, we aimed to find protein markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with FTD, presymptomatic mutation carriers and non-carriers. METHODS Antibody suspension bead arrays were used to analyse 328 proteins in CSF from patients with behavioural variant FTD (bvFTD, n = 16) and progressive primary aphasia (PPA, n = 13), as well as presymptomatic mutation carriers (PMC, n = 16) and non-carriers (NC, n = 8). A total of 492 antibodies were used to measure protein levels by direct labelling of the CSF samples. The findings were further examined in an independent cohort including 13 FTD patients, 79 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 18 healthy controls. RESULTS We found significantly altered protein levels in CSF from FTD patients compared to unaffected individuals (PMC and NC) for 26 proteins. The analysis show patterns of separation between unaffected individuals and FTD patients, especially for those with a clinical diagnosis of bvFTD. The most statistically significant differences in protein levels were found for VGF, TN-R, NPTXR, TMEM132D, PDYN and NF-M. Patients with FTD were found to have higher levels of TN-R and NF-M, and lower levels of VGF, NPTXR, TMEM132D and PDYN, compared to unaffected individuals. The main findings were reproduced in the independent cohort. CONCLUSION In this pilot study, we show a separation of FTD patients from unaffected individuals based on protein levels in CSF. Further investigation is required to explore the CSF profiles in larger cohorts, but the results presented here has the potential to enable future clinical utilization of these potential biomarkers within FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Remnestål
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Tomtebodavägen 23 A, Alpha 2, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linn Öijerstedt
- Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64, Solna, Sweden.,Unit for hereditary dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abbe Ullgren
- Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jennie Olofsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Tomtebodavägen 23 A, Alpha 2, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Bergström
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Tomtebodavägen 23 A, Alpha 2, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Tomtebodavägen 23 A, Alpha 2, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anna Månberg
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Tomtebodavägen 23 A, Alpha 2, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Graff
- Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Division of Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64, Solna, Sweden. .,Unit for hereditary dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Tomtebodavägen 23 A, Alpha 2, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Vardarajan B, Kalia V, Manly J, Brickman A, Reyes‐Dumeyer D, Lantigua R, Ionita‐Laza I, Jones DP, Miller GW, Mayeux R. Differences in plasma metabolites related to Alzheimer's disease, APOE ε4 status, and ethnicity. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2020; 6:e12025. [PMID: 32377558 PMCID: PMC7201178 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated metabolites in plasma to capture systemic biochemical changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Metabolites in plasma were measured in 59 AD cases and 60 healthy participants of African American (AA), Caribbean Hispanic (CH), and non-Hispanic white (NHW) ancestry using untargeted liquid-chromatography-based ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Metabolite differences between AD and healthy, ethnic groups and apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) ε4 status were analyzed. Untargeted network analysis identified pathways enriched in AD-associated metabolites. RESULTS A total of 5929 annotated metabolites were measured. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) inferred that AD clustered separately from healthy controls (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.9816); discriminating pathways included glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, and non-essential amino acid (alanine, aspartate, glutamate) metabolism. Metabolic features in AA clustered differently from CH and NHW (AUC = 0.9275), and differed between APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers (AUC = 0.9972). DISCUSSION Metabolites, specifically lipids, were associated with AD, APOE ε4, and ethnic group. Metabolite profiling can identify perturbed AD pathways, but genetic and ancestral background need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri Vardarajan
- College of Physicians and SurgeonsTaub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterCollege of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
- Department of NeurologyCollege of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia University and the New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York
| | - Vrinda Kalia
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesMailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
| | - Jennifer Manly
- College of Physicians and SurgeonsTaub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
| | - Adam Brickman
- College of Physicians and SurgeonsTaub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterCollege of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
- Department of NeurologyCollege of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia University and the New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York
| | - Dolly Reyes‐Dumeyer
- College of Physicians and SurgeonsTaub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterCollege of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
| | - Rafael Lantigua
- Department of NeurologyCollege of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia University and the New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York
| | - Iuliana Ionita‐Laza
- Department of BiostatisticsMailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers LaboratoryDepartment of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyCollege of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
| | - Gary W. Miller
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesMailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
| | - Richard Mayeux
- College of Physicians and SurgeonsTaub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterCollege of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
- Department of NeurologyCollege of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia University and the New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York
- Department of EpidemiologyMailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
- Department of PsychiatryCollege of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
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14
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Salarinasab S, Salimi L, Alidadiani N, Shokrollahi E, Arzhanga P, Karbasforush S, Marofi F, Nasirzadeh M, Rahbarghazi R, Nourazarian A, Nikanfar M. Interaction of opioid with insulin/IGFs signaling in Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:819-834. [PMID: 32026387 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01478-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with biochemical and histopathological changes characterized by molecular abnormalities. Due to the lack of effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease, many attempts have been made to find potential therapies to reduce or even return neuronal loss after disease initiation. Alzheimer's disease is also touted as type III diabetes, showing an association with insulin signaling. The large distribution of the insulin receptor on the cell surface and its regulatory role in the central nervous system suggests that the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease could be ascribed to insulin signaling. The interference of opioids, such as morphine with insulin signaling pathways, is thought to occur via direct crosstalk between the signaling pathways of the insulin receptor and the mu-opioid receptor. In this review article, we discuss the possible crosstalk between the mu-opioid receptor and insulin signaling pathways. The association of these two signaling pathways with Alzheimer's disease is also debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Salarinasab
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Leila Salimi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Alidadiani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elhameh Shokrollahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Pishva Arzhanga
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saedeh Karbasforush
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Nasirzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza St, Golgasht St, Tabriz, 51666-14756, Iran.
| | - Alireza Nourazarian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran.
