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Mitrović JR, Bjelošević Žiberna M, Vukadinović A, Knutson DE, Sharmin D, Kremenović A, Ahlin Grabnar P, Planinšek O, Lunter D, Cook JM, Savić MM, Savić SD. Freeze-dried nanocrystal dispersion of novel deuterated pyrazoloquinolinone ligand (DK-I-56-1): Process parameters and lyoprotectant selection through the stability study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106557. [PMID: 37544333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, nanocrystal dispersions have been considered as a promising formulation strategy to improve the bioavailability of the deuterated pyrazoloquinolinone ligand DK-I-56-1 (7‑methoxy-2-(4‑methoxy-d3-phenyl)-2,5-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one). In the current study, the freeze-drying process (formulation and process parameters) was investigated to improve the storage stability of the previously developed formulation. Different combinations of lyoprotectant (sucrose or trehalose) and bulking agent (mannitol) were varied while formulations were freeze-dried under two conditions (primary drying at -10 or -45 °C). The obtained lyophilizates were characterized in terms of particle size, solid state properties and morphology, while the interactions within the samples were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In the preliminary study, three formulations were selected based on the high redispersibility index values (around 95%). The temperature of primary drying had no significant effect on particle size, but stability during storage was impaired for samples dried at -10 °C. Samples dried at lower temperature were more homogeneous and remained stable for three months. It was found that the optimal ratio of sucrose or trehalose to mannitol was 3:2 at a total concentration of 10% to achieve the best stability (particle size < 1.0 μm, polydispersity index < 0.250). The amorphous state of lyoprotectants probably provided a high degree of interaction with nanocrystals, while the crystalline mannitol provided an elegant cake structure. Sucrose was superior to trehalose in maintaining particle size during freeze-drying, while trehalose was more effective in keeping particle size within limits during storage. In conclusion, results demonstrated that the appropriate combination of sucrose/trehalose and mannitol together with the appropriate selection of lyophilization process parameters could yield nanocrystals with satisfactory stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena R Mitrović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade 11221, Serbia
| | - Maja Bjelošević Žiberna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksandar Vukadinović
- ″VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Aleksandar Kremenović
- Laboratory of Crystallography, Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade, Đušina 7, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pegi Ahlin Grabnar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Odon Planinšek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dominique Lunter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard-Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen, Germany
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana D Savić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade 11221, Serbia.
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Huang YH, Lee MT, Hsueh HY, Knutson DE, Cook J, Mihovilovic MD, Sieghart W, Chiou LC. Cerebellar α6GABA A Receptors as a Therapeutic Target for Essential Tremor: Proof-of-Concept Study with Ethanol and Pyrazoloquinolinones. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:399-418. [PMID: 36696034 PMCID: PMC10121996 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol has been shown to suppress essential tremor (ET) in patients at low-to-moderate doses, but its mechanism(s) of action remain unknown. One of the ET hypotheses attributes the ET tremorgenesis to the over-activated firing of inferior olivary neurons, causing synchronic rhythmic firings of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Purkinje cells, however, also receive excitatory inputs from granule cells where the α6 subunit-containing GABAA receptors (α6GABAARs) are abundantly expressed. Since ethanol is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of α6GABAARs, such action may mediate its anti-tremor effect. Employing the harmaline-induced ET model in male ICR mice, we evaluated the possible anti-tremor effects of ethanol and α6GABAAR-selective pyrazoloquinolinone PAMs. The burrowing activity, an indicator of well-being in rodents, was measured concurrently. Ethanol significantly and dose-dependently attenuated action tremor at non-sedative doses (0.4-2.4 g/kg, i.p.). Propranolol and α6GABAAR-selective pyrazoloquinolinones also significantly suppressed tremor activity. Neither ethanol nor propranolol, but only pyrazoloquinolinones, restored burrowing activity in harmaline-treated mice. Importantly, intra-cerebellar micro-injection of furosemide (an α6GABAAR antagonist) had a trend of blocking the effect of pyrazoloquinolinone Compound 6 or ethanol on harmaline-induced tremor. In addition, the anti-tremor effects of Compound 6 and ethanol were synergistic. These results suggest that low doses of ethanol and α6GABAAR-selective PAMs can attenuate action tremor, at least partially by modulating cerebellar α6GABAARs. Thus, α6GABAARs are potential therapeutic targets for ET, and α6GABAAR-selective PAMs may be a potential mono- or add-on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hsien Huang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ming Tatt Lee
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Han-Yun Hsueh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - James Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | | | - Werner Sieghart
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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3
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Mitrović JR, Divović-Matović B, Knutson DE, Petković M, Djorović D, Randjelović DV, Dobričić VD, Đoković JB, Lunter DJ, Cook JM, Savić MM, Savić SD. High amount of lecithin facilitates oral delivery of a poorly soluble pyrazoloquinolinone ligand formulated in lipid nanoparticles: Physicochemical, structural and pharmacokinetic performances. Int J Pharm 2023; 633:122613. [PMID: 36657554 PMCID: PMC9924434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical development of deuterated pyrazoloquinolinone ligands, promising drug candidates for various neuropsychiatric disorders, was hindered by unusually low solubility in water and oils. DK-I-60-3 (7-methoxy-d3-2-(4-methoxy-d3-phenyl)-2,5-dihydro-3Hpyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one) is one of such pyrazoloquinolinones, and we recently reported about increased oral bioavailability of its nanocrystal formulation (NC). Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) with a high concentration of lecithin, which enhances loading capacity of the lipid matrix, may give rise to further improvement. After preformulation studies by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized light microscopy, LNP were prepared by the hot high pressure homogenization, and characterized in terms of particle size, morphology, and encapsulation efficacy. The layered structure visible on atomic force micrographs was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance. Obtained formulations were desirably stable, with small particle size (<100 nm), and high encapsulation efficacy (>99 %). Lecithin was partially fluid and most probably located in the outer shell of the particle, together with DK-I-60-3. While the hydrophobic part of polysorbate 80 was completely immobilized, its hydrophilic part was free in the aqueous phase. In oral neuropharmacokinetic study in rats, an around 1.5-fold increase of area under the curve with LNP compared to NC was noticed both in brain and plasma. In bioavailability study, F value of LNP (34.7 ± 12.4 %) was 1.4-fold higher than of NC (24.5 ± 7.8 %); however, this difference did not reach statistical significance. Therefore, employment of LNP platform in preclinical formulation of DK-I-60-3 imparted an incremental improvement of its physicochemical as well as pharmacokinetic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena R Mitrović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | | | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, United States
| | - Miloš Petković
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | - Djordje Djorović
- Institute of Anatomy "Niko Miljanić", School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela V Randjelović
- Department of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir D Dobričić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | - Jelena B Đoković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | - Dominique J Lunter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, United States
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | - Snežana D Savić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia.
