1
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Tarchick MJ, Beight C, Bonezzi PB, Peachey NS, Renna JM. Photoreceptor deficits appear at eye opening in Rs1 mutant mouse models of X-linked retinoschisis. Exp Eye Res 2024; 242:109872. [PMID: 38514024 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is an early onset degenerative retinal disease characterized by cystic lesions in the middle layers of the retina. These structural changes are accompanied by a loss of visual acuity and decreased contrast sensitivity. XLRS is caused by mutations in the gene Rs1 which encodes the secreted protein Retinoschisin 1. Young Rs1-mutant mouse models develop key hallmarks of XLRS including intraretinal schisis and abnormal electroretinograms. The electroretinogram (ERG) comprises activity of multiple cellular generators, and it is not known how and when each of these is impacted in Rs1 mutant mice. Here we use an ex vivo ERG system and pharmacological blockade to determine how ERG components generated by photoreceptors, ON-bipolar, and Müller glial cells are impacted in Rs1 mutants and to determine the time course of these changes. We report that ERG abnormalities begin near eye-opening and that all ERG components are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Beight
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Paul B Bonezzi
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Neal S Peachey
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA; Research Service, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jordan M Renna
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA.
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2
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Biswas S, Shahriar S, Bachay G, Arvanitis P, Jamoul D, Brunken WJ, Agalliu D. Glutamatergic neuronal activity regulates angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier maturation via Norrin/β-catenin signaling. Neuron 2024:S0896-6273(24)00165-X. [PMID: 38599212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Interactions among neuronal, glial, and vascular components are crucial for retinal angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) maturation. Although synaptic dysfunction precedes vascular abnormalities in many retinal pathologies, how neuronal activity, specifically glutamatergic activity, regulates retinal angiogenesis and BRB maturation remains unclear. Using in vivo genetic studies in mice, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and functional validation, we show that deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation are delayed in Vglut1-/- retinas where neurons fail to release glutamate. By contrast, deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation are accelerated in Gnat1-/- retinas, where constitutively depolarized rods release excessive glutamate. Norrin expression and endothelial Norrin/β-catenin signaling are downregulated in Vglut1-/- retinas and upregulated in Gnat1-/- retinas. Pharmacological activation of endothelial Norrin/β-catenin signaling in Vglut1-/- retinas rescues defects in deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation. Our findings demonstrate that glutamatergic neuronal activity regulates retinal angiogenesis and BRB maturation by modulating endothelial Norrin/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Biswas
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Sanjid Shahriar
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Galina Bachay
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Panos Arvanitis
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Danny Jamoul
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - William J Brunken
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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3
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Hunt JE, Pratt KG, Molnár Z. Ocular Necessities: A Neuroethological Perspective on Vertebrate Visual Development. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2024; 99:96-108. [PMID: 38447544 PMCID: PMC11152017 DOI: 10.1159/000536035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By examining species-specific innate behaviours, neuroethologists have characterized unique neural strategies and specializations from throughout the animal kingdom. Simultaneously, the field of evolutionary developmental biology (informally, "evo-devo") seeks to make inferences about animals' evolutionary histories through careful comparison of developmental processes between species, because evolution is the evolution of development. Yet despite the shared focus on cross-species comparisons, there is surprisingly little crosstalk between these two fields. Insights can be gleaned at the intersection of neuroethology and evo-devo. Every animal develops within an environment, wherein ecological pressures advantage some behaviours and disadvantage others. These pressures are reflected in the neurodevelopmental strategies employed by different animals across taxa. SUMMARY Vision is a system of particular interest for studying the adaptation of animals to their environments. The visual system enables a wide variety of animals across the vertebrate lineage to interact with their environments, presenting a fantastic opportunity to examine how ecological pressures have shaped animals' behaviours and developmental strategies. Applying a neuroethological lens to the study of visual development, we advance a novel theory that accounts for the evolution of spontaneous retinal waves, an important phenomenon in the development of the visual system, across the vertebrate lineage. KEY MESSAGES We synthesize literature on spontaneous retinal waves from across the vertebrate lineage. We find that ethological considerations explain some cross-species differences in the dynamics of retinal waves. In zebrafish, retinal waves may be more important for the development of the retina itself, rather than the retinofugal projections. We additionally suggest empirical tests to determine whether Xenopus laevis experiences retinal waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Elan Hunt
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kara Geo Pratt
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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4
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Boff JM, Shrestha AP, Madireddy S, Viswaprakash N, Della Santina L, Vaithianathan T. The Interplay between Neurotransmitters and Calcium Dynamics in Retinal Synapses during Development, Health, and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2226. [PMID: 38396913 PMCID: PMC10889697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate functionality of the vertebrate retina relies on the interplay between neurotransmitter activity and calcium (Ca2+) dynamics, offering important insights into developmental processes, physiological functioning, and disease progression. Neurotransmitters orchestrate cellular processes to shape the behavior of the retina under diverse circumstances. Despite research to elucidate the roles of individual neurotransmitters in the visual system, there remains a gap in our understanding of the holistic integration of their interplay with Ca2+ dynamics in the broader context of neuronal development, health, and disease. To address this gap, the present review explores the mechanisms used by the neurotransmitters glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, dopamine, and acetylcholine (ACh) and their interplay with Ca2+ dynamics. This conceptual outline is intended to inform and guide future research, underpinning novel therapeutic avenues for retinal-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johane M Boff
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Abhishek P Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Saivikram Madireddy
- College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nilmini Viswaprakash
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | - Thirumalini Vaithianathan
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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5
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Biswas S, Shahriar S, Bachay G, Arvanitis P, Jamoul D, Brunken WJ, Agalliu D. Glutamatergic neuronal activity regulates angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier maturation via Norrin/β-catenin signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.10.548410. [PMID: 37503079 PMCID: PMC10369888 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.10.548410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among neuronal, glial and vascular components are crucial for retinal angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) maturation. Although synaptic dysfunction precedes vascular abnormalities in many retinal pathologies, how neuronal activity, specifically glutamatergic activity, regulates retinal angiogenesis and BRB maturation remains unclear. Using in vivo genetic studies in mice, single-cell RNA-sequencing and functional validation, we show that deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation are delayed in Vglut1 -/- retinas where neurons fail to release glutamate. In contrast, deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation are accelerated in Gnat1 -/- retinas where constitutively depolarized rods release excessive glutamate. Norrin expression and endothelial Norrin/β-catenin signaling are downregulated in Vglut1 -/- retinas, and upregulated in Gnat1 -/- retinas. Pharmacological activation of endothelial Norrin/β-catenin signaling in Vglut1 -/- retinas rescued defects in deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation. Our findings demonstrate that glutamatergic neuronal activity regulates retinal angiogenesis and BRB maturation by modulating endothelial Norrin/β-catenin signaling.
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6
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Zhang K, Su A, Wang Y, Crair M. Acetylcholine Promotes Directionally Biased Glutamatergic Retinal Waves. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.10.566639. [PMID: 38014271 PMCID: PMC10680594 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.566639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous retinal waves are a critical driving force for the self-organization of the mouse visual system prior to eye-opening. Classically characterized as taking place in three distinct stages defined by their primary excitatory drive, Stage II waves during the first postnatal week are propagated through the volume transmission of acetylcholine while Stage III retinal waves during the second postnatal week depend on glutamatergic transmission from bipolar cells. However, both late Stage II and early Stage III retinal waves share a defining propagation bias toward the temporal-to-nasal direction despite developmental changes in the underlying cholinergic and glutamatergic retinal networks. Here, we leverage genetic and pharmacological manipulations to investigate the relationship between cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission during the transition between Stage II and Stage III waves in vivo. We find that the cholinergic network continues to play a vital role in the propagation of waves during Stage III after the primary mode of neurotransmission changes to glutamate. In the absence of glutamatergic waves, compensatory cholinergic activity persists but lacks the propagation bias typically observed in Stage III waves. In the absence of cholinergic waves, gap junction-mediated activity typically associated with Stage I waves persists throughout the developmental window in which Stage III waves usually emerge and lacks the spatiotemporal profile of normal Stage III waves, including a temporal-to-nasal propagation bias. Finally, we show that cholinergic signaling through β2 subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, essential for Stage II wave propagation, is also critical for Stage III wave directionality.
