1
|
Inceu G, Nechifor RE, Rusu A, Ciobanu DM, Draghici NC, Pop RM, Craciun AE, Porojan M, Negrut M, Roman G, Fodor A, Bala C. Post-COVID-19 Changes in Appetite-An Exploratory Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:2349. [PMID: 39064794 PMCID: PMC11280350 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this analysis, we aimed to investigate the effect of COVID-19 disease on eating behavior. A total of 55 right-handed adults, <50 years of age, without overweight or obesity, from two cross-sectional studies were included. The first one enrolled subjects between September 2018 and December 2019 (non-COVID-19 group). The second one included subjects enrolled between March 2022 and May 2023; for this analysis, 28 with a history of COVID-19 (COVID-19 group) were retained. Hunger, TFEQ-18, plasma ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and resting-state fMRI were assessed during fasting. Intraregional neuronal synchronicity and connectivity were assessed by voxel-based regional homogeneity (ReHo) and degree of centrality (DC). Significantly higher ghrelin and NPY levels were observed in the COVID-19 group than in the non-COVID-19 group (ghrelin 197.5 pg/mL vs. 67.1 pg/mL, p < 0.001; NPY 128.0 pg/mL vs. 84.5 pg/mL, p = 0.005). The NPY levels positively correlated with the DC and ReHo in the left lingual (r = 0.67785 and r = 0.73604, respectively). Similar scores were noted for cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating in both groups according to the TFEQ-18 questionnaire results (p > 0.05 for all). Our data showed increased levels of appetite-related hormones, correlated with activity in brain regions involved in appetite regulation, persisting long after COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgeta Inceu
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.I.); (A.R.); (A.E.C.); (G.R.); (A.F.); (C.B.)
- Department of Diabetes, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ruben Emanuel Nechifor
- International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy Babes-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Rusu
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.I.); (A.R.); (A.E.C.); (G.R.); (A.F.); (C.B.)
- Department of Diabetes, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Mihaela Ciobanu
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.I.); (A.R.); (A.E.C.); (G.R.); (A.F.); (C.B.)
- Department of Diabetes, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicu Catalin Draghici
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- “IMOGEN” Institute, Centre of Advanced Research Studies, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Maria Pop
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Anca Elena Craciun
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.I.); (A.R.); (A.E.C.); (G.R.); (A.F.); (C.B.)
- Department of Diabetes, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai Porojan
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Matei Negrut
- Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Gabriela Roman
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.I.); (A.R.); (A.E.C.); (G.R.); (A.F.); (C.B.)
- Department of Diabetes, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Fodor
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.I.); (A.R.); (A.E.C.); (G.R.); (A.F.); (C.B.)
- Department of Diabetes, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornelia Bala
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.I.); (A.R.); (A.E.C.); (G.R.); (A.F.); (C.B.)
- Department of Diabetes, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang J, Chen Z, van Zijl PCM, Law LH, Pemmasani Prabakaran RS, Park SW, Xu J, Chan KWY. Effect of inhaled oxygen level on dynamic glucose-enhanced MRI in mouse brain. Magn Reson Med 2024; 92:57-68. [PMID: 38308151 PMCID: PMC11055662 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of inhaled oxygen level on dynamic glucose enhanced (DGE) MRI in mouse brain tissue and CSF at 3 T. METHODS DGE data of brain tissue and CSF from mice under normoxia or hyperoxia were acquired in independent and interleaved experiments using on-resonance variable delay multi-pulse (onVDMP) MRI. A bolus of 0.15 mL filtered 50% D-glucose was injected through the tail vein over 1 min during DGE acquisition. MRS was acquired before and after DGE experiments to confirm the presence of D-glucose. RESULTS A significantly higher DGE effect under normoxia than under hyperoxia was observed in brain tissue (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0002 for independent and interleaved experiments, respectively), but not in CSF (p > 0.3). This difference is attributed to the increased baseline MR tissue signal under hyperoxia induced by a shortened T1 and an increased BOLD effect. When switching from hyperoxia to normoxia without glucose injection, a signal change of ˜3.0% was found in brain tissue and a signal change of ˜1.5% was found in CSF. CONCLUSIONS DGE signal was significantly lower under hyperoxia than that under normoxia in brain tissue, but not in CSF. The reason is that DGE effect size of brain tissue is affected by the baseline signal, which could be influenced by T1 change and BOLD effect. Therefore, DGE experiments in which the oxygenation level is changed from baseline need to be interpreted carefully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianpan Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter CM van Zijl
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lok Hin Law
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rohith Saai Pemmasani Prabakaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Se Weon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiadi Xu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kannie WY Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Tung Biomedical Science Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van Galen KA, Schrantee A, Ter Horst KW, la Fleur SE, Booij J, Constable RT, Schwartz GJ, DiLeone RJ, Serlie MJ. Brain responses to nutrients are severely impaired and not reversed by weight loss in humans with obesity: a randomized crossover study. Nat Metab 2023:10.1038/s42255-023-00816-9. [PMID: 37308722 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Post-ingestive nutrient signals to the brain regulate eating behaviour in rodents, and impaired responses to these signals have been associated with pathological feeding behaviour and obesity. To study this in humans, we performed a single-blinded, randomized, controlled, crossover study in 30 humans with a healthy body weight (females N = 12, males N = 18) and 30 humans with obesity (females N = 18, males N = 12). We assessed the effect of intragastric glucose, lipid and water (noncaloric isovolumetric control) infusions on the primary endpoints cerebral neuronal activity and striatal dopamine release, as well as on the secondary endpoints plasma hormones and glucose, hunger scores and caloric intake. To study whether impaired responses in participants with obesity would be partially reversible with diet-induced weight loss, imaging was repeated after 10% diet-induced weight loss. We show that intragastric glucose and lipid infusions induce orosensory-independent and preference-independent, nutrient-specific cerebral neuronal activity and striatal dopamine release in lean participants. In contrast, participants with obesity have severely impaired brain responses to post-ingestive nutrients. Importantly, the impaired neuronal responses are not restored after diet-induced weight loss. Impaired neuronal responses to nutritional signals may contribute to overeating and obesity, and ongoing resistance to post-ingestive nutrient signals after significant weight loss may in part explain the high rate of weight regain after successful weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katy A van Galen
- Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper W Ter Horst
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location AMC, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Amsterdam Gastroenterology Metabolism Endocrinology Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location AMC, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Amsterdam Gastroenterology Metabolism Endocrinology Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Todd Constable