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Lee MT, Mouri A, Kubota H, Lee HJ, Chang MH, Wu CY, Knutson DE, Mihovilovic M, Cook J, Sieghart W, Nabeshima T, Chiou LC. Targeting α6GABA A receptors as a novel therapy for schizophrenia: A proof-of-concept preclinical study using various animal models. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113022. [PMID: 35483195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAA receptors containing α6 subunits (α6GABAARs) in the cerebellum have -been implicated in schizophrenia. It was reported that the GABA synthesizing enzymes were downregulated whereas α6GABAARs were upregulated in postmortem cerebellar tissues of patients with schizophrenia and in a rat model induced by chronic phencyclidine (PCP). We have previously demonstrated that pyrazoloquinolinone Compound 6, an α6GABAAR-highly selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM), can rescue the disrupted prepulse inhibition (PPI) induced by methamphetamine (METH), an animal model mimicking the sensorimotor gating deficit based on the hyper-dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia. Here, we demonstrate that not only Compound 6, but also its structural analogues, LAU463 and LAU159, with similarly high α6GABAAR selectivity and their respective deuterated derivatives (DK-I-56-1, DK-I-58-1 and DK-I-59-1) can rescue METH-induced PPI disruption. Besides, Compound 6 and DK-I-56-I can also rescue the PPI disruption induced by acute administration of PCP, an animal model based on the hypo-glutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia. Importantly, Compound 6 and DK-I-56-I, at doses not affecting spontaneous locomotor activity, can also rescue impairments of social interaction and novel object recognition in mice induced by chronic PCP treatments. At similar doses, Compound 6 did not induce sedation but significantly suppressed METH-induced hyperlocomotion. Thus, α6GABAAR-selective PAMs can rescue not only disrupted PPI but also hyperlocomotion, social withdrawal, and cognitive impairment, in both METH- and PCP-induced animal models mimicking schizophrenia, suggesting that they are a potential novel therapy for the three core symptoms, i.e. positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment, of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tatt Lee
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi 468-0069, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Kubota
- Department of Regulatory Science, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hsin-Jung Lee
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Man-Hsin Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Wu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Marko Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - James Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Werner Sieghart
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi 468-0069, Japan
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Santrač A, Batinić B, Stamenić TT, Aranđelović J, Sharmin D, Knutson DE, Cook JM, Savić MM. Positive modulation of α5GABAA receptors leads to dichotomous effects in rats on memory pattern and GABRA5 expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113578. [PMID: 34508769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of α5GABAA receptors (α5GABAARs) are emerging as potential therapeutics for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, their role in memory processing of healthy animals is not sufficiently examined. We tested the effects of MP-III-022 (1 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg), a PAM known to be selective for α5GABAARs and devoid of prominent side-effects, in different behavioral paradigms (Morris water maze, novel object recognition test and social novelty discrimination) and on GABRA5 expression in Wistar rats, 30 min and 24 h after intraperitoneal treatment administration. The lowest dose tested worsened short-term object memory. The same dose, administered two times in a span of 24 h, improved spatial and impaired object and, at a trend level, social memory. The highest dose had a detrimental effect on all types of long-term memory (object memory at a trend level) and short-term spatial memory, but improved short-term object and social memory. Distinct sets of expression changes were detected in both prefrontal cortex and two regions of the hippocampus, but the latter ones could be assessed as more consequential. An increase of GABRA5 mRNA in CA2 occurred in parallel with improvement of object and social, but impairment of spatial memory, while the opposite happened with a trend level change in CA1. Our study demonstrates the variability of the roles of the α5GABAAR based on its level of expression and localization, in dependence on the type and protocol of cognitive tasks, as well as the respective timing of pharmacological modulation and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Santrač
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Batinić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Timić Stamenić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Aranđelović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, P.O.Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, P.O.Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, P.O.Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Roni MSR, Zahn NM, Mikulsky BN, Webb DA, Mian MY, Knutson DE, Guthrie ML, Cook JM, Stafford DC, Arnold LA. Identification and Quantification of MIDD0301 metabolites. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:1114-1123. [PMID: 34856893 DOI: 10.2174/1389200222666211202093841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MIDD0301 is an oral asthma drug candidate that binds GABAA receptors on airway smooth muscle and immune cells. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to identify and quantify MIDD0301 metabolites in vitro and in vivo and determine the pharmacokinetics of oral, IP, and IV administrated MIDD0301. METHODS In vitro conversion of MIDD0301 was performed using liver and kidney microsomes/S9 fractions followed by quantification using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A LC-MS/MS method was developed using synthesized standards to quantify MIDD0301 and its metabolites in urine and feces. Blood, lung, and brain were harvested from animals that received MIDD0301 by oral, IP, and IV administration, followed by LCMS/MS quantification. Imaging mass spectrometry was used to demonstrate the presence of MIDD0301 in the lung after oral administration. RESULTS MIDD0301 is stable in the presence of liver and kidney microsomes and S9 fractions for at least two hours. MIDD0301 undergoes conversion to the corresponding glucuronide and glucoside in the presence of conjugating cofactors. For IP and IV administration, unconjugated MIDD0301 together with significant amounts of MIDD0301 glucoside and MIDD0301 taurine were found in urine and feces. Less conjugation was observed following oral administration, with MIDD0301 glucuronide being the main metabolite. Pharmacokinetic quantification of MIDD0301 in blood, lung, and brain showed very low levels of MIDD0301 in the brain after oral, IV, or IP administration. The drug half-life in these tissues ranged between 4-6 hours for IP and oral and 1-2 hours for IV administration. Imaging mass spectrometry demonstrated that orally administered MIDD0301 distributes uniformly in the lung parenchyma. CONCLUSION MIDD0301 undergoes no phase I and moderate phase II metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rashid Roni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201. United States
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201. United States
| | | | - Daniel A Webb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201. United States
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201. United States
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201. United States
| | - Margaret L Guthrie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201. United States
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201. United States
| | - Douglas C Stafford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201. United States
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201. United States
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Mitrović JR, Divović-Matović B, Knutson DE, Đoković JB, Kremenović A, Dobričić VD, Randjelović DV, Pantelić I, Cook JM, Savić MM, Savić SD. Overcoming the Low Oral Bioavailability of Deuterated Pyrazoloquinolinone Ligand DK-I-60-3 by Nanonization: A Knowledge-Based Approach. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081188. [PMID: 34452149 PMCID: PMC8400889 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor water solubility of new chemical entities is considered as one of the main obstacles in drug development, as it usually leads to low bioavailability after administration. To overcome these problems, the selection of the appropriate formulation technology needs to be based on the physicochemical properties of the drug and introduced in the early stages of drug research. One example of the new potential drug substance with poor solubility is DK-I-60-3, deuterated pyrazoloquinolinone, designed for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders. In this research, based on preformulation studies, nanocrystal technology was chosen to improve the oral bioavailability of DK-I-60-3. Nanocrystal dispersions stabilized by sodium lauryl sulfate and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared by modified wet media milling technique, with the selection of appropriate process and formulation parameters. The nanoparticles characterization included particle size and zeta potential measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, dissolution and solubility study, and in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments. Developed formulations had small uniform particle sizes and were stable for three months. Nanonization caused decreased crystallite size and induced crystal defects formation, as well as a DK-I-60-3 solubility increase. Furthermore, after oral administration of the developed formulations in rats, two to three-fold bioavailability enhancement was observed in plasma and investigated organs, including the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena R. Mitrović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.R.M.); (J.B.Đ.); (I.P.)