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7
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Boccuni I, Bas-Orth C, Bruehl C, Draguhn A, Fairless R. Glutamate transporter contribution to retinal ganglion cell vulnerability in a rat model of multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106306. [PMID: 37734623 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial glutamate transporters actively participate in neurotransmission and have a fundamental role in determining the ambient glutamate concentration in the extracellular space. Their expression is dynamically regulated in many diseases, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis. In EAE, a downregulation has been reported which may render neurons more susceptible to glutamate excitotoxicity. In this study, we have investigated the expression of GLAST (EAAT1) and GLT-1 (EAAT2) in the retina of Brown Norway rats following induction of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-EAE, which results in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration and dysfunction. In addition, we tested whether AAV-mediated overexpression of GLAST in the retina can protect RGCs from degeneration. To address the impact of glutamate transporter modulation on RGCs, we performed whole-cell recordings and measured tonic NMDA receptor-mediated currents in the absence and presence of a glutamate-uptake blocker. We report that αOFF-RGCs show larger tonic glutamate-induced currents than αON-RGCs, in line with their greater vulnerability under neuroinflammatory conditions. We further show that increased AAV-mediated expression of GLAST in the retina does indeed protect RGCs from degeneration during the inflammatory disease. Collectively, our study highlights the neuroprotective role of glutamate transporters in the EAE retina and provides a characterization of tonic glutamate-currents of αRGCs. The larger effects of increased extracellular glutamate concentration on the αOFF-subtype may underlie its enhanced vulnerability to degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Boccuni
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Carlos Bas-Orth
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Claus Bruehl
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Richard Fairless
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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8
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Kinane C, Calligaro H, Jandot A, Coutanson C, Haddjeri N, Bennis M, Dkhissi-Benyahya O. Dopamine modulates the retinal clock through melanopsin-dependent regulation of cholinergic waves during development. BMC Biol 2023; 21:146. [PMID: 37365544 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian retina contains an autonomous circadian clock that controls various aspects of retinal physiology and function, including dopamine (DA) release by amacrine cells. This neurotransmitter plays a critical role in retina development, visual signalling, and phase resetting of the retinal clock in adulthood. Interestingly, bidirectional regulation between dopaminergic cells and melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells has been demonstrated in the adult and during development. Additionally, the adult melanopsin knockout mouse (Opn4 -/-) exhibits a shortening of the endogenous period of the retinal clock. However, whether DA and / or melanopsin influence the retinal clock mechanism during its maturation is still unknown. RESULTS Using wild-type Per2 Luc and melanopsin knockout (Opn4 -/-::Per2 Luc) mice at different postnatal stages, we found that the retina generates self-sustained circadian rhythms from postnatal day 5 in both genotypes and that the ability to express these rhythms emerges in the absence of external time cues. Intriguingly, only in wild-type explants, DA supplementation lengthened the endogenous period of the clock during the first week of postnatal development through both D1- and D2-like dopaminergic receptors. Furthermore, the blockade of spontaneous cholinergic retinal waves, which drive DA release in the early developmental stages, shortened the period and reduced the light-induced phase shift of the retinal clock only in wild-type retinas. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that DA modulates the molecular core of the clock through melanopsin-dependent regulation of acetylcholine retinal waves, thus offering an unprecedented role of DA and melanopsin in the endogenous functioning and the light response of the retinal clock during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaimaa Kinane
- Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 18 Avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500, Bron, France
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology and Environment, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Hugo Calligaro
- Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 18 Avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500, Bron, France
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Lolla, CA, USA
| | - Antonin Jandot
- Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 18 Avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Christine Coutanson
- Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 18 Avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Nasser Haddjeri
- Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 18 Avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Mohamed Bennis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology and Environment, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Ouria Dkhissi-Benyahya
- Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 18 Avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500, Bron, France.
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9
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NMDA Receptor Activation and Ca 2+/PKC Signaling in Nicotine-Induced GABA Transport Shift in Embryonic Chick Retina. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2104-2115. [PMID: 36792758 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic receptors are present in the retina of different vertebrates, and in the chick retina, it is present during early development throughout to post-hatching. These receptors are activated by nicotine, an alkaloid with addictive and neurotransmitter release modulation properties, such as GABA signaling. Here we evaluated the mechanisms of nicotine signaling in the avian retina during the development of neuron-glia cells at a stage where synapses are peaking. Nicotine almost halved [3H]-GABA uptake, reducing it by 45% whilst increasing more than two-fold [3H]-GABA release in E12 embryonic chick retinas. Additionally, nicotine mediated a 33% increase in [3H]-D-aspartate release. MK-801 50 μM blocked 66% of nicotine-induced [3H]-GABA release and Gö 6983 100 nM prevented the nicotine-induced reduction in [3H]-GABA uptake by rescuing 40% of this neurotransmitter uptake, implicating NMDAR and PKC (respectively) in the nicotinic responses. In addition, NO-711 prevented [3H]-GABA uptake and release induced by nicotine. Furthermore, the relevance of calcium influx for PKC activation was evidenced through fura-2 imaging. We conclude that the shift of GABA transport mediated by nicotine promotes GABA release by inducing transporter reversal via nicotine-induced EAA release through EAATs, or by a direct effect of nicotine in activating nicotinic receptors permeable to calcium and promoting PKC pathway activation and shifting GAT-1 activity, both prompting calcium influx, and activation of the PKC pathway and shifting GAT-1 activity.
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10
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Fitzpatrick MJ, Kerschensteiner D. Homeostatic plasticity in the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 94:101131. [PMID: 36244950 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vision begins in the retina, whose intricate neural circuits extract salient features of the environment from the light entering our eyes. Neurodegenerative diseases of the retina (e.g., inherited retinal degenerations, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma) impair vision and cause blindness in a growing number of people worldwide. Increasing evidence indicates that homeostatic plasticity (i.e., the drive of a neural system to stabilize its function) can, in principle, preserve retinal function in the face of major perturbations, including neurodegeneration. Here, we review the circumstances and events that trigger homeostatic plasticity in the retina during development, sensory experience, and disease. We discuss the diverse mechanisms that cooperate to compensate and the set points and outcomes that homeostatic retinal plasticity stabilizes. Finally, we summarize the opportunities and challenges for unlocking the therapeutic potential of homeostatic plasticity. Homeostatic plasticity is fundamental to understanding retinal development and function and could be an important tool in the fight to preserve and restore vision.
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11
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Banerjee P, Kubo F, Nakaoka H, Ajima R, Sato T, Hirata T, Iwasato T. Spontaneous activity in whisker-innervating region of neonatal mouse trigeminal ganglion. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16311. [PMID: 36175429 PMCID: PMC9522796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous activity during the early postnatal period is thought to be crucial for the establishment of mature neural circuits. It remains unclear if the peripheral structure of the developing somatosensory system exhibits spontaneous activity, similar to that observed in the retina and cochlea of developing mammals. By establishing an ex vivo calcium imaging system, here we found that neurons in the whisker-innervating region of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) of neonatal mice generate spontaneous activity. A small percentage of neurons showed some obvious correlated activity, and these neurons were mostly located close to one another. TG spontaneous activity was majorly exhibited by medium-to-large diameter neurons, a characteristic of mechanosensory neurons, and was blocked by chelation of extracellular calcium. Moreover, this activity was diminished by the adult stage. Spontaneous activity in the TG during the first postnatal week could be a source of spontaneous activity observed in the neonatal mouse barrel cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piu Banerjee
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics (NIG), Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Fumi Kubo
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan.,Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, NIG, Mishima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakaoka
- Department of Cancer Genome Research, Sasaki Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Ajima
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan.,Laboratory of Mammalian Development, NIG, Mishima, Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics (NIG), Mishima, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Hirata
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan.,Laboratory of Brain Function, NIG, Mishima, Japan
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics (NIG), Mishima, Japan. .,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan.