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gary J Schwartz
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ralph J DiLeone
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location AMC, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Amsterdam Gastroenterology Metabolism Endocrinology Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Knutsson L, Xu X, van Zijl PCM, Chan KWY. Imaging of sugar-based contrast agents using their hydroxyl proton exchange properties. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4784. [PMID: 35665547 PMCID: PMC9719573 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability of CEST MRI to detect the presence of millimolar concentrations of non-metallic contrast agents has made it possible to study, non-invasively, important biological molecules such as proteins and sugars, as well as drugs already approved for clinical use. Here, we review efforts to use sugar and sugar polymers as exogenous contrast agents, which is possible based on the exchange of their hydroxyl protons with water protons. While this capability has raised early enthusiasm, for instance about the possibility of imaging D-glucose metabolism with MRI in a way analogous to PET, experience over the past decade has shown that this is not trivial. On the other hand, many studies have confirmed the possibility of imaging a large variety of sugar analogues, each with potentially interesting applications to assess tissue physiology. Some promising applications are the study of (i) sugar delivery and transport to assess blood-brain barrier integrity and (ii) sugar uptake by cells for their characterization (e.g., cancer versus healthy), as well as (iii) clearance of sugars to assess tissue drainage-for instance, through the glymphatic system. To judge these opportunities and their challenges, especially in the clinic, it is necessary to understand the technical aspects of detecting the presence of rapidly exchanging protons through the water signal in MRI, especially as a function of magnetic field strength. We expect that novel approaches in terms of MRI detection (both saturation transfer and relaxation based), MRI data analysis, and sugar design will push this young field forward in the next decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Knutsson
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, US
| | - Xiang Xu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter CM van Zijl
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, US
| | - Kannie WY Chan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong, China
- Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Simon JJ, Lang PM, Rommerskirchen L, Bendszus M, Friederich HC. Hypothalamic Reactivity and Connectivity following Intravenous Glucose Administration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087370. [PMID: 37108533 PMCID: PMC10139105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional glucose sensing in homeostatic brain regions such as the hypothalamus is interlinked with the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the physiology and pathophysiology of glucose sensing and neuronal homeostatic regulation remain insufficiently understood. To provide a better understanding of glucose signaling to the brain, we assessed the responsivity of the hypothalamus (i.e., the core region of homeostatic control) and its interaction with mesocorticolimbic brain regions in 31 normal-weight, healthy participants. We employed a single-blind, randomized, crossover design of the intravenous infusion of glucose and saline during fMRI. This approach allows to investigate glucose signaling independent of digestive processes. Hypothalamic reactivity and connectivity were assessed using a pseudo-pharmacological design and a glycemia-dependent functional connectivity analysis, respectively. In line with previous studies, we observed a hypothalamic response to glucose infusion which was negatively related to fasting insulin levels. The observed effect size was smaller than in previous studies employing oral or intragastric administration of glucose, demonstrating the important role of the digestive process in homeostatic signaling. Finally, we were able to observe hypothalamic connectivity with reward-related brain regions. Given the small amount of glucose employed, this points toward a high responsiveness of these regions to even a small energy stimulus in healthy individuals. Our study highlights the intricate relationship between homeostatic and reward-related systems and their pronounced sensitivity to subtle changes in glycemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe J Simon
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pia M Lang
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Rommerskirchen
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nakamura Y, Takahashi M, Inoue Y, Yanagimoto S, Okanoya K, Koike S. Nutrient infusion evoked magnetic resonance imaging signal in the human hypothalamus. Nutr Neurosci 2022; 25:2528-2535. [PMID: 34590989 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1983102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamus receives ingested nutrient information via ascending gut-related projections and plays a significant role in the regulation of food intake. Human neuroimaging studies have observed changes in the activity or connectivity of the hypothalamus in response to nutrient ingestion. However, previous neuroimaging studies have not yet assessed differences in temporal changes of hypothalamic responses to various nutrients in humans. Thus a repeated measures functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study using 30-min scans was designed to examine differences in hypothalamic responses to various nutrients. METHODS In this study, 18 healthy adults (mean age, 22.4 years; standard deviation, 4.8; age range, 19-39 years; 11 males and seven females) underwent fMRI sessions. On the day of each session, one of the four solutions (200 ml of monosodium glutamate, glucose, safflower oil emulsion, or saline) was administered to participants while fMRI scanning. RESULTS Infused amino acid and glucose, but not lipid emulsion, increased lateral hypothalamic responses as compared to a saline infusion ([x, y, z] = [4, -4, -10], z = 2.96). In addition, only hypothalamic responses to saline, but not those to the infusion of other nutrients, elicited a subjective sensation of hunger. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that lateral hypothalamic responses to ingested nutrients may mediate homeostatic sensations in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- The UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Takahashi
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yanagimoto
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- The UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Cognition and Behavior Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- The UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stamataki NS, Mckie S, Scott C, Bosscher D, Elliott R, McLaughlin JT. Mapping the Homeostatic and Hedonic Brain Responses to Stevia Compared to Caloric Sweeteners and Water: A Double-Blind Randomised Controlled Crossover Trial in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:4172. [PMID: 36235824 PMCID: PMC9570671 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners have potential effects on brain function. We investigated neural correlates of responses to beverages differing in sweetness and calories. Healthy participants completed 4 randomised sessions: water vs. water with stevia, glucose, or maltodextrin. Blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast was monitored for 30 min post-ingestion by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A food visual probe task at baseline was repeated at 30 min. A significant interaction of taste-by-calories-by-time was demonstrated mainly in motor, frontal, and insula cortices. Consumption of the stevia-sweetened beverage resulted in greater BOLD decrease, especially in the 20-30 min period, compared to other beverages. There was a significant interaction of taste-by-time in BOLD response in gustatory and reward areas; sweet beverages induced greater reduction in BOLD compared to non-sweet. The interaction calories-by-time showed significantly greater incremental area under the curve in thalamic, visual, frontal, and parietal areas for glucose and maltodextrin 10-20 min post-consumption only, compared to water. In the visual cue task, the water demonstrated an increased response in the visual cortex to food images post-consumption; however, no difference was observed for the three sweet/caloric beverages. In conclusion, both sweet taste and calories exert modulatory effects, but stevia showed a more robust and prolonged effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta S. Stamataki