| | - Branka Divović-Matović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.D.-M.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Daniel E. Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; (D.E.K.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Jelena B. Đoković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.R.M.); (J.B.Đ.); (I.P.)
| | - Aleksandar Kremenović
- Laboratory of Crystallography, Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade, Đušina 7, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir D. Dobričić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Danijela V. Randjelović
- Department of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Pantelić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.R.M.); (J.B.Đ.); (I.P.)
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; (D.E.K.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Miroslav M. Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.D.-M.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Snežana D. Savić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.R.M.); (J.B.Đ.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Fee C, Prevot TD, Misquitta K, Knutson DE, Li G, Mondal P, Cook JM, Banasr M, Sibille E. Behavioral Deficits Induced by Somatostatin-Positive GABA Neuron Silencing Are Rescued by Alpha 5 GABA-A Receptor Potentiation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:505-518. [PMID: 33438026 PMCID: PMC8278801 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deficits in somatostatin-positive gamma-aminobutyric acid interneurons (SST+ GABA cells) are commonly reported in human studies of mood and anxiety disorder patients. A causal link between SST+ cell dysfunction and symptom-related behaviors has been proposed based on rodent studies showing that chronic stress, a major risk factor for mood and anxiety disorders, induces a low SST+ GABA cellular phenotype across corticolimbic brain regions; that lowering Sst, SST+ cell, or GABA functions induces depressive-/anxiety-like behaviors (a rodent behavioral construct collectively defined as "behavioral emotionality"); and that disinhibiting SST+ cells has antidepressant-like effects. Recent studies found that compounds preferentially potentiating receptors mediating SST+ cell functions, α5-GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators (α5-PAMs), achieved antidepressant-like effects. Together, the evidence suggests that SST+ cells regulate mood and cognitive functions that are disrupted in mood disorders and that rescuing SST+ cell function via α5-PAM may represent a targeted therapeutic strategy. METHODS We developed a mouse model allowing chemogenetic manipulation of brain-wide SST+ cells and employed behavioral characterization 30 minutes after repeated acute silencing to identify contributions to symptom-related behaviors. We then assessed whether an α5-PAM, GL-II-73, could rescue behavioral deficits. RESULTS Brain-wide SST+ cell silencing induced features of stress-related illnesses, including elevated neuronal activity and plasma corticosterone levels, increased anxiety- and anhedonia-like behaviors, and impaired short-term memory. GL-II-73 led to antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like improvements among behavioral deficits induced by brain-wide SST+ cell silencing. CONCLUSION Our data validate SST+ cells as regulators of mood and cognitive functions and demonstrate that bypassing low SST+ cell function via α5-PAM represents a targeted therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Fee
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas D Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keith Misquitta
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Prithu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mounira Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Correspondence: Etienne Sibille, PhD, CAMH, 250 College Street, Room 134, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada ()
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9
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Prevot TD, Sumitomo A, Tomoda T, Knutson DE, Li G, Mondal P, Banasr M, Cook JM, Sibille E. Reversal of Age-Related Neuronal Atrophy by α5-GABAA Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulation. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:1395-1408. [PMID: 33068001 PMCID: PMC7786363 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with reduced brain volume, altered neural activity, and neuronal atrophy in cortical-like structures, comprising the frontal cortex and hippocampus, together contributing to cognitive impairments. Therapeutic efforts aimed at reversing these deficits have focused on excitatory or neurotrophic mechanisms, although recent findings show that reduced dendritic inhibition mediated by α5-subunit containing GABA-A receptors (α5-GABAA-Rs) occurs during aging and contributes to cognitive impairment. Here, we aimed to confirm the beneficial effect on working memory of augmenting α5-GABAA-R activity in old mice and tested its potential at reversing age-related neuronal atrophy. We show that GL-II-73, a novel ligand with positive allosteric modulatory activity at α5-GABAA-R (α5-PAM), increases dendritic branching complexity and spine numbers of cortical neurons in vitro. Using old mice, we confirm that α5-PAM reverses age-related working memory deficits and show that chronic treatment (3 months) significantly reverses age-related dendritic shrinkage and spine loss in frontal cortex and hippocampus. A subsequent 1-week treatment cessation (separate cohort) resulted in loss of efficacy on working memory but maintained morphological neurotrophic effects. Together, the results demonstrate the beneficial effect on working memory and neurotrophic efficacy of augmenting α5-GABAA-R function in old mice, suggesting symptomatic and disease-modifying potential in age-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Akiko Sumitomo
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Toshifumi Tomoda
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Prithu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Mounira Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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10
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Tzeng HR, Lee MT, Fan PC, Knutson DE, Lai TH, Sieghart W, Cook J, Chiou LC. α6GABA A Receptor Positive Modulators Alleviate Migraine-like Grimaces in Mice via Compensating GABAergic Deficits in Trigeminal Ganglia. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:569-585. [PMID: 33111258 PMCID: PMC8116449 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00951-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is caused by hyperactivity of the trigeminovascular system, where trigeminal ganglia (TG) play an important role. This hyperactivity might originate from an underfunctional GABAergic system in TG. To investigate this possibility, we adapted a mouse model of migraine by inducing migraine-like grimaces in male mice via repeated injections of nitroglycerin (NTG, 10 mg/kg, i.p.), once every 2 days, for up to 5 sessions. Migraine-like facial pain scores were measured using the mouse grimace scale. Repeated NTG treatments in mice caused significant increases in migraine-like grimaces that were aborted and prevented by two anti-migraine agents sumatriptan and topiramate, respectively. After 5 sessions of NTG injections, the GABA-synthesizing enzyme, 65-kDa glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65), but not the GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) or the α6 subunit-containing GABAA receptors (α6GABAARs), was downregulated in mouse TG tissues. Taking advantage of the unaffected TG α6GABAAR expression in NTG-treated mice, we demonstrated that an α6GABAAR-selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM), DK-I-56-1, exhibited both abortive and prophylactic effects, comparable to those of sumatriptan and topiramate, respectively, in this migraine-mimicking mouse model. The brain-impermeable furosemide significantly prevented the effects of DK-I-56-1, suggesting its peripheral site of action, likely via preventing α6GABAAR modulation in TG. Results suggest that a decreased GABA synthesis caused by the reduced GAD65 expression in TG contributes to the trigeminovascular activation in this repeated NTG-induced migraine-mimicking model and that the unaltered α6GABAARs in TG are potential targets for migraine treatment. Thus, α6GABAAR-selective PAMs are potential anti-migraine agents for both abortive and preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ruei Tzeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Pharmacology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ming Tatt Lee
