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MacLean A, Chappell AS, Kranzler J, Evrard A, Monchal H, Roucard C. BAER-101, a selective potentiator of α2- and α3-containing GABA A receptors, fully suppresses spontaneous cortical spike-wave discharges in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS). Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22160. [PMID: 38380694 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BAER-101 (formerly AZD7325) is a selective partial potentiator of α2/3-containing γ-amino-butyric acid A receptors (GABAARs) and produces minimal sedation and dizziness. Antiseizure effects in models of Dravet and Fragile X Syndromes have been published. BAER-101 has been administered to over 700 healthy human volunteers and patients where it was found to be safe and well tolerated. To test the extent of the antiseizure activity of BAER-1010, we tested BAER-101 in the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) model, a widely used and translationally relevant model. GAERS rats with recording electrodes bilaterally located over the frontal and parietal cortices were used. Electroencepholographic (EEG) signals in freely moving awake rats were analyzed for spike-wave discharges (SWDs). BAER-101 was administered orally at doses of 0.3-100 mg/kg and diazepam was used as a positive control using a cross-over protocol with a wash-out period between treatments. The number of SWDs was dose-dependently reduced by BAER-101 with 0.3 mg/kg being the minimally effective dose (MED). The duration of and total time in SWDs were also reduced by BAER-101. Concentrations of drug in plasma achieved an MED of 10.1 nM, exceeding the Ki for α2 or α3, but 23 times lower than the Ki for α5-GABAARs. No adverse events were observed up to a dose 300× MED. The data support the possibility of antiseizure efficacy without the side effects associated with other GABAAR subtypes. This is the first report of an α2/3-selective GABA PAM suppressing seizures in the GAERS model. The data encourage proceeding to test BAER-101 in patients with epilepsy.
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Sharmin D, Divović B, Ping X, Cerne R, Smith JL, Rezvanian S, Mondal P, Meyer MJ, Kiley ME, Arnold LA, Mian MY, Pandey KP, Jin X, Mitrović JR, Djorović D, Lippa A, Cook JM, Golani LK, Scholze P, Savić MM, Witkin JM. New Imidazodiazepine Analogue, 5-(8-Bromo-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4 H-benzo[ f]imidazo[1,5- a][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)oxazole, Provides a Simplified Synthetic Scheme, High Oral Plasma and Brain Exposures, and Produces Antiseizure Efficacy in Mice, and Antiepileptogenic Activity in Neural Networks in Brain Slices from a Patient with Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:517-526. [PMID: 38175916 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
KRM-II-81 (1) is an imidazodiazepine GABAA receptor (GABAAR) potentiator with broad antiseizure efficacy and a low sedative burden. A brominated analogue, DS-II-73 (5), was synthesized and pharmacologically characterized as a potential backup compound as KRM-II-81 moves forward into development. The synthesis from 2-amino-5-bromophenyl)(pyridin-2yl)methanone (6) was processed in five steps with an overall yield of 38% and without the need for a palladium catalyst. GABAAR binding occurred with a Ki of 150 nM, and only 3 of 41 screened binding sites produced inhibition ≥50% at 10 μM, and the potency to induce cytotoxicity was ≥240 mM. DS-II-73 was selective for α2/3/5- over that of α1-containing GABAARs. Oral exposure of plasma and brain of rats was more than sufficient to functionally impact GABAARs. Tonic convulsions in mice and lethality induced by pentylenetetrazol were suppressed by DS-II-73 after oral administration and latencies to clonic and tonic seizures were prolonged. Cortical slice preparations from a patient with pharmacoresistant epilepsy (mesial temporal lobe) showed decreases in the frequency of local field potentials by DS-II-73. As with KRM-II-81, the motor-impairing effects of DS-II-73 were low compared to diazepam. Molecular docking studies of DS-II-73 with the α1β3γ2L-configured GABAAR showed low interaction with α1His102 that is suggested as a potential molecular mechanism for its low sedative side effects. These findings support the viability of DS-II-73 as a backup molecule for its ethynyl analogue, KRM-II-81, with the human tissue data providing translational credibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Branka Divović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11221, Serbia
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Rok Cerne
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey 07452, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
| | - Sepideh Rezvanian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Prithu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Michelle Jean Meyer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Molly E Kiley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Kamal P Pandey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jelena R Mitrović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11221, Serbia
| | - Djordje Djorović
- Institute of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11221, Serbia
| | - Arnold Lippa
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey 07452, United States
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey 07452, United States
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Petra Scholze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11221, Serbia
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey 07452, United States
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Smith JL, Wertz J, Lippa A, Ping X, Jin X, Cook JM, Witkin JM, Cerne R. KRM-II-81 suppresses epileptifom activity across the neural network of cortical tissue from a patient with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23752. [PMID: 38223703 PMCID: PMC10784158 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A clinical case of a 19-year-old male patient with pharmacoresistant seizures occurring following parieto-occipital tumor-resection at age 6 is described. Seizure surgery work-up included prolonged video EEG monitoring and head CT without contrast. Seizure focus was localized to the left temporal lobe, and we felt that the patient was an excellent candidate for seizure surgery. The patient underwent a left frontotemporal craniotomy for removal of the seizure focus with intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) conducted pre and post resection. ECoG recordings pre- and post-resection confirmed resolution of seizure generation. Imaging obtained immediately postoperatively showed complete resection of the residual tumor with no evidence of recurrence in follow-ups. A year after the surgery the patient is seizure-free but remains on seizure medication. With the patient's consent the excised epileptogenic tissue was used for ex-vivo research studies. The microelectrode recordings confirmed epileptiform activity in the excised tissue incubated in excitatory artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The epileptiform activity in the epileptogenic tissue was suppressed by addition of KRM-II-81, a novel α2/3 subtype preferring GABAA receptor (GABAAR) potentiator with previously demonstrated antiepileptic efficacy in multiple animal models of epilepsy and with reduced potential for CNS side-effects compared to classical benzodiazepine GABAAR potentiators. These findings support the proposition that KRM-II-81 might reduce seizure burden in pharmacoresistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L. Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Arnold Lippa