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Shane Mckie
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Research and Innovation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Corey Scott
- Cargill R&D Center North America, Minneapolis, MN 55447, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - John T. McLaughlin
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Althubeati S, Avery A, Tench CR, Lobo DN, Salter A, Eldeghaidy S. Mapping brain activity of gut-brain signaling to appetite and satiety in healthy adults: A systematic review and functional neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 136:104603. [PMID: 35276299 PMCID: PMC9096878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how neurohormonal gut-brain signaling regulates appetite and satiety is vital for the development of therapies for obesity and altered eating behavior. However, reported brain areas associated with appetite or satiety regulators show inconsistency across functional neuroimaging studies. The aim of this study was to systematically assess the convergence of brain regions modulated by appetite and satiety regulators. Twenty-five studies were considered for qualitative synthesis, and 14 independent studies (20-experiments) found eligible for coordinate-based neuroimaging meta-analyses across 212 participants and 123 foci. We employed two different meta-analysis approaches. The results from the systematic review revealed the modulation of insula, amygdala, hippocampus, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with appetite regulators, where satiety regulators were more associated with caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, thalamus, putamen, anterior cingulate cortex in addition to the insula and OFC. The two neuroimaging meta-analyses methods identified the caudate nucleus as a key area associated with satiety regulators. Our results provide quantitative brain activation maps of neurohormonal gut-brain signaling in heathy-weight adults that can be used to define alterations with eating behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Althubeati
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Nutrition, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amanda Avery
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Christopher R Tench
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dileep N Lobo
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Andrew Salter
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics and Future Food Beacon, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sally Eldeghaidy
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics and Future Food Beacon, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Meyer-Gerspach AC, Wingrove JO, Beglinger C, Rehfeld JF, Le Roux CW, Peterli R, Dupont P, O'Daly O, Van Oudenhove L, Wölnerhanssen BK. Erythritol and xylitol differentially impact brain networks involved in appetite regulation in healthy volunteers. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2344-2358. [PMID: 34404339 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1965787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing consensus that sugar consumption should be reduced and the naturally occurring, low-calorie sweeteners xylitol and erythritol are gaining popularity as substitutes, but their effect on brain circuitry regulating appetite is unknown. AIM The study's objective was to examine the effects of the two sweeteners on cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and resting functional connectivity in brain networks involved in appetite regulation, and test whether these effects are related to gut hormone release. METHODS The study was performed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Twenty volunteers received intragastric (ig) loads of 50g xylitol, 75g erythritol, 75g glucose dissolved in 300mL tap water or 300mL tap water. Resting perfusion and blood oxygenation level-dependent data were acquired to assess rCBF and functional connectivity. Blood samples were collected for determination of CCK, PYY, insulin and glucose. RESULTS We found: (i) xylitol, but not erythritol, increased rCBF in the hypothalamus, whereas glucose had the opposite effect; (ii) graph analysis of resting functional connectivity revealed a complex pattern of similarities and differences in brain network properties following xylitol, erythritol, and glucose; (iii) erythritol and xylitol induced a rise in CCK and PYY, (iv) erythritol had no and xylitol only minimal effects on glucose and insulin. CONCLUSION Xylitol and erythritol have a unique combination of properties: no calories, virtually no effect on glucose and insulin while promoting the release of gut hormones, and impacting appetite-regulating neurocircuitry consisting of both similarities and differences with glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Christin Meyer-Gerspach
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jed O Wingrove
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carel W Le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ralph Peterli
- Department of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clarunis, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Centre for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Dupont
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Owen O'Daly
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London's Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab (CANlab), Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Bettina K Wölnerhanssen
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moran GW, Thapaliya G. The Gut-Brain Axis and Its Role in Controlling Eating Behavior in Intestinal Inflammation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030981. [PMID: 33803651 PMCID: PMC8003054 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition represents a major problem in the clinical management of the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Presently, our understanding of the cross-link between eating behavior and intestinal inflammation is still in its infancy. Crohn's disease patients with active disease exhibit strong hedonic desires for food and emotional eating patterns possibly to ameliorate feelings of low mood, anxiety, and depression. Impulsivity traits seen in IBD patients may predispose them to palatable food intake as an immediate reward rather than concerns for future health. The upregulation of enteroendocrine cells (EEC) peptide response to food intake has been described in ileal inflammation, which may lead to alterations in gut-brain signaling with implications for appetite and eating behavior. In summary, a complex interplay of gut peptides, psychological, cognitive factors, disease-related symptoms, and inflammatory burden may ultimately govern eating behavior in intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon William Moran
- National Institute of Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Gita Thapaliya