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12
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Chiang PP, Kuo SP, Newman EA. Cellular mechanisms mediating activity-dependent extracellular space shrinkage in the retina. Glia 2022; 70:1927-1937. [PMID: 35678626 PMCID: PMC9378592 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Volume transmission plays an essential role in CNS function, with neurotransmitters released from synapses diffusing through the extracellular space (ECS) to distant sites. Changes in the ECS volume fraction (α) will influence the diffusion and the concentration of transmitters within the ECS. We have recently shown that neuronal activity evoked by physiological photic stimuli results in rapid decreases in ECS α as large as 10% in the retina. We now characterize the cellular mechanisms responsible for this ECS shrinkage. We find that block of inwardly rectifying K+ channels with Ba2+, inhibition of the Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter with bumetanide, or block of AQP4 water channels with TGN‐020 do not diminish the light‐evoked ECS decrease. Inhibition of the Na+/HCO3− cotransporter by removing HCO3− from the superfusate, in contrast, reduces the light‐evoked ECS decrease by 95.6%. Inhibition of the monocarboxylate transporter with alpha‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamate (4‐CIN) also reduces the ECS shrinkage, but only by 32.5%. We tested whether the swelling of Müller cells, the principal glial cells of the retina, is responsible for the light‐evoked ECS shrinkage. Light stimulation evoked a 6.3% increase in the volume of the fine processes of Müller cells. This volume increase was reduced by 97.1% when HCO3− was removed from the superfusate. We conclude that a large fraction of the activity‐dependent decrease in ECS α is generated by the activation of the Na+/HCO3− cotransporter in Müller cells. The monocarboxylate transporter may also contribute to the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Chiang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sidney P Kuo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric A Newman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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13
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Caval-Holme FS, Aranda ML, Chen AQ, Tiriac A, Zhang Y, Smith B, Birnbaumer L, Schmidt TM, Feller MB. The Retinal Basis of Light Aversion in Neonatal Mice. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4101-4115. [PMID: 35396331 PMCID: PMC9121827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0151-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aversive responses to bright light (photoaversion) require signaling from the eye to the brain. Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) encode absolute light intensity and are thought to provide the light signals for photoaversion. Consistent with this, neonatal mice exhibit photoaversion before the developmental onset of image vision, and melanopsin deletion abolishes photoaversion in neonates. It is not well understood how the population of ipRGCs, which constitutes multiple physiologically distinct types (denoted M1-M6 in mouse), encodes light stimuli to produce an aversive response. Here, we provide several lines of evidence that M1 ipRGCs that lack the Brn3b transcription factor drive photoaversion in neonatal mice. First, neonatal mice lacking TRPC6 and TRPC7 ion channels failed to turn away from bright light, while two photon Ca2+ imaging of their acutely isolated retinas revealed reduced photosensitivity in M1 ipRGCs, but not other ipRGC types. Second, mice in which all ipRGC types except for Brn3b-negative M1 ipRGCs are ablated exhibited normal photoaversion. Third, pharmacological blockade or genetic knockout of gap junction channels expressed by ipRGCs, which reduces the light sensitivity of M2-M6 ipRGCs in the neonatal retina, had small effects on photoaversion only at the brightest light intensities. Finally, M1s were not strongly depolarized by spontaneous retinal waves, a robust source of activity in the developing retina that depolarizes all other ipRGC types. M1s therefore constitute a separate information channel between the neonatal retina and brain that could ensure behavioral responses to light but not spontaneous retinal waves.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT At an early stage of development, before the maturation of photoreceptor input to the retina, neonatal mice exhibit photoaversion. On exposure to bright light, they turn away and emit ultrasonic vocalizations, a cue to their parents to return them to the nest. Neonatal photoaversion is mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), a small percentage of the retinal ganglion cell population that express the photopigment melanopsin and depolarize directly in response to light. This study shows that photoaversion is mediated by a subset of ipRGCs, called M1-ipRGCs. Moreover, M1-ipRGCs have reduced responses to retinal waves, providing a mechanism by which the mouse distinguishes light stimulation from developmental patterns of spontaneous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin S Caval-Holme
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Marcos L Aranda
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Andy Q Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Alexandre Tiriac
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Yizhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Benjamin Smith
- School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina C1107AFF
| | - Tiffany M Schmidt
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Marla B Feller
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
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14
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Boccuni I, Fairless R. Retinal Glutamate Neurotransmission: From Physiology to Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:638. [PMID: 35629305 PMCID: PMC9147752 DOI: 10.3390/life12050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate neurotransmission and metabolism are finely modulated by the retinal network, where the efficient processing of visual information is shaped by the differential distribution and composition of glutamate receptors and transporters. However, disturbances in glutamate homeostasis can result in glutamate excitotoxicity, a major initiating factor of common neurodegenerative diseases. Within the retina, glutamate excitotoxicity can impair visual transmission by initiating degeneration of neuronal populations, including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The vulnerability of RGCs is observed not just as a result of retinal diseases but has also been ascribed to other common neurodegenerative and peripheral diseases. In this review, we describe the vulnerability of RGCs to glutamate excitotoxicity and the contribution of different glutamate receptors and transporters to this. In particular, we focus on the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor as the major effector of glutamate-induced mechanisms of neurodegeneration, including impairment of calcium homeostasis, changes in gene expression and signalling, and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as the role of endoplasmic reticular stress. Due to recent developments in the search for modulators of NMDA receptor signalling, novel neuroprotective strategies may be on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Boccuni
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Richard Fairless
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Tworig JM, Feller MB. Müller Glia in Retinal Development: From Specification to Circuit Integration. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:815923. [PMID: 35185477 PMCID: PMC8856507 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.815923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Müller glia of the retina share many features with astroglia located throughout the brain including maintenance of homeostasis, modulation of neurotransmitter spillover, and robust response to injury. Here we present the molecular factors and signaling events that govern Müller glial specification, patterning, and differentiation. Next, we discuss the various roles of Müller glia in retinal development, which include maintaining retinal organization and integrity as well as promoting neuronal survival, synaptogenesis, and phagocytosis of debris. Finally, we review the mechanisms by which Müller glia integrate into retinal circuits and actively participate in neuronal signaling during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Tworig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Joshua M. Tworig,
| | - Marla B. Feller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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16
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Tworig JM, Coate C, Feller MB. Excitatory neurotransmission activates compartmentalized calcium transients in Müller glia without affecting lateral process motility. eLife 2021; 10:73202. [PMID: 34913435 PMCID: PMC8806189 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural activity has been implicated in the motility and outgrowth of glial cell processes throughout the central nervous system. Here, we explore this phenomenon in Müller glia, which are specialized radial astroglia that are the predominant glial type of the vertebrate retina. Müller glia extend fine filopodia-like processes into retinal synaptic layers, in similar fashion to brain astrocytes and radial glia that exhibit perisynaptic processes. Using two-photon volumetric imaging, we found that during the second postnatal week, Müller glial processes were highly dynamic, with rapid extensions and retractions that were mediated by cytoskeletal rearrangements. During this same stage of development, retinal waves led to increases in cytosolic calcium within Müller glial lateral processes and stalks. These regions comprised distinct calcium compartments, distinguished by variable participation in waves, timing, and sensitivity to an M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. However, we found that motility of lateral processes was unaffected by the presence of pharmacological agents that enhanced or blocked wave-associated calcium transients. Finally, we found that mice lacking normal cholinergic waves in the first postnatal week also exhibited normal Müller glial process morphology. Hence, outgrowth of Müller glial lateral processes into synaptic layers is determined by factors that are independent of neuronal activity. When it comes to studying the nervous system, neurons often steal the limelight; yet, they can only work properly thanks to an ensemble cast of cell types whose roles are only just emerging. For example, ‘glial cells’ – their name derives from the Greek word for glue – were once thought to play only a passive, supporting function in nervous tissues. Now, growing evidence shows that they are, in fact, integrated into neural circuits: their activity is influenced by neurons, and, in turn, they help neurons to function properly. The role of glial cells is becoming clear in the retina, the thin, light-sensitive layer that lines the back of the eye and relays visual information to the brain. There, beautifully intricate Müller glial cells display fine protrusions (or ‘processes') that intermingle with synapses, the busy space between neurons where chemical messengers are exchanged. These messengers can act on Müller cells, triggering cascades of molecular events that may influence the structure and function of glia. This is of particular interest during development: as Müller cells mature, they are exposed to chemicals released by more fully formed retinal neurons. Tworig et al. explored how neuronal messengers can influence the way Müller cells grow their processes. To do so, they tracked mouse retinal glial cells ‘live’ during development, showing that they were growing fine, highly dynamic processes in a region rich in synapses just as neurons and glia increased their communication. However, using drugs to disrupt this messaging for a short period did not seem to impact how the processes grew. Extending the blockade over a longer timeframe also did not change the way Müller cells developed, with the cells still acquiring their characteristic elaborate process networks. Taken together, these results suggest that the structural maturation of Müller glial cells is not impacted by neuronal signaling, giving a more refined understanding of how glia form in the retina and potentially in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Tworig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Chandler Coate
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Marla B Feller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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17
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Martini FJ, Guillamón-Vivancos T, Moreno-Juan V, Valdeolmillos M, López-Bendito G. Spontaneous activity in developing thalamic and cortical sensory networks. Neuron 2021; 109:2519-2534. [PMID: 34293296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developing sensory circuits exhibit different patterns of spontaneous activity, patterns that are related to the construction and refinement of functional networks. During the development of different sensory modalities, spontaneous activity originates in the immature peripheral sensory structures and in the higher-order central structures, such as the thalamus and cortex. Certainly, the perinatal thalamus exhibits spontaneous calcium waves, a pattern of activity that is fundamental for the formation of sensory maps and for circuit plasticity. Here, we review our current understanding of the maturation of early (including embryonic) patterns of spontaneous activity and their influence on the assembly of thalamic and cortical sensory networks. Overall, the data currently available suggest similarities between the developmental trajectory of brain activity in experimental models and humans, which in the future may help to improve the early diagnosis of developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Martini
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
| | - Teresa Guillamón-Vivancos
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Verónica Moreno-Juan
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Miguel Valdeolmillos
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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18
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Johnson KO, Smith NA, Goldstein EZ, Gallo V, Triplett JW. NMDA Receptor Expression by Retinal Ganglion Cells Is Not Required for Retinofugal Map Formation nor Eye-Specific Segregation in the Mouse. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0115-20.2021. [PMID: 34193509 PMCID: PMC8287875 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0115-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project topographically to the superior colliculus (SC) and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Spontaneous activity plays a critical role in retinotopic mapping in both regions; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent refinement remain unclear. Previous pharmacologic studies implicate NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in the establishment of retinotopy. In other brain regions, NMDARs are expressed on both the presynaptic and postsynaptic side of the synapse, and recent work suggests that presynaptic and postsynaptic NMDARs play distinct roles in retinotectal developmental dynamics. To directly test the role of NMDARs expressed by RGCs in retinofugal map formation, we took a conditional genetic knock-out approach to delete the obligate GluN1 subunit of NMDARs in RGCs. Here, we demonstrate reduced GluN1 expression in the retina of Chrnb3-Cre;GluN1flox/flox (pre-cKO) mice without altered expression in the SC. Anatomical tracing experiments revealed no significant changes in termination zone size in the SC and dLGN of pre-cKO mice, suggesting NMDAR function in RGCs is not an absolute requirement for topographic refinement. Further, we observed no change in the eye-specific organization of retinal inputs to the SC nor dLGN. To verify that NMDA induces activity in RGC terminals, we restricted GCaMP5 expression to RGCs and confirmed induction of calcium transients in RGC terminals. Together, these findings demonstrate that NMDARs expressed by RGCs are not required for retinofugal topographic map formation nor eye-specific segregation in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy O Johnson
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Nathan A Smith
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Evan Z Goldstein
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Jason W Triplett
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
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19
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Choi BJ, Chen YCD, Desplan C. Building a circuit through correlated spontaneous neuronal activity in the developing vertebrate and invertebrate visual systems. Genes Dev 2021; 35:677-691. [PMID: 33888564 PMCID: PMC8091978 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348241.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During the development of the vertebrate nervous systems, genetic programs assemble an immature circuit that is subsequently refined by neuronal activity evoked by external stimuli. However, prior to sensory experience, the intrinsic property of the developing nervous system also triggers correlated network-level neuronal activity, with retinal waves in the developing vertebrate retina being the best documented example. Spontaneous activity has also been found in the visual system of Drosophila Here, we compare the spontaneous activity of the developing visual system between mammalian and Drosophila and suggest that Drosophila is an emerging model for mechanistic and functional studies of correlated spontaneous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jiwon Choi
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | | | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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20
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Yan RS, Yang XL, Zhong YM, Zhang DQ. Spontaneous Depolarization-Induced Action Potentials of ON-Starburst Amacrine Cells during Cholinergic and Glutamatergic Retinal Waves. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122574. [PMID: 33271919 PMCID: PMC7759856 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlated spontaneous activity in the developing retina (termed “retinal waves”) plays an instructive role in refining neural circuits of the visual system. Depolarizing (ON) and hyperpolarizing (OFF) starburst amacrine cells (SACs) initiate and propagate cholinergic retinal waves. Where cholinergic retinal waves stop, SACs are thought to be driven by glutamatergic retinal waves initiated by ON-bipolar cells. However, the properties and function of cholinergic and glutamatergic waves in ON- and OFF-SACs still remain poorly understood. In the present work, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and Ca2+ imaging from genetically labeled ON- and OFF-SACs in mouse flat-mount retinas. We found that both SAC subtypes exhibited spontaneous rhythmic depolarization during cholinergic and glutamatergic waves. Interestingly, ON-SACs had wave-induced action potentials (APs) in an age-dependent manner, but OFF-SACs did not. Simultaneous Ca2+ imaging and patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that, during a cholinergic wave, APs of an ON-SAC appeared to promote the dendritic release of acetylcholine onto neighboring ON- and OFF-SACs, which enhances their Ca2+ transients. These results advance the understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying correlated spontaneous activity in the developing retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Shan Yan
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (R.-S.Y.); (X.-L.Y.)