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Tabriz, 51666-16471, Iran.
| | - Masoud Nikanfar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Perkins AE, Varlinskaya EI, Deak T. From adolescence to late aging: A comprehensive review of social behavior, alcohol, and neuroinflammation across the lifespan. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 148:231-303. [PMID: 31733665 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The passage of time dictates the pace at which humans and other organisms age but falls short of providing a complete portrait of how environmental, lifestyle and underlying biological processes contribute to senescence. Two fundamental features of the human experience that change dramatically across the lifespan include social interactions and, for many, patterns of alcohol consumption. Rodent models show great utility for understanding complex interactions among aging, social behavior and alcohol use and abuse, yet little is known about the neural changes in late aging that contribute to the natural decline in social behavior. Here, we posit that aging-related neuroinflammation contributes to the insipid loss of social motivation across the lifespan, an effect that is exacerbated by patterns of repeated alcohol consumption observed in many individuals. We provide a comprehensive review of (i) neural substrates crucial for the expression of social behavior under non-pathological conditions; (ii) unique developmental/lifespan vulnerabilities that may contribute to the divergent effects of low-and high-dose alcohol exposure; and (iii) aging-associated changes in neuroinflammation that may sit at the intersection between social processes and alcohol exposure. In doing so, we provide an overview of correspondence between lifespan/developmental periods between common rodent models and humans, give careful consideration to model systems used to aptly probe social behavior, identify points of coherence between human and animal models, and point toward a multitude of unresolved issues that should be addressed in future studies. Together, the combination of low-dose and high-dose alcohol effects serve to disrupt the normal development and maintenance of social relationships, which are critical for both healthy aging and quality of life across the lifespan. Thus, a more complete understanding of neural systems-including neuroinflammatory processes-which contribute to alcohol-induced changes in social behavior will provide novel opportunities and targets for promoting healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Perkins
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Elena I Varlinskaya
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Terrence Deak
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, United States.
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16
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Petrella C, Di Certo MG, Barbato C, Gabanella F, Ralli M, Greco A, Possenti R, Severini C. Neuropeptides in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Update. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:544-558. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190503152555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are small proteins broadly expressed throughout the central nervous system, which act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neuroregulators. Growing evidence has demonstrated the involvement of many neuropeptides in both neurophysiological functions and neuropathological conditions, among which is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The role exerted by neuropeptides in AD is endorsed by the evidence that they are mainly neuroprotective and widely distributed in brain areas responsible for learning and memory processes. Confirming this point, it has been demonstrated that numerous neuropeptide-containing neurons are pathologically altered in brain areas of both AD patients and AD animal models. Furthermore, the levels of various neuropeptides have been found altered in both Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and blood of AD patients, getting insights into their potential role in the pathophysiology of AD and offering the possibility to identify novel additional biomarkers for this pathology. We summarized the available information about brain distribution, neuroprotective and cognitive functions of some neuropeptides involved in AD. The main focus of the current review was directed towards the description of clinical data reporting alterations in neuropeptides content in both AD patients and AD pre-clinical animal models. In particular, we explored the involvement in the AD of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH), Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART), Cholecystokinin (CCK), bradykinin and chromogranin/secretogranin family, discussing their potential role as a biomarker or therapeutic target, leaving the dissertation of other neuropeptides to previous reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Petrella
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Di Certo
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Barbato
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gabanella
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Possenti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
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17
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Fluegge K. A model of lipid dysregulation and altered nutrient status in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2019; 5:139-145. [PMID: 31065583 PMCID: PMC6495090 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dysregulated lipid metabolism and nutrient status are thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the precise involvement is not well understood, and it remains unclear exactly how such dysregulated lipid metabolism and altered nutrient status, especially changes in phosphatidylcholine, B12, and folate, are connected to the hallmark pathology in AD (i.e., amyloidogenesis). METHODS We have postulated that genetic susceptibility (i.e., APOE ε4/ε4) to environmental exposure to emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) could underlie the onset of AD and its early neuropsychiatric correlates. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The current theoretical editorial describes, using clinical, preclinical, and in vitro evidences, how this model contributes not only to amyloidogenesis but also other nonopioid effects, specifically altered lipid metabolism, depletion of vitamin B12, and disruption of the folate-mediated one carbon metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Fluegge
- Institute of Health and Environmental Research, Columbus OH 43220
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18
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Torres-Berrio A, Nava-Mesa MO. The opioid system in stress-induced memory disorders: From basic mechanisms to clinical implications in post-traumatic stress disorder and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 88:327-338. [PMID: 30118823 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive and emotional impairment are a serious consequence of stress exposure and are core features of neurological and psychiatric conditions that involve memory disorders. Indeed, acute and chronic stress are high-risk factors for the onset of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), two devastating brain disorders associated with memory dysfunction. Besides the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, stress response also involves the activation of the opioid system in brain regions associated with stress regulation and memory processing. In this context, it is possible that stress-induced memory disorders may be attributed to alterations in the interaction between the neuroendocrine stress system and the opioid system. In this review, we: (1) describe the effects of acute and chronic stress on memory, and the modulatory role of the opioid system, (2) discuss the contribution of the opioid system to the pathophysiology of PTSD and AD, and (3) present evidence of current and potential therapies that target the opioid receptors to treat PTSD- and AD-associated symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio O Nava-Mesa
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), School of Medicine, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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19
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Lanni C, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Preda S, Pascale A, Grilli M, Allegri N, Govoni S. Beta-amyloid short- and long-term synaptic entanglement. Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:243-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Bazov I, Sarkisyan D, Kononenko O, Watanabe H, Karpyak VM, Yakovleva T, Bakalkin G. Downregulation of the neuronal opioid gene expression concomitantly with neuronal decline in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of human alcoholics. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:122. [PMID: 29925858 PMCID: PMC6010434 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular changes in cortical areas of addicted brain may underlie cognitive impairment and loss of control over intake of addictive substances and alcohol. Prodynorphin (PDYN) gives rise to dynorphin (DYNs) opioid peptides which target kappa-opioid receptor (KOR). DYNs mediate alcohol-induced impairment of learning and memory, while KOR antagonists block excessive, compulsive-like drug and alcohol self-administration in animal models. In human brain, the DYN/KOR system may undergo adaptive changes, which along with neuronal loss, may contribute to alcohol-associated cognitive deficit. We addressed this hypothesis by comparing the expression levels and co-expression (transcriptionally coordinated) patterns of PDYN and KOR (OPRK1) genes in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) between human alcoholics and controls. Postmortem brain specimens of 53 alcoholics and 55 controls were analyzed. PDYN was found to be downregulated in dlPFC of alcoholics, while OPRK1 transcription was not altered. PDYN downregulation was confined to subgroup of subjects carrying C, a high-risk allele of PDYN promoter SNP rs1997794 associated with alcoholism. Changes in PDYN expression did not depend on the decline in neuronal proportion in alcoholics, and thereby may be attributed to transcriptional adaptations in alcoholic brain. Absolute expression levels of PDYN were lower compared to those of OPRK1, suggesting that PDYN expression is a limiting factor in the DYN/KOR signaling, and that the PDYN downregulation diminishes efficacy of DYN/KOR signaling in dlPFC of human alcoholics. The overall outcome of the DYN/KOR downregulation may be disinhibition of neurotransmission, which when overactivated could contribute to formation of alcohol-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bazov