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pi-Chuan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Werner Sieghart
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - James Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Pharmacology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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11
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Zahn N, Mikulsky BN, Roni MSR, Yocum GT, Mian MY, Knutson DE, Cook JM, Emala CW, Stafford DC, Arnold LA. Nebulized MIDD0301 Reduces Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Moderate and Severe Murine Asthma Models. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1381-1390. [PMID: 33344908 PMCID: PMC7737320 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report the relaxation of methacholine-constricted airways with nebulized MIDD0301, a positive allosteric γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) modulator. The therapeutic efficacy of nebulized MIDD0301 in reducing airway resistance was investigated in spontaneous breathing mice using a whole-body plethysmograph and in unconscious mice using a forced oscillation technique. Prophylactic nebulized MIDD0301 reduced subsequent methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in ovalbumin and house dust mite allergic asthma models and in normal mice. Nebulized MIDD0301 exhibited comparable or better therapeutic potency compared to nebulized albuterol and oral montelukast. Prophylactic nebulized MIDD0301 was also effective in reducing bronchoconstriction, comparable to nebulized albuterol or fluticasone, in a steroid resistant asthma mouse model induced by intratracheal installation of lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma. Oral dexamethasone was ineffective in this model. Nebulized MIDD0301 was also effective in reversing bronchospasm when dosed after methacholine challenge comparable to albuterol. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that about 0.06% of nebulized MIDD0301 entered the mouse lung when using a whole body plethysmograph and therapeutic levels were sustained in the lung for at least 25 min. Consistent with previous reports on orally dosed MIDD0301, high doses of nebulized MIDD0301 resulted in minimal brain exposure and thus no observable adverse sensorimotor or respiratory depression effects occurred. In addition, no adverse cardiovascular effects were observed following 100 mg/kg i.p. dosing. These results further demonstrate that charged imidazodiazepine MIDD0301 can selectively target lung GABAAR without adverse motor, cardiovascular, or respiratory effects and inhaled dosing is effective in reducing bronchoconstriction in allergen and infectious lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas
M. Zahn
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | | | - M. S. Rashid Roni
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Gene T. Yocum
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Daniel E. Knutson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - James M. Cook
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Charles W. Emala
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Douglas C. Stafford
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States,Pantherics
Incorporated, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States,Pantherics
Incorporated, La Jolla, California 92037, United States,
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12
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Knutson DE, Smith JL, Ping X, Jin X, Golani LK, Li G, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Rashid F, Mian MY, Jahan R, Sharmin D, Cerne R, Cook JM, Witkin JM. Imidazodiazepine Anticonvulsant, KRM-II-81, Produces Novel, Non-diazepam-like Antiseizure Effects. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2624-2637. [PMID: 32786313 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for improved medications for the treatment of epilepsy and chronic pain is essential. Epileptic patients typically take multiple antiseizure drugs without complete seizure freedom, and chronic pain is not fully managed with current medications. A positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of α2/3-containing GABAA receptors (5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazole[1,5-α][1,4]diazepin-3-yl) oxazole or KRM-II-81 (8) is a lead compound in a series of imidazodiazepines. We previously reported that KRM-II-81 produces broad-based anticonvulsant and antinociceptive efficacy in rodent models and provides a wider margin over motoric side effects than that of other GABAA receptor PAMs. The present series of experiments was designed to fill key missing gaps in prior preclinical studies assessing whether KRM-II-81 could be further differentiated from nonselective GABAA receptor PAMs using the anticonvulsant diazepam (DZP) as a comparator. In multiple chemical seizure provocation models in mice, KRM-II-81 was either equally or more efficacious than DZP. Most strikingly, KRM-II-81 but not DZP blocked the development of seizure sensitivity to the chemoconvulsants cocaine and pentylenetetrazol in seizure kindling models. These and predecessor data have placed KRM-II-81 into consideration for clinical development requiring the manufacture of kilogram amounts of good manufacturing practice material. We describe here a novel synthetic route amenable to kilogram quantity production. The new biological and chemical data provide key steps forward in the development of KRM-II-81 (8) as an improved treatment option for patients suffering from epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Knutson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Jodi L. Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Lalit K. Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - V. V. N. Phani Babu Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Rajwana Jahan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Witkin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
- Departments of Neuroscience and Trauma Research, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
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13
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Mitrović JR, Divović B, Knutson DE, Đoković JB, Vulić PJ, Randjelović DV, Dobričić VD, Čalija BR, Cook JM, Savić MM, Savić SD. Nanocrystal dispersion of DK-I-56-1, a poorly soluble pyrazoloquinolinone positive modulator of α6 GABAA receptors: Formulation approach toward improved in vivo performance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105432. [PMID: 32565331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DK-I-56-1 (7‑methoxy‑2-(4‑methoxy‑d3-phenyl)-2,5-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one), a recently developed deuterated pyrazoloquinolinone, has been recognized as a lead candidate for treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders. During preclinical investigation of poorly water-soluble compounds such as DK-I-56-1, the application of nanotechnology could be advantageous due to improved safety and possibly increased bioavailability of nanosized formulation. DK-I-56-1 nanosuspensions stabilized by polysorbate 80, alone or in combination with poloxamers 188 i.e. 407 or d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, were prepared using a small-scale media milling device. With particle size 208.7-250.6 nm and polydispersity index <0.250, selected nanodiseprsions were stable for three weeks. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies following intraperitoneal administration of three types of formulation in mice indicated high plasma DK-I-56-1 levels after solution (10,228.6 ± 1037.2 ngh/ml) and nanosuspension (6770.4 ± 770.7 ngh/ml) but not suspension administration (966.0 ± 58.1 ngh/ml). However, distribution of DK-I-56-1 after solution was heavily influenced by its composition, and brain availability of nanosuspension was superior to that of solution formulation. In spontaneous locomotor activity test, the expected hyperlocomotor effect was observed after nanosuspension administration, without compromising impact of the vehicle/excipients used. Therefore, nanonization of drug compound assembled with proper selection of stabilizers may seemingly contribute further thorough testing of DK-I-56-1 preclinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena R Mitrović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Branka Divović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Jelena B Đoković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Predrag J Vulić
- Laboratory of Crystallography, Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade, Đušina 7, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Danijela V Randjelović
- Department of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vladimir D Dobričić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Bojan R Čalija