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4479, USA
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (R.-S.Y.); (X.-L.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhong
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (R.-S.Y.); (X.-L.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.Z.); (D.-Q.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-5423-7736 (Y.-M.Z.); +1-248-3702399 (D.-Q.Z.)
| | - Dao-Qi Zhang
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4479, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.Z.); (D.-Q.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-5423-7736 (Y.-M.Z.); +1-248-3702399 (D.-Q.Z.)
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21
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Spatial Organization and Dynamics of the Extracellular Space in the Mouse Retina. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7785-7794. [PMID: 32887746 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1717-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular space (ECS) plays an important role in the physiology of neural circuits. Despite our detailed understanding of the cellular architecture of the mammalian retina, little is known about the organization and dynamics of the retinal ECS. We developed an optical technique based on two-photon imaging of fluorescently labeled extracellular fluid to measure the ECS volume fraction (α) in the ex vivo retina of male and female mice. This method has high spatial resolution and can detect rapid changes in α evoked by osmotic challenge and neuronal activity. The measured ECS α varied dramatically in different layers of the adult mouse retina, with α equaling ∼0.050 in the ganglion cell layer, ∼0.122 in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), ∼0.025 in the inner nuclear layer (INL), ∼0.087 in the outer plexiform layer, and ∼0.026 in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). ECS α was significantly larger early in retinal development; α was 67% larger in the IPL and 100% larger in the INL in neonatal mice compared with adults. In adult retinas, light stimulation evoked rapid decreases in ECS α. Light-driven reductions in ECS α were largest in the IPL, where visual stimuli decreased α values ∼10%. These light-evoked decreases demonstrate that a physiological stimulus can lead to rapid changes in ECS α and indicate that activity-dependent regulation of extracellular space may contribute to visual processing in the retina.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The volume fraction of the extracellular space (ECS α), that portion of CNS tissue occupied by interstitial space, influences the diffusion of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft and the volume transmission of transmitters. However, ECS α has never been measured in live retina, and little is known about how ECS α varies following physiological stimulation. Here we show that ECS α values vary dramatically between different retinal layers and decrease by 10% following light stimulation. ECS α differences within the retina will influence volume transmission and light-evoked α variations may modulate synaptic transmission and visual processing in the retina. Activity-dependent ECS α variations may represent a mechanism of synaptic modulation throughout the CNS.
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22
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Zhang RW, Du WJ, Prober DA, Du JL. Müller Glial Cells Participate in Retinal Waves via Glutamate Transporters and AMPA Receptors. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2871-2880.e2. [PMID: 31167134 PMCID: PMC6659749 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal waves, the spontaneous patterned neural activities propagating among developing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), instruct the activity-dependent refinement of visuotopic maps. Although it is known that the wave is initiated successively by amacrine cells and bipolar cells, the behavior and function of glia in retinal waves remain unclear. Using multiple in vivo methods in larval zebrafish, we found that Müller glial cells (MGCs) display wave-like spontaneous activities, which start at MGC processes within the inner plexiform layer, vertically spread to their somata and endfeet, and horizontally propagate into neighboring MGCs. MGC waves depend on glutamatergic signaling derived from bipolar cells. Moreover, MGCs express both glia-specific glutamate transporters and the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors. The AMPA receptors mediate MGC calcium activities during retinal waves, whereas the glutamate transporters modulate the occurrence of retinal waves. Thus, MGCs can sense and regulate retinal waves via AMPA receptors and glutamate transporters, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Wen-Jie Du
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - David A Prober
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jiu-Lin Du
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 319 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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23
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Biswas S, Cottarelli A, Agalliu D. Neuronal and glial regulation of CNS angiogenesis and barriergenesis. Development 2020; 147:dev182279. [PMID: 32358096 PMCID: PMC7197727 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurovascular pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS), which are associated with barrier dysfunction, are leading causes of death and disability. The roles that neuronal and glial progenitors and mature cells play in CNS angiogenesis and neurovascular barrier maturation have been elucidated in recent years. Yet how neuronal activity influences these processes remains largely unexplored. Here, we discuss our current understanding of how neuronal and glial development affects CNS angiogenesis and barriergenesis, and outline future directions to elucidate how neuronal activity might influence these processes. An understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for developing new interventions to treat neurovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Biswas
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Azzurra Cottarelli
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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24
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Webster CM, Tworig J, Caval-Holme F, Morgans CW, Feller MB. The Impact of Steroid Activation of TRPM3 on Spontaneous Activity in the Developing Retina. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0175-19.2020. [PMID: 32238415 PMCID: PMC7177749 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0175-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, melastatin transient receptor potential (TRPM) channels function as receptors for the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate (PregS). The expression and function of TRPM3 has been explored in adult retina, although its role during development is unknown. We found, during the second postnatal week in mice, TRPM3 immunofluorescence labeled distinct subsets of inner retinal neurons, including a subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), similar to what has been reported in the adult. Labeling for a TRPM3 promoter-driven reporter confirmed expression of the TRPM3 gene in RGCs and revealed additional expression in nearly all Müller glial cells. Using two-photon calcium imaging, we show that PregS and the synthetic TRPM3 agonist CIM0216 (CIM) induced prolonged calcium transients in RGCs, which were mostly absent in TRPM3 knock-out (KO) mice. These prolonged calcium transients were not associated with strong membrane depolarizations but induced c-Fos expression. To elucidate the impact of PregS-activation of TRPM3 on retinal circuits we took two sets of physiological measurements. First, PregS induced a robust increase in the frequency but not amplitude of spontaneous postsynaptic currents (PSCs). This increase was absent in the TRPM3 KO mice. Second, PregS induced a small increase in cell participation and duration of retinal waves, but this modulation persisted in TRPM3 KO mice, indicating PregS was acting on wave generating circuits independent of TRPM3 channels. Though baseline frequency of retinal waves was slightly reduced in the TRPM3 KO mice, other properties of waves were indistinguishable from wildtype. Together, these results indicate that the presence of neurosteroids impact spontaneous synaptic activity and retinal waves during development via both TRPM3-dependent and independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey M Webster
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California. Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200
| | - Joshua Tworig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California. Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200
| | - Franklin Caval-Holme
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200
| | - Catherine W Morgans
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Marla B Feller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California. Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200
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Caval-Holme F, Zhang Y, Feller MB. Gap Junction Coupling Shapes the Encoding of Light in the Developing Retina. Curr Biol 2019; 29:4024-4035.e5. [PMID: 31708397 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of ambient illumination in the developing retina prior to maturation of conventional photoreceptors is mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and is critical for driving several physiological processes, including light aversion, pupillary light reflexes, and photoentrainment of circadian rhythms. The strategies by which ipRGCs encode variations in ambient light intensity at these early ages are not known. Using unsupervised clustering of two-photon calcium responses followed by inspection of anatomical features, we found that the population activity of the neonatal retina could be modeled as six functional groups that were composed of mixtures of ipRGC subtypes and non-ipRGC cell types. By combining imaging, whole-cell recording, pharmacology, and anatomical techniques, we found that functional mixing of cell types is mediated in part by gap junction coupling. Together, these data show that both cell-autonomous intrinsic light responses and gap junction coupling among ipRGCs contribute to the proper encoding of light intensity in the developing retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Caval-Holme
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yizhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marla B Feller
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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26