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James M. Cook
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Nakakubo S, Hiramatsu Y, Goto T, Kimura S, Narugami M, Nakajima M, Ueda Y, Shiraishi H, Manabe A, Sharmin D, Cook JM, Egawa K. Therapeutic effects of KRM-II-81, positive allosteric modulator for α2/3 subunit containing GABA A receptors, in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1273633. [PMID: 37849734 PMCID: PMC10577232 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1273633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dravet syndrome (DS) is an intractable epilepsy syndrome concomitant with neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in infancy. DS is dominantly caused by mutations in the SCN1A gene, which encodes the α subunit of a voltage-gated Na channel. Pre-synaptic inhibitory dysfunction is regarded as the pathophysiological mechanism, but an effective strategy for ameliorating seizures and behavioral problems is still under development. Here, we evaluated the effects of KRM-II-81, a newly developed positive allosteric modulator for α 2/3 subunit containing GABAA receptors (α2/3-GABAAR) in a mice model of DS both in vivo and at the neuronal level. Methods: We used knock-in mice carrying a heterozygous, clinically relevant SCN1A mutation (background strain: C57BL/6 J) as a model of the DS (Scn1a WT/A1783V mice), knock-in mouse strain carrying a heterozygous, clinically relevant SCN1A mutation (A1783V). Seizure threshold and locomotor activity was evaluated by using the hyperthermia-induced seizure paradigm and open filed test, respectively. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed by avoidance of the center region in locomotor activity. We estimated a sedative effect by the total distance traveled in locomotor activity and grip strength. Inhibitory post synaptic currents (IPSCs) were recorded from a hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron in an acutely prepared brain slice. Results: KRM-II-81 significantly increased the seizure threshold of Scn1a WT/A1783V mice in a dose-dependent manner. A low dose of KRM-II-81 specifically improved anxiety-like behavior of Scn1a WT/A1783V mice. A sedative effect was induced by relatively high dose of KRM-II-81 in Scn1a WT/A1783V mice, the dose of which was not sedative for WT mice. KRM-II-81 potentiated IPSCs by increasing its decay time kinetics. This effect was more prominent in Scn1a WT/A1783V mice. Discussion: Higher activation of α2/3-GABAAR by KRM-II-81 suggests a compensatory modification of post synaptic inhibitory function against presynaptic inhibitory dysfunction in Scn1a WT/A1783V. The increased sensitivity for KRM-II-81 may be relevant to the distinct dose-dependent effect in each paradigm of Scn1a WT/A1783V mice. Conclusion: Selective activation for α2/3-GABAAR by KRM-II-81 could be potential therapeutic strategy for treating seizures and behavioral problems in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Nakakubo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Hiramatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeru Goto
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Syuhei Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masashi Narugami
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Midori Nakajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ueda
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shiraishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Manabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Kiyoshi Egawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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5
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Yang CS, Wu MC, Lai MC, Wu SN, Huang CW. Identification of New Antiseizure Medication Candidates in Preclinical Animal Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13143. [PMID: 37685950 PMCID: PMC10487685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a multifactorial neurologic disease that often leads to many devastating disabilities and an enormous burden on the healthcare system. Until now, drug-resistant epilepsy has presented a major challenge for approximately 30% of the epileptic population. The present article summarizes the validated rodent models of seizures employed in pharmacological researches and comprehensively reviews updated advances of novel antiseizure candidates in the preclinical phase. Newly discovered compounds that demonstrate antiseizure efficacy in preclinical trials will be discussed in the review. It is inspiring that several candidates exert promising antiseizure activities in drug-resistant seizure models. The representative compounds consist of derivatives of hybrid compounds that integrate multiple approved antiseizure medications, novel positive allosteric modulators targeting subtype-selective γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors, and a derivative of cinnamamide. Although the precise molecular mechanism, pharmacokinetic properties, and safety are not yet fully clear in every novel antiseizure candidate, the adapted approaches to design novel antiseizure medications provide new insights to overcome drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung City 42743, Taiwan;
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City 97004, Taiwan
| | - Man-Chun Wu
- Department of Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine Center, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung City 42743, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan City 71004, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
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6
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Pandey KP, Divović B, Rashid F, Golani LK, Cerne R, Zahn NM, Meyer MJ, Arnold LA, Sharmin D, Mian MY, Smith JL, Ping X, Jin X, Lippa A, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Cook JM, Savić MM, Witkin JM. Structural Analogs of the GABAkine KRM-II-81 Are Orally Bioavailable Anticonvulsants without Sedation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 385:50-61. [PMID: 36746611 PMCID: PMC10029819 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide back-up compounds to support the development of the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) potentiator KRM-II-81, three novel analogs were designed: replacing the pyridinyl with 2'-Cl-phenyl (FR-II-60), changing the positions of the N and O atoms in the oxazole ring with addition of an ethyl group (KPP-III-34 and KPP-III-51), or substituting a Br atom for the ethynyl of KRM-II-81 (KPP-III-34). The compounds bound to brain GABAARs. Intraperitoneal administration of FR-II-60 and KPP-III-34 produced anticonvulsant activity in mice [maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures or 6 Hz-induced seizures], whereas KPP-III-51 did not. Although all compounds were orally bioavailable, structural changes reduced the plasma and brain (FR-II-60 and KPP-III-51) exposures relative to KRM-II-81. Oral administration of each compound produced dose-dependent increases in the latency for both clonic and tonic seizures and the lethality induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in mice. Since KPP-III-34 produced the highest brain area under the curve (AUC) exposures, it was selected for further profiling. Oral administration of KPP-III-34 suppressed seizures in corneal-kindled mice, hippocampal paroxysmal discharges in mesial temporal lobe epileptic mice, and PTZ-induced convulsions in rats. Only transient sensorimotor impairment was observed in mice, and doses of KPP-III-34 up to 500 mg/kg did not produce impairment in rats. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that all compounds displayed a reduced propensity for binding to α1His102 compared with the sedating compound alprazolam; the bromine-substituted KPP-III-34 achieved the least interaction. Overall, these findings document the oral bioavailability and anticonvulsant efficacy of three novel analogs of KRM-II-81 with reduced sedative effects. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A new non-sedating compound, KRM-II-81, with reduced propensity for tolerance is moving into clinical development. Three new analogs were orally bioavailable, produced anticonvulsant effects in rodents, and displayed low sensorimotor impairment. KPP-III-34 demonstrated efficacy in models of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Docking studies demonstrated a low propensity for compound binding to the α1His102 residue implicated in sedation. Thus, three additional structures have been added to the list of non-sedating imidazodiazepine anticonvulsants that could serve as backups in the clinical development of KRM-II-81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal P Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.);
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.);
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.);
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.);
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Branka Divović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Rok Cerne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Michelle Jean Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Arnold Lippa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - V V N Phani Babu Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.);
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.);
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.);
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.);
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
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7
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Mian MY, Divović B, Sharmin D, Pandey KP, Golani LK, Tiruveedhula VVNP, Cerne R, Smith JL, Ping X, Jin X, Imler GH, Deschamps JR, Lippa A, Cook JM, Savić MM, Rowlett J, Witkin JM. Hydrochloride Salt of the GABAkine KRM-II-81. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:27550-27559. [PMID: 35967038 PMCID: PMC9366947 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Imidazodiazepine (5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazole[1,5-α][1,4]diazepin-3-yl) oxazole or KRM-II-81) is a potentiator of GABAA receptors (a GABAkine) undergoing preparation for clinical development. KRM-II-81 is active against many seizure and pain models in rodents, where it exhibits improved pharmacological properties over standard-of-care agents. Since salts can be utilized to create opportunities for increased solubility, enhanced absorption, and distribution, as well as for efficient methods of bulk synthesis, a hydrochloride salt of KRM-II-81 was prepared. KRM-II-81·HCl was produced from the free base with anhydrous hydrochloric acid. The formation of the monohydrochloride salt was confirmed by X-ray crystallography, as well as 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses. High water solubility and a lower partition coefficient (octanol/water) were exhibited by KRM-II-81·HCl as compared to the free base. Oral administration of either KRM-II-81·HCl or the free base resulted in high concentrations in the brain and plasma of rats. Oral dosing in mice significantly increased the latency to both clonic and tonic convulsions and decreased pentylenetetrazol-induced lethality. The increased water solubility of the HCl salt enables intravenous dosing and the potential for higher concentration formulations compared with the free base without impacting anticonvulsant potency. Thus, KRM-II-81·HCl adds an important new compound to facilitate the development of these imidazodiazepines for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yeunus Mian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Branka Divović
- Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Kamal P. Pandey
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Lalit K. Golani
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - V. V. N. Phani
Babu Tiruveedhula
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Rok Cerne
- Laboratory
of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent’s
Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United
States
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue
University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- RespireRx
Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey 07452, United States
| | - Jodi L. Smith
- Laboratory
of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent’s
Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United
States
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue
University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue
University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval
Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Deschamps
- Naval
Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Arnold Lippa
- RespireRx
Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey 07452, United States
| | - James M. Cook
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
- RespireRx
Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey 07452, United States
| | - Miroslav M. Savić
- Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - James Rowlett
- Department
of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University
of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Witkin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
- Laboratory
of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent’s
Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United
States
- RespireRx
Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey 07452, United States
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8