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ogawa A, Osada T, Tanaka M, Kamagata K, Aoki S, Konishi S. Connectivity-based localization of human hypothalamic nuclei in functional images of standard voxel size. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117205. [PMID: 32735999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their critical roles in autonomic functions, individual hypothalamic nuclei have not been extensively investigated in humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging, partly due to the difficulty in resolving individual nuclei contained in the small structure of the hypothalamus. Areal parcellation analyses enable discrimination of individual hypothalamic nuclei but require a higher spatial resolution, which necessitates long scanning time or large amounts of data to compensate for the low signal-to-noise ratio in 3T or 1.5T scanners. In this study, we present analytic procedures to estimate likely locations of individual nuclei in the standard 2-mm resolution based on our higher resolution dataset. The spatial profiles of functional connectivity with the cerebral cortex for each nucleus in the medial hypothalamus were calculated using our higher resolution dataset. Voxels in the hypothalamus in standard resolution images from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) database that predominantly shared connectivity profiles with the same nucleus were subsequently identified. Voxels representing individual nuclei, as identified with the analytic procedures, were reproducible across 20 HCP datasets of 20 subjects each. Furthermore, the identified voxels were spatially separate. These results suggest that these analytic procedures are capable of refining voxels that represent individual hypothalamic nuclei in standard resolution. Our results highlight the potential utility of these procedures in various settings such as patient studies, where lengthy scans are infeasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Ogawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Osada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Kamagata
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiki Konishi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Effects of the Daily Consumption of Stevia on Glucose Homeostasis, Body Weight, and Energy Intake: A Randomised Open-Label 12-Week Trial in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103049. [PMID: 33036155 PMCID: PMC7600789 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevia is a non-nutritive sweetener, providing sweet taste with no calories. This randomised, controlled, open-label 2-parallel arm trial examined the effects of daily stevia consumption on glycaemia in healthy adults. Secondary endpoints included body weight (BW) and energy intake (EI). Healthy participants (n = 28; aged 25 ± 5y, body mass index 21.2 ± 1.7 kg/m2) were randomised into either the stevia group (n = 14)—required to consume a stevia extract daily—or to the control group (n = 14). At weeks 0 and 12, the glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test were measured; BW and EI were assessed at weeks 0, 6, and 12. There was no significant difference in the glucose or insulin responses. There was a significant main effect of group on BW change (F(1,26) = 5.56, p = 0.026), as the stevia group maintained their weight as opposed to the control group (mean weight change at week 12: −0.22 kg, 95%CI [−0.96, 0.51] stevia group, +0.89 kg, 95%CI [0.16, 1.63] control group). The energy intake was significantly decreased between week 0 and 12 in the stevia group (p = 0.003), however no change was found in the control group (p = 0.973). Although not placebo-controlled, these results suggest that daily stevia consumption does not affect glycaemia in healthy individuals, but could aid in weight maintenance and the moderation of EI.
Collapse
|
13
|
Neural correlates of future weight loss reveal a possible role for brain-gastric interactions. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117403. [PMID: 32979521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle dietary interventions are an essential practice in treating obesity, hence neural factors that may assist in predicting individual treatment success are of great significance. Here, in a prospective, open-label, three arms study, we examined the correlation between brain resting-state functional connectivity measured at baseline and weight loss following 6 months of lifestyle intervention in 92 overweight participants. We report a robust subnetwork composed mainly of sensory and motor cortical regions, whose edges correlated with future weight loss. This effect was found regardless of intervention group. Importantly, this main finding was further corroborated using a stringent connectivity-based prediction model assessed with cross-validation thus attesting to its robustness. The engagement of senso-motor regions in this subnetwork is consistent with the over-sensitivity to food cues theory of weight regulation. Finally, we tested an additional hypothesis regarding the role of brain-gastric interaction in this subnetwork, considering recent findings of a cortical network synchronized with gastric activity. Accordingly, we found a significant spatial overlap with the subnetwork reported in the present study. Moreover, power in the gastric basal electric frequency within our reported subnetwork negatively correlated with future weight loss. This finding was specific to the weight loss related subnetwork and to the gastric basal frequency. These findings should be further corroborated by combining direct recordings of gastric activity in future studies. Taken together, these intriguing results may have important implications for our understanding of the etiology of obesity and the mechanism of response to dietary intervention.
Collapse
|
14
|
Al-Zubaidi A, Iglesias S, Stephan KE, Buades-Rotger M, Heldmann M, Nolde JM, Kirchner H, Mertins A, Jauch-Chara K, Münte TF. Effects of hunger, satiety and oral glucose on effective connectivity between hypothalamus and insular cortex. Neuroimage 2020; 217:116931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
15
|
Xu X, Sehgal AA, Yadav NN, Laterra J, Blair L, Blakeley J, Seidemo A, Coughlin JM, Pomper MG, Knutsson L, van Zijl PCM. d-glucose weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer (glucoCEST)-based dynamic glucose enhanced (DGE) MRI at 3T: early experience in healthy volunteers and brain tumor patients. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:247-262. [PMID: 31872916 PMCID: PMC7083699 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dynamic glucose enhanced (DGE) MRI has shown potential for imaging glucose delivery and blood-brain barrier permeability at fields of 7T and higher. Here, we evaluated issues involved with translating d-glucose weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer (glucoCEST) experiments to the clinical field strength of 3T. METHODS Exchange rates of the different hydroxyl proton pools and the field-dependent T2 relaxivity of water in d-glucose solution were used to simulate the water saturation spectra (Z-spectra) and DGE signal differences as a function of static field strength B0 , radiofrequency field strength B1 , and saturation time tsat . Multislice DGE experiments were performed at 3T on 5 healthy volunteers and 3 glioma patients. RESULTS Simulations showed that DGE signal decreases with B0 , because of decreased contributions of glucoCEST and transverse relaxivity, as well as coalescence of the hydroxyl and water proton signals in the Z-spectrum. At 3T, because of this coalescence and increased interference of direct water saturation and magnetization transfer contrast, the DGE effect can be assessed over a broad range of saturation frequencies. Multislice DGE experiments were performed in vivo using a B1 of 1.6 µT and a tsat of 1 second, leading to a small glucoCEST DGE effect at an offset frequency of 2 ppm from the water resonance. Motion correction was essential to detect DGE effects reliably. CONCLUSION Multislice glucoCEST-based DGE experiments can be performed at 3T with sufficient temporal resolution. However, the effects are small and prone to motion influence. Therefore, motion correction should be used when performing DGE experiments at clinical field strengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akansha Ashvani Sehgal
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nirbhay N. Yadav
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Laterra
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay Blair
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaishri Blakeley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anina Seidemo
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jennifer M. Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linda Knutsson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter C. M. van Zijl