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Daniil Sarkisyan
- 0000 0004 1936 9457grid.8993.bDivision of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olga Kononenko
- 0000 0004 1936 9457grid.8993.bDivision of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- 0000 0004 1936 9457grid.8993.bDivision of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Victor M. Karpyak
- 0000 0004 0459 167Xgrid.66875.3aDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Tatiana Yakovleva
- 0000 0004 1936 9457grid.8993.bDivision of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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21
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Kononenko O, Bazov I, Watanabe H, Gerashchenko G, Dyachok O, Verbeek DS, Alkass K, Druid H, Andersson M, Mulder J, Svenningsen ÅF, Rajkowska G, Stockmeier CA, Krishtal O, Yakovleva T, Bakalkin G. Opioid precursor protein isoform is targeted to the cell nuclei in the human brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:246-255. [PMID: 27838394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptide precursors are traditionally viewed as proteins giving rise to small neuropeptide molecules. Prodynorphin (PDYN) is the precursor protein to dynorphins, endogenous ligands for the κ-opioid receptor. Alternative mRNA splicing of neuropeptide genes may regulate cell- and tissue-specific neuropeptide expression and produce novel protein isoforms. We here searched for novel PDYN mRNA and their protein product in the human brain. METHODS Novel PDYN transcripts were identified using nested PCR amplification of oligo(dT) selected full-length capped mRNA. Gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR, PDYN protein by western blotting and confocal imaging, dynorphin peptides by radioimmunoassay. Neuronal nuclei were isolated using fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting (FANS) from postmortem human striatal tissue. Immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy was performed for human caudate nucleus. RESULTS Two novel human PDYN mRNA splicing variants were identified. Expression of one of them was confined to the striatum where its levels constituted up to 30% of total PDYN mRNA. This transcript may be translated into ∆SP-PDYN protein lacking 13 N-terminal amino acids, a fragment of signal peptide (SP). ∆SP-PDYN was not processed to mature dynorphins and surprisingly, was targeted to the cell nuclei in a model cellular system. The endogenous PDYN protein was identified in the cell nuclei in human striatum by western blotting of isolated neuronal nuclei, and by confocal imaging. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE High levels of alternatively spliced ∆SP-PDYN mRNA and nuclear localization of PDYN protein suggests a nuclear function for this isoform of the opioid peptide precursor in human striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kononenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden; State Key Lab for Molecular Biology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Igor Bazov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden.
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Ganna Gerashchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden; Department of Functional Genomics, Institute Molecular Biology, Kiev 03680, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Dyachok
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23, Sweden
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 30001, Netherlands
| | - Kanar Alkass
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Henrik Druid
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Malin Andersson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Jan Mulder
- Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Åsa Fex Svenningsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine-Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 2500, USA
| | - Craig A Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 2500, USA
| | - Oleg Krishtal
- State Key Lab for Molecular Biology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana Yakovleva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
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Fluegge K. Does MeCP2 deficiency in autism confer protection against later development of Alzheimer’s disease? A reply to Oberman and Pascual-Leone (2014). Med Hypotheses 2016; 92:18-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Mukhin VN, Abdurasulova IN, Pavlov KI, Kozlov AP, Klimenko VM. Effects of Activation of κ-Opioid Receptors on Behavior during Postnatal Formation of the Stress Reactivity Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-016-0288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Smeets CJLM, Jezierska J, Watanabe H, Duarri A, Fokkens MR, Meijer M, Zhou Q, Yakovleva T, Boddeke E, den Dunnen W, van Deursen J, Bakalkin G, Kampinga HH, van de Sluis B, Verbeek DS. Elevated mutant dynorphin A causes Purkinje cell loss and motor dysfunction in spinocerebellar ataxia type 23. Brain 2015; 138:2537-52. [PMID: 26169942 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 is caused by mutations in PDYN, which encodes the opioid neuropeptide precursor protein, prodynorphin. Prodynorphin is processed into the opioid peptides, α-neoendorphin, and dynorphins A and B, that normally exhibit opioid-receptor mediated actions in pain signalling and addiction. Dynorphin A is likely a mutational hotspot for spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 mutations, and in vitro data suggested that dynorphin A mutations lead to persistently elevated mutant peptide levels that are cytotoxic and may thus play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 23. To further test this and study spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 in more detail, we generated a mouse carrying the spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 mutation R212W in PDYN. Analysis of peptide levels using a radioimmunoassay shows that these PDYN(R212W) mice display markedly elevated levels of mutant dynorphin A, which are associated with climber fibre retraction and Purkinje cell loss, visualized with immunohistochemical stainings. The PDYN(R212W) mice reproduced many of the clinical features of spinocerebellar ataxia type 23, with gait deficits starting at 3 months of age revealed by footprint pattern analysis, and progressive loss of motor coordination and balance at the age of 12 months demonstrated by declining performances on the accelerating Rotarod. The pathologically elevated mutant dynorphin A levels in the cerebellum coincided with transcriptionally dysregulated ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors and glutamate transporters, and altered neuronal excitability. In conclusion, the PDYN(R212W) mouse is the first animal model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 and our work indicates that the elevated mutant dynorphin A peptide levels are likely responsible for the initiation and progression of the disease, affecting glutamatergic signalling, neuronal excitability, and motor performance. Our novel mouse model defines a critical role for opioid neuropeptides in spinocerebellar ataxia, and suggests that restoring the elevated mutant neuropeptide levels can be explored as a therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo J L M Smeets
- 1 Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justyna Jezierska
- 1 Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- 2 Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Duarri
- 1 Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel R Fokkens
- 1 Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Meijer
- 3 Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qin Zhou
- 2 Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tania Yakovleva
- 2 Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Boddeke
- 3 Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred den Dunnen
- 4 Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Deursen
- 5 Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- 3 Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- 6 Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- 7 Department of Paediatrics, Molecular Genetics Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- 1 Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Votinov M, Pripfl J, Windischberger C, Moser E, Sailer U, Lamm C. A functional polymorphism in the prodynorphin gene affects cognitive flexibility and brain activation during reversal learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:172. [PMID: 26190983 PMCID: PMC4490246 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the opioid system plays a role in the ability to flexibly adapt behavior is still unclear. We used fMRI to investigate the effect of a nucleotide tandem repeat (68-bp VNTR) functional polymorphism of the prodynorphin (PDYN) gene on cerebral activation during a reversal learning task in which participants had to flexibly adapt stimulus-response associations. Past studies suggested that alleles with 3 or 4 repeats (HH genotype) of this polymorphism are associated with higher levels of dynorphin peptides than alleles with 1 or 2 repeats (LL genotype). On the behavioral level, the HH group made more perseverative errors than the LL group. On the neural level, the HH group demonstrated less engagement of left orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) and cortico-striatal circuitry, and lower effective connectivity of lOFC with anterior midcingulate cortex and anterior insula/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during reversal learning and processing negative feedback. This points to a lower ability of the HH genotype to monitor or adapt to changes in reward contingencies. These findings provide first evidence that dynorphins may contribute to individual differences in reversal learning, and that considering the opioid system may shed new light on the neurochemical correlates of decision-making and behavioral regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Votinov