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Rule ME, Schnoerr D, Hennig MH, Sanguinetti G. Neural field models for latent state inference: Application to large-scale neuronal recordings. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007442. [PMID: 31682604 PMCID: PMC6855563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale neural recording methods now allow us to observe large populations of identified single neurons simultaneously, opening a window into neural population dynamics in living organisms. However, distilling such large-scale recordings to build theories of emergent collective dynamics remains a fundamental statistical challenge. The neural field models of Wilson, Cowan, and colleagues remain the mainstay of mathematical population modeling owing to their interpretable, mechanistic parameters and amenability to mathematical analysis. Inspired by recent advances in biochemical modeling, we develop a method based on moment closure to interpret neural field models as latent state-space point-process models, making them amenable to statistical inference. With this approach we can infer the intrinsic states of neurons, such as active and refractory, solely from spiking activity in large populations. After validating this approach with synthetic data, we apply it to high-density recordings of spiking activity in the developing mouse retina. This confirms the essential role of a long lasting refractory state in shaping spatiotemporal properties of neonatal retinal waves. This conceptual and methodological advance opens up new theoretical connections between mathematical theory and point-process state-space models in neural data analysis. Developing statistical tools to connect single-neuron activity to emergent collective dynamics is vital for building interpretable models of neural activity. Neural field models relate single-neuron activity to emergent collective dynamics in neural populations, but integrating them with data remains challenging. Recently, latent state-space models have emerged as a powerful tool for constructing phenomenological models of neural population activity. The advent of high-density multi-electrode array recordings now enables us to examine large-scale collective neural activity. We show that classical neural field approaches can yield latent state-space equations and demonstrate that this enables inference of the intrinsic states of neurons from recorded spike trains in large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Rule
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - David Schnoerr
- Theoretical Systems Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias H. Hennig
- Department of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Sanguinetti
- Department of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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27
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Gribizis A, Ge X, Daigle TL, Ackman JB, Zeng H, Lee D, Crair MC. Visual Cortex Gains Independence from Peripheral Drive before Eye Opening. Neuron 2019; 104:711-723.e3. [PMID: 31561919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Visual spatial perception in the mammalian brain occurs through two parallel pathways: one reaches the primary visual cortex (V1) through the thalamus and another the superior colliculus (SC) via direct projections from the retina. The origin, development, and relative function of these two evolutionarily distinct pathways remain obscure. We examined the early functional development of both pathways by simultaneously imaging pre- and post-synaptic spontaneous neuronal activity. We observed that the quality of retinal activity transfer to the thalamus and superior colliculus does not change across the first two postnatal weeks. However, beginning in the second postnatal week, retinal activity does not drive V1 as strongly as earlier wave activity, suggesting that intrinsic cortical activity competes with signals from the sensory periphery as the cortex matures. Together, these findings bring new insight into the function of the SC and V1 and the role of peripheral activity in driving both circuits across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gribizis
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xinxin Ge
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Tanya L Daigle
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James B Ackman
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daeyeol Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Weiner GA, Shah SH, Angelopoulos CM, Bartakova AB, Pulido RS, Murphy A, Nudleman E, Daneman R, Goldberg JL. Cholinergic neural activity directs retinal layer-specific angiogenesis and blood retinal barrier formation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2477. [PMID: 31171770 PMCID: PMC6554348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels in the central nervous system (CNS) develop unique features, but the contribution of CNS neurons to regulating those features is not fully understood. We report that inhibiting spontaneous cholinergic activity or reducing starburst amacrine cell numbers prevents invasion of endothelial cells into the deep layers of the retina and causes blood-retinal-barrier (BRB) dysfunction in mice. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which drives angiogenesis, and Norrin, a Wnt ligand that induces BRB properties, are decreased after activity blockade. Exogenous VEGF restores vessel growth but not BRB function, whereas stabilizing beta-catenin in endothelial cells rescues BRB dysfunction but not vessel formation. We further identify that inhibiting cholinergic activity reduces angiogenesis during oxygen-induced retinopathy. Our findings demonstrate that neural activity lies upstream of VEGF and Norrin, coordinating angiogenesis and BRB formation. Neural activity originating from specific neural circuits may be a general mechanism for driving regional angiogenesis and barrier formation across CNS development. During retinal development, waves of cholinergic neural activity play a role in retinal circuit development. Here, the authors show that this activity also contributes to layer-specific angiogenesis and formation of the blood-retinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Weiner
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - S H Shah
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
| | - C M Angelopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - A B Bartakova
- Shiley Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - R S Pulido
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - A Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - E Nudleman
- Shiley Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - R Daneman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - J L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.,Shiley Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Tiriac A, Smith BE, Feller MB. Light Prior to Eye Opening Promotes Retinal Waves and Eye-Specific Segregation. Neuron 2018; 100:1059-1065.e4. [PMID: 30392793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal waves are bursts of correlated activity that occur prior to eye opening and provide a critical source of activity that drives the refinement of retinofugal projections. Retinal waves are thought to be initiated spontaneously with their spatiotemporal features dictated by immature neural circuits. Here we demonstrate that, during the second postnatal week in mice, changes in light intensity dictate where and when a subset of retinal waves are triggered via activation of conventional photoreceptors. Propagation properties of triggered waves are indistinguishable from spontaneous waves, indicating that they are activating the same retinal circuits. Using whole-brain imaging techniques, we demonstrate that light deprivation prior to eye opening diminishes eye-specific segregation of the retinal projections to the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, but not other retinal targets. These data indicate that light that passes through the closed eyelids plays a critical role in the development of the image-forming visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Tiriac
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin E Smith
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marla B Feller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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30
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Tien NW, Kerschensteiner D. Homeostatic plasticity in neural development. Neural Dev 2018; 13:9. [PMID: 29855353 PMCID: PMC5984303 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, neural circuits change their connectivity, especially during development, when neurons frequently extend and retract dendrites and axons, and form and eliminate synapses. In spite of their changing connectivity, neural circuits maintain relatively constant activity levels. Neural circuits achieve functional stability by homeostatic plasticity, which equipoises intrinsic excitability and synaptic strength, balances network excitation and inhibition, and coordinates changes in circuit connectivity. Here, we review how diverse mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity stabilize activity in developing neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Wen Tien
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA. .,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA.
| | - Daniel Kerschensteiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA. .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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31
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Dystroglycan Maintains Inner Limiting Membrane Integrity to Coordinate Retinal Development. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8559-8574. [PMID: 28760865 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0946-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper neural circuit formation requires the precise regulation of neuronal migration, axon guidance, and dendritic arborization. Mutations affecting the function of the transmembrane glycoprotein dystroglycan cause a form of congenital muscular dystrophy that is frequently associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Despite its importance in brain development, the role of dystroglycan in regulating retinal development remains poorly understood. Using a mouse model of dystroglycanopathy (ISPDL79* ) and conditional dystroglycan mutants of both sexes, we show that dystroglycan is critical for the proper migration, axon guidance, and dendritic stratification of neurons in the inner retina. Using genetic approaches, we show that dystroglycan functions in neuroepithelial cells as an extracellular scaffold to maintain the integrity of the retinal inner limiting membrane. Surprisingly, despite the profound disruptions in inner retinal circuit formation, spontaneous retinal activity is preserved. These results highlight the importance of dystroglycan in coordinating multiple aspects of retinal development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The extracellular environment plays a critical role in coordinating neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth during neural circuit development. The transmembrane glycoprotein dystroglycan functions as a receptor for multiple extracellular matrix proteins and its dysfunction leads to a form of muscular dystrophy frequently associated with neurodevelopmental defects. Our results demonstrate that dystroglycan is required for maintaining the structural integrity of the inner limiting membrane (ILM) in the developing retina. In the absence of functional dystroglycan, ILM degeneration leads to defective migration, axon guidance, and mosaic spacing of neurons and a loss of multiple neuron types during retinal development. These results demonstrate that disorganization of retinal circuit development is a likely contributor to visual dysfunction in patients with dystroglycanopathy.