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Cerne R, Lippa A, Poe MM, Smith JL, Jin X, Ping X, Golani LK, Cook JM, Witkin JM. GABAkines - Advances in the discovery, development, and commercialization of positive allosteric modulators of GABA A receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 234:108035. [PMID: 34793859 PMCID: PMC9787737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators of γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors or GABAkines have been widely used medicines for over 70 years for anxiety, epilepsy, sleep, and other disorders. Traditional GABAkines like diazepam have safety and tolerability concerns that include sedation, motor-impairment, respiratory depression, tolerance and dependence. Multiple GABAkines have entered clinical development but the issue of side-effects has not been fully solved. The compounds that are presently being developed and commercialized include several neuroactive steroids (an allopregnanolone formulation (brexanolone), an allopregnanolone prodrug (LYT-300), Sage-324, zuranolone, and ganaxolone), the α2/3-preferring GABAkine, KRM-II-81, and the α2/3/5-preferring GABAkine PF-06372865 (darigabat). The neuroactive steroids are in clinical development for post-partum depression, intractable epilepsy, tremor, status epilepticus, and genetic epilepsy disorders. Darigabat is in development for epilepsy and anxiety. The imidazodiazepine, KRM-II-81 is efficacious in animal models for the treatment of epilepsy and post-traumatic epilepsy, acute and chronic pain, as well as anxiety and depression. The efficacy of KRM-II-81 in models of pharmacoresistant epilepsy, preventing the development of seizure sensitization, and in brain tissue of intractable epileptic patients bodes well for improved therapeutics. Medicinal chemistry efforts are also ongoing to identify novel and improved GABAkines. The data document gaps in our understanding of the molecular pharmacology of GABAkines that drive differential pharmacological profiles, but emphasize advancements in the ability to successfully utilize GABAA receptor potentiation for therapeutic gain in neurology and psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN USA,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arnold Lippa
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jodi L. Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lalit K. Golani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James M. Cook
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN USA,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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9
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Golani LK, Divović B, Sharmin D, Pandey KP, Mian MY, Cerne R, Zahn NM, Meyer MJ, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Smith JL, Ping X, Jin X, Lippa A, Schkeryantz JM, Arnold LA, Cook JM, Savić MM, Witkin JM. Metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and anticonvulsant activity of a deuterated analog of the α2/3-selective GABAkine KRM-II-81. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2022; 43:66-75. [PMID: 35194800 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The imidazodiazepine, (5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo [f]imidazole[1,5-α][1,4]diazepin-3-yl) oxazole or KRM-II-81) is a new α2/3-selective GABAkine (gamma aminobutyric acid A receptor potentiator) with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and antinociceptive activity in preclinical models. Reducing metabolism was utilized as a means of potentially extending the half-life of KRM-II-81. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate metabolic liabilities. Incubation of KRM-II-81 in hepatocytes revealed sites of potential metabolism on the oxazole and the diazepine rings. These sites were targeted in the design of a deuterated analog (D5-KRM-II-81) that could be evaluated as a potentially longer-acting analog. In contrast to computer predictions, peak plasma concentrations of D5-KRM-II-81 in rats were not significantly greater than those produced by KRM-II-81 after oral administration. Furthermore, brain disposition of KRM-II-81 was higher than that of D5-KRM-II-81. The half-life of the two compounds in either plasma or brain did not statistically differ from one another but the tmax for D5-KRM-II-81 occurred slightly earlier than for KRM-II-81. Non-metabolic considerations might be relevant to the lack of increases in exposure by D5-KRM-II-81. Alternative sites of metabolism on KRM-II-81, not targeted by the current deuteration process, are also possible. Despite its lack of augmented exposure, D5-KRM-II-81, like KRM-II-81, significantly prevented seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol when given orally. The present findings introduce a new orally active anticonvulsant GABAkine, D5-KRM-II-81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Branka Divović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kamal P Pandey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascencion St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michelle J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Veera V N P B Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascencion St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Arnold Lippa
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascencion St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
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10
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Golub VM, Reddy DS. Post-Traumatic Epilepsy and Comorbidities: Advanced Models, Molecular Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Novel Therapeutic Interventions. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:387-438. [PMID: 35302046 PMCID: PMC8973512 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one of the most devastating long-term, network consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). There is currently no approved treatment that can prevent onset of spontaneous seizures associated with brain injury, and many cases of PTE are refractory to antiseizure medications. Post-traumatic epileptogenesis is an enduring process by which a normal brain exhibits hypersynchronous excitability after a head injury incident. Understanding the neural networks and molecular pathologies involved in epileptogenesis are key to preventing its development or modifying disease progression. In this article, we describe a critical appraisal of the current state of PTE research with an emphasis on experimental models, molecular mechanisms of post-traumatic epileptogenesis, potential biomarkers, and the burden of PTE-associated comorbidities. The goal of epilepsy research is to identify new therapeutic strategies that can prevent PTE development or interrupt the epileptogenic process and relieve associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Therefore, we also describe current preclinical and clinical data on the treatment of PTE sequelae. Differences in injury patterns, latency period, and biomarkers are outlined in the context of animal model validation, pathophysiology, seizure frequency, and behavior. Improving TBI recovery and preventing seizure onset are complex and challenging tasks; however, much progress has been made within this decade demonstrating disease modifying, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective strategies, suggesting this goal is pragmatic. Our understanding of PTE is continuously evolving, and improved preclinical models allow for accelerated testing of critically needed novel therapeutic interventions in military and civilian persons at high risk for PTE and its devastating comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Golub
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
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11