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany
| | - Juergen Pripfl
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Windischberger
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Ewald Moser
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Uta Sailer
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claus Lamm
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
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Ménard C, Gaudreau P, Quirion R. Signaling pathways relevant to cognition-enhancing drug targets. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 228:59-98. [PMID: 25977080 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16522-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is generally associated with a certain cognitive decline. However, individual differences exist. While age-related memory deficits can be observed in humans and rodents in the absence of pathological conditions, some individuals maintain intact cognitive functions up to an advanced age. The mechanisms underlying learning and memory processes involve the recruitment of multiple signaling pathways and gene expression, leading to adaptative neuronal plasticity and long-lasting changes in brain circuitry. This chapter summarizes the current understanding of how these signaling cascades could be modulated by cognition-enhancing agents favoring memory formation and successful aging. It focuses on data obtained in rodents, particularly in the rat as it is the most common animal model studied in this field. First, we will discuss the role of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and its receptors, downstream signaling effectors [e.g., calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)], associated immediate early gene (e.g., Homer 1a, Arc and Zif268), and growth factors [insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)] in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Second, the impact of the cholinergic system and related modulators on memory will be briefly reviewed. Finally, since dynorphin neuropeptides have recently been associated with memory impairments in aging, it is proposed as an attractive target to develop novel cognition-enhancing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ménard
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Perry Pavilion, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4H 1R3
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Henriksson R, Bäckman CM, Harvey BK, Kadyrova H, Bazov I, Shippenberg TS, Bakalkin G. PDYN, a gene implicated in brain/mental disorders, is targeted by REST in the adult human brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:1226-32. [PMID: 25220237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dynorphin κ-opioid receptor system is implicated in mental health and brain/mental disorders. However, despite accumulating evidence that PDYN and/or dynorphin peptide expression is altered in the brain of individuals with brain/mental disorders, little is known about transcriptional control of PDYN in humans. In the present study, we show that PDYN is targeted by the transcription factor REST in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and that that interfering with REST activity increases PDYN expression in these cells. We also show that REST binding to PDYN is reduced in the adult human brain compared to SH-SY5Y cells, which coincides with higher PDYN expression. This may be related to MIR-9 mediated down-regulation of REST as suggested by a strong inverse correlation between REST and MIR-9 expression. Our results suggest that REST represses PDYN expression in SH-SY5Y cells and the adult human brain and may have implications for mental health and brain/mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Henriksson
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Cell and Molecular Medicine, L8:01, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Box 591, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Cristina M Bäckman
- Cellular Neurophysiology Section, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Neural Protection and Regeneration Section, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Helena Kadyrova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Box 591, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Igor Bazov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Box 591, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Toni S Shippenberg
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Box 591, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Lin H, Zhang T, Wu Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Wang Q. Related genes and potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a preliminary study based on DNA microarray. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 29:90-5. [PMID: 24381135 PMCID: PMC11008138 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513506774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to extend our understanding of the molecular mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We downloaded the gene expression profile GSE18309 from Gene Expression Omnibus database, which includes 3 genechips from patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 3 genechips from patients with AD, and 3 genechips from normal controls (NC). Linear Models for Microarray Data package was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MCI versus NC group and AD versus NC group. Then, we extracted the overlapping DEGs of 2 groups for functional and pathway enrichment analysis using FuncAssociate software accompanied by gene ontology and expressing analysis systematic explorer, respectively. Further, AutoDock4 (http://autodock.scripps.edu/) was used to predict the docking site between small molecule ligands and proteins of a key DEG. RESULTS A total of 60 DEGs were identified. Biological processes associated with nutrient response and muscle development were significantly dysregulated in AD and MCI. In addition, we identified 2 active binding sites (A5 and L30) on protein structure of cholecystokinin A receptor (CCKAR) for drug design. CONCLUSION The DEGs including CCKAR might be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis of AD. However, further experimental studies are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu General Military Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu General Military Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxian Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu General Military Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu General Military Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiwen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu General Military Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu General Military Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Arneric SP, Laird JM, Chappell AS, Kennedy JD. Tailoring chronic pain treatments for the elderly: are we prepared for the challenge? Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Knockdown of prodynorphin gene prevents cognitive decline, reduces anxiety, and rescues loss of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor function in aging. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12792-804. [PMID: 23904614 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0290-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of dynorphin, an endogenous opioid peptide, increases with age and has been associated with memory impairments in rats. In human, prodynorphin (Pdyn) gene polymorphisms might be linked to cognitive function in the elderly. Moreover, elevated dynorphin levels have been reported in postmortem samples from Alzheimer's disease patients. However, the cellular and molecular processes affected by higher dynorphin levels during aging remain unknown. Using Pdyn(-/-) mice, we observed significant changes in the function and expression of Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). Compared with age-matched wild-type (WT) littermates, we found increased expression of mGluR1α and mGluR5 in the hippocampus and cortex of old, but not young, Pdyn(-/-) mice. Increased Group 1 mGluR expression in aged Pdyn(-/-) mice was associated with enhanced mGluR-mediated long-term depression, a form of synaptic plasticity. Notably, whereas aged WT mice developed spatial and recognition memory deficits, aged Pdyn(-/-) mice performed similarly as young mice. Pharmacological treatments with 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide, a positive modulator of mGlu5 receptors, or norbinaltorphimine, an antagonist for dynorphin-targeted κ-opioid receptor, rescued memory in old WT mice. Conversely, mGlu5 receptor antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride impaired spatial memory of old Pdyn(-/-) mice. Intact cognition in aged Pdyn(-/-) mice paralleled with increased expression of Group 1 mGluR-related genes Homer 1a and Arc. Finally, aged Pdyn(-/-) mice displayed less anxiety-related behaviors than age-matched WT mice. Together, our results suggest that elevated Pdyn expression during normal aging reduces mGluR expression and signaling, which in turn impairs cognitive functions and increases anxiety.