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32
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Hao MM, Bergner AJ, Hirst CS, Stamp LA, Casagranda F, Bornstein JC, Boesmans W, Vanden Berghe P, Young HM. Spontaneous calcium waves in the developing enteric nervous system. Dev Biol 2017; 428:74-87. [PMID: 28528728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an extensive network of neurons in the gut wall that arises from neural crest-derived cells. Like other populations of neural crest cells, it is known that enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs) influence the behaviour of each other and therefore must communicate. However, little is known about how ENCCs communicate with each other. In this study, we used Ca2+ imaging to examine communication between ENCCs in the embryonic gut, using mice where ENCCs express a genetically-encoded calcium indicator. Spontaneous propagating calcium waves were observed between neighbouring ENCCs, through both neuronal and non-neuronal ENCCs. Pharmacological experiments showed wave propagation was not mediated by gap junctions, but by purinergic signalling via P2 receptors. The expression of several P2X and P2Y receptors was confirmed using RT-PCR. Furthermore, inhibition of P2 receptors altered the morphology of the ENCC network, without affecting neuronal differentiation or ENCC proliferation. It is well established that purines participate in synaptic transmission in the mature ENS. Our results describe, for the first time, purinergic signalling between ENCCs during pre-natal development, which plays roles in the propagation of Ca2+ waves between ENCCs and in ENCC network formation. One previous study has shown that calcium signalling plays a role in sympathetic ganglia formation; our results suggest that calcium waves are likely to be important for enteric ganglia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene M Hao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia; Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, TARGID, University of Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Annette J Bergner
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caroline S Hirst
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lincon A Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Franca Casagranda
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Werend Boesmans
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, TARGID, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Cameron MA, Kekesi O, Morley JW, Bellot-Saez A, Kueh S, Breen P, van Schaik A, Tapson J, Buskila Y. Prolonged Incubation of Acute Neuronal Tissue for Electrophysiology and Calcium-imaging. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287542 DOI: 10.3791/55396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute neuronal tissue preparations, brain slices and retinal wholemount, can usually only be maintained for 6 - 8 h following dissection. This limits the experimental time, and increases the number of animals that are utilized per study. This limitation specifically impacts protocols such as calcium imaging that require prolonged pre-incubation with bath-applied dyes. Exponential bacterial growth within 3 - 4 h after slicing is tightly correlated with a decrease in tissue health. This study describes a method for limiting the proliferation of bacteria in acute preparations to maintain viable neuronal tissue for prolonged periods of time (>24 h) without the need for antibiotics, sterile procedures, or tissue culture media containing growth factors. By cycling the extracellular fluid through UV irradiation and keeping the tissue in a custom holding chamber at 15 - 16 °C, the tissue shows no difference in electrophysiological properties, or calcium signaling through intracellular calcium dyes at >24 h postdissection. These methods will not only extend experimental time for those using acute neuronal tissue, but will reduce the number of animals required to complete experimental goals, and will set a gold standard for acute neuronal tissue incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orsolya Kekesi
- The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University
| | - John W Morley
- The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University
| | - Alba Bellot-Saez
- The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University
| | - Sindy Kueh
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University
| | - Paul Breen
- The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University
| | | | | | - Yossi Buskila
- The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University;
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Stereotyped initiation of retinal waves by bipolar cells via presynaptic NMDA autoreceptors. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12650. [PMID: 27586999 PMCID: PMC5025778 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic retinal waves, the spontaneous patterned neural activities propagating among developing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), instruct the activity-dependent refinement of visuotopic maps. However, its initiation and underlying mechanism remain largely elusive. Here using larval zebrafish and multiple in vivo approaches, we discover that bipolar cells (BCs) are responsible for the generation of glutamatergic retinal waves. The wave originates from BC axon terminals (ATs) and propagates laterally to nearby BCs and vertically to downstream RGCs and the optic tectum. Its initiation is triggered by the activation of and consequent glutamate release from BC ATs, and is mediated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors (NMDARs) expressed at these ATs. Intercellular asymmetry of NMDAR expression at BC ATs enables the preferential initiation of waves at the temporal retina, where BC ATs express more NMDARs. Thus, our findings indicate that glutamatergic retinal waves are initiated by BCs through a presynaptic NMDA autoreceptor-dependent process. Retinal waves are important for visual system development. However, the mechanism involved in their generation remains largely unknown. Here using in vivo two-photon imaging the authors identify the presence of retinal waves in zebrafish larvae and find that they are initiated at bipolar cells via presynaptic NMDARs.
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Retinal Wave Patterns Are Governed by Mutual Excitation among Starburst Amacrine Cells and Drive the Refinement and Maintenance of Visual Circuits. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3871-86. [PMID: 27030771 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3549-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Retinal waves are correlated bursts of spontaneous activity whose spatiotemporal patterns are critical for early activity-dependent circuit elaboration and refinement in the mammalian visual system. Three separate developmental wave epochs or stages have been described, but the mechanism(s) of pattern generation of each and their distinct roles in visual circuit development remain incompletely understood. We used neuroanatomical,in vitroandin vivoelectrophysiological, and optical imaging techniques in genetically manipulated mice to examine the mechanisms of wave initiation and propagation and the role of wave patterns in visual circuit development. Through deletion of β2 subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (β2-nAChRs) selectively from starburst amacrine cells (SACs), we show that mutual excitation among SACs is critical for Stage II (cholinergic) retinal wave propagation, supporting models of wave initiation and pattern generation from within a single retinal cell type. We also demonstrate that β2-nAChRs in SACs, and normal wave patterns, are necessary for eye-specific segregation. Finally, we show that Stage III (glutamatergic) retinal waves are not themselves necessary for normal eye-specific segregation, but elimination of both Stage II and Stage III retinal waves dramatically disrupts eye-specific segregation. This suggests that persistent Stage II retinal waves can adequately compensate for Stage III retinal wave loss during the development and refinement of eye-specific segregation. These experiments confirm key features of the "recurrent network" model for retinal wave propagation and clarify the roles of Stage II and Stage III retinal wave patterns in visual circuit development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spontaneous activity drives early mammalian circuit development, but the initiation and patterning of activity vary across development and among modalities. Cholinergic "retinal waves" are initiated in starburst amacrine cells and propagate to retinal ganglion cells and higher-order visual areas, but the mechanism responsible for creating their unique and critical activity pattern is incompletely understood. We demonstrate that cholinergic wave patterns are dictated by recurrent connectivity within starburst amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells act as "readouts" of patterned activity. We also show that eye-specific segregation occurs normally without glutamatergic waves, but elimination of both cholinergic and glutamatergic waves completely disrupts visual circuit development. These results suggest that each retinal wave pattern during development is optimized for concurrently refining multiple visual circuits.
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36
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Arroyo DA, Kirkby LA, Feller MB. Retinal Waves Modulate an Intraretinal Circuit of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells. J Neurosci 2016; 36:6892-905. [PMID: 27358448 PMCID: PMC4926237 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0572-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Before the maturation of rod and cone photoreceptors, the developing retina relies on light detection by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) to drive early light-dependent behaviors. ipRGCs are output neurons of the retina; however, they also form functional microcircuits within the retina itself. Whether ipRGC microcircuits exist during development and whether they influence early light detection remain unknown. Here, we investigate the neural circuit that underlies the ipRGC-driven light response in developing mice. We use a combination of calcium imaging, tracer coupling, and electrophysiology experiments to show that ipRGCs form extensive gap junction networks that strongly contribute to the overall light response of the developing retina. Interestingly, we found that gap junction coupling was modulated by spontaneous retinal waves, such that acute blockade of waves dramatically increased the extent of coupling and hence increased the number of light-responsive neurons. Moreover, using an optical sensor, we found that this wave-dependent modulation of coupling is driven by dopamine that is phasically released by retinal waves. Our results demonstrate that ipRGCs form gap junction microcircuits during development that are modulated by retinal waves; these circuits determine the extent of the light response and thus potentially impact the processing of early visual information and light-dependent developmental functions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Light-dependent functions in early development are mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Here we show that ipRGCs form an extensive gap junction network with other retinal neurons, including other ipRGCs, which shapes the retina's overall light response. Blocking cholinergic retinal waves, which are the primary source of neural activity before maturation of photoreceptors, increased the extent of ipRGC gap junction networks, thus increasing the number of light-responsive cells. We determined that this modulation of ipRGC gap junction networks occurs via dopamine released by waves. These results demonstrate that retinal waves mediate dopaminergic modulation of gap junction networks to regulate pre-vision light responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marla B Feller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3200