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The imidazodiazepine, KRM-II-81: An example of a newly emerging generation of GABAkines for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 213:173321. [PMID: 35041859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GABAkines, or positive allosteric modulators of γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors, are used for the treatment of anxiety, epilepsy, sleep, and other disorders. The search for improved GABAkines, with reduced safety liabilities (e.g., dependence) or side-effect profiles (e.g., sedation) constituted multiple discovery and development campaigns that involved a multitude of strategies over the past century. Due to the general lack of success in the development of new GABAkines, there had been a decades-long draught in bringing new GABAkines to market. Recently, however, there has been a resurgence of efforts to bring GABAkines to patients, the FDA approval of the neuroactive steroid brexanolone for post-partum depression in 2019 being the first. Other neuroactive steroids are in various stages of clinical development (ganaxolone, zuranolone, LYT-300, Sage-324, PRAX 114, and ETX-155). These GABAkines and non-steroid compounds (GRX-917, a TSPO binding site ligand), darigabat (CVL-865), an α2/3/5-preferring GABAkine, SAN711, an α3-preferring GABAkine, and the α2/3-preferring GABAkine, KRM-II-81, bring new therapeutic promise to this highly utilized medicinal target in neurology and psychiatry. Herein, we also discuss possible conditions that have enabled the transition to a new age of GABAkines. We highlight the pharmacology of KRM-II-81 that has the most preclinical data reported. KRM-II-81 is the lead compound in a new series of orally bioavailable imidazodiazepines entering IND-enabling safety studies. KRM-II-81 has a preclinical profile predicting efficacy against pharmacoresistant epilepsies, traumatic brain injury, and neuropathic pain. KRM-II-81 also produces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rodent models. Other key features of the pharmacology of this compound are its low sedation rate, lack of tolerance development, and the ability to prevent the development of seizure sensitization.
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12
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Gangar K, Bhatt LK. Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Comorbidities Associated with Epilepsy. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 13:85-93. [PMID: 31793425 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666191203101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common neurological disorders, which occurs among 1% of the population worldwide, is epilepsy. Therapeutic failure is common with epilepsy and nearly about 30% of patients fall in this category. Seizure suppression should not be the only goal while treating epilepsy but associated comorbidities, which can further worsen the condition, should also be considered. Treatment of such comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, cognition, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and, various other disorders which co-exist with epilepsy or are caused due to epilepsy should also be treated. Novel targets or the existing targets are needed to be explored for the dual mechanism which can suppress both the disease and the comorbidity. New therapeutic targets such as IDO, nNOS, PAR1, NF-κb are being explored for their role in epilepsy and various comorbidities. This review explores recent therapeutic targets for the treatment of comorbidities associated with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Gangar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India
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13
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Golani LK, Platt DM, Rüedi-Bettschen D, Edwanker C, Huang S, Poe MM, Furtmüller R, Sieghart W, Cook JM, Rowlett JK. 8-Substituted Triazolobenzodiazepines: In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacology in Relation to Structural Docking at the α1 Subunit-Containing GABA A Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:625233. [PMID: 33959005 PMCID: PMC8094182 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.625233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop improved anxiolytic drugs, 8-substituted analogs of triazolam were synthesized in an effort to discover compounds with selectivity for α2/α3 subunit-containing GABAA subtypes. Two compounds in this series, XLi-JY-DMH (6-(2-chlorophenyl)-8-ethynyl-1-methyl-4H-benzo [f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine) and SH-TRI-108 [(E)-8-ethynyl-1-methyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo [f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine], were evaluated for in vitro and in vivo properties associated with GABAA subtype-selective ligands. In radioligand binding assays conducted in transfected HEK cells containing rat αXβ3γ2 subtypes (X = 1,2,3,5), no evidence of selectivity was obtained, although differences in potency relative to triazolam were observed overall (triazolam > XLi-JY-DMH > SH-TRI-108). In studies with rat αXβ3γ2 subtypes (X = 1,2,3,5) using patch-clamp electrophysiology, no differences in maximal potentiation of GABA-mediated Cl- current was obtained across subtypes for any compound. However, SH-TRI-108 demonstrated a 25-fold difference in functional potency between α1β3γ2 vs. α2β3γ2 subtypes. We evaluated the extent to which this potency difference translated into behavioral pharmacological differences in monkeys. In a rhesus monkey conflict model of anxiolytic-like effects, triazolam, XLi-JY-DMH, and SH-TR-108 increased rates of responding attenuated by shock (anti-conflict effect) but also attenuated non-suppressed responding. In a squirrel monkey observation procedure, both analogs engendered a profile of sedative-motor effects similar to that reported previously for triazolam. In molecular docking studies, we found that the interactions of the 8-ethynyl triazolobenzodiazepines with the C-loop of the α1GABAA site was stronger than that of imidazodiazepines XHe-II-053 and HZ-166, which may account for the non-sedating yet anxiolytic profile of these latter compounds when evaluated in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K. Golani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Donna M. Platt
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, United States
| | - Daniela Rüedi-Bettschen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, United States
| | - Chitra Edwanker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Shenming Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael M. Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Werner Sieghart
- Brain Research Institute, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - James K. Rowlett
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, United States
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14