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Upregulated dynorphin opioid peptides mediate alcohol-induced learning and memory impairment. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e310. [PMID: 24105441 PMCID: PMC3818015 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynorphin opioid peptides control glutamate neurotransmission in the hippocampus. Alcohol-induced dysregulation of this circuit may lead to impairments in spatial learning and memory. This study examines whether changes in the hippocampal dynorphin and glutamate systems are related, and contribute to impairment of spatial learning and memory in a rat model of cognitive deficit associated with alcohol binge drinking. Hippocampal dynorphins (radioimmunoassay) and glutamate (in vivo microdialysis) were analyzed in Wistar rats exposed to repeated moderate-dose ethanol bouts that impair spatial learning and memory in the Water Maze Task (WMT). The highly selective, long-acting κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) was administered systemically or into the hippocampal CA3 region to test a role of dynorphins in alcohol-induced dysregulations in glutamate neurotransmission and behavior in the WMT. The ethanol treatment impaired learning and memory, upregulated dynorphins and increased glutamate overflow in the CA3 region. Administration of nor-BNI after cessation of ethanol exposure reversed ethanol-induced changes in glutamate neurotransmission in animals exposed to ethanol and normalized their performance in the WMT. The findings suggest that impairments of spatial learning and memory by binge-like ethanol exposure are mediated through the KOR activation by upregulated dynorphins resulting in elevation in glutamate levels. Selective KOR antagonists may correct alcohol-induced pathological processes, thus representing a novel pharmacotherapy for treating of ethanol-related cognitive deficits.
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Ménard C, Herzog H, Schwarzer C, Quirion R. Possible role of dynorphins in Alzheimer's disease and age-related cognitive deficits. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 13:82-5. [PMID: 23970097 DOI: 10.1159/000353848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Expression of dynorphin, an endogenous opioid peptide, increases with age and has been associated with cognitive deficits in rodents. Elevated dynorphin levels have been reported in postmortem samples from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, and prodynorphin (PDYN) gene polymorphisms might be linked to cognitive function in the elderly. Activation of κ-opioid receptors by dynorphins has been associated with stress-related memory impairments. Interestingly, these peptides can also modulate glutamate neurotransmission and may affect synaptic plasticity underlying memory formation. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazol-propionate (AMPA) ionotropic glutamate receptor levels generally decrease with aging, and their function is impaired in AD. METHODS Here, we compared the impact of aging on ionotropic glutamate receptor levels in the hippocampal formation of wild-type (WT) and Pdyn knock-out (KO) mice. RESULTS We observed a significant reduction in GluR1 and GluR2 AMPA receptor subunits in the hippocampal formation of 18- to 25-month-old WT mice in comparison with 6-month-old mice. Conversely, the GluR1 protein level was maintained in old Pdyn KO mice, and the NMDA NR2B subunit level was increased by 42% when compared to old WT animals. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that elevated dynorphin expression occurring during aging and AD may mediate cognitive deficits by altering the glutamatergic system integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ménard
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Qué., Canada
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Kim SJ, Zheng MQ, Nabulsi N, Labaree D, Ropchan J, Najafzadeh S, Carson RE, Huang Y, Morris ED. Determination of the in vivo selectivity of a new κ-opioid receptor antagonist PET tracer 11C-LY2795050 in the rhesus monkey. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1668-74. [PMID: 23918735 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.118877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (11)C-LY2795050 is a novel κ-selective antagonist PET tracer. The in vitro binding affinities (Ki) of LY2795050 at the κ-opioid (KOR) and μ-opioid (MOR) receptors are 0.72 and 25.8 nM, respectively. Thus, the in vitro KOR/MOR binding selectivity is about 36:1. Our goal in this study was to determine the in vivo selectivity of this new KOR antagonist tracer in the monkey. METHODS To estimate the ED50 value (dose of a compound [or drug] that gives 50% occupancy of the target receptor) of LY2795050 at the MOR and KOR sites, 2 series of blocking experiments were performed in 3 rhesus monkeys using (11)C-LY2795050 and (11)C-carfentanil with coinjections of various doses of unlabeled LY2795050. Kinetic modeling was applied to calculate regional binding potential (BP(ND)), and 1- and 2-site binding curves were fitted to these data to measure (11)C-LY2795050 binding selectivity. RESULTS The LY2795050 ED50 at MOR was 119 μg/kg based on a 1-site model for (11)C-carfentanil. The 1-site binding model was also deemed sufficient to describe the specific binding of (11)C-LY2795050 at KOR. The ED50 at KOR estimated from the 1-site model was 15.6 μg/kg. Thus, the ED50 ratio for MOR:KOR was 7.6. CONCLUSION The in vivo selectivity of (11)C-LY2795050 for KOR over MOR is 7.6. (11)C-LY2795050 has 4.7-fold-lower selectivity at KOR over MOR in vivo as compared with in vitro. Nevertheless, on the basis of our finding in vivo, 88% of the PET-observed specific binding of (11)C-LY2795050 under baseline conditions will be due to binding of the tracer at the KOR site in a region with similar prevalence of KOR and MOR. (11)C-LY2795050 is sufficiently selective for KOR over MOR in vivo to be considered an appropriate probe for studying the KOR with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Kim