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Abstract
Spontaneous activity patterns propagate through many parts of the developing nervous system and shape the wiring of emerging circuits. Prior to vision, waves of activity originating in the retina propagate through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus to primary visual cortex (V1). Retinal waves have been shown to instruct the wiring of ganglion cell axons in LGN and of thalamocortical axons in V1 via correlation-based plasticity rules. Across species, retinal waves mature in three stereotypic stages (I-III), in which distinct circuit mechanisms give rise to unique activity patterns that serve specific functions in visual system refinement. Here, I review insights into the patterns, mechanisms, and functions of stage III retinal waves, which rely on glutamatergic signaling. As glutamatergic waves spread across the retina, neighboring ganglion cells with opposite light responses (ON vs. OFF) are activated sequentially. Recent studies identified lateral excitatory networks in the inner retina that generate and propagate glutamatergic waves, and vertical inhibitory networks that desynchronize the activity of ON and OFF cells in the wavefront. Stage III wave activity patterns may help segregate axons of ON and OFF ganglion cells in the LGN, and could contribute to the emergence of orientation selectivity in V1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerschensteiner
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Neuroscience, and Biomedical Engineering, Hope Center for Neurological Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis, MO, USA
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38
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Tu HY, Chiao CC. Cx36 expression in the AII-mediated rod pathway is activity dependent in the developing rabbit retina. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 76:473-86. [PMID: 26084632 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions are composed of connexin 36 (Cx36) and play a critical role in the rod photoreceptor signaling pathways of the vertebrate retina. Despite the fact that their connection and modulation in various rod pathways have been extensively studied in adult animals, little is known about the contribution and regulation of gap junctions to the development of the AII amacrine cell (AC)-mediated rod pathway. Using immunohistochemistry and microinjection, this study demonstrates a steady increase in relative Cx36 protein expression in both plexiform layers of the rabbit retina at around the time of eye opening. However, immediately after eye opening, most Cx36 immunoreactive AII ACs show no gap junction coupling pattern to neighboring cells and it is not until the third postnatal week that AII cells begin to exhibit an adult-like tracer-coupling pattern. Moreover, studies using dark-rearing and AMPA receptor blockade during postnatal development both revealed that relative levels of Cx36 immunoreactivity in AII ACs were increased when neural activity was inhibited. Our findings suggest that Cx36 expression in the AII-mediated rod pathway is activity dependent in the developing rabbit retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ya Tu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chin Chiao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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39
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Villette V, Guigue P, Picardo MA, Sousa VH, Leprince E, Lachamp P, Malvache A, Tressard T, Cossart R, Baude A. Development of early-born γ-Aminobutyric acid hub neurons in mouse hippocampus from embryogenesis to adulthood. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:2440-61. [PMID: 26779909 PMCID: PMC4949683 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Early‐born γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons (EBGNs) are major components of the hippocampal circuit because at early postnatal stages they form a subpopulation of “hub cells” transiently supporting CA3 network synchronization (Picardo et al. [2011] Neuron 71:695–709). It is therefore essential to determine when these cells acquire the remarkable morphofunctional attributes supporting their network function and whether they develop into a specific subtype of interneuron into adulthood. Inducible genetic fate mapping conveniently allows for the labeling of EBGNs throughout their life. EBGNs were first analyzed during the perinatal week. We observed that EBGNs acquired mature characteristics at the time when the first synapse‐driven synchronous activities appeared in the form of giant depolarizing potentials. The fate of EBGNs was next analyzed in the adult hippocampus by using anatomical characterization. Adult EBGNs included a significant proportion of cells projecting selectively to the septum; in turn, EBGNs were targeted by septal and entorhinal inputs. In addition, most EBGNs were strongly targeted by cholinergic and monoaminergic terminals, suggesting significant subcortical innervation. Finally, we found that some EBGNs located in the septum or the entorhinal cortex also displayed a long‐range projection that we traced to the hippocampus. Therefore, this study shows that the maturation of the morphophysiological properties of EBGNs mirrors the evolution of early network dynamics, suggesting that both phenomena may be causally linked. We propose that a subpopulation of EBGNs forms into adulthood a scaffold of GABAergic projection neurons linking the hippocampus to distant structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2440–2461, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Villette
- INSERM U901, Marseille, 13009, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901, Marseille, 13009, France.,INMED, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Philippe Guigue
- INSERM U901, Marseille, 13009, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901, Marseille, 13009, France.,INMED, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Michel Aimé Picardo
- INSERM U901, Marseille, 13009, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901, Marseille, 13009, France.,INMED, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Vitor Hugo Sousa
- INSERM U901, Marseille, 13009, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901, Marseille, 13009, France.,INMED, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Erwan Leprince
- INSERM U901, Marseille, 13009, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901, Marseille, 13009, France.,INMED, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Philippe Lachamp
- INSERM U901, Marseille, 13009, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901, Marseille, 13009, France.,INMED, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Arnaud Malvache
- INSERM U901, Marseille, 13009, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901, Marseille, 13009, France.,INMED, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Thomas Tressard
- INSERM U901, Marseille, 13009, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901, Marseille, 13009, France.,INMED, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Rosa Cossart
- INSERM U901, Marseille, 13009, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901, Marseille, 13009, France.,INMED, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Agnès Baude
- INSERM U901, Marseille, 13009, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901, Marseille, 13009, France.,INMED, Marseille, 13009, France
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40
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Rosa JM, Bos R, Sack GS, Fortuny C, Agarwal A, Bergles DE, Flannery JG, Feller MB. Neuron-glia signaling in developing retina mediated by neurotransmitter spillover. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26274565 PMCID: PMC4566075 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron-glia interactions play a critical role in the maturation of neural circuits; however, little is known about the pathways that mediate their communication in the developing CNS. We investigated neuron-glia signaling in the developing retina, where we demonstrate that retinal waves reliably induce calcium transients in Müller glial cells (MCs). During cholinergic waves, MC calcium transients were blocked by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, whereas during glutamatergic waves, MC calcium transients were inhibited by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists, indicating that the responsiveness of MCs changes to match the neurotransmitter used to support retinal waves. Using an optical glutamate sensor we show that the decline in MC calcium transients is caused by a reduction in the amount of glutamate reaching MCs. Together, these studies indicate that neurons and MCs exhibit correlated activity during a critical period of retinal maturation that is enabled by neurotransmitter spillover from retinal synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Rosa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Rémi Bos
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Georgeann S Sack
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Cécile Fortuny
- Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Amit Agarwal
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - John G Flannery
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Marla B Feller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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41
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Abstract
Spontaneous retinal activity mediated by glutamatergic neurotransmission-so-called "Stage 3" retinal waves-drives anti-correlated spiking in ON and OFF RGCs during the second week of postnatal development of the mouse. In the mature retina, the activity of a retinal interneuron called the AII amacrine cell is responsible for anti-correlated spiking in ON and OFF α-RGCs. In mature AIIs, membrane hyperpolarization elicits bursting behavior. Here, we postulated that bursting in AIIs underlies the initiation of glutamatergic retinal waves. We tested this hypothesis by using two-photon calcium imaging of spontaneous activity in populations of retinal neurons and by making whole-cell recordings from individual AIIs and α-RGCs in in vitro preparations of mouse retina. We found that AIIs participated in retinal waves, and that their activity was correlated with that of ON α-RGCs and anti-correlated with that of OFF α-RGCs. Though immature AIIs lacked the complement of membrane conductances necessary to generate bursting, pharmacological activation of the M-current, a conductance that modulates bursting in mature AIIs, blocked retinal wave generation. Interestingly, blockade of the pacemaker conductance Ih, a conductance absent in AIIs but present in both ON and OFF cone bipolar cells, caused a dramatic loss of spatial coherence of spontaneous activity. We conclude that during glutamatergic waves, AIIs act to coordinate and propagate activity generated by BCs rather than to initiate spontaneous activity.