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Snežana D Savić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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14
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Knutson DE, Roni R, Mian Y, Cook JM, Stafford DC, Arnold LA. Improved scale-up synthesis and purification of clinical asthma candidate MIDD0301. Org Process Res Dev 2020; 24:1467-1476. [PMID: 32952391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report an improved and scalable synthesis of MIDD0301, a positive GABAA receptor modulator that is under development as oral and inhaled treatments for asthma. In contrast to other benzodiazepines in clinical use, MIDD0301 is a chiral compound that has limited brain absorption. The starting material to generate MIDD0301 is 2-amino-5-bromo-2'-fluorobenzophenone, which has a non-basic nitrogen due to electron withdrawing substituents in the ortho and para positions, reducing its reactivity towards activated carboxylic acids. Investigations of peptide coupling reagents on multigram scale resulted in moderate yields due to incomplete conversions. Secondly, basic conditions used for the formation of the seven-membered 1,4-diazepine ring resulted in racemization of the chiral center. We found that neutral conditions comparable to the pKa of the primary amine were sufficient to support the formation of the intramolecular imine but did not enable the simultaneous removal of the protecting group. Both difficulties were overcome with the application of the N-carboxyanhydride of D-alanine. Activated in the presence of acid, this compound reacted with non-basic 2-amino-5-bromo-2'-fluorobenzophenone and formed the 1,4-diazepine upon neutralization with triethylamine. Carefully designed workup procedures and divergent solubility of the synthetic intermediates in solvents and solvent combinations were utilized to eliminate the need for column chromatography. To improve compatibility with large scale reactors, temperature-controlled slow addition of reagents generated the imidazodiazepine at -20 °C. All intermediates were isolated with a purity of >97% and impurities were identified and quantified. After the final hydrolysis step, MIDD0301 was isolated in a 44% overall yield and purity of 98.9% after recrystallization. The enantiomeric excess was greater than 99.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Rashid Roni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Douglas C Stafford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States.,Pantherics Incorporated, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States.,Pantherics Incorporated, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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15
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Biggerstaff A, Kivell B, Smith JL, Mian MY, Golani LK, Rashid F, Sharmin D, Knutson DE, Cerne R, Cook JM, Witkin JM. The α2,3-selective potentiators of GABA A receptors, KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80, produce anxiolytic-like effects and block chemotherapy-induced hyperalgesia in mice without tolerance development. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172996. [PMID: 32668266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Opiate analgesics are one of the treatment options for severe chronic pain, including late-stage cancer, chronic back pain and other disorders. The recent resurgence in opioid overdose has highlighted the serious need for alternative medicines for pain management. While a role for potentiators of α2/3-containing GABAA receptors in the modulation of pain has been known for several years, advancements in this area required data from selective compounds. KRM-II-81(5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3- yl)oxazole) and analogs selectively potentiate GABAA receptors containing α2/3 subunits and have recently been shown to attenuate pain behaviors in several acute and chronic pain models in rodents. The present study was designed to ascertain whether KRM-II-81 and the structural analog MP-III-80 (3-ethyl-5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole) would block chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel-induced pain in male, C57BL/6 mice. Both compounds significantly inhibited pain behaviors evoked by cold and tactile stimulation in paclitaxel-treated mice as did the neuropathic pain drug gabapentin. Subchronic dosing for 22 days with KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80 demonstrated enduring analgesic efficacy without tolerance development, while the effects of gabapentin showed evidence of tolerance development. KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80 also decreased marble-burying behavior in this mouse strain as did the anxiolytic drug chlordiazepoxide. In contrast to KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80, chlordiazepoxide had motor-impairing effects at anxiolytic-like doses. The data add to the literature documenting that these selective potentiators of α2/3-containing GABAA receptors are effective in a host of animal models used to detect novel analgesic drugs. The anxiolytic-like efficacy of these compounds fits well with the comorbidity of anxiety in patients with chronic pain and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Biggerstaff
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - B Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Md Y Mian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L K Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - F Rashid
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - D Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - D E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - R Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J M Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Trauma Research, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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16
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Roni MSR, Li G, Mikulsky BN, Knutson DE, Mian MY, Zahn NM, Cook JM, Stafford DC, Arnold LA. The Effects of pH on the Structure and Bioavailability of Imidazobenzodiazepine-3-Carboxylate MIDD0301. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1182-1192. [PMID: 32069056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe the effects of pH on the structure and bioavailability of MIDD0301, an oral lead compound for asthma. MIDD0301 interacts with peripheral GABAA receptors to reduce lung inflammation and airway smooth muscle constriction. The structure of MIDD0301 combines basic imidazole and carboxylic acid function in the same diazepine scaffold, resulting in high solubility at neutral pH. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MIDD0301 can interconvert between a seven-membered ring structure at neutral pH and an acyclic compound at or below pH 3. Both structures have two stable conformers in solution that can be observed by 1H NMR at room temperature. Kinetic analysis showed opening and closing of the seven-membered ring of MIDD0301 at gastric and intestinal pH, occurring with different rate constants. However, in vivo studies showed that the interconversion kinetics are fast enough to yield similar MIDD0301 blood and lung concentrations for neutral and acidic formulations. Importantly, acidic and neutral formulations of MIDD0301 exhibit high lung distribution with low concentrations in brain. These findings demonstrate that MIDD0301 interconverts between stable structures at neutral and acidic pH without changes in bioavailability, further supporting its formulation as an oral asthma medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rashid Roni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | | | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Douglas C Stafford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States.,Pantherics Incorporated, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States.,Pantherics Incorporated, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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17