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Peters R, White DJ, Scholey A. Resting state fMRI reveals differential effects of glucose administration on central appetite signalling in young and old adults. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:304-314. [PMID: 31909672 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119894540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy aging has been associated with reduced appetite and lower energy intake, which can lead to loss of bodyweight, undernutrition and related health problems. The causes for the decline in caloric intake are multifactorial, involving physiological and non-physiological processes. AIMS Here we examined the effect of glucose on brain function in healthy adults as well as age-related, physiological changes in brain responses associated with macronutrient intake. METHODS Using a randomized, double-blind, balanced cross-over design, younger (n = 16, aged 21-30) and older (n = 16, aged 55-78) adults received a drink containing glucose and a taste-matched placebo after an overnight fast. Blood glucose and hunger were assessed at baseline and 20 min post-ingestion, after which participants underwent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Frequency-dependent changes associated with glucose administration in slow-5 (0.01-0.027 Hz) and slow-4 (0.027-0.073 Hz) amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and fractional ALFF (fALFF) of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal were investigated within the young healthy adults, and then extended to the older age group. Consistent with previous reports, glucose decreased amplitude in slow-5 fALFF within the left orbitofrontal cortex and insular cortex in the young adults. We observed a significant interaction in slow-5 ALFF and fALFF in the left insula, such that younger participants showed a decrease in BOLD amplitude, whereas older participants showed an increase, after glucose administration. We further observed an interaction in slow-4 ALFF in the occipital region and precuneus, with older participants showing an increase in magnitude of slow-4 ALFF and younger participants showing a decrease in the same measure. CONCLUSION These age-related, frequency-dependent changes in the magnitude of the BOLD signal in the insula, a key region related to energy homeostasis following feeding, may point to a change in satiety or homeostatic signalling contributing to behavioural changes in energy intake during senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Peters
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J White
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Priovoulos N, Poser BA, Ivanov D, Verhey FRJ, Jacobs HIL. In vivo imaging of the nucleus of the solitary tract with Magnetization Transfer at 7 Tesla. Neuroimage 2019; 201:116071. [PMID: 31398435 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a nuclei complex with, among others, a high concentration of noradrenergic neurons (including the noradrenergic subnuclei named A1 and A2) in the medulla. The NTS regulates several cognitive, neuroendocrine and autonomic functions. No method currently exists to anatomically visualize the NTS in vivo. Several noradrenergic and dopaminergic nuclei have been successfully imaged using Magnetization Transfer (MT) contrast manipulation. We therefore hypothesized that an efficient, high-resolution MT-weighted sequence at 7 T might successfully image the NTS. In this study, we found a hyperintensity, similar to hyperintensities found in other noradrenergic and dopaminergic nuclei, consistent with the expected NTS location, and specific to the MT-weighted images. The localization of the hyperintensity was found to be consistent between individuals and slices and in good correspondence to a histological atlas and a meta-analytic map of fMRI-based NTS activation. We conclude that the method may, for the first time, achieve NTS imaging in vivo and within a clinically-feasible acquisition time. To facilitate NTS research at lower field strengths, an NTS template was created and made publicly available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Priovoulos
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Benedikt A Poser
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dimo Ivanov
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frans R J Verhey
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi I L Jacobs
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Al-Zubaidi A, Heldmann M, Mertins A, Brabant G, Nolde JM, Jauch-Chara K, Münte TF. Impact of Hunger, Satiety, and Oral Glucose on the Association Between Insulin and Resting-State Human Brain Activity. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:162. [PMID: 31178708 PMCID: PMC6544009 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the interplay of metabolic state (hungry vs. satiated) and glucose administration (including hormonal modulation) on brain function, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and blood samples were obtained in 24 healthy normal-weight men in a repeated measurement design. Participants were measured twice: once after a 36 h fast (except water) and once under satiation (three meals/day for 36 h). During each session, rs-fMRI and hormone concentrations were recorded before and after a 75 g oral dose of glucose. We calculated the amplitude map from blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals by using the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) approach for each volunteer per condition. Using multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) the interdependence of brain activity, plasma insulin and blood glucose was investigated. We observed a modulatory impact of fasting state on intrinsic brain activity in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Strikingly, differences in plasma insulin levels between hunger and satiety states after glucose administration at the time of the scan were negatively related to brain activity in the posterior insula and superior frontal gyrus (SFG), while plasma glucose levels were positively associated with activity changes in the fusiform gyrus. Furthermore, we could show that changes in plasma insulin enhanced the connectivity between the posterior insula and SFG. Our results indicate that hormonal signals like insulin alleviate an acute hemostatic energy deficit by modifying the homeostatic and frontal circuitry of the human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alfred Mertins
- Institute for Signal Processing, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Kamila Jauch-Chara
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oussaada SM, van Galen KA, Cooiman MI, Kleinendorst L, Hazebroek EJ, van Haelst MM, Ter Horst KW, Serlie MJ. The pathogenesis of obesity. Metabolism 2019; 92:26-36. [PMID: 30639246 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Body fat mass increases when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. In the long term, a positive energy balance will result in obesity. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically, posing a serious threat to human health. Therefore, insight in the pathogenesis of obesity is important to identify novel prevention and treatment strategies. This review describes the physiology of energy expenditure and energy intake in the context of body weight gain in humans. We focus on the components of energy expenditure and the regulation of energy intake. Finally, we describe rare monogenetic causes leading to an impairment in central regulation of food intake and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Oussaada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katy A van Galen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mellody I Cooiman
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte Kleinendorst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric J Hazebroek
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke M van Haelst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper W Ter Horst