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42
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Davis ZW, Sun C, Derieg B, Chapman B, Cheng HJ. Epibatidine blocks eye-specific segregation in ferret dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus during stage III retinal waves. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118783. [PMID: 25794280 PMCID: PMC4368645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The segregation and maintenance of eye-specific inputs in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) during early postnatal development requires the patterned spontaneous activity of retinal waves. In contrast to the development of the mouse, ferret eye-specific segregation is not complete at the start of stage III glutamatergic retinal waves, and the remaining overlap is limited to the C/C1 lamina of the dLGN. To investigate the role of patterned spontaneous activity in this late segregation, we disrupted retinal waves pharmacologically for 5 day windows from postnatal day (P) 10 to P25. Multi-electrode array recordings of the retina in vitro reveal that the cholinergic agonist epibatidine disrupts correlated retinal activity during stage III waves. Epibatidine also prevents the segregation of eye-specific inputs in vivo during that period. Our results reveal a novel role for cholinergic influence on stage III retinal waves as an instructive signal for the continued segregation of eye-specific inputs in the ferret dLGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W. Davis
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brittany Derieg
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Chapman
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hwai-Jong Cheng
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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43
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González-Ramírez LR, Ahmed OJ, Cash SS, Wayne CE, Kramer MA. A biologically constrained, mathematical model of cortical wave propagation preceding seizure termination. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004065. [PMID: 25689136 PMCID: PMC4331426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy--the condition of recurrent, unprovoked seizures--manifests in brain voltage activity with characteristic spatiotemporal patterns. These patterns include stereotyped semi-rhythmic activity produced by aggregate neuronal populations, and organized spatiotemporal phenomena, including waves. To assess these spatiotemporal patterns, we develop a mathematical model consistent with the observed neuronal population activity and determine analytically the parameter configurations that support traveling wave solutions. We then utilize high-density local field potential data recorded in vivo from human cortex preceding seizure termination from three patients to constrain the model parameters, and propose basic mechanisms that contribute to the observed traveling waves. We conclude that a relatively simple and abstract mathematical model consisting of localized interactions between excitatory cells with slow adaptation captures the quantitative features of wave propagation observed in the human local field potential preceding seizure termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. González-Ramírez
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Omar J. Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sydney S. Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - C. Eugene Wayne
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Kramer
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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44
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Lansdell B, Ford K, Kutz JN. A reaction-diffusion model of cholinergic retinal waves. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003953. [PMID: 25474327 PMCID: PMC4256014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior to receiving visual stimuli, spontaneous, correlated activity in the retina, called retinal waves, drives activity-dependent developmental programs. Early-stage waves mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) manifest as slow, spreading bursts of action potentials. They are believed to be initiated by the spontaneous firing of Starburst Amacrine Cells (SACs), whose dense, recurrent connectivity then propagates this activity laterally. Their inter-wave interval and shifting wave boundaries are the result of the slow after-hyperpolarization of the SACs creating an evolving mosaic of recruitable and refractory cells, which can and cannot participate in waves, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that cholinergic waves may be modulated by the extracellular concentration of ACh. Here, we construct a simplified, biophysically consistent, reaction-diffusion model of cholinergic retinal waves capable of recapitulating wave dynamics observed in mice retina recordings. The dense, recurrent connectivity of SACs is modeled through local, excitatory coupling occurring via the volume release and diffusion of ACh. In addition to simulation, we are thus able to use non-linear wave theory to connect wave features to underlying physiological parameters, making the model useful in determining appropriate pharmacological manipulations to experimentally produce waves of a prescribed spatiotemporal character. The model is used to determine how ACh mediated connectivity may modulate wave activity, and how parameters such as the spontaneous activation rate and sAHP refractory period contribute to critical wave size variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lansdell
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kevin Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - J. Nathan Kutz
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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45
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Sargoy A, Barnes S, Brecha NC, Pérez De Sevilla Müller L. Immunohistochemical and calcium imaging methods in wholemount rat retina. J Vis Exp 2014:e51396. [PMID: 25349920 DOI: 10.3791/51396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we describe the tools, reagents, and the practical steps that are needed for: 1) successful preparation of wholemount retinas for immunohistochemistry and, 2) calcium imaging for the study of voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC) mediated calcium signaling in retinal ganglion cells. The calcium imaging method we describe circumvents issues concerning non-specific loading of displaced amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Sargoy
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Steven Barnes
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System; Departments of Physiology & Biophysics and Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University
| | - Nicholas C Brecha
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System; Departments of Neurobiology and Medicine, Jules Stein Eye Institute, CURE-Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
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46
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Assali A, Gaspar P, Rebsam A. Activity dependent mechanisms of visual map formation--from retinal waves to molecular regulators. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:136-46. [PMID: 25152335 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The refinement of neural connections requires activity-dependent mechanisms in addition to the genetic program initially establishing wiring diagrams. The well-understood organization of the visual system makes it an accessible model for analyzing the contribution of activity in the formation of connectivity. Prior to visual experience, patterned spontaneous activity in the form of retinal waves has an important role for the establishment of eye-specific and retinotopic maps by acting on the refinement of axon arborization. In the present review, which focuses on experimental data obtained in mice and ferrets, we highlight the features of retinal activity that are important for visual map formation and question whether synaptic release and Hebbian based competition rules apply to this system. Recent evidence using genetic tools that allowed the manipulation of different features of neural activity have clarified the controversy on whether activity is instructive or permissive for visual map formation. Furthermore, current evidence strongly suggests that different mechanisms are at play for different types of axons (ipsilateral vs. contralateral), maps (eye-specific vs. retinotopic) or targets. Many molecules that either modulate activity or are modulated by activity are important in the formation of the visual map, such as adenylate cyclase 1, serotonin, or molecules from the immune system. Finally, new players in the game include retrograde messengers signaling from the target cell to the retinal axons as well as microglia that could help to eliminate inappropriate synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Assali
- Inserm UMR-S839, Paris, 75005, France; Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France.
| | - Patricia Gaspar
- Inserm UMR-S839, Paris, 75005, France; Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France.
| | - Alexandra Rebsam
- Inserm UMR-S839, Paris, 75005, France; Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France.
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47
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Andreae LC, Burrone J. The role of neuronal activity and transmitter release on synapse formation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 27:47-52. [PMID: 24632375 PMCID: PMC4127784 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The long history of probing the role of neuronal activity in the development of nervous system circuitry has recently taken an interesting turn. Although undoubtedly activity plays a critical part in the maintenance and refinement of synaptic connections, often via competitive mechanisms, evidence is building that it also drives the process of synapse formation itself. Perhaps predictably, this turns out not to be a uniform process. It seems that different circuits, indeed specific synaptic connections, are differentially sensitive to the effects of activity. We examine possible ways in which neurotransmitter may drive synapse formation, and speculate on how the environment of the developing brain may allow a different spatiotemporal range for neuronal activity to operate in the generation of connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Andreae
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, 4th Floor, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Juan Burrone
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, 4th Floor, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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48
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Sodhi P, Hartwick ATE. Adenosine modulates light responses of rat retinal ganglion cell photoreceptors througha cAMP-mediated pathway. J Physiol 2014; 592:4201-20. [PMID: 25038240 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.276220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an established neuromodulator in the mammalian retina, with A1 adenosine receptors being especially prevalent in the innermost ganglion cell layer. Activation of A1 receptors causes inhibition of adenylate cyclase, decreases in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels and inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA). In this work, our aim was to characterize the effects of adenosine on the light responses of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and to determine whether these photoreceptors are subject to neuromodulation through intracellular cAMP-related signalling pathways. Using multielectrode array recordings from postnatal and adult rat retinas, we demonstrated that adenosine significantly shortened the duration of ipRGC photoresponses and reduced the number of light-evoked spikes fired by these neurons. The effects were A1 adenosine receptor-mediated, and the expression of this receptor on melanopsin-containing ipRGCs was confirmed by calcium imaging experiments on isolated cells in purified cultures. While inhibition of the cAMP/PKA pathway by adenosine shortened ipRGC light responses, stimulation of this pathway with compounds such as forskolin had the opposite effect and lengthened the duration of ipRGC spiking. Our findings reveal that the modification of ipRGC photoresponses through a cAMP/PKA pathway is a general feature of rat ganglion cell photoreceptors, and this pathway can be inhibited through activation of A1 receptors by adenosine. As adenosine levels in the retina rise at night, adenosinergic modulation of ipRGCs may serve as an internal regulatory mechanism to limit transmission of nocturnal photic signals by ipRGCs to the brain. Targeting retinal A1 adenosine receptors for ipRGC inhibition represents a potential therapeutic target for sleep disorders and migraine-associated photophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Sodhi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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49
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Developmental changes in NMDA receptor subunit composition at ON and OFF bipolar cell synapses onto direction-selective retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1942-8. [PMID: 24478373 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4461-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing mouse retina, spontaneous and light-driven activity shapes bipolar→ganglion cell glutamatergic synapse formation, beginning around the time of eye-opening (P12-P14) and extending through the first postnatal month. During this time, glutamate release can spill outside the synaptic cleft and possibly stimulate extrasynaptic NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) on ganglion cells. Furthermore, the role of NMDARs during development may differ between ON and OFF bipolar synapses as in mature retina, where ON synapses reportedly include extrasynaptic NMDARs with GluN2B subunits. To better understand the function of glutamatergic synapses during development, we made whole-cell recordings of NMDAR-mediated responses, in vitro, from two types of genetically identified direction-selective ganglion cells (dsGCs): TRHR (thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor) and Drd4 (dopamine receptor 4). Both dsGC types responded to puffed NMDA between P7 and P28; and both types exhibited robust light-evoked NMDAR-mediated responses at P14 and P28 that were quantified by conductance analysis during nicotinic and GABA(A) receptor blockade. For a given cell type and at a given age, ON and OFF bipolar cell inputs evoked similar NMDAR-mediated responses, suggesting that ON-versus-OFF differences in mature retina do not apply to the cell types or ages studied here. At P14, puff- and light-evoked NMDAR-mediated responses in both dsGCs were partially blocked by the GluN2B antagonist ifenprodil, whereas at P28 only TRHR cells remained ifenprodil-sensitive. NMDARs contribute at both ON and OFF bipolar cell synapses during a period of robust activity-dependent synaptic development, with declining GluN2B involvement over time in specific ganglion cell types.
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50
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Maccione A, Hennig MH, Gandolfo M, Muthmann O, van Coppenhagen J, Eglen SJ, Berdondini L, Sernagor E. Following the ontogeny of retinal waves: pan-retinal recordings of population dynamics in the neonatal mouse. J Physiol 2013; 592:1545-63. [PMID: 24366261 PMCID: PMC3979611 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.262840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The immature retina generates spontaneous waves of spiking activity that sweep across the ganglion cell layer during a limited period of development before the onset of visual experience. The spatiotemporal patterns encoded in the waves are believed to be instructive for the wiring of functional connections throughout the visual system. However, the ontogeny of retinal waves is still poorly documented as a result of the relatively low resolution of conventional recording techniques. Here, we characterize the spatiotemporal features of mouse retinal waves from birth until eye opening in unprecedented detail using a large-scale, dense, 4096-channel multielectrode array that allowed us to record from the entire neonatal retina at near cellular resolution. We found that early cholinergic waves propagate with random trajectories over large areas with low ganglion cell recruitment. They become slower, smaller and denser when GABAA signalling matures, as occurs beyond postnatal day (P) 7. Glutamatergic influences dominate from P10, coinciding with profound changes in activity dynamics. At this time, waves cease to be random and begin to show repetitive trajectories confined to a few localized hotspots. These hotspots gradually tile the retina with time, and disappear after eye opening. Our observations demonstrate that retinal waves undergo major spatiotemporal changes during ontogeny. Our results support the hypotheses that cholinergic waves guide the refinement of retinal targets and that glutamatergic waves may also support the wiring of retinal receptive fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Maccione
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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