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Bazov I, Kononenko O, Watanabe H, Kuntić V, Sarkisyan D, Taqi MM, Hussain MZ, Nyberg F, Yakovleva T, Bakalkin G. The endogenous opioid system in human alcoholics: molecular adaptations in brain areas involved in cognitive control of addiction. Addict Biol 2013; 18:161-9. [PMID: 21955155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system (EOS) plays a critical role in addictive processes. Molecular dysregulations in this system may be specific for different stages of addiction cycle and neurocircuitries involved and therefore may differentially contribute to the initiation and maintenance of addiction. Here we evaluated whether the EOS is altered in brain areas involved in cognitive control of addiction including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dl-PFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and hippocampus in human alcohol-dependent subjects. Levels of EOS mRNAs were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and levels of dynorphins by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in post-mortem specimens obtained from 14 alcoholics and 14 controls. Prodynorphin mRNA and dynorphins in dl-PFC, κ-opioid receptor mRNA in OFC and dynorphins in hippocampus were up-regulated in alcoholics. No significant changes in expression of proenkephalin, and µ- and δ-opioid receptors were evident; pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA levels were below the detection limit. Activation of the κ-opioid receptor by up-regulated dynorphins in alcoholics may underlie in part neurocognitive dysfunctions relevant for addiction and disrupted inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bazov
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Sloan CDK, Audus KL, Aldrich JV, Lunte SM. The permeation of dynorphin A 1-6 across the blood brain barrier and its effect on bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell monolayer permeability. Peptides 2012; 38:414-7. [PMID: 23046728 PMCID: PMC3540977 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dynorphin A 1-17 (Dyn A 1-17) is an endogenous neuropeptide known to act at the kappa opioid receptor; it has been implicated in a number of neurological disorders, including neuropathic pain, stress, depression, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The investigation of Dyn A 1-17 metabolism at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is important since the metabolites exhibit unique biological functions compared to the parent compound. In this work, Dyn A 1-6 is identified as a metabolite of Dyn A 1-17 in the presence of bovine brain microvessel endhothelial cells (BBMECs), using LC-MS/MS. The transport of Dyn A 1-6 at the BBB was examined using this in vitro cell culture model of the BBB. Furthermore, the permeation of the BBB by the low molecular weight permeability marker fluorescein was characterized in the presence and absences of Dyn A 1-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D. Kuhnline Sloan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Audus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jane V. Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Susan M. Lunte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Correspondence: Dr. Susan M. Lunte, Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA, , Telephone: +1-785-864-3811, Fax: +1-785-864-1916
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36
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Podwysocka D, Kosson P, Lipkowski AW, Olma A. TAPP analogs containing β3-homo-amino acids: synthesis and receptor binding. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:556-9. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Podwysocka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; Lodz; Poland
| | - P. Kosson
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre; Polish Academy of Science; Warsaw; Poland
| | - A. W. Lipkowski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre; Polish Academy of Science; Warsaw; Poland
| | - A. Olma
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; Lodz; Poland
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Walker BM, Valdez GR, McLaughlin JP, Bakalkin G. Targeting dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor systems to treat alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol 2012; 46:359-70. [PMID: 22459870 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This review represents the focus of a symposium that was presented at the "Alcoholism and Stress: A Framework for Future Treatment Strategies" conference in Volterra, Italy on May 3-6, 2011 and organized/chaired by Dr. Brendan M. Walker. The primary goal of the symposium was to evaluate and disseminate contemporary findings regarding the emerging role of kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) and their endogenous ligands dynorphins (DYNs) in the regulation of escalated alcohol consumption, negative affect and cognitive dysfunction associated with alcohol dependence, as well as DYN/KOR mediation of the effects of chronic stress on alcohol reward and seeking behaviors. Dr. Glenn Valdez described a role for KORs in the anxiogenic effects of alcohol withdrawal. Dr. Jay McLaughlin focused on the role of KORs in repeated stress-induced potentiation of alcohol reward and increased alcohol consumption. Dr. Brendan Walker presented data characterizing the effects of KOR antagonism within the extended amygdala on withdrawal-induced escalation of alcohol self-administration in dependent animals. Dr. Georgy Bakalkin concluded with data indicative of altered DYNs and KORs in the prefrontal cortex of alcohol dependent humans that could underlie diminished cognitive performance. Collectively, the data presented within this symposium identified the multifaceted contribution of KORs to the characteristics of acute and chronic alcohol-induced behavioral dysregulation and provided a foundation for the development of pharmacotherapeutic strategies to treat certain aspects of alcohol use disorders.
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Opioid system and Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 14:91-111. [PMID: 22527793 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The opioid system may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, including cognitive impairment, hyperphosphorylated tau, Aβ production, and neuroinflammation. Opioid receptors influence the regulation of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, and serotonin which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Opioid system has a close relation with Aβ generation since dysfunction of opioid receptors retards the endocytosis and degradation of BACE1 and γ-secretase and upregulates BACE1 and γ-secretase, and subsequently, the production of Aβ. Conversely, activation of opioid receptors increases the endocytosis of BACE1 and γ-secretase and downregulates BACE1 and γ-secretase, limiting the production of Aβ. The dysfunction of opioid system (opioid receptors and opioid peptides) may contribute to hyperphosphorylation of tau and neuroinflammation, and accounts for the degeneration of cholinergic neurons and cognitive impairment. Thus, the opioid system is potentially related to AD pathology and may be a very attractive drug target for novel pharmacotherapies of AD.