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Janković SM, Dješević M, Janković SV. Experimental GABA A Receptor Agonists and Allosteric Modulators for the Treatment of Focal Epilepsy. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:235-244. [PMID: 33727865 PMCID: PMC7954424 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s242964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA A receptors are ubiquitous in the central nervous system and there is a huge diversity of receptor subtypes in almost all regions of the brain. However, the expression of GABA A receptor subtypes is altered in both the gray and white matter of patients with focal epilepsy. Although there is a number of anticonvulsants with marketing authorization for the treatment of focal epilepsy which act through GABA A receptors, potentiating the inhibitory effects of GABA, it is necessary to develop more potent and more specific GABAergic anticonvulsants that are effective in drug-resistant patients with focal epilepsy. There are three orthosteric and at least seven allosteric agonist binding sites at the GABA A receptor. In experimental and clinical studies, full agonists of GABA A receptors showed a tendency to cause desensitization of the receptors, tolerance, and physical dependence; therefore, partial orthosteric agonists and positive allosteric modulators of GABA A receptors were further developed. Preclinical studies demonstrated the anticonvulsant efficacy of positive allosteric modulators with selective action on GABA A receptors with α2/α3 subunits, but only a handful of them were further tested in clinical trials. The best results were obtained for clobazam (already marketed), ganaxolone (in phase III trials), CVL-865 (in phase II trials), and padsevonil (in phase III trials). Several compounds with more selective action on GABA A receptors, perhaps only in certain brain regions, have the potential to become effective drugs against specific subtypes of focal-onset epilepsy. However, their development needs time, and in the near future we can expect only one or two new GABA A agonists to obtain marketing authorization for focal epilepsy, an advance that would be of use for just a fraction of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miralem Dješević
- Cardiology Department, Private Policlinic Center Eurofarm, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina
| | - Snežana V Janković
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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15
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Knutson DE, Smith JL, Ping X, Jin X, Golani LK, Li G, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Rashid F, Mian MY, Jahan R, Sharmin D, Cerne R, Cook JM, Witkin JM. Imidazodiazepine Anticonvulsant, KRM-II-81, Produces Novel, Non-diazepam-like Antiseizure Effects. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2624-2637. [PMID: 32786313 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for improved medications for the treatment of epilepsy and chronic pain is essential. Epileptic patients typically take multiple antiseizure drugs without complete seizure freedom, and chronic pain is not fully managed with current medications. A positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of α2/3-containing GABAA receptors (5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazole[1,5-α][1,4]diazepin-3-yl) oxazole or KRM-II-81 (8) is a lead compound in a series of imidazodiazepines. We previously reported that KRM-II-81 produces broad-based anticonvulsant and antinociceptive efficacy in rodent models and provides a wider margin over motoric side effects than that of other GABAA receptor PAMs. The present series of experiments was designed to fill key missing gaps in prior preclinical studies assessing whether KRM-II-81 could be further differentiated from nonselective GABAA receptor PAMs using the anticonvulsant diazepam (DZP) as a comparator. In multiple chemical seizure provocation models in mice, KRM-II-81 was either equally or more efficacious than DZP. Most strikingly, KRM-II-81 but not DZP blocked the development of seizure sensitivity to the chemoconvulsants cocaine and pentylenetetrazol in seizure kindling models. These and predecessor data have placed KRM-II-81 into consideration for clinical development requiring the manufacture of kilogram amounts of good manufacturing practice material. We describe here a novel synthetic route amenable to kilogram quantity production. The new biological and chemical data provide key steps forward in the development of KRM-II-81 (8) as an improved treatment option for patients suffering from epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Knutson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Jodi L. Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Lalit K. Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - V. V. N. Phani Babu Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Rajwana Jahan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Witkin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
- Departments of Neuroscience and Trauma Research, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
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16
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Biggerstaff A, Kivell B, Smith JL, Mian MY, Golani LK, Rashid F, Sharmin D, Knutson DE, Cerne R, Cook JM, Witkin JM. The α2,3-selective potentiators of GABA A receptors, KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80, produce anxiolytic-like effects and block chemotherapy-induced hyperalgesia in mice without tolerance development. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172996. [PMID: 32668266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Opiate analgesics are one of the treatment options for severe chronic pain, including late-stage cancer, chronic back pain and other disorders. The recent resurgence in opioid overdose has highlighted the serious need for alternative medicines for pain management. While a role for potentiators of α2/3-containing GABAA receptors in the modulation of pain has been known for several years, advancements in this area required data from selective compounds. KRM-II-81(5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3- yl)oxazole) and analogs selectively potentiate GABAA receptors containing α2/3 subunits and have recently been shown to attenuate pain behaviors in several acute and chronic pain models in rodents. The present study was designed to ascertain whether KRM-II-81 and the structural analog MP-III-80 (3-ethyl-5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole) would block chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel-induced pain in male, C57BL/6 mice. Both compounds significantly inhibited pain behaviors evoked by cold and tactile stimulation in paclitaxel-treated mice as did the neuropathic pain drug gabapentin. Subchronic dosing for 22 days with KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80 demonstrated enduring analgesic efficacy without tolerance development, while the effects of gabapentin showed evidence of tolerance development. KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80 also decreased marble-burying behavior in this mouse strain as did the anxiolytic drug chlordiazepoxide. In contrast to KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80, chlordiazepoxide had motor-impairing effects at anxiolytic-like doses. The data add to the literature documenting that these selective potentiators of α2/3-containing GABAA receptors are effective in a host of animal models used to detect novel analgesic drugs. The anxiolytic-like efficacy of these compounds fits well with the comorbidity of anxiety in patients with chronic pain and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Biggerstaff
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - B Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Md Y Mian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L K Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - F Rashid