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Pandey KP, Khan ZA, Golani LK, Mondal P, Mian Y, Rashid F, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Knutson DE, Sharmin D, Ahmed T, Rezvanian S, Zahn NM, Arnold LA, Witkin JM, Cook JM. Design, synthesis and characterization of novel gamma‑aminobutyric acid type A receptor ligands. ARKIVOC 2020; 2020:242-256. [PMID: 33642954 DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p011.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antinociceptive ligand HZ-166 is a GABAA α2/α3 receptor subtype-selective potentiator. It has been shown to exhibit anxiolytic-like effects in rodent and rhesus monkeys, as well as reduced sedative/ataxic liabilities. In order to improve the metabolic stability of HZ-166, the ethyl ester moiety was bioisosterically replaced with 2,4-disubstituted oxazoles and oxazolines. The new analogs of HZ-166 were synthesized, characterized, and evalutated for their biological activity and docked in the human full-length heteromeric α1β3γ2L GABAA receptor subtype CyroEM structure (6HUO). Importantly no sedation nor ataxia was observed on the rotorod for LKG-I-70 (6) or KPP-III-51 (6c) at 100 and 120 mg/kg, respectively. These was also no loss of righting response for either ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal P Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Zubair Ahmed Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Prithu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - V V N Phani Babu Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Taukir Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Sepideh Rezvanian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
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18
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Vasović D, Divović B, Treven M, Knutson DE, Steudle F, Scholze P, Obradović A, Fabjan J, Brković B, Sieghart W, Ernst M, Cook JM, Savić MM. Trigeminal neuropathic pain development and maintenance in rats are suppressed by a positive modulator of α6 GABA A receptors. Eur J Pain 2019; 23:973-984. [PMID: 30633839 PMCID: PMC6461498 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA ) receptors containing the α6 subunit are located in trigeminal ganglia, and their reduction by small interfering RNA increases inflammatory temporomandibular and myofascial pain in rats. We thus hypothesized that enhancing their activity may help in neuropathic syndromes originating from the trigeminal system. Here, we performed a detailed electrophysiological and pharmacokinetic analysis of two recently developed deuterated structurally similar pyrazoloquinolinone compounds. DK-I-56-1 at concentrations below 1 µM enhanced γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) currents at recombinant rat α6β3γ2, α6β3δ and α6β3 receptors, whereas it was inactive at most GABAA receptor subtypes containing other α subunits. DK-I-87-1 at concentrations below 1 µM was inactive at α6-containing receptors and only weakly modulated other GABAA receptors investigated. Both plasma and brain tissue kinetics of DK-I-56-1 were relatively slow, with half-lives of 6 and 13 hr, respectively, enabling the persistence of estimated free brain concentrations in the range 10-300 nM throughout a 24-hr period. Results obtained in two protocols of chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve in rats dosed intraperitoneally with DK-I-56-1 during 14 days after surgery or with DK-I-56-1 or DK-I-87-1 during 14 days after trigeminal neuropathy were already established, demonstrated that DK-I-56-1 but not DK-I-87-1 significantly reduced the hypersensitivity response to von Frey filaments. SIGNIFICANCE: Neuropathic pain induced by trigeminal nerve damage is poorly controlled by current treatments. DK-I-56-1 that positively modulates α6 GABAA receptors is appropriate for repeated administration and thus may represent a novel treatment option against the development and maintenance of trigeminal neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Vasović
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Divović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Treven
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Friederike Steudle
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Scholze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandar Obradović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jure Fabjan
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Božidar Brković
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Werner Sieghart
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margot Ernst
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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19
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Chiou L, Tzeng H, Fan P, Sieghart W, Ernst M, Knutson DE, Cook J. A Novel Drug Target for Migraine: The GABA
A
Receptor α6 Subtype in Trigeminal Ganglia. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.lb78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lih‐Chu Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hung‐Ruei Tzeng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Pi‐Chuan Fan
- Department of PediatricsCollege of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Werner Sieghart
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesMedical University ViennaWienAustria
| | - Margot Ernst
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesMedical University ViennaWienAustria
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI
| | - James Cook
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI
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20
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Prevot TD, Li G, Vidojevic A, Misquitta KA, Fee C, Santrac A, Knutson DE, Stephen MR, Kodali R, Zahn NM, Arnold LA, Scholze P, Fisher JL, Marković BD, Banasr M, Cook JM, Savic M, Sibille E. Novel Benzodiazepine-Like Ligands with Various Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, or Pro-Cognitive Profiles. Mol Neuropsychiatry 2019; 5:84-97. [PMID: 31192221 PMCID: PMC6528097 DOI: 10.1159/000496086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) function is consistently reported in psychiatric disorders, normal aging, and neurodegenerative disorders and reduced function of GABA interneurons is associated with both mood and cognitive symptoms. Benzodiazepines (BZ) have broad anxiolytic, but also sedative, anticonvulsant and amnesic effects, due to nonspecific GABA-A receptor (GABAA-R) targeting. Varying the profile of activity of BZs at GABAA-Rs is predicted to uncover additional therapeutic potential. We synthesized four novel imidazobenzodiazepine (IBZD) amide ligands and tested them for positive allosteric modulation at multiple α-GABAA-R (α-positive allosteric modulators), pharmacokinetic properties, as well as anxiolytic and antidepressant activities in adult mice. Efficacy at reversing stress-induced or age-related working memory deficits was assessed using a spontaneous alternation task. Diazepam (DZP) was used as a control. Three ligands (GL-II-73, GL-II-74, and GL-II-75) demonstrated adequate brain penetration and showed predictive anxiolytic and antidepressant efficacies. GL-II-73 and GL-II-75 significantly reversed stress-induced and age-related working memory deficits. In contrast, DZP displayed anxiolytic but no antidepressant effects or effects on working memory. We demonstrate distinct profiles of anxiolytic, antidepressant, and/or pro-cognitive activities of newly designed IBZD amide ligands, suggesting novel therapeutic potential for IBZD derivatives in depression and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aleksandra Vidojevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Keith A. Misquitta
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corey Fee
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anja Santrac
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Daniel E. Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Rajesh Stephen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Revathi Kodali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicolas M. Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Petra Scholze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janet L. Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Bojan D. Marković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mounira Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Miroslav Savic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,*Etienne Sibille, PhD, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Room 134, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8 (Canada), E-Mail
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21