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Tejeda HA, Shippenberg TS, Henriksson R. The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system and its role in psychiatric disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:857-96. [PMID: 22002579 PMCID: PMC11114766 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system has been implicated in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders. In the present review, we present evidence indicating a key role for this system in modulating neurotransmission in brain circuits that subserve mood, motivation, and cognitive function. We overview the pharmacology, signaling, post-translational, post-transcriptional, transcriptional, epigenetic and cis regulation of the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system, and critically review functional neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and pharmacological evidence, suggesting that alterations in this system may contribute to affective disorders, drug addiction, and schizophrenia. We also overview the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system in the genetics of psychiatric disorders and discuss implications of the reviewed material for therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Tejeda
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - T. S. Shippenberg
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - R. Henriksson
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, L8:04, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Taqi MM, Bazov I, Watanabe H, Sheedy D, Harper C, Alkass K, Druid H, Wentzel P, Nyberg F, Yakovleva T, Bakalkin G. Prodynorphin CpG-SNPs associated with alcohol dependence: elevated methylation in the brain of human alcoholics. Addict Biol 2011; 16:499-509. [PMID: 21521424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors may influence the risk for neuropsychiatric disease through their effects on gene transcription. Mechanistically, these effects may be integrated through regulation of methylation of CpG dinucleotides overlapping with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with a disorder. We addressed this hypothesis by analyzing methylation of prodynorphin (PDYN) CpG-SNPs associated with alcohol dependence, in human alcoholics. Postmortem specimens of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dl-PFC) involved in cognitive control of addictive behavior were obtained from 14 alcohol-dependent and 14 control subjects. Methylation was measured by pyrosequencing after bisulfite treatment of DNA. DNA binding proteins were analyzed by electromobility shift assay. Three PDYN CpG-SNPs associated with alcoholism were found to be differently methylated in the human brain. In the dl-PFC of alcoholics, methylation levels of the C, non-risk variant of 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) SNP (rs2235749; C > T) were increased, and positively correlated with dynorphins. A DNA-binding factor that differentially targeted the T, risk allele and methylated and unmethylated C allele of this SNP was identified in the brain. The findings suggest a causal link between alcoholism-associated PDYN 3'-UTR CpG-SNP methylation, activation of PDYN transcription and vulnerability of individuals with the C, non-risk allele(s) to develop alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Mumtaz Taqi
- The Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bakalkin G, Watanabe H, Jezierska J, Depoorter C, Verschuuren-Bemelmans C, Bazov I, Artemenko KA, Yakovleva T, Dooijes D, Van de Warrenburg BPC, Zubarev RA, Kremer B, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Wijmenga C, Nyberg F, Sinke RJ, Verbeek DS. Prodynorphin mutations cause the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 23. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 87:593-603. [PMID: 21035104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia and dysarthria. We have identified missense mutations in prodynorphin (PDYN) that cause SCA23 in four Dutch families displaying progressive gait and limb ataxia. PDYN is the precursor protein for the opioid neuropeptides, α-neoendorphin, and dynorphins A and B (Dyn A and B). Dynorphins regulate pain processing and modulate the rewarding effects of addictive substances. Three mutations were located in Dyn A, a peptide with both opioid activities and nonopioid neurodegenerative actions. Two of these mutations resulted in excessive generation of Dyn A in a cellular model system. In addition, two of the mutant Dyn A peptides induced toxicity above that of wild-type Dyn A in cultured striatal neurons. The fourth mutation was located in the nonopioid PDYN domain and was associated with altered expression of components of the opioid and glutamate system, as evident from analysis of SCA23 autopsy tissue. Thus, alterations in Dyn A activities and/or impairment of secretory pathways by mutant PDYN may lead to glutamate neurotoxicity, which underlies Purkinje cell degeneration and ataxia. PDYN mutations are identified in a small subset of ataxia families, indicating that SCA23 is an infrequent SCA type (∼0.5%) in the Netherlands and suggesting further genetic SCA heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Ogren SO, Kuteeva E, Elvander-Tottie E, Hökfelt T. Neuropeptides in learning and memory processes with focus on galanin. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 626:9-17. [PMID: 19837050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides represent by far the most common signalling molecules in the central nervous system. They are involved in a wide range of physiological functions and can act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators or hormones in the central nervous system and in the periphery. Accumulating evidence during the past 40 years has implicated a number of neuropeptides in various cognitive functions including learning and memory. A major focus has been on the possibility that neuropeptides, by coexisting with classical neurotransmitters, can modulate classical transmitter function of importance for cognition. It has become increasingly clear that most transmitter systems in the brain can release a cocktail of signalling molecules including classical transmitters and several neuropeptides. However, the neuropeptides seem to come into action mainly under conditions of severe stress or aversive events, which have linked their action also to regulation of affective components of behaviour. This paper summarises some of the results of three neuropeptides, which can impact on hippocampal cognition by intrinsic (dynorphins, nociceptin) or extrinsic (galanin) modulation. The results obtained with these neuropeptides in rodent studies indicate that they are important for various aspects of hippocampal learning and memory as well as hippocampal plasticity. Recent studies in humans have also shown that dysregulation of these neuropeptides may be of importance for both neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders associated with cognitive impairments. It is concluded that compounds acting on neuropeptide receptor subtypes will represent novel targets for a number of disorders, which involve cognitive deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Ove Ogren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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43
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Nguyen XV, Liu M, Kim HC, Bing G. Effects of prodynorphin deletion on striatal dopamine in mice during normal aging and in response to MPTP. Exp Neurol 2009; 219:228-38. [PMID: 19500577 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dynorphins, endogenous neuropeptides found in striatonigral neurons, have been observed to exhibit dopamine-inhibitory actions and under some circumstances possess intrinsic neurotoxic activity. To test the hypothesis that dynorphin suppression mitigates effects of aging on the striatal dopaminergic system, HPLC quantitation of dopamine and related amines was performed on striatal homogenates of wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking the prodynorphin (Pdyn) gene at varying ages. Pdyn knockout (KO) mice at 10 and 20 months show significant elevations in striatal dopamine compared to 3-month mice. Differences in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity could not account for these findings, but phosphorylation of TH at Ser40, but not Ser31, was enhanced in aged Pdyn KO mice. Systemic administration of MPTP produced significant dopamine depletion in an age-dependent manner, but Pdyn deletion conferred no protection against MPTP-induced dopamine loss, arguing against a mechanism by which Pdyn deletion enhances dopaminergic neuron survival. The above findings demonstrate an age-dependent inhibitory effect of dynorphins on striatal dopamine synthesis via modulation of TH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan V Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Kölsch H, Wagner M, Bilkei-Gorzó A, Toliat MR, Pentzek M, Fuchs A, Kaduszkiewicz H, van den Bussche H, Riedel-Heller SG, Angermeyer MC, Weyerer S, Werle J, Bickel H, Mösch E, Wiese B, Daerr M, Jessen F, Maier W, Dichgans M. Gene polymorphisms in prodynorphin (PDYN) are associated with episodic memory in the elderly. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:897-903. [PMID: 19468819 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive functions show large variation in elderly people and are substantially heritable. Animal studies revealed that dynorphins influence cognition and memory, especially in aged animals. Thus, we tested the effect of four SNPs (rs7272891, rs1997794, rs2235751 and rs910080) and the VNTR promoter polymorphism in the prodynorphin gene (PDYN) on episodic memory and verbal fluency in a large (n = 1619) sample of elderly people (mean age: 80 +/- 3.39 years; range 75-90 years) recruited through the German study on ageing, cognition and dementia in primary care patients (AgeCoDe). We found that carriers of the minor alleles of rs1997794 (P < 0.002) and rs910080 (P < 0.005) presented with higher episodic memory scores than homozygote carriers of the major allele. Also, a three marker haplotype including these two SNPs and rs2235751 was associated with better episodic memory scores. Verbal fluency scores were non-significantly better in carriers of these respective alleles. Thus, our results suggest a role of PDYN gene variations in determining memory function also in elderly humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Kölsch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, Bonn 53105, Germany.