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - D Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - D E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - R Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J M Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Trauma Research, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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17
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Effects of the α2/α3-subtype-selective GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator KRM-II-81 on pain-depressed behavior in rats: comparison with ketorolac and diazepam. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:452-461. [PMID: 30640180 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined effects of the α2/α3-subtype-selective GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator KRM-II-81 in an assay of pain-related behavioral depression. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats responded for electrical brain stimulation in a frequency-rate intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure. Intraperitoneal injection of 1.8% lactic acid served as an acute noxious stimulus to depress ICSS. Effects of KRM-II-81 were evaluated in the absence and presence of the acid noxious stimulus. The NSAID ketorolac and the benzodiazepine diazepam were tested as comparators. Neither ketorolac nor KRM-II-81 altered ICSS in the absence of the acid noxious stimulus; however, diazepam produced facilitation consistent with its abuse liability. Ketorolac blocked acid-induced depression of ICSS, and effects of 1.0 mg/kg ketorolac lasted for at least 5 h. KRM-II-81 (1.0 mg/kg) produced significant antinociception after 30 min that dissipated by 60 min. Diazepam also attenuated acid-depressed ICSS, but only at doses that facilitated ICSS when administered alone. The lack of ketorolac or KRM-II-81 effects on ICSS in the absence of the acid noxious stimulus suggests low abuse liability for both compounds. The effectiveness of ketorolac to block acid-induced ICSS depression agrees with clinical analgesic efficacy of ketorolac. KRM-II-81 produced significant but less consistent and shorter-acting antinociception than ketorolac.
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18
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Pandey KP, Khan ZA, Golani LK, Mondal P, Mian Y, Rashid F, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Knutson DE, Sharmin D, Ahmed T, Rezvanian S, Zahn NM, Arnold LA, Witkin JM, Cook JM. Design, synthesis and characterization of novel gamma‑aminobutyric acid type A receptor ligands. ARKIVOC 2020; 2020:242-256. [PMID: 33642954 DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p011.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antinociceptive ligand HZ-166 is a GABAA α2/α3 receptor subtype-selective potentiator. It has been shown to exhibit anxiolytic-like effects in rodent and rhesus monkeys, as well as reduced sedative/ataxic liabilities. In order to improve the metabolic stability of HZ-166, the ethyl ester moiety was bioisosterically replaced with 2,4-disubstituted oxazoles and oxazolines. The new analogs of HZ-166 were synthesized, characterized, and evalutated for their biological activity and docked in the human full-length heteromeric α1β3γ2L GABAA receptor subtype CyroEM structure (6HUO). Importantly no sedation nor ataxia was observed on the rotorod for LKG-I-70 (6) or KPP-III-51 (6c) at 100 and 120 mg/kg, respectively. These was also no loss of righting response for either ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal P Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Zubair Ahmed Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Prithu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - V V N Phani Babu Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Taukir Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Sepideh Rezvanian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
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19
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Witkin JM, Li G, Golani LK, Xiong W, Smith JL, Ping X, Rashid F, Jahan R, Cerne R, Cook JM, Jin X. The Positive Allosteric Modulator of α2/3-Containing GABA A Receptors, KRM-II-81, Is Active in Pharmaco-Resistant Models of Epilepsy and Reduces Hyperexcitability after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 372:83-94. [PMID: 31694876 PMCID: PMC6927408 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.260968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The imidizodiazepine, 5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)oxazole (KRM-II-81), is selective for α2/3-containing GABAA receptors. KRM-II-81 dampens seizure activity in rodent models with enhanced efficacy and reduced motor-impairment compared with diazepam. In the present study, KRM-II-81 was studied in assays designed to detect antiepileptics with improved chances of impacting pharmaco-resistant epilepsies. The potential for reducing neural hyperactivity weeks after traumatic brain injury was also studied. KRM-II-81 suppressed convulsions in corneal-kindled mice. Mice with kainate-induced mesial temporal lobe seizures exhibited spontaneous recurrent hippocampal paroxysmal discharges that were significantly reduced by KRM-II-81 (15 mg/kg, orally). KRM-II-81 also decreased convulsions in rats undergoing amygdala kindling in the presence of lamotrigine (lamotrigine-insensitive model) (ED50 = 19 mg/kg, i.p.). KRM-II-81 reduced focal and generalized seizures in a kainate-induced chronic epilepsy model in rats (20 mg/kg, i.p., three times per day). In mice with damage to the left cerebral cortex by controlled-cortical impact, enduring neuronal hyperactivity was dampened by KRM-II-81 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) as observed through in vivo two-photon imaging of layer II/III pyramidal neurons in GCaMP6-expressing transgenic mice. No notable side effects emerged up to doses of 300 mg/kg KRM-II-81. Molecular modeling studies were conducted: docking in the binding site of the α1β3γ2L GABAA receptor showed that replacing the C8 chlorine atom of alprazolam with the acetylene of KRM-II-81 led to loss of the key interaction with α1His102, providing a structural rationale for its low affinity for α1-containing GABAA receptors compared with benzodiazepines such as alprazolam. Overall, these findings predict that KRM-II-81 has improved therapeutic potential for epilepsy and post-traumatic epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We describe the effects of a relatively new orally bioavailable small molecule in rodent models of pharmaco-resistant epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. KRM-II-81 is more potent and generally more efficacious than standard-of-care antiepileptics. In silico docking experiments begin to describe the structural basis for the relative lack of motor impairment induced by KRM-II-81. KRM-II-81 has unique structural and anticonvulsant effects, predicting its potential as an improved antiepileptic drug and novel therapy for post-traumatic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Wenhui Xiong
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Rajwana Jahan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Rok Cerne
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
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20