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Weltens N, Iven J, Van Oudenhove L, Kano M. The gut-brain axis in health neuroscience: implications for functional gastrointestinal disorders and appetite regulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1428:129-150. [PMID: 30255954 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, scientific interest in the gut-brain axis (i.e., the bidirectional communication system between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain) has exploded, mostly due to the identification of the gut microbiota as a novel key player in this communication. However, important progress has also been made in other aspects of gut-brain axis research, which has been relatively underemphasized in the review literature. Therefore, in this review, we provide a comprehensive, although not exhaustive, overview of recent research on the functional neuroanatomy of the gut-brain axis and its relevance toward the multidisciplinary field of health neuroscience, excluding studies on the role of the gut microbiota. More specifically, we first focus on irritable bowel syndrome, after which we outline recent findings on the role of the gut-brain axis in appetite and feeding regulation, primarily focusing on the impact of subliminal nutrient-related gut-brain signals. We conclude by providing future perspectives to facilitate translation of the findings from gut-brain axis neuroscientific research to clinical applications in these domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Weltens
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing (CHROMETA), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Iven
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing (CHROMETA), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing (CHROMETA), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michiko Kano
- Frontiers Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Behavioral Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meyer-Gerspach AC, Ly HG, Borgwardt S, Dupont P, Beglinger C, Van Oudenhove L, Wölnerhanssen BK. Endogenous GLP-1 alters postprandial functional connectivity between homeostatic and reward-related brain regions involved in regulation of appetite in healthy lean males: A pilotstudy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2330-2338. [PMID: 29790260 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Peripheral infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) can affect brain activity in areas involved in the regulation of appetite, including hypothalamic and reward-related brain regions. In contrast, the physiological role of endogenous GLP-1 in the central regulation of appetite has hardly been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a randomized, cross-over trial that involved 12 healthy volunteers who received an intragastric (ig) glucose (gluc) load, with or without intravenous (iv) exendin9-39 (ex9-39; specific GLP-1 receptor antagonist). Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the effect of endogenous GLP-1 on resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) between homeostatic and reward-related brain regions. Visual analogue scales were used to rate appetite-related sensations. Blood samples were collected for GI hormone measurements. RESULTS Administration of iv-ex9-39/ig-gluc induced a significantly higher rsFC, relative to ig-gluc administration, between the hypothalamus and the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as well as the left amygdala (P ≤ .001, respectively). Administration of iv-ex9-39/ig-gluc induced a significantly higher rsFC, relative to ig-gluc administration, between the right nucleus accumbens and the right lateral OFC (P < .001). Administration of iv-ex9-39/ig-gluc induced a significantly lower rsFC, relative to ig-gluc administration, between the midbrain and the right caudate nucleus (P = .001). Administration of ig-gluc significantly decreased prospective food consumption and increased sensations of fullness compared to pre-infusion baseline (P = .028 and P = .019, respectively); these effects were not present in the iv-ex9-39/ig-gluc condition. CONCLUSIONS This pilot trial provides preliminary experimental evidence that glucose-induced endogenous GLP-1 affects central regulation of appetite by modulating rsFC in homeostatic and reward-related brain regions in healthy lean male participants in a GLP-1 receptor-mediated fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Christin Meyer-Gerspach
- St. Clara Research Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Huynh Giao Ly
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Dupont
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bettina K Wölnerhanssen
- St. Clara Research Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Al-Zubaidi A, Heldmann M, Mertins A, Jauch-Chara K, Münte TF. Influences of Hunger, Satiety and Oral Glucose on Functional Brain Connectivity: A Multimethod Resting-State fMRI Study. Neuroscience 2018; 382:80-92. [PMID: 29723574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major regulatory task of the organism is to keep brain functions relatively constant in spite of metabolic changes (e.g., hunger vs. satiety) or availability of energy (e.g., glucose administration). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) can reveal resulting changes in brain function but previous studies have focused mostly on the hypothalamus. Therefore, we took a whole-brain approach and examined 24 healthy normal-weight men once after 36 h of fasting and once in a satiated state (six meals over the course of 36 h). At the end of each treatment, rs-fMRI was recorded before and after the oral administration of 75 g of glucose. We calculated local connectivity (regional homogeneity [ReHo]), global connectivity (degree of centrality [DC]), and amplitude (fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation [fALFF]) maps from the rs-fMRI data. We found that glucose administration reduced all measures selectively in the left supplementary motor area and increased ReHo and fALFF in the right middle and superior frontal gyri. For fALFF, we observed a significant interaction between metabolic states and glucose in the left thalamus. This interaction was driven by a fALFF increase after glucose treatment in the hunger relative to the satiety condition. Our results indicate that fALFF analysis is the most sensitive measure to detect effects of metabolic states on resting-state brain activity. Moreover, we show that multimethod rs-fMRI provides an unbiased approach to identify spontaneous brain activity associated with changes in homeostasis and caloric intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alfred Mertins
- Institute for Signal Processing, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Thomas F Münte
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The motilin agonist erythromycin increases hunger by modulating homeostatic and hedonic brain circuits in healthy women: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1819. [PMID: 29379095 PMCID: PMC5789052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The motilin agonist, erythromycin, induces gastric phase III of the migrating motor complex, which in turn generates hunger peaks. To identify the brain mechanisms underlying these orexigenic effects, 14 healthy women participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Functional magnetic resonance brain images were acquired for 50 minutes interprandially. Intravenous infusion of erythromycin (40 mg) or saline started 10 minutes after the start of scanning. Blood samples (for glucose and hormone levels) and hunger ratings were collected at fixed timepoints. Thirteen volunteers completed the study, without any adverse events. Brain regions involved in homeostatic and hedonic control of appetite and food intake responded to erythromycin, including pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, caudate, pallidum and putamen bilaterally, right accumbens, hypothalamus, and midbrain. Octanoylated ghrelin levels decreased, whereas both glucose and insulin increased after erythromycin. Hunger were higher after erythromycin, and these differences covaried with the brain response in most of the abovementioned regions. The motilin agonist erythromycin increases hunger by modulating neurocircuitry related to homeostatic and hedonic control of appetite and feeding. These results confirm recent behavioural findings identifying motilin as a key orexigenic hormone in humans, and identify the brain mechanisms underlying its effect.