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Henriksson R, Kuzmin A, Okvist A, Harper C, Sheedy D, Garrick T, Yakovleva T, Bakalkin G. Elevated synaptophysin I in the prefrontal cortex of human chronic alcoholics. Synapse 2009; 62:829-33. [PMID: 18720419 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Convergent lines of evidence suggest potentiation of glutamatergic synapses after chronic ethanol exposure, and indicate that the presynaptic effect hereof is on modulators of synaptic strength rather than on executors of glutamate release. To address this hypothesis in the context of ethanol dependence in humans, we used semiquantitative immunoblotting to compare the immunoreactivities of synaptophysin I, syntaxin 1A, synaptosome-associated protein 25, and vesicle-associated membrane protein in the prefrontal and motor cortices between chronic alcoholics and control subjects. We found a region-specific elevation in synaptophysin I immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex of alcoholics, but detected no significant differences between the groups in the immunoreactivities of the other three proteins. Our findings are consistent with an effect of repeated ethanol exposure on modulators of synaptic strength but not on executors of glutamate release, and suggest a role for synaptophysin I in the enduring neuroplasticity in the prefrontal cortical glutamate circuitry that is associated with ethanol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Henriksson
- Experimental Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bernstein HG, Stricker R, Lendeckel U, Bertram I, Dobrowolny H, Steiner J, Bogerts B, Reiser G. Reduced neuronal co-localisation of nardilysin and the putative alpha-secretases ADAM10 and ADAM17 in Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome brains. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 31:11-25. [PMID: 19234765 PMCID: PMC2645990 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-008-9076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The peptidase nardilysin is involved in degradation of neuropeptides and limited intracellular proteolysis. Recent reports point to an involvement of nardilysin in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Nardilysin enhances the alpha-secretase activity of the disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) 10 and 17, thereby possibly contributing to reduced generation of amyloidogenic fragments from the amyloid precursor protein. A prerequisite for the alpha-secretase-stimulating effect of nardilysin on the activity of ADAMs in vivo is cellular co-expression of nardilysin with ADAM10 and/or ADAM17. We immunolocalised nardilysin, ADAM10, and ADAM17 in cortical regions of normal aged brain, in Alzheimer's disease, and in Down syndrome brains and counted the number of protease-expressing neurons. A considerable portion of neurons co-express nardilysin together with either ADAM10 or ADAM17. Compared to controls, in Alzheimer's disease and in Down syndrome brains there is a decreased cellular expression of all three antigens, and a reduction in the number of those neurons that co-express nardilysin with ADAM10 or with ADAM17. Our data are consistent with the notion that the proposed alpha-secretase-enhancing activity of nardilysin might play a role in human brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
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47
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Abstract
In human alcoholics, the cell density is decreased in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and other brain areas. This may be due to persistent activation of cell death pathways. To address this hypothesis, we examined the status of cell death machinery in the dorsolateral PFC in alcoholics. Protein and mRNA expression levels of several key pro- and anti-apoptotic genes were compared in post-mortem samples of 14 male human alcoholics and 14 male controls. The findings do not support the hypothesis. On the contrary, they show that several components of intrinsic apoptotic pathway are decreased in alcoholics. No differences were evident in the motor cortex, which is less damaged in alcoholics and was analysed for comparison. Thus, cell death mechanisms may be dysregulated by inhibition of intrinsic apoptotic pathway in the PFC in human alcoholics. This inhibition may reflect molecular adaptations that counteract alcohol neurotoxicity in cells that survive after many years of alcohol exposure and withdrawal.
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48
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Abstract
This paper is the thirtieth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2007 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd.,Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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49
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Ökvist A, Johansson S, Kuzmin A, Bazov I, Merino-Martinez R, Ponomarev I, Mayfield RD, Harris RA, Sheedy D, Garrick T, Harper C, Hurd YL, Terenius L, Ekström TJ, Bakalkin G, Yakovleva T. Neuroadaptations in human chronic alcoholics: dysregulation of the NF-kappaB system. PLoS One 2007; 2:e930. [PMID: 17895971 PMCID: PMC1976556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol dependence and associated cognitive impairments apparently result from neuroadaptations to chronic alcohol consumption involving changes in expression of multiple genes. Here we investigated whether transcription factors of Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-κB) family, controlling neuronal plasticity and neurodegeneration, are involved in these adaptations in human chronic alcoholics. Methods and Findings Analysis of DNA-binding of NF-κB (p65/p50 heterodimer) and the p50 homodimer as well as NF-κB proteins and mRNAs was performed in postmortem human brain samples from 15 chronic alcoholics and 15 control subjects. The prefrontal cortex involved in alcohol dependence and cognition was analyzed and the motor cortex was studied for comparison. The p50 homodimer was identified as dominant κB binding factor in analyzed tissues. NF-κB and p50 homodimer DNA-binding was downregulated, levels of p65 (RELA) mRNA were attenuated, and the stoichiometry of p65/p50 proteins and respective mRNAs was altered in the prefrontal cortex of alcoholics. Comparison of a number of p50 homodimer/NF-κB target DNA sites, κB elements in 479 genes, down- or upregulated in alcoholics demonstrated that genes with κB elements were generally upregulated in alcoholics. No significant differences between alcoholics and controls were observed in the motor cortex. Conclusions We suggest that cycles of alcohol intoxication/withdrawal, which may initially activate NF-κB, when repeated over years downregulate RELA expression and NF-κB and p50 homodimer DNA-binding. Downregulation of the dominant p50 homodimer, a potent inhibitor of gene transcription apparently resulted in derepression of κB regulated genes. Alterations in expression of p50 homodimer/NF-κB regulated genes may contribute to neuroplastic adaptation underlying alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ökvist
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Johansson
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Kuzmin
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Bazov
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Igor Ponomarev
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - R. Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - R. Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donna Sheedy
- Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Therese Garrick
- Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clive Harper
- Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yasmin L. Hurd
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lars Terenius
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas J. Ekström
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Tatjana Yakovleva
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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