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Maramai S, Benchekroun M, Ward SE, Atack JR. Subtype Selective γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor (GABAAR) Modulators Acting at the Benzodiazepine Binding Site: An Update. J Med Chem 2019; 63:3425-3446. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Maramai
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Mohamed Benchekroun
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
- Équipe de Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, GBCM, EA7528, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Simon E. Ward
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - John R. Atack
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
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21
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Witkin JM, Ping X, Cerne R, Mouser C, Jin X, Hobbs J, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Li G, Jahan R, Rashid F, Kumar Golani L, Cook JM, Smith JL. The value of human epileptic tissue in the characterization and development of novel antiepileptic drugs: The example of CERC-611 and KRM-II-81. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146356. [PMID: 31369732 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The need for improved antiepileptics is clearly mandated despite the existence of multiple existing medicines from different chemical and mechanistic classes. Standard of care agents do not fully control epilepsies and have a variety of side-effect and safety issues. Patients typically take multiple antiepileptic drugs and yet many continue to have seizures. Antiepileptic-unresponsive seizures are life-disrupting and life-threatening. One approach to seizure control is surgical resection of affected brain tissue and associated neural circuits. Although non-human brain studies can provide insight into novel antiepileptic mechanisms, human epileptic brain is the bottom-line biological substrate. Human epileptic brain can provide definitive information on the presence or absence of the putative protein targets of interest in the patient population, the potential changes in these proteins in the epileptic state, and the engagement of novel molecules and their functional impact in target tissue. In this review, we discuss data on two novel potential antiepileptic drugs. CERC-611 (LY3130481) is an AMPA receptor antagonist that selectively blocks AMPA receptors associated with the auxiliary protein TARP γ-8 and is in clinical development. KRM-II-81 is a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors selectively associated with protein subunits α2 and α 3. Preclinical data on these compounds argue that patient-based biological data increase the probability that a newly discovered molecule will translate its antiepileptic potential to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rok Cerne
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Claire Mouser
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jon Hobbs
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rajwana Jahan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Lalit Kumar Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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22
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Witkin JM, Cerne R, Davis PG, Freeman KB, do Carmo JM, Rowlett JK, Methuku KR, Okun A, Gleason SD, Li X, Krambis MJ, Poe M, Li G, Schkeryantz JM, Jahan R, Yang L, Guo W, Golani LK, Anderson WH, Catlow JT, Jones TM, Porreca F, Smith JL, Knopp KL, Cook JM. The α2,3-selective potentiator of GABA A receptors, KRM-II-81, reduces nociceptive-associated behaviors induced by formalin and spinal nerve ligation in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 180:22-31. [PMID: 30825491 PMCID: PMC6529285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evidence indicates that positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of GABAA receptors have analgesic benefit in addition to efficacy in anxiety disorders. However, the utility of GABAA receptor PAMs as analgesics is compromised by the central nervous system side effects of non-selective potentiators. A selective potentiator of GABAA receptors associated with α2/3 subunits, KRM-II-81(5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)oxazole), has demonstrated anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and antinociceptive effects in rodents with reduced motoric side effects. The present study evaluated the potential of KRM-II-81 as a novel analgesic. Oral administration of KRM-II-81 attenuated formalin-induced flinching; in contrast, diazepam was not active. KRM-II-81 attenuated nociceptive-associated behaviors engendered by chronic spinal nerve ligation (L5/L6). Diazepam decreased locomotion of rats at the dose tested in the formalin assay (10 mg/kg) whereas KRM-II-81 produced small decreases that were not dose-dependent (10-100 mg/kg). Plasma and brain levels of KRM-II-81 were used to demonstrate selectivity for α2/3- over α1-associated GABAA receptors and to define the degree of engagement of these receptors. Plasma and brain concentrations of KRM-II-81 were positively-associated with analgesic efficacy. GABA currents from isolated rat dorsal-root ganglion cultures were potentiated by KRM-II-81 with an ED50 of 32 nM. Measures of respiratory depression were reduced by alprazolam whereas KRM-II-81 was either inactive or produced effects with lower potency and efficacy. These findings add to the growing body of data supporting the idea that α2/3-selective GABAA receptor PAMs will have efficacy and tolerability as pain medications including those for neuropathic pain. Given their predicted anxiolytic effects, α2/3-selective GABAA receptor PAMs offer an additional inroad into the management of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Witkin
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - R Cerne
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - K B Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - J M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - J K Rowlett
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - K R Methuku
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A Okun
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S D Gleason
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - X Li
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M J Krambis
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M Poe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - G Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J M Schkeryantz
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Jahan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L Yang
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - W Guo
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - L K Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - W H Anderson
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J T Catlow
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - T M Jones
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - F Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - K L Knopp
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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23
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An antidepressant-related pharmacological signature for positive allosteric modulators of α2/3-containing GABA A receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 170:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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