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Neumann E, Rudolph U, Knutson DE, Li G, Cook JM, Hentschke H, Antkowiak B, Drexler B. Zolpidem Activation of Alpha 1-Containing GABA A Receptors Selectively Inhibits High Frequency Action Potential Firing of Cortical Neurons. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1523. [PMID: 30687091 PMCID: PMC6333667 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: High frequency neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex can be induced by noxious stimulation during surgery, brain injury or poisoning. In this scenario, it is essential to block cortical hyperactivity to protect the brain against damage, e.g., by using drugs that act as positive allosteric modulators at GABAA receptors. Yet, cortical neurons express multiple, functionally distinct GABAA receptor subtypes. Currently there is a lack of knowledge which GABAA receptor subtypes would be a good pharmacological target to reduce extensive cortical activity. Methods: Spontaneous action potential activity was monitored by performing extracellular recordings from organotypic neocortical slice cultures of wild type and GABAAR-α1(H101R) mutant mice. Phases of high neuronal activity were characterized using peri-event time histograms. Drug effects on within-up state firing rates were quantified via Hedges' g. Results: We quantified the effects of zolpidem, a positive modulator of GABAA receptors harboring α1-subunits, and the experimental benzodiazepine SH-053-2'F-S-CH3, which preferably acts at α2/3/5- but spares α1-subunits. Both agents decreased spontaneous action potential activity but altered the firing patterns in different ways. Zolpidem reduced action potential firing during highly active network states. This action was abolished by flumazenil, suggesting that it was mediated by benzodiazepine-sensitive GABAA receptors. SH-053-2'F-S-CH3 also attenuated neuronal activity, but unlike zolpidem, failed to reduce high frequency firing. To confirm that zolpidem actions were indeed mediated via α1-dependent actions, it was evaluated in slices from wild type and α(H101R) knock-in mice. Inhibition of high frequency action potential firing was observed in slices from wild type but not mutant mice. Conclusion: Our results suggest that during episodes of scarce and high neuronal activity action potential firing of cortical neurons is controlled by different GABAA receptor subtypes. Exaggerated firing of cortical neurons is reduced by positive modulation of α1-, but not α2/3/5-subunit containing GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Neumann
- Experimental Anesthesiology Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Rudolph
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Harald Hentschke
- Experimental Anesthesiology Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Antkowiak
- Experimental Anesthesiology Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Berthold Drexler
- Experimental Anesthesiology Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Witkin JM, Knutson DE, Rodriguez GJ, Shi S. Rapid-Acting Antidepressants. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:2556-2563. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180730104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Conventional antidepressants are thought to produce their impact on clinical symptoms
by increasing the central availability of biogenic amine neurotransmitters (the monoamine hypothesis of depression).
These drugs continue to be the primary medicines used in major depressive disorder. Although they have
biological effects after acute dosing, full antidepressant response generally takes weeks of daily administration.
Lack of rapid onset is a large limitation in antidepressant therapy (e.g., suicide, lack of medication compliance,
difficulty switching medications).
Methods:
The present review of the literature discusses the preclinical and clinical findings on compounds that
can produce immediate symptom relief.
Results:
These compounds include ketamine, scopolamine, and mechanistically-related drugs. Newer additions to
the list of potential rapid-acting agents include antagonists of metabotropic (mGlu) 2/3 receptors, negative allosteric
modulators of α5-containing GABAA receptors, and psychedelic compounds. An additional benefit of these
compounds is that they have demonstrated large effect sizes and, importantly, demonstrated efficacy in patient’s
refractory to other treatments. A drawback of some of these compounds, to date, is finding ways to expand the
duration of clinical efficacy. In addition, for some compounds, the side-effect profile requires management. A
primary mechanism by which rapid effects might be produced is through the amplification of excitatory neurotransmission
through activation of AMPA receptors. The extracellular efflux of glutamate induced by these drugs
has been documented and provides the hypothesized triggering mechanism for AMPA receptor amplification.
Conclusion:
The preclinical and clinical literature strongly suggests that rapid-acting antidepressants are the
current focus of antidepressant drug discovery. Promising clinical findings exist for several compounds including
ketamine and other NMDA receptor antagonists, scopolamine, and psilocybin. Two compounds are in late stage
clinical development: GLYX-13 (Rapastinel) and eskekamine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E. Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee, Milwaukee Wisconsin, United States
| | | | - Samuel Shi
- Witkin Consulting Group, Carmel, Indiana, 46033, United States
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23
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Chiou LC, Lee HJ, Ernst M, Huang WJ, Chou JF, Chen HL, Mouri A, Chen LC, Treven M, Mamiya T, Fan PC, Knutson DE, Witzigmann C, Cook J, Sieghart W, Nabeshima T. Cerebellar α 6 -subunit-containing GABA A receptors: a novel therapeutic target for disrupted prepulse inhibition in neuropsychiatric disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29518821 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The pathophysiological role of α6 -subunit-containing GABAA receptors, which are mainly expressed in cerebellar granule cells, remains unclear. Recently, we demonstrated that hispidulin, a flavonoid isolated from a local herb that remitted a patient's intractable motor tics, attenuated methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in mice as a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of cerebellar α6 GABAA receptors. Here, using hispidulin and a selective α6 GABAA receptor PAM, the pyrazoloquinolinone Compound 6, we revealed an unprecedented role of cerebellar α6 GABAA receptors in disrupted prepulse inhibition of the startle response (PPI), which reflects sensorimotor gating deficits manifested in several neuropsychiatric disorders. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PPI disruptions were induced by methamphetamine and NMDA receptor antagonists in mice. Effects of the tested compounds were measured in Xenopus oocytes expressing recombinant α6 β3 γ2S GABAA receptors. KEY RESULTS Hispidulin given i.p. or by bilateral intracerebellar (i.cb.) injection rescued PPI disruptions induced by methamphetamine, ketamine, MK-801 and phencyclidine. Intracerebellar effects of hispidulin were mimicked by Ro15-4513 and loreclezole (two α6 GABAA receptor PAMs), but not by diazepam (an α6 GABAA receptor-inactive benzodiazepine) and were antagonized by furosemide (i.cb.), an α6 GABAA receptor antagonist. Importantly, Compound 6 (i.p.) also rescued methamphetamine-induced PPI disruption, an effect prevented by furosemide (i.cb.). Both hispidulin and Compound 6 potentiated α6 β3 γ2S GABAA receptor-mediated GABA currents. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Positive allosteric modulation of cerebellar α6 GABAA receptors rescued disrupted PPI by attenuating granule cell activity. α6 GABAA receptor-selective PAMs are potential medicines for treating sensorimotor gating deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders. A mechanistic hypothesis is based on evidence for cerebellar contributions to cognitive functioning including sensorimotor gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Chu Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National TaiwanUniversity, Taipei, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Lee
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Margot Ernst
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Feng Chou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Lie Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan,Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Liang-Chieh Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Marco Treven
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Pi-Chuan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Chris Witzigmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Werner Sieghart
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan,Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan,Aino University, Ibaraki, Japan
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24