Collapse
|
24
|
Osada T, Suzuki R, Ogawa A, Tanaka M, Hori M, Aoki S, Tamura Y, Watada H, Kawamori R, Konishi S. Functional subdivisions of the hypothalamus using areal parcellation and their signal changes related to glucose metabolism. Neuroimage 2017; 162:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
25
|
Dodd GT, Tiganis T. Insulin action in the brain: Roles in energy and glucose homeostasis. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28758251 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence from research in rodents and humans has identified insulin as an important neuoregulatory peptide in the brain, where it coordinates diverse aspects of energy balance and peripheral glucose homeostasis. This review discusses where and how insulin interacts within the brain and evaluates the physiological and pathophysiological consequences of central insulin signalling in metabolism, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G T Dodd
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - T Tiganis
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The impact of gut hormones on the neural circuit of appetite and satiety: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:457-475. [PMID: 28669754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The brain-gut-axis is an interdependent system affecting neural functions and controlling our eating behaviour. In recent decades, neuroimaging techniques have facilitated its investigation. We systematically looked into functional and neurochemical brain imaging studies investigating how key molecules such as ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, glucose and insulin influence the function of brain regions regulating appetite and satiety. Of the 349 studies published before July 2016 identified in the database search, 40 were included (27 on healthy and 13 on obese subjects). Our systematic review suggests that the plasma level of ghrelin, the gut hormone promoting appetite, is positively correlated with activation in the pre-frontal cortex (PFC), amygdala and insula and negatively correlated with activation in subcortical areas such as the hypothalamus. In contrast, the plasma levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, PYY, GLP-1 affect the same brain regions conversely. Our study integrates previous investigations of the gut-brain matrix during food-intake and homeostatic regulation and may be of use for future meta-analyses of brain-gut interactions.
Collapse
|
27
|
Stamataki NS, McLaughlin JT. Sweet sensing, homeostasis and hedonics in the human gut-brain axis. NUTR BULL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
28
|
Yeung AWK, Goto TK, Leung WK. Basic taste processing recruits bilateral anteroventral and middle dorsal insulae: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00655. [PMID: 28413706 PMCID: PMC5390838 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Numerous task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have reported the locations of basic taste representations in the human brain, but they usually employed a limited number of subjects (<20) with different methodologies and stimuli. Moreover, the reported brain regions were sometimes inconsistent. Thus, we aimed at performing a meta-analysis of the published data to identify locations consistently activated across studies, and performed a connectivity analysis to reveal how these taste processing regions connect with other brain regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A meta-analysis was performed based on 34 experiments, with 238 total participants in 16 studies, to establish the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) of taste-mediated regional activation. Meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) and data stored in BrainMap database were employed to reveal the functional connectivity of the regions identified by ALE with other brain regions, across all types of experiments that caused activation among healthy subjects. RESULTS ALE identified nine activated clusters in bilateral anteroventral and middle dorsal insulae, bilateral thalamus and caudate, bilateral pre-/postcentral gyrus, and right hippocampus. The concurrence between studies was moderate, with at best 38% of experiments contributed to the significant clusters activated by taste stimulation. Sweet taste was the predominant contributing taste. MACM revealed that at least 50% of the nine clusters coactivated with the middle cingulate cortex, medial frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and putamen. CONCLUSION Results suggested that fMRI studies have reported reproducible patterns of activations across studies. The basic taste stimulations resulted in activations in a mostly bilateral network. Moreover, they were connected with cognitive and emotional relevant brain regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Tazuko K Goto
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Tokyo Dental College Misakicho Chiyoda-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Wai Keung Leung
- Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Human brain responses to gastrointestinal nutrients and gut hormones. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 31:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
30
|
Schlögl H, Horstmann A, Villringer A, Stumvoll M. Functional neuroimaging in obesity and the potential for development of novel treatments. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:695-705. [PMID: 26838265 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, exciting progress has been made in understanding the role of the CNS in controlling eating behaviour and in the development of overeating. Regions and networks of the human brain involved in eating behaviour and appetite control have been identified with neuroimaging techniques such as functional MRI, PET, electroencephalography, and magnetoencephalography. Hormones that regulate our drive to eat (eg, leptin, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1) can affect brain function. Defects in central hunger signalling are present in many pathologies. On the basis of an understanding of brain mechanisms that lead to overeating, powerful neuroimaging protocols could be a future clinical approach to allow individually tailored treatment options for patients with obesity. The aim of our Review is to provide an overview of neuroimaging approaches for obesity (ie, neuroimaging study design, questions which can be answered by neuroimaging, and limitations of neuroimaging techniques), examine current models of central nervous processes regulating eating behaviour, summarise and review important neuroimaging studies investigating therapeutic approaches to treat obesity or to control eating behaviour, and to provide a perspective on how neuroimaging might lead to new therapeutic approaches to obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiko Schlögl
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ulrich M, Endres F, Kölle M, Adolph O, Widenhorn-Müller K, Grön G. Glucose modulates food-related salience coding of midbrain neurons in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:4376-4384. [PMID: 27411574 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although early rat studies demonstrated that administration of glucose diminishes dopaminergic midbrain activity, evidence in humans has been lacking so far. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, glucose was intravenously infused in healthy human male participants while seeing images depicting low-caloric food (LC), high-caloric food (HC), and non-food (NF) during a food/NF discrimination task. Analysis of brain activation focused on the ventral tegmental area (VTA) as the origin of the mesolimbic system involved in salience coding. Under unmodulated fasting baseline conditions, VTA activation was greater during HC compared with LC food cues. Subsequent to infusion of glucose, this difference in VTA activation as a function of caloric load leveled off and even reversed. In a control group not receiving glucose, VTA activation during HC relative to LC cues remained stable throughout the course of the experiment. Similar treatment-specific patterns of brain activation were observed for the hypothalamus. The present findings show for the first time in humans that glucose infusion modulates salience coding mediated by the VTA. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4376-4384, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ulrich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Felix Endres
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Markus Kölle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Oliver Adolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | | | - Georg Grön
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Wright H, Li X, Fallon NB, Crookall R, Giesbrecht T, Thomas A, Halford JCG, Harrold J, Stancak A. Differential effects of hunger and satiety on insular cortex and hypothalamic functional connectivity. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1181-9. [PMID: 26790868 PMCID: PMC4982083 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The insula cortex and hypothalamus are implicated in eating behaviour, and contain receptor sites for peptides and hormones controlling energy balance. The insula encompasses multi‐functional subregions, which display differential anatomical and functional connectivities with the rest of the brain. This study aimed to analyse the effect of fasting and satiation on the functional connectivity profiles of left and right anterior, middle, and posterior insula, and left and right hypothalamus. It was hypothesized that the profiles would be altered alongside changes in homeostatic energy balance. Nineteen healthy participants underwent two 7‐min resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, one when fasted and one when satiated. Functional connectivity between the left posterior insula and cerebellum/superior frontal gyrus, and between left hypothalamus and inferior frontal gyrus was stronger during fasting. Functional connectivity between the right middle insula and default mode structures (left and right posterior parietal cortex, cingulate cortex), and between right hypothalamus and superior parietal cortex was stronger during satiation. Differences in blood glucose levels between the scans accounted for several of the altered functional connectivities. The insula and hypothalamus appear to form a homeostatic energy balance network related to cognitive control of eating; prompting eating and preventing overeating when energy is depleted, and ending feeding or transferring attention away from food upon satiation. This study provides evidence of a lateralized dissociation of neural responses to energy modulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Wright
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Nicholas B Fallon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Rebecca Crookall
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | | | | | - Jason C G Halford
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Joanne Harrold
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Andrej Stancak
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Role of gastrointestinal hormones in feeding behavior and obesity treatment. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:93-103. [PMID: 26346735 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Food intake regulation is generally evaluated by many aspects consisting of complex mechanisms, including homeostatic regulatory mechanism, which is based on negative feedback, and hedonic regulatory mechanism, which is driven by a reward system. One important aspect of food intake regulation is the peripheral hormones that are secreted from the gastrointestinal tract. These hormones are secreted from enteroendocrine cells as feedback to nutrient and energy intake, and will communicate with the brain directly or via the vagus nerve. Gastrointestinal hormones are very crucial in maintaining a steady body weight, despite variations in nutrient intake and energy expenditure. In this review, we provide an overview of the regulation of feeding behavior by gut hormones, and its role in obesity treatments.
Collapse
|
35
|
Heni M, Kullmann S, Preissl H, Fritsche A, Häring HU. Impaired insulin action in the human brain: causes and metabolic consequences. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:701-11. [PMID: 26460339 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, evidence has accumulated that the human brain is an insulin-sensitive organ. Insulin regulates activity in a limited number of specific brain areas that are important for memory, reward, eating behaviour and the regulation of whole-body metabolism. Accordingly, insulin in the brain modulates cognition, food intake and body weight as well as whole-body glucose, energy and lipid metabolism. However, brain imaging studies have revealed that not everybody responds equally to insulin and that a substantial number of people are brain insulin resistant. In this Review, we provide an overview of the effects of insulin in the brain in humans and the relevance of the effects for physiology. We present emerging evidence for insulin resistance of the human brain. Factors associated with brain insulin resistance such as obesity and increasing age, as well as possible pathogenic factors such as visceral fat, saturated fatty acids, alterations at the blood-brain barrier and certain genetic polymorphisms, are reviewed. In particular, the metabolic consequences of brain insulin resistance are discussed and possible future approaches to overcome brain insulin resistance and thereby prevent or treat obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tsurugizawa T, Uneyama H. Differences in BOLD responses to intragastrically infused glucose and saccharin in rats. Chem Senses 2014; 39:683-91. [PMID: 25179231 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The postingestive effect is different between caloric and noncaloric sweeteners. The gut administration of glucose induces a preference for flavored water which is paired with the intragastric infusion of glucose. However, a comparison of the brain response to the gut glucose and saccharin stimuli still remains to be demonstrated. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal response to gut glucose and saccharin in the brain of conscious rats. Glucose induced a positive signal increase in the amygdala and nucleus accumben, both of which receive dopaminergic input from the ventral tegmental area. In contrast, saccharin administration did not activate these areas. Both glucose and saccharin increased the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal intensity in the insular cortex and the nucleus of the solitary tract. These results show that there were significant differences between postingestive glucose and saccharin-induced increases in the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal in rats. Together with previous findings, these results suggest distinct activation patterns in the brain for both glucose and saccharin, which is partially due to different changes of internal signals, including the blood glucose and insulin levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Tsurugizawa
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Suzuki-cho 1-1, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8601, Japan Present address: CEA/DSV/I2BM/NeuroSpin, Bât 145, Point Courrier 156, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hisayuki Uneyama
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Suzuki-cho 1-1, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|