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Knutson DE, Kodali R, Divović B, Treven M, Stephen MR, Zahn NM, Dobričić V, Huber AT, Meirelles MA, Verma RS, Wimmer L, Witzigmann C, Arnold LA, Chiou LC, Ernst M, Mihovilovic MD, Savić MM, Sieghart W, Cook JM. Design and Synthesis of Novel Deuterated Ligands Functionally Selective for the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor (GABA AR) α6 Subtype with Improved Metabolic Stability and Enhanced Bioavailability. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2422-2446. [PMID: 29481759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that α6β2/3γ2 GABAAR selective ligands may be important for the treatment of trigeminal activation-related pain and neuropsychiatric disorders with sensori-motor gating deficits. Based on 3 functionally α6β2/3γ2 GABAAR selective pyrazoloquinolinones, 42 novel analogs were synthesized, and their in vitro metabolic stability and cytotoxicity as well as their in vivo pharmacokinetics, basic behavioral pharmacology, and effects on locomotion were investigated. Incorporation of deuterium into the methoxy substituents of the ligands increased their duration of action via improved metabolic stability and bioavailability, while their selectivity for the GABAAR α6 subtype was retained. 8b was identified as the lead compound with a substantially improved pharmacokinetic profile. The ligands allosterically modulated diazepam insensitive α6β2/3γ2 GABAARs and were functionally silent at diazepam sensitive α1β2/3γ2 GABAARs, thus no sedation was detected. In addition, these analogs were not cytotoxic, which render them interesting candidates for treatment of CNS disorders mediated by GABAAR α6β2/3γ2 subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Revathi Kodali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Branka Divović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Belgrade , Vojvode Stepe 450 , 11221 Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Marco Treven
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research , Medical University of Vienna , Spitalgasse 4 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Michael R Stephen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Vladimir Dobričić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Belgrade , Vojvode Stepe 450 , 11221 Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Alec T Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Matheus A Meirelles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Ranjit S Verma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Laurin Wimmer
- TU Wien-Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Getreidemarkt 9/163 , A-1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Christopher Witzigmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
| | - Margot Ernst
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research , Medical University of Vienna , Spitalgasse 4 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Marko D Mihovilovic
- TU Wien-Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Getreidemarkt 9/163 , A-1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Belgrade , Vojvode Stepe 450 , 11221 Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Werner Sieghart
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research , Medical University of Vienna , Spitalgasse 4 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
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Lu C, Knutson DE, Fisker-Andersen J, Fenske RA. Biological monitoring survey of organophosphorus pesticide exposure among pre-school children in the Seattle metropolitan area. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:299-303. [PMID: 11333193 PMCID: PMC1240250 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.01109299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study we assessed organophosphorus (OP) pesticide exposure among children living in two Seattle metropolitan area communities by measuring urinary metabolites, and identified possible exposure risk factors through a parental interview. We recruited children in clinic and outpatient waiting rooms. We obtained spot urine samples in the spring and fall of 1998 from 110 children ages 2-5 years, from 96 households. We analyzed urine samples for six dialkylphosphate (DAP) compounds, the common metabolites of the OP pesticides. Through parental interviews we gathered demographic and residential pesticide use data. At least one of the DAP metabolites was measured in 99% of the children, and the two predominant metabolites (DMTP and DETP) were measured in 70-75% of the children. We found no significant differences in DAP concentrations related to season, community, sex, age, family income, or housing type. Median concentrations of dimethyl and diethyl DAPs were 0.11 and 0.04 micromol/L, respectively (all children). Concentrations were significantly higher in children whose parents reported pesticide use in the garden (0.19 vs. 0.09 micromol/L for dimethyl metabolites, p = 0.05; 0.04 vs. 0.03 micromol/L for diethyl metabolites, p = 0.02), but were not different based on reported pet treatment or indoor residential use. Nearly all children in this study had measurable levels of OP pesticide metabolites. Some of this exposure was likely due to diet. Garden pesticide use was associated with elevated metabolite levels. It is unlikely that these exposure levels would cause acute intoxication, but the long-term health effects of such exposures are unknown. We recommend that OP pesticide use be avoided in areas where children are likely to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 9819507234, USA.
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26
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Lu C, Knutson DE, Fisker-Andersen J, Fenske RA. Biological monitoring survey of organophosphorus pesticide exposure among pre-school children in the Seattle metropolitan area. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:299-303. [PMID: 11333193 DOI: 10.2307/3434700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study we assessed organophosphorus (OP) pesticide exposure among children living in two Seattle metropolitan area communities by measuring urinary metabolites, and identified possible exposure risk factors through a parental interview. We recruited children in clinic and outpatient waiting rooms. We obtained spot urine samples in the spring and fall of 1998 from 110 children ages 2-5 years, from 96 households. We analyzed urine samples for six dialkylphosphate (DAP) compounds, the common metabolites of the OP pesticides. Through parental interviews we gathered demographic and residential pesticide use data. At least one of the DAP metabolites was measured in 99% of the children, and the two predominant metabolites (DMTP and DETP) were measured in 70-75% of the children. We found no significant differences in DAP concentrations related to season, community, sex, age, family income, or housing type. Median concentrations of dimethyl and diethyl DAPs were 0.11 and 0.04 micromol/L, respectively (all children). Concentrations were significantly higher in children whose parents reported pesticide use in the garden (0.19 vs. 0.09 micromol/L for dimethyl metabolites, p = 0.05; 0.04 vs. 0.03 micromol/L for diethyl metabolites, p = 0.02), but were not different based on reported pet treatment or indoor residential use. Nearly all children in this study had measurable levels of OP pesticide metabolites. Some of this exposure was likely due to diet. Garden pesticide use was associated with elevated metabolite levels. It is unlikely that these exposure levels would cause acute intoxication, but the long-term health effects of such exposures are unknown. We recommend that OP pesticide use be avoided in areas where children are likely to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 9819507234, USA.
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Bauza MT, Smith RV, Knutson DE, Witter FR. Gas chromatographic determination of pentoxifylline and its major metabolites in human breast milk. J Chromatogr 1984; 310:61-9. [PMID: 6501523 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(84)80068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A method has been developed for determination of the xanthine drug, pentoxifylline, and three of its metabolites (a secondary alcohol and two carboxylic acids) in human milk. The method requires pre-extraction with hexane to remove lipids followed by extraction with dichloromethane or dichloromethane-isopropanol (4:1). Absolute extraction recoveries were between 76-90%. Pentoxifylline and its alcohol metabolite (as the trifluoroacetate) and the carboxylic acid metabolites (as ethyl esters) were measured in separate gas chromatographic steps using a nitrogen detector. Determinations of pentoxifylline and its three metabolites were 96-99% accurate and standard deviations of 5-10% were observed for samples at or above the lower practical sensitivity limit (10 ng/ml) for the assay. Pentoxifylline and its metabolites were stable in breast milk for three weeks when stored at -15 degrees